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Tissues
TOPIC 4 PART 4/4
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Bone 1

 Bone is a hard connective tissue that consists of living

cells and a mineralized matrix. Osteocytes are located
within lacunae.
 The strength and rigidity of the mineralized matrix
enables bones to support and protect other tissues and
organs.
 Two types of bone tissue exist: spongy bone and
compact bone.
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Bone 2

 Spongy bone has spaces between trabeculae or

plates, of bone and therefore resembles a sponge.
 Compact bone is more solid, with almost no space
between many thin layers of mineralized matrix.
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Bone 3
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Blood 1

 Blood is a liquid connective tissue

 It contains a liquid matrix, termed the plasma,
along with formed elements.
 The formed elements are erythrocytes, leukocytes,
and platelets.
 It functions in transport of food, oxygen, waste,
hormones, and other substances.
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Blood 2
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Muscle 1

 The main function of muscle tissue is to contract, or

shorten, making movement possible.
 Muscle contraction results from contractile proteins
located within the muscle cells.
 The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal,
cardiac, and smooth.
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Muscle 2

 Skeletal muscle attaches to the skeleton and

enables the body to move.
 Skeletal muscle cells are striated, or banded,
because of the arrangement of contractile proteins
within the cells.
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Skeletal Muscle
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Muscle 3

 Cardiac muscle is the muscle of the heart; it is

responsible for pumping blood.
 Cardiac muscle cells are cylindrical but much shorter
than skeletal muscle cells.
 Cardiac muscle cells are striated and usually have one
nucleus per cell.
 They are often branched and connected to one
another by intercalated disks.
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Cardiac Muscle
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Muscle 4

 Smooth muscle forms the walls of hollow organs; it is

also found in the skin and the eyes.
 Smooth muscle is responsible for a number of
functions, such as moving food through the
digestive tract and emptying the urinary bladder.
 Smooth muscle cells are tapered at each end,
have a single nucleus, and are not striated.
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Smooth Muscle
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Nervous Tissue 1

 Nervous tissue forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

 It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body
activities.
 Nervous tissue consists of neurons and support cells, termed
glial cells.
 The neuron is responsible for conducting action potentials.
 It is composed of three parts: a cell body, dendrites, and an
axon.
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Nervous Tissue 2
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Tissue Membranes 1

 A tissue membrane is a thin sheet or layer of tissue that

covers a structure or lines a cavity.
 Most membranes consist of epithelium and the
connective tissue on which the epithelium rests.
 There are four tissue membranes in the body:
cutaneous, mucous, serous, and synovial.
 The skin, termed the cutaneous membrane, is an
external body surface membrane.
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Tissue Membranes 2

 The mucous membranes line cavities that open to the

outside of the body, such as the digestive, respiratory,
and reproductive tracts.
 Mucous membranes consist of epithelial cells, their
basement membrane, and a thick layer of loose
connective tissue.
 Many, but not all, mucous membranes secrete mucus.
 The functions of mucous membranes include
protection, absorption, and secretion.
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Tissue Membranes 3

 Serous membranes line cavities that do not open to the

exterior of the body, such as the pericardial, pleural, and
peritoneal cavities.
 Serous membranes consist of three components: a layer of
simple squamous epithelium, its basement membrane, and
a delicate layer of loose connective tissue.
 Serous membranes do not contain glands, but they secrete
a small amount of fluid called serous fluid, which lubricates
the surface of the membranes.
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Tissue Membranes 4

 Synovial membranes line the cavities of freely movable

joints.
 They are made up of only connective tissue and consist
of modified connective tissue cells.
 Synovial membranes produce synovial fluid, which
makes the joint very slippery, thereby reducing friction
and allowing smooth movement within the joint.
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Internal
Membranes
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Tissue Inflammation 1

 Inflammation is usually a beneficial process

occurring when tissues are damaged.
 When viruses infect epithelial cells of the upper
respiratory tract, inflammation and the symptoms of
the common cold are produced.
 The inflammatory process occurs in stages.
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Tissue Inflammation 2

 Inflammation mobilizes the body’s defenses and

isolates and destroys microorganisms, foreign
materials, and damaged cells so that tissue repair
can proceed.
 Inflammation produces five major symptoms:
redness, heat, swelling, pain, and disturbance of
function.
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Inflammation
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Tissue Repair 1

 Tissue repair involves substitution of dead cells for viable

cells.
 Tissue repair can occur by regeneration or by fibrosis.
 In regeneration, the new cells are the same type as
those that were destroyed, and normal function is
usually restored.
 In fibrosis, or replacement, a new type of tissue
develops that eventually causes scar production and
the loss of some tissue function.
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Tissue Repair 2

 Regeneration can completely repair some tissues,

such as the skin and the mucous membrane of the
intestine. In these cases, regeneration is
accomplished primarily by stem cells.
 Stem cells are self-renewing, undifferentiated cells
that continue to divide throughout life.
 Tissue repair occurs in sequential steps.
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Tissue
Repair 3
 Seeley’s 27
REFERENCE
ESSENTIALS OF
Anatomy &
Physiology
Tenth Edition

Cinnamon Vanputte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo