WlтH AUDlo CDs b'.

* ,q
Contents
1 Wе arе all friends now 4

2 Tеh
с nology_nowandthen 12

3 Thrill seеkегs 20

4 Global problеm s and oppor[ unitiеs 28

5 The futurе 6
з
6 Fruits and sеeds 44

7 Thе world of work and training 52

8 Thе history of gеography 60

9 What is bеauty? 68

10 I s it art? 76

11 Psyсhology and soсiology 84

12 Tiavеlling around the world 92

13 Thе importanсе of infrastгu tс urе 100

14 oМ nеy and happiness 108

Listеn ing sсr ipts 116

Wordlist 125

Answеr kеy 1,29

3
 Voсabulary 1

Wordlist on рagе 217 of thе o

с ursеo
Ь ok.

Desсr ibing people

1 Usе thе dеf initions to hеlp you hс oosе an appгopгiatе adjеtс ir­е tl.oп ­ r thе o
с ursеb ook
to o
с mplеt е thе grid. Whеn you havе finishеd ' you r,vill find that 1] dorvn spеlls out
anothеr adjеtс ivе to dеsrс iЬе a pеr son.

1 Someone who likes eХciting aсt ivities 7 Someone who finds it diffiсu | t to be ouiel
2 Someone who aс n make sensible when with other people
deсisions and give good adviсe beсause I Someone who has a I ot of ideas and
of their experienсe and knowledge enthusiasm for their work
3 Someone who puts a lot of effort into their 9 Someone who others aс n depend on
WOTK
'10 Someone who stands by their friends
4 Someone who enjoys physiсaI aсt ivity
11 Someone who prefers to be with other
5 Someone who likes making thrngs or people than alone
inventing new ideas

6 Someone who does not | ose oс ntroI of

their emotions easily

Hеr е is what thrее studеn ts said about pеoplе thеy admirе. oС mplеt е thе sеn tеnеsс with
a suitablе adjеtс ivе from thе boх еlЬ ow. Thеr е arе two that vou rr.il] not usе.

h
с atty advеn turous rс еativе a
с ring talеn tеd
supportivе hard­working punсt ual

a 'l really admire artrsts of all kinds. As well as being 1 and artistiс, they are
often very 2 but don't neсessari| y get reсognition for their work.'
,I
b have a I ot of respeсt for nurses. They often need to work I ong shifts, so they have to
be3 . However, as they | ook after the most vulnerable peopI e in soсiety,
they should also have a 4 nature.'
.My
с grandmother is the person I admire the most. She is a| waУs 5 of what
l want to do. v
Е en though she worries about me when I go off trave| | ing to new plaсes,
she thinks it's good that I 'm 6 and enоourages me to try new things.,
4
 We are all friends now с
Rеading

аd ing Passаg e You should spеn d about 20 minutеs on Quеstions 1_13, whiсh aге basеd on thе rеading
pasSagе bеlow.

Questions 1­6
Thе rеading passagе has sеvеn sеtс ions, A_G.
hС oosе thе o
с rrеtс hеading for еah
с sеtс ion fгom thе list of hеadings bеlow.

List of Headings хa
Е mple n
А swer
i Why h
с i| dren do not a| ways trust pets Seсt ion A ix

ii Using pets to he| p with psyсh o| ogiсa| o

с nditions
1 Seсt ion B
iii The physiсa| and soсial benefits of having pets
2 Seсt ion C
iv Providing homes for pets in need
3 Seсt ion D
v Choosing the right pet 4 Seсt ion Е
vi A statistiсa| analysis of hea| th benefits F
5 Seсt ion
vii How pets a
с n he| p h
с i| dren
6 Seсt ion G
viii Different types of pet­owner relationships

ix Тh e origins of a I ong­| asting reI ationship

x Advantages of pets for the siсk and those in
soeсial homes

*­
­­::.iaл s havе bееn kееp ing pеt s fоr almost as long as wе havе bееn liЙn g in
:. ..lsеs. vЕ еn in thе Grееk lеg еn d of odyssеu s' his dog Argus gе t s a mеn tion _
.­..:
lЫt hful hound is thе only onе who rеo с gnizеs him аf tеr his lеn gthy voyagе.
..l .: аn imals wеr е oгiginally brought into housеh olds to work, as huntirrg dogs
­ . .­:sing a
с ts to a
с tсh miсе foг ехamplе. But thе advantages of kееp ing a pet go
­'...­
эеl'ond simply using thеm as labour. Pеt s aге widеly aсеp
с tеd as haЙn g a
:.::^ .:tjсial еf feсt on your hеa.lth, but animals aс n also havе a positivе impaсt on
. .: еm otional and mеn tal wеll­being' too.
: .'395 thе Australian National Peoplе and Pеt s survеy disсovеr еd that pеt
. ] .егs r.isitеd thеir doсt ors lеss
'. oftеn than thеir pеt ­lеss fгiеn ds, and wеr е at
: : s rsk of suffегi ng hеart attaсks and stгokеs. o
Н wеvеr , thе major rеason givеn
: :еt ownеr s'bеt tеr physiсal hеalth was that thеу arе morе aсt ivе thаn thе
. :: эf thе population. Dog ownеr s in partiсu lar takе morе reсr еational walks,
..:. h impгovеs thеir ovеr all fitnеss lеvels. But thе survеy also unсoverеd thе
.Ovеr of pеt оw nеr s say that
.' '. .al bеn еf its of having a pеt , saying: 60 pеr еn
с t
" .1.'] :­lg a pеt aгound whеn pеoplе visit makеs it еasiеr to gеt into convеr sation
­.. геatе a fгiеn dly atmosphеге. '
, :оеs it mattеr what typе you havе? Do diffеr еn t
of pеt pеt s havе diffеr еn t health bеn еf its? Dr NсМ iсh olas says
.human'фpе relationship.
::pеn ds what kind of rеlationship you want tо havе w.it} r your pеt ' Thе first is thе of
..s is ц . hеn pеt s providе oс mpaniоn ship and a supportive rolе. Dogs or a с ts would fа] l into this a с tеg ory. Тh е
1: ­:.rd is kееp ing a pеt for soсial теasons' Dog walkеr s always mееt оt hеr dog walkеr s, for ехampiе. Thе third
..:iоn ship is whеn your pеt is alsо your hoLrby _ suсh as kееp ing eхotiс animals. I n this a с tеg ory, you bеn еf it
:: thе a с lming еf fеtс of watсh ing thе animals but also gain from thе soсial aspеtс of.ioining l
с ubs oг soсiеt iеs.
 We arе all friеn ds noW

of pеt s havе bеo

с mе so w.idely aсe
с ptеdthat many animals afe now usеd in hospitals as
:::
p"1 i:il:.:_".Tfits
patients' гo
ес vrry programmes. Тh е h
с ariф
:*
Pets as Thегapy { PaT) has 3,500 dogs and 9o a с ts u
с тentlv
wееklyvisits "
to nеarly 5.OOO hospitаl waтd s. гesiJеn tia] s or
:­.] :g i1T:* :1. ч 'T'"smakе bid to boost patiеn ts'w.еll­bеing.
a
с т е homе
Thе animals may bе usеd to hеI p slтoke viсt ims геg ain
:::::i:Т
t,л е usе .ot
.::Y:]
tfiеir ".:
limbs.­.Patientswant to strokе thе arrimals so * ris еno с uragеs thеm to movе thеir aтm s or hands
again.' says Maurеen Hеn nЬ, h
с iеf еx u
ес tive of PaT. Both thе .^ i o с g" and a с ts arе takеn .;;;;;;;^ ­"
геsidеn ts. Manу of thеm may havе givеn up rьrrЪ going into h"* .;.
l:::i:"­"1,"­1fo1thе
aл r mals nеI p bгing a sеn sе
own pets bеf оr е .ь.
oГ noгm aliф to thеiг livеs. "o
pеoplе suf| еп nrч Г omdеp геssion. .Thеy
a
с n somеt imes get thгough the baггiеr s
::::':* :.* :y::nч th
put:p' whегe humans havе tailеd in thе past.. says Maurееn .
:T's^ ".l'1ч : :ч lrom Sundеr land PaT is u
с геn tly working w.ith а
psyс h ologist Royal Hospital treatiл g h с ildгеn w.ith anima] phobias. Thе rеsults so far havе bеen
very enсоu raging'. .Wе
are еn abling thеsе h
с ildrеn to rejoin the o с mmunity,; says a М urееn . Тh ey a с n ,,o­ ­Jt .o
sсh ool oг go to the paгk when prеo Й usly they wеr е too fгightenеd to do so.i
SеeSaw, a bеr еavеr nеn t h
с агity set up еspeсially foг h с ildrеn , also usеs animals to build еm otional bгidgеs. Kathy
оo
М г е, a oс unsеllor and рr ojеtс ос­ oгd inatoг for aМ m
с illan Canсеr Rеliеf , takеs hеr doд о o .сй * il;;* ;;"
shе mееt s h
с ildrеn who har'e a paгеn t or sibling who is dying fгom a tегm inal
tо opеn up to a strangег,
illnеss. MЪst h с ildrе; ;.;;;.й
Llut Kathy says Do­Good hеlps thеm lеarn to tгu st heг. .} I е a с n pгovid.e suсh a goo* * * ,
into my first o с ntaсt w.ittr a hс iid,'shе says. .Еvеn if thеy are a litflе wary оf mе, most h с ifoгеn a
с n't.."i".t oo­cooс
­ hе, s gоt suсh a gгeat peтsonа1iф аr rd we аJl go on rvalks togеt her.'
G Dеspitе the grorr:.ing body of еr tdеnес t} tat pеt s arе bеn еf iсial foг our hеа­ lth, sсiеn tists havе nоt bеen ablе to
аn swеr onе гсu iс al quеstion _ aте dogs bеt tеr than a с ts? Dг N сМ iсh olas saYs it dоеs not mattеr what фpе оf pеt
you havе, as lоn g as it fits iл t o youг lifеstvlе. .I f
vou hatе long rr.a­lks but har,е .bounсy' dogs that neеd walkи g ,
that is going to push your strеss lеvеls wa!'up.. shе saуs' .} Ъu nееd tо dо уouг hоm еr vork bеf oгеh and, boй yo.,
and your pet bеn еf it fгom thе relationship. rА rima­ls rеallr'сaтr gir­е vou unсondidona­l lol.e. Тh ey don.t a "o
с гe lf you
аr е haЙn g a bad hair day ­ yоu a с n just bе vouгsеlf'.

Questions 7­10
oС mpletе thе sеn tеnеsс bеloц . .
hС oosе No NI ORЕ THAN TI I RЕЕ WoRDs f1.om rhе paSsagе I oт. Jс .h ans\ Vеt :
7 Wa| king a dog genera| ly inсr eases people's
8 Some owners find that their pets provide botn and support.
9 PaT uses cats and dogs to in a varietу of locations'
10 Children can be helped to ............... with the use of pets when dealing with
bereavement.

Questions 11­13
Do thе following Statеm еn ts agrее with thе infoгm ation rn thе геading passagе?
.sil­еn
Writе:
TRUЕ if thе statеm еn t agrееs with thе infornation
FALsЕ if thе statеm еn t o
с ntгadiсt s thе infoгm atiorr
NoT GI VЕN if thеr е no information on this
11 Humans have been keeping pets sinсe peop| e started I iving in houses.
12 Many patients notiсe an improvement in their mobiI ity after stroking animals.
13 Chi| dren's fear of anima| s is being suсe
с ssfu| | y overcome in one PaТ programme.

6
 Yтe аr е аll frlеn os nor.^ .,
G

Sсan thе reading passagе quiсkly and find words in thе tеxt that mеan:

1 a synonym for dog (Seсt ion A) (n)

2 done for enjoyment (Seоt ion B) (adi)

3 unusuaI , often from a distant p| aсe (Seсt ion C) (adi)

4 re| ated to where peop| e | ive or stay (Seсt ion D) (adi)

5 when someone does not Want to do something (Seсt ion F) (adi)

6 when someone does not trust or is cautious (Seсt ion F) (adi)

7 something that has a good effeсt (Seсt ion G) (adi)

.l
Lаn guage foсu s

G} Grammar rеf еr еnес on pagе 2\ 9 ofthе oс ursеbook.

Present simple, present o

с ntinuous and past simple

Look at thе еxtraсt s fгom thе теading passagе and undеr linе thе main vеr b. a
М tсh thе
main vегЬ to its usagе rГ om thе list a­d еlЬ orv.
1 Most animals were originally brought into households to work ...
2 PaT is u
с rrently working with a psyсh ologist ...

3 Kathy Moore takes her dog Do­Good with her when she meets h
с i| dren .. '

4 ... oets are benef iсiaI for our hea| th ...

a Тh e aсt ion happens/ doesn't happen reguI ar| y/ routine| y.

b Тh is desсr ibes a state rather than an aсt ion.

c The action happened in the past. d The aсt ion is sti| l happening now'

oС mplеt е thе postings lеf t у Ь pеoplе looking for fтiеn ds on thе I ntеr nеt by transforming
thе vеr b in bгak с еt s into thе o
с rтtес tеn sе. You should also support thе rеason for your
h
с oiсе yЬ sеltес ing from thе list a­d in еxеr iс sе 1. Thе first onе has еn Ь donе for you as
an ехamnlе.

1 | tt'. t аr 'rLvеd (аr rive)[ c] in Sydnеy last week so | 2 (| ook)[ ] for

othеr young ovеr seas students Who 3 (wаn t)[ ] to praсt isе theiг
nЕ g| ish. | 4 (bе) t ] happy to h
с аt to рeоp le on| ine or
5 (mееt up)[ ] faсe.to­fаес on thе weekends when I

6 (not have to)[ аt tend |с ass'

]
­
­
Anyоn е Who­ 7 (be)t ] interеsted in gaгd ening and
8 ­ (want)[ ] to swар tiрs, pI еase get in touсh l | 9
­ usе) [
(not ] the | nternet muсh during the daУ but I 10 (| ikе) [ ] to
go on| ine in thе evenings. l 11 (have)[ ] г е a| рr oblems growing
tomatoes | ast уеar аn d I 12 (nееd )[ l sоm e аd viсe. Тh anks l
­
­
| 13­(searсh )[ ] fora| | musiсf ansfromaI | o
с untries.
| 14­(go)t] on| inеeverynightfoгao с up| eofhoursаn d
15 (| ove)[ ] hеаr ing new musiс f гom diffегеn t u
с | tures. My
nеWеst f riеn d 16 (be)t ] fгom Ghana and 17
(havе) t ] | ots of originа| musiс. Wе 18 (| istеn ) [ l to eаh
с оt hеr s
аlbums and thеn 19 (сh аt )[ ] аb out it aftеr . Wе 20
(wаit)[ for o
У u to join usl
­ ]

­
 all friends now

ryweare Listеn ing

@D G 1.1 sEсТloN 1 Questions 1_10

Questions 1­4
Choosе thе o
с rrеtс lеt tеr , A, B or C.

xЕ ampI e
When Julie phones, Mike is
/ ­:\
(9on his | unсh break.
B on his tea break.

C in a meeting.

1 Which type of policy do they h

с oose?
A bronze
B silver
C gold
2 How muсh does the po| iсy o
с st for group cover?
A t50
B t20
с t40
3 o
Н w wi| | they pay?
A rс edit a
с rd
B debit a
с rd
C aс sh
4 How much did the a
с mera o
с st?
A $1000
в t1000
с $600

Questions 5­10
oС mplеt е thе form еlЬ ow.
Writе No MoRЕ THAN TI { RЕЕ WoRDs AND/ OR A NI UMBЕR oГ r. еah
с alrswеr .

Name(s) Mikе Wood

Addгess 5 ....,... .

D.O.B. 6
m
Е eгg enсy o
с ntаtс numbег 7....
Mаin po| iсy ho| dег lulie 8
Date of dеp arture 9
Dаt e of rеt urn 10

8
 We arе alI friends noW

Language foсu s 2

@ Grammar геf еr еneс on pagе 2I 9 ofthе o

с ursеo
Ь ok.

Likes and dislikеs

Usе thе table bеlow to oс mplete thе sentеnеsс using thе appropriate form of thе vеr Ь in
rЬ aсkets. Thеr е may bе morе than onе possiЬlе answer.

vеr b (+ oЬj tес ) vеr Ь (+ oЬj tес ) vеr Ь + (+ o

с mparrng:
+ ­ing + infinitivе with oЬj ect) ­ing l
to infinitive with
to
dislikе wouldlikе likе vеr b + ­ing rаt hеr
еп j oу wouldprфr hаt е thап ­ing
a
с п't stсLnd like + oЬj eсt + lovе
OR
infinitivе with / o
vеr b + infinitivе
with / o + rаt hеr
thаn + infinitivе
without / o

1 I like early on Sunday mornings when it's quiet outside. (get up)

2 My sister hates people as she's slow at typing. (email)

3 la
с n't stand peop| e loudly on their mobiles on the bus. (talk)

4 I 'd prefer a few good friends than many acquaintanсes. (have)

5 Joanna would like living abroad for a year. (try)

6 He dislikes to the gym. (go)

7 Many people love for others. (сook)

8 Тh omas enjoys the e

с ntre of attention. (be)

9 Young h
с iI dren I ike aduI ts with them. (play)

10 Friends who I ive in different o

с untries often prefer emai| s rather than
on the phone as it's h с eaper. (write/ speak)

Praсt isе eхp rеssing your likеs and dislikеs by using thе prompts bеlow. You maу nееd to
makе thе vеr Ь nеg ativе by adding nor.
хa
Е mple:
dislikelread I dislike reading on the bus as it makes me feel sick.

1 would prefer/ live

2 like/ eat

3 enjoy/ exerсise
4 would like/ go

5 hate/ listen

6 like people/ be

7 a
с n't stand/ watсh
8 love/ swim/ sea

9 prefer/ rather than

'10 dislike people/ tell

9
 We are аll friends noW

Voсabulary 2

Wordlist on page 21 1 of thе o

с urseЬook.

Verbs of movement

oС py thе vеr b forms in thе boх bеlow into thе o

с rrеtс o
с lumn in thе tab] е aсo
с rding to
thеir mеaning.

low faП
hit a lеvеl off rеm ain flat plummеt гisr Soar
dip fluсt uatе hit a pеak rеah
с a pеak drop rеahс a high
plunge stabilizе bе еr ratiс rеah
с thе ] owest point roсkеt
grow inсr еasе dегсеasе

\* r\ f\ nt
rLsс

Undеr line al] thе vеr bs that dеsгсibе an еxtгеm е. Thеsе a

с nnot bе o
с mbinеd with
advеr bs.

Copy thе advеr bs in thе oЬ x bеlow into onе of thе two o

с lumns in the tablе lс assifу ing
thе speеd of h
с angе.

gradually quiсkly slightly swiftly slowly uЬ t surеly

steadilу drastiсa] lv slowly rapidly radiсally

A small change over a longer period A fast h

с ange over a shorter period
qrndи аllи

4 a
М tсh thе advегb s in ехerсisе 3 to thе rеlevant o
с lumn in ех r iс sе 1.

5 Rеw ritе thesе sеn tеnеsс o

с ntaining noun phгases so that thеr .соn tain l.егb + advеr b
o
с mЬinations.
хa
Е mple:
There was a significant rise in the use of social nёt wcrк. ­g s:эs in 2О05.
sИ ngе оf soc[ nl nеt wоr king sitrs rоs! s',;.:­­­­' ­:, .,. .'. :­­ :5
1 Тh e data reveaI s that the 9Os saw a dramatiс inсr еasе . :.е ..тb er of people using
the I nternet.
2 Тh ere is a steady growth in the popularitу o{ .еaэ . .. / .s: aэiъ onI ine each year.
]
3 We are witnessing a graduaI deс| ine in tt.е а­ :­.: :.: ­: s:€
­i seeing friends
faсe­to­faсe'

10
 We are all friends now

Writing

L] 5 тask 1 1 Read thе Task 1 quеstion еlЬ ow.

WRI TI NG TASK 1

You should spеn d about 20 minutеs on this task.

Thе graph bе| ow shows the popu| aritу of soсia| nеt working sitеs oс mpared to two
lnternеt searсh еn gines in the USA from Januarу 2О4 О tр June 20О6'

Summarisе the information bу selеtс ing and reporting the main features, and make
o
с m pa ri so ns wh e re rel еva nt.

Writе at lеast 150 words.

Visitors in millions
144

120
Yаh oo
't
00

#* ф*
*€
**d

Gooole

Тo p 10 Soсiаl Netwоr ks (аg gregаt ed* )

Jаn 04 Jan 05 ] аn 06 ] un 06

(* Aggrеg аt ed _ put together ln а group)

Now o
с mplеt е thе modеl answеr by h
с oosing an appropriatе form of the vеr b in braсkеt s.

Тh е grаp h 1 (ilI ustrаt e) how oftеn soсiаI nеt working sitеs Wеге aсe
с ssеd tn o
с mparison to
thе sеаr h
с еn gines Yаh oo and Goog| e ovеr two аn d a hаlf yеаr s еn ding in June 2006'

I t is Iс еar that a| though visits to both sеаr h

с еn ginJs аn d soсiaI networking sitеs 2 (inсr еаsе) ,

visits to thе | аt tеr 3 (grow) аt а fаster pае.с In .lаn uаr y 2004, Yаh oo 4 (bе) by
,l00
far thе most popuI ar site with ovеr mi| | ion visitors. Howevе1 аlthough this figure graduа| | y
,120
(risе) to а| most milI ion by Junе 2006, this 6 (bе) not а signifiсаn t
inсr еasе. Sеo
с ndly, Goog| е 7 (rееiс vе) аb out haI f the numbеr of visitors o
с mDared to Yahoo
in2О4
О , around 60 milI ion. lts popuI arity 8 (grow) more rаp idly, so thаt by June 2006 it

almost 9 (hаve) the same number of visitors аs Yahoo had two аn d а hаI f r/ еаr s eаr | iеr ,
.l0 (reсеivе) visitors
аn inсr еаsе of nеаr ly doublе. Lаst| y, soсiаl nеt working sitеs the lеast
tn 2004. In o
с ntrаst, thеy 1.l (experienсe) thе 9reаt est inсr еаsе аs numbеr s

12 (soar) from аr ound 40 to over 80 mi| I ion by thе еn d of thе pеr iod of study.

How is thе data arтangеd in thе modеl answеr ?

a smallest to largest number or largest to smallest number

b biggest inсr ease to smalI est inсr ease or sma| | est inсr ease to biggest inсr ease

Undеr linе thе linking words in the modеl usеd to o

с mparе and o
с ntгast data.

't 1
 Voсabulary 1

Wordlist on pagе 212 of the o

с ursеb ook.

Verbs of a
с use and effeсt

Complеt е the rс osswoгd with a vеr Ь from thе o

с uгso
еЬ ok that mеans
lr thе samе as 1_8
DеloW.

Down Aсr oss

1 to form something in a partiсu | ar way 3 make someone interested in somethino
2 to beсome Worse 6 to improve something or make it more attraсt il
4 to he| p something deve| op over time 7 to suсe
с ed ln vour aim
5 to have a negative effect I to support something

oС mplеt е thе sentеne

с s using thе noun form of thе vеr b in bгakс еt s.
Тh ere was a lot of media interest in the new invention, whiсh was part of its
(attraсt ).

2 There was a rapid (deteriorate) in the sales of biсv|с es after the

widespread avai| abiI ity of a
с rs.
Тh e (promote) of new inventrons in the media is the best way of | etting
peopI e know of their existenсe.

4 It is important to try and timit the (destroy) done to the environment.

5 Тh e invention of the te| ephone Was one of the greatest
(aсh ieve) of its
time.

6 Тh e (shape) of our future depends on our aсt ions in the present.

7 New researсh
­ links the use of teсh no| ogy to the (fosteф of knowledge in
оh lI dren.

Significant (enhance) have been made to the proсessing speed of the

I atest PC.

12
 Тeh
с nology­now and thеn q
Listening

G} 1.2 sEстloN 2 Questions.l1_20

Questions 11­'15
Choоsе thе o
с rrеtс lеt tеЦ A, B or C.

11 Humans have long been using the stars to

A navigate rivers.
B draw sea maps.

c isai| | ong distanсes'

12 The bui| ding o

с nstruсt ed by the first u
Е ropeans at the observatory was

A a village.

B'.a windmill.

C a fort.

13 I n the |с oakroom, people are advised not to | eave

A оoats.

B­expensive items.
C bags.
14 Тh e museum does not a| | ow visitors to stay after
A;5.30.
в 5..15.

с 4.30.

15 The fami| y ticket aI lows entranсe to

A four adults only.

B three adu| ts and three hс iI dren.

CЙw o adu| ts and two h
с ildren.

Questions 16­20
Whiсh attraсt ion matches the ouestions?

Choosе FI VЕ answеr s fтom thе oЬ x and writе thе o

с rrеtс lеt tеЦ A­F, nехt to quеstions
t6­20.
AттRAстloNs
A Powerhouse
в Soundhouse
с Disсovery Centre
D Laсe Study Centre
Е Veсt or | ab

F Observatory

16 Whiсh of the tiсk ets gives people a disсount?

17 Whiсh of the venues is | oсated near the reсr eation area for h
с i| dren?
.18.Whiсh part shou| d people visit if they are interested in оlothes?

19 Whiсh part offers an unusuaI serviсe for a museum?

20 Whiсh plaсe houses alI of the attraсt ions mentioned?

13
 Тeh
с nology­noW and then

Reading

I ELTS Reading Pаssаg e You should spеn d aЬout 20 minutеs on Questions 1;13, whiсh arе a
Ь sеd on thе rеadiг
passagе bеlow.

Rotyl man,s first stеps tо thе yеar ,0, iс tiеs suсh as Babylоn ' By arоu nd 6500 Bс,Е
Was a pеr iоd likе nо оt hеr in thе histоr y Jеr iсh o is bеliеv еd to havе bееn thе largеsr
оf invеn tion. Nеv еr again wouI d mаn ,s iс tу in thе wоr ld, with Ь populatiоn ot1,эoa.
survivai bе so dеp еn dеn t on his ability tо Fоu r thousand yеars latет, thЬ urban
invеn t Ways to solvе fundamеn tal p.oblе­ '.
rеvоlution had brought about a momеn tous
And nеvеr again wоu ld man,s tеh с nolоg iсаl u
с ltural transitiоn that in turn gеn еr atеd
rс еativity bе thе most signiiiсant faсt оr in his nеw nееd s. Thеsе Wеr е mеt by a quantum
еvоlution and thе еstabtishing оf iс vilizаt iоn .
lеар in tеhс nolоg iсal innоvatiЬn and thе
By thе timе п odеr n man (hоm o saDiеI ts еstab1ishmеn t of rс aftsmеn and sсiеn tists.
or,mаn ­thе­ wisе' ) аp pеаr еd , рr obJbly For thе first timе, manufaсt uring bеa с rnе
sоm еw hеr е in Afriсa bеt wееn l00,000 and еstablishеd as man invеn tеd ways of
25О, 000 yеars ago, his forеf athеr s, thе еarly making tехt ilеs, firing еrс amiсs, prоd uсing
hominids, had alrеady invеn tеd stоn е tоolJ. mеt alwork and рr оеsс sing fоodstuffs. This
I t is possiblе thаt thеy had also manufaсt urеd prоm ptеd bartеr еПt hods tо еv olvе into
rс udе a
с noеs and shеltеr s. Hоw еvеr , it would morе sоp histiсatеd trаd ing arrangеm еn ts,
takе many morе yеals and a suсеsс sion of vital u
с lп r inating in thе inl'еn iion of tokеn s or
invеn tions fоr man to еvolvе from a primitivе, еаr ly monеr .
nomadiс huntеr ­gаt hеr еr to thе highiy With thеsе tеhс nolоgiса1 h
с аn gеs a
с mе a
tеh с nolоg iсally litеr atе iс tizеn of thе timе of осr rеspоn ding inсr еаsе in thе o с mplехity
thе Romaп m Е pirе. оf thе sоiс al and politrсal оr ganization оf
Wе likе to think that wе aI е u с ш еn tlу living human grouрs, lr'hiсh in turn nееsс sitatеd
thrоu gh a pеr iod whеn tеh с nology has an thе invеn tion of rr,rittеn languagе, first to
unparallеlеd hold on soсiеt y, but it is nоt hins kееp traсk of trаd ing аr rangеm еn ts, thеn to
осm parеd with that of thе anсiеn t world, o
с mmuniсatе and rеo с rd еvеn ts, proсеssеs,
whеn invеn tion and tеh с nоlоg y wеr е thе philosоp hiеs and, of lс ursе, invеn tions'
most powеr ful fоr еsс shaping iс vilization. Thе history of inr еllтirln is ] ittеr еd with
Throughоu t thе anсiеn t world, tеh с nоlogy invеn tions that hаd littlе or nо purposе and
was thе оn е faсt оr that madе all thе othеr
_ soсial, pоlitiсal
nеvеr a
с ught on, but this rvas still a pеr iod
h
с angеs and u с ltural ­ оf invеn tiоn for nееsс srt1.,s sakе. I t wоu ld
possiblе. Without thе invеn tiоn s оf ink аn d bе somе timе bеf orе аn inr.еn tion wоu ld bе
papyrus, many of man,s idеas wоu ld nоt havе
grееt еd with quеstions as to its rоlе * and еvеn
sprеad as fast nor as widеly. Without wеapons
lоn gеr until } 4iсh ае1 Faraday wоu ld rеt ort,
and, latеr , thе whееl, armiеs wоu ld nоt hivе ,What
usе is a bаb r'?, rr'hеn askеd what usе his
осn quеr еd nеw tеr ritoriеs as quiсk ly. dynamo hаd.
Thе singlе largеst stеp in еarly man,s soсial
I t was also a реr iоd ll'hеn sсiеnес and
еvоlution a
с mе around 10,000 yеars ago tеh
с nology,s sуm biotiс rеiationshiр Was
with thе invеn tion of animal husbandry and
rеvеr sеd . Tеh
с nolоg r', no\ v оf tеn thе
agriсu lturе. This еn ablеd him to progrеis from appliсation of sсiеn ti{ iс disсovеr y and
living in nоm adiс o с mmunitiеs to Sеt tling in оb sеr vation, рr еd atеd sс
i е n е с and in this
villagеs and smalltowns. Thе progrеss Was
pетiоd was еm рiriсаl and hаn dеd dоw n
brоu ght abоu t by a o с mbination оf lс imatiс through thе gеn еr ations. B1.thе timе thе iс tу
h
с angе and man,s invеn tion of morе еf fiсiеn t
statеs wеr е flowеr ing in thе еar1y еn с turiеs
hunting tools, оf a mеans оf o с ntrolling and
utilising firе tо lс еar undеr glowth and оf ways
BС,Е sсiеn tist­invеп t ors bеg an to еm еr gе. !
Figurеs suсh as Hеr о, Strato, tС еsibius and
оf building lasting shеltеr s. I t lеd to a massivе Philоn usеd obsеr vations and mеasurеm еn ts
grоw th in pоp ulatiоn , whiсh in turn triggеr еd :
оf thе physiсal аn d natural world to dеv isе
а furthеr rapid inсr еasе in tеh с nologiсаl invеn tions. Hоw еvеr , thеy wеr е all minnows
innovаt iоn .
o М st of this h с angе toоk plaсе in thе еastеr n
whеn o с mparеd with Arсh imеd еs. Hеr е was I
a man оf thе аlс ibrе that thе world wоu ld not
еd
М itеr rаn еan, whеr е thе lс imatе and thе sее again until Sir I saaс Nеw ton in thе 17th I
аn nuаI flооd ing of fеr tilе soils favоu rеd еn
с tury. Thе invеn tor hаd truly arrivеd .
thе dеv еlopmеn t of agriсu lturе and latеr of Ч

14 Ц
 Teсh nology_noW and then

Questions 1­7
Do the tbtlowing statеm еn ts agree with thе infoгm ation givеn in thе rЪading passagе?
Writе:
TRUE if thе statement agreеs with thе information
FALSE, if thе statеm еn t o
с ntradiсt s thе infоr mation
NoT GI VЕN if thеr e is no infoгm ation on this

1 MЬn Was more rс eative when iс vi| izations were grow| ng'
2 Before the arrival of modern man there were no tools.

3 Тeh
с no| ogy nowadays does not drive our soсiety as muсh as it did in anсient iс vilizations.

4 lf ink and papyrus had not been invented, ideas wouldn't have been disseminated easily.

5 The uс | tivation of rс ops and the rearing of animaI s was by far the biggest aсh ievement of
early man.
6 An inсr ease in popu| ation I ed to more advances in the teсh no| ogy of ear| y man.

7 Jeriсho was the wor| d's first | arge iс ty.

Questions 8­t 2

Classifу thе following еvеn ts aсo

с rding to whеt hеr thе rеader statеs that they oсu
с rтеd
during
A thе earlу еv olution of nomadiс man
B thе earlу urban pеr iod
C thе pеr iod of thе urban rеv olution

8 Тh e reсording of a wide range of human aсt ivity.

9 Тh e possib| e produсt ion of the first boats.

10 Food produсt ion as a proсess.

11 The abiI ity to оonstruсt stronger bui| dings.

12 The use of tokens.

Question 13
Choosе thе o
с rrеtс lеt tеr A, B, C or D.
Whiсh of the following is the most suitable titI e for the reading passage?

A Тhe importanсe of sсienсe and teсhno| ogy

B Why man evolved from the apes
C How teсhno| ogy made iс viI ization possib| e
D How philosophers h
с anged the worI d

15
Тeh
с nology­noW and thеn

Language foсu s 1

G} Grammar rеf еr еnес on pagе 220 ottheсoursеo

Ь ok.

Past simple and present perfeсt

Transform thе vеr Ь in rЬ aсkеt s into thе o

с rrеtс form of past simplе or рr еSеn t pеr fеtс .
Put it into thе aсt ivе or рassivе form.
1 Armies (not be ab| e) to travel long distanсes before the invention of the
wheel.
2 Man's evolutton (be) a | ong and o
с mpI iсated proсess.
3 Sir I saaс Newton (invent) the ref| eсt ing te| esсope in 1672'
4 Sсience (teaсh ) in sсh ools now for many years.
5 Many inventions in the past (have) no partiсu lar use at a| l.
6 Man (think) that the aЕ rth was f| at in ear| y Mesopotamian times.
7 The discovery of peniсillin (help) to end many preventable deaths.
8 Teоhno| ogy and invention (have) a massive impaсt on our lives.

2 Look at thе following teхt about how a familyЪ lifе has hс angеd sinсе thеy bought a
o
с mputеr . Find and oс rТtес thе mistakеs. Thе first has bееn donе fo. уou. Thе. Ъ u." ,".,
moге.

I
t. I
Uur l| vеs| nИ vе h
с anged o с mp| ete| y sinсеw е bought с o
с mputrr. I beсome used to doing еv еr у t hing
on it f гom our weеk| у shop to o с ntoсt ing friends ond fomi| y. For exomple, r speok to my best friend
who lives in Vietnom ot leost oncе aweеk f or the post yeoг; it,s
on oppointment r don,t miss. lyty
wife didn.t used it os muсh os r hove, olthough she wos hod some lс osses.
lowеvеr ,our h
с ildren hod
rеcеived the most еnЬ еf it from being b с le to sЦ e thе I nternet foг their homewoгk. Thеу arеg еt iing
o| der now so if,s gеt tlng morе diff I U с lt to he| p. Тoke | ost wеek{ or ехаm p| е' thеy hove osked me who
invent the o с mputeг ond when. I ,m sure r hсv en,t | eorned suсh things when I hаvеn Ь ot sсh oo| ! By
the woy, it wos o swiss mon o с lled Konrod Zusе, though it wosn,t unti| 1941 thсt it hos beсome
fu| ly
funсt iono| ond reody for progromming. Who wou| d hove guеssеd ? Not me, thot's for suгe!

Word building

QuaI ifying adjeсt ives

1 Rеad thе sеn tеnеsс bеlow and undеr linе thе most suitaЬlе option.
1 |f you miss a phone a
с | l, it's better if it is about something importanVunimportant.
2 I find his musiс very inspiring/ uninspiring.
3 It a
с n be safe/ dangerous if you don't keep a o
с py of important doсu ments.
4 lf you have a problem, it's better if it's a major/ minor one.

5 Not finding a job a

с n be motlvating/ demotivating
6 Working together is often more construоt ive/ destruсt ive than working alone'
7 Young peop| e find new teсh no| ogy very appеaling unaррealing'
I dЕ uсation teaches us worthI ess/ invaI uable skilI s.
9 Abstraсt art is often | abel| ed as ordinaryibizarre'

10 Leaving parts of the environment untouсh ed is detrimental bеn ef iсial for wildlife.
 Teсh nology­now and then Е
2 oС mplеt е thе sеn tеnеsс bеlow using an appropriatе adjеtс ive from еxerсisе 1. Thеr e
may е Ь morе than onе possiblе answеr .

aЕ ilу man used basic tools to catch d.аw qеr оv,.s animals.
1 ldeas written down on paper were for later generations
2 I t's diffiсu lt to imagine why some inventions Were ever rс eated'
3 Some teсh no| ogies, I ike the use of asbestos in bui| dings, are simp| y to
our health.

4 Тh e thought of not having aсe

с ss to the lnternet is тo me.
5 By far the most invention of the 19th e
с ntury was eI eсt riсity.
6 peop| e someti mes aсh ieve extraordinary thi n gs.

7 Critiсisms оan be very if they are listened to.

8 Past inventors have played a role in shaping our present.
9 I t rs important for lessons to be so that h
с iI dren want to learn more
10 Hearing about suсe
с ss stories from the past can be for the young.

Language foсu s 2

@ Grammar rеf еr еnес on pagе 220 ofthе осu rsеb ook.

Hаb it the past

1 Rеad thе sеn tеnеsс bеlow about how a pеr son spеn t thеiг Summеr s. Dеiс dе whiсh of
thеm a с n usewould instеad of usеd ro by adding a tiсk | ,/ 1if itis possible and a rс oss if
not [ X] .
1 My brothers and I used to go to our grandparent's in the summer.
2 Тh ey used to have a farm out in the o
с untryside.
3 Тh ey used to piоk us up at the station.
4 We used to play in their big garden.

5 | used to enjoy h
с asing rabbits.

6 My grandmother used to o
с ok de| iсious meals for us every night.
7 My grandfather used to teaсh us how to fish.
8 | used to hate it when it was time to | eave so I used to rс v.

Adverbs of frequenсy

2 Rеw ritе thе sеn tеnеsс aЬout a pеr sonЪ timе at sсh ool so that thе mеaning stays the samе.
Usе thе advеr Ь and vеr Ь givеn in braсkеt s with ц sеd to or inthе past simplе.

l never missed mу favouriteTV programme. (atwaуslwatch)

t аLwаg s ц sеd tо 'ltаt ch,1wаt chеd vv.и f л 'vоzrLtе тv rР agrаVwм Lе
1 l hated sсienсe |с asses. (hard| y ever/ enjoy)

2 ldid my homework. (always/ do)

3 I seldom went to sports lessons. (never/ attend)

4 lfrequently had my lunch outdoors. (often/ eat)

5 I didn't spend a lot of time in the library. (seldom/ go)

17
 Teсh nology­now and then

Voсabulary 2

Changе thе u,ords in thе list to thе o

с rгtес form to fill thе gaрs. An еxamplе has еn
Ь
donе roг vol­l.

a mob wrld
Тh e use of mobile phones has now overtaken the use ot ..\ г?.4у! 'L'c.rl.L..
| andlines. Example: tradition
Whi| e most people see the benefits of 1 .
' '.. in mobi| e o с mmuniсation, 1 advanсement
not everyone is happy about therr inоr easing 2 .,. For exampI e' some
' '.. ' ' ' '. '... ' 2 popular
people believe that they intrude on the 3 ...
. . . . ... of those who do not wish to 3 private
I isten to other people's o
с nversations whi| e travel| ing on public transport. However, 4 oс ntaсt
others o
с mp| ain that if you have one, bosses expeсt employees to be 5 available
4 '...
.. at all times of day and night. rn spite of this, their widespread
6 oс nvenienсe
5 ...'.. с st means that not only are they 6
'..' and fa| | ing o .'..''....., Dut 7 fashionable
inсr easing| ytheyareseen as a7 .....' item.Тh e8.....' ... of mobi| e 8 sophisticated
teсh nology has a| so led to funсt ions suоh as 9 . .. '. .. text, whiсh saves users 9 prediсt ion
the time and energy of putting in letters individual| y. I n addition,
a new reduсed form 10 literate
.teхt
of '.
10 ... ' has led to the rс eation of word forms suсh as .l8r'for,| ater, 't1 revolve
and,BТW'for,by the waylWhateveryour opinion, the mobile 11 .'...........,... looks
set to o
с ntinue'

Writing t
.l Rеad thе following Task 2 quеstion and undеr linе thе kеr rt'oгd s and phrasеs

WRI TI NG TASK2
You should spеn d about 40 minutеs on this task.
Wгitе about thе followins toоi:с

'А dvanсеs in tеh

с no| ogу havе meant that maсh inеs аr l i.Сr :;s .LQ
;t ц5gj to do jobs
that wеr е prеvious| у donе bу humans. Thе bеn еf its f ar с ­. ',' э IЭ :nе disadvantaqеs.
To what ех t еn t do у ou agrее or disagrее?

Givе геasons for your answеr and inс] udе anr геlеr ­ant ехatllplеs ft.om your own
kn.owlеd gе oг ехp егiеnе.с

Writе at lеast 250 words.

Dеiс dе if еah
с оf thе following argumеn ts aге an aсh antag.. t _ ) oг a disadvantagе (­).
Add somе еxamplеs of 3zour own.

EхampI es

Тh ey save us time whiсh we can use to do

other things.
PeopI e are becoming I ess and | ess aсt ive
whiсh leads to hea| th problems suсh as
obesity.

They take jobs away from real people

Тh ey also rс eate jobs both on the side of

inventing and design, to manufaсt uring and
sales.
18
 Тeh
с nology­noW and thеn

Rеad thе samplе answеr еlЬ оw and find thе words whiсh arе usеd to intгoduсе a­f
bеlow.
a examples
b reasons
с resU| ts

d additional information

e purpose
f o
с ntrast

Weare living of fost­poсed development. Тh onks to teсh nologiсol

in an cge
odvonсements, new inventions оге с nstant| y bein9 pгoduсed thоt огe suрp osed to
o
help us. oН w еv er,moсh ines arе naw often h с ose n over humons os they oгe moгe
o
с st­еf f еctive' rn spite of this, r o
с mpletely agrееt hat there oremorеodvontoges
thon disodvontсg es.

Тh e moin orgument ogoinst using moсh ines is thot they toke owсy jobs fгom humons'
xЕ m
с p| es inс| ude more oс sh maсh ines ond less stoff in bonks.I n foсt ories,f ewеr
peap| е are rеq uirеd оs the produсt ion line bеo с mes more meсh onised. Businesses
t ake thеsе meosuгes Ь еcausе u | t mately maс h nes sove o
i i с mponiеs money. I n
oddition, not on| y do inсr eosed teсh nology ond mеh с anizotion rеp | acеj obs in the

woгkploсe but o| so in ouг doi| y lives. For instonсe, in the Post We would visit our
neighbours and fгiends ,whеr еas nowсd oys pеop| e еithеr jump in their o с г or simp| y
piсk up the phone. sА o result, we hove bеcome less oсt ive and prob| ems | inkеd to

this, suсh as obesity, ore on the inсr еose.

it hos not o| l been nеgotivе,
Howevеr , Fiгst of o| | ,wе hove moгe frееt imе vс oiloble
fгom household h с ores thonks to inventions I ike woshin9 moсh ines, voс
u um Iс еoners
ond dishwosheгs. Тh is meons we shou| d hovе moгe time avoilob| e f or lеisurе
oсt ivities ond seeing friends ond fomily. gorеovеr , teсh nology does not on| y toke
jobs owoy frompеop| ebut the who| еp rocеss from dеsignto pгoduсt ion and so| es
oсt uolly crеotеsjobs. rn oгd er to do these jobs, people need troining whiсh leods to
moгe jobs in eduсotion ond people having moгe high| y spеcia| ized a с eГ ers.

To o
с nс| udе, o| though We moy do | ess thon in the post, teсh no| ogy hos given us the
potentio| to reqсh new heights thot would not hove pгeviously been possib| е. Wе
с nnot tц r n boсk time so we shoutd o
q с nсentrote our efforts on ensuring thсt we o| l
rееiс veo higher | еvе| of speсiolizotion in the workploсe whilst not letting ourse| ves
beсome I ess heo| thy ond oсt ive.

Arе thе еxamplеs usеd diffеr еn t oг thе Samе as yours? Rеm еm bеЦ thеr е is nеvеr just onе
гisht wav to answеr an еSSaY quе stion.

19
 Voсabulary 1

Woгd list on pagе 2\ 3 of thе осu rsеb ook.

Sport

1 Rеarrange thе lеt tеr s to o

с mplеt е thе o
с lloсations tгеГ .ll. :... Т h еn dеiс dе what а
pеr son who doеs this sport is a с llеd . An ехamрlе has .с Ь :. .i ,Ll .

CoI loсation Pеr son

1 GXOI NB gloves

2 UNI NGRN snoes

3 TALLBOOF
4 DАDSЕL
5 HI GFSNI
6 LOPO
7 FOGL
8 NЕN| sт
9 BASсU ......... diving

10 TI LI GNF weight E...З. Ч

2 Dеiс dе whiсh ех t г еm е sport is bеing dеsгсibеd rЬ r:

1 2
I / ovе 1oa)n3 Jozоn Samе ре: :
lhе 2istes аl / iqftniщ ­fаst it's boring, b­:
яvеed. I l'sjust / ;k skЙ. l.а7Jin3 thе season.s cг
< ,n/ у zl7 )n the mс> ztnlа' n5. TV watсh tng tгс ,''

makers and d: ' э

3 .t
!
of
]: . ..: ':;l.tlаlеr l
I love the thrill fоr
sPeeding alongbehind o boat
,l \ . '.­',.' .i] .: lltlt that oС u] dn't
with the wind rushingthrough mу hoir.
llt'I u:l'..­: ::­ :] :i'' lГUth,I t'S a] l about
The woter sproying in mу foсe from mу skis :­' ,,:i' ' i] al] (l balanСo. Thеr е
rlist.iуili:.­г '.
doеsnt bother me ot oll: п odds to the ] 1ilr\ ii :l,'t­r­'tltt o
С ntaсt is madе
i1l.t'I I ] 1
с ,!:\
thrill of a real odrenalin rush!

5 6
rlу. 'ъсr lз оitеw iltt:аzе, / l,+ ,hеи
l t+ ,а' c /
frst
sаз оcLаiеа' ','L| a ihе rLcл аз Lt,s е' хуеt l"эLvе,
sаt ,uуоn и 1 bо2,s rи и | и ' 1 ttиlс 1"'и p tи 1 of u,а/ Ь
V)'L| thеYе аr е v| a'zЗ QrОJ.V"d tkаi LLkzе hе| л Lwg aш t.
thеt r so dеiс lеl to tt а
Ln thе, sLn'оLeз. Fоr п ­ е, woihi.л ' a bеаt s | ''л е { е| Lи 2 cf tikе thry hаd spr| и 1s t| и
feеt ,
/
/ re
l'i cr| zLtl'q | 0gеt rАеr v| L.] А ,'U,r tз а| LLОw to 0'Jеr c| v\ Lе thе / ,tи и оt аs jool аs thе tас ors аи l tас rеsses уot,t
sеe |и
3о,
'ua'
тbtз L
Й Lеs gaш r pа| .И
the п ov| еs, bи t ,и у а(Ь аиес hаs rеаllу irи p rovеl.

20
 Thrill seekers

Word building

Adjeсt ives ending ­ing / ed

1 For sеn tеne

с s 1­8 еlЬ ow, hс angе thе vеr b to an adjeсt ivе so that thе mеaning staу s thе
Samе. Bеg in your sеn tеnеs с with I find ... + ­ing or I gеt / Lс m + ­еd ... aсo
с rding to thе
word in braсkеt s.
Eхample:

Watсh ing sport on TV bores me. (get) t gеt bоr еc rvntсh ing spоr t о n тu .
1 People doing parkour thrills me. (find)
2 Travel| ing exсites me. (find)

3 Sports fans annoy me. (get)

4 Watсh ing iс rсu s peгf ormers e| eсt rifies me. (find)

5 xЕ treme sports h
с allenge me. (find)

6 Peop| e doing martiaI arts fasсinates me. (be)

7 Going for a long run refreshes me. (find)

8 Exerсising every day exhausts me. (get)

Changе thе word in braсk еt s to thе appropriatе form (noun, vеr b or adjеtс ivе) .
1 Hearing about peop| e who have broken world reсords real| y (motivation)
me to push myself to try new things.

2 Тaking part in sport is far more (entertainment) than simp| y watсh ing it.

3 Peop| e of a| | ages get .............'.... (eхiс ting) about the idea of the o| ympiсs.
4 | was (thrill) to hear my friend is going to trek to Everest Base Camp next
yеar!

5 Parkour is the extreme sport that ......'....'..'... (fasсination) me most.

6 Тh e new ..............'..' { interesting) in extreme sports has I ed to the creation of many

new websites.

7 l was supposed to try orbing | ast weekend, but the weather was bad whiсh was real| y
(irritate).
r в My | atest ..........'....... (chalI enging) is to try the new extreme sport a
с | | ed.jumping
stiltsl

Listening

1 Bеf orе you listеn to thе rеo

с rding, listеn to thе instrrrсt ions and answеr thеsе quеstions:

1 How many speakers will you hear?

2 с ntext be aсademiс
Will the o or non­academiс?

2 €
} 1.3 Listеn and paу attеn tion to the information givеn at thе bеg inning of the
rеo
с гd ing about who you arе listеn ing to and what thеy arе talking about. This will
hеlp vou undеr stand thе quеstions.

21
 Thrill seekеr s

sЕТсlON 3 Quest] ons 21­30

Questions 21­22
hС oosе thе o
с rrеtс lеt tеr A, B or C.
21 What is Simon worried аb out?

A Professor Franсisсo

B a headaсh e

C an essay
22 WhaI does Therese not like about Simon's notes?

A Тh ey're in a list.

B Тh ey,re in a spidergram.

C Тh ey're in a spidergraph.

Questions 2з_26
oС mplеt е thе notеs bеlow.
Wгitе No ] \ { oRЕ THAN oNЕ WORD for еahс ans\ \ I еr .

o
М tivation for participating in extreme sports

External influences:

­23... attention

* 24 modern

I nterna] inf luenсes:

­ adrenalin rush
­ wanting to push themselves ­ 25 .. . . . . need

­ element of 26

Questions 27_з0
Complеt е thе tablе bеlow.
Writе No o
М RЕ TI { AN TI I RЕЕ WoRDs AND/ OR A NUМBR
Е for еah
с answеr .

Sources for essay

Author тitle Content i

Hans German 27 researсh pro1eсt on about 28 i

| n extгeme sDorts
­­­ ­* ­ '
Riсh ard BeI l 29 ;;;;"i.­ ; tr.'..irl
"""кi';
Unknown 30 theories and prinсipI es

22
 Тh riI l seekers

Language foсu s 1

G Grammar rеf еr еnес on pagе 220 of theсoursеb ook.

Comparison

­ 1 oС mplеt е thе gaps in thе tablе using thе appгopriatе form of thе word shown.

noun adjeсt ive o

с mparative superlative

popularity

risky
easter
the most important
diffiсu I ty

stressful
more experienсed

the most adventurous

2 oС rгtес thе mistakеs in the following sentеnеsс .

1 Skiing is more easy than snowboarding.
2 Bungee jumping is most exсiting extreme sport.

3 Skydiving is thri| | ing than sсu ba diving.

4 Hot air ballooning is the safe sport in the air.

5 Combat sports are dangerous of all sports.

6 Extreme sports are often least harmfu| than other add.ю t ions.
7 o| ympiс athletes are the most fit sports peopI e.

8 Kite­boarding is the most new rс aze in extreme sports.

9 Deep sea fishing is most exсiting than | ake fishing.

10 To be able to hold their breath for several minutes, free divers

need to have the bigger lung a
с paсity.

3 Foгm Sеn tеnеS

с from thе prompts using o с mparativе nouns withш ore,/ ess (for
unсountablе nouns) orfе w е r (for o
с untaЬ
l е nouns).

хa
Е mple:
older peopleltakelrisklthe уoung aLd'еrоvъе Lеt ао' е f еv tеr 'rLsёsthсlwtlл е gau­wg.

1 peopI e/ have/ diff iсu | ty with extreme sports

2 divers/ have/ fearldrowni n g/ people th ink

3 boxers/ feel/ pai n/ most people

4 hс i I dren/ | earn/ su rflease/ adu I ts

5 extreme sports/ experienсe/ popu I arity/ ever before

6 active peopI e/ be/ stress/ non­aсt ive peopI e

7 generally, people/ need/ adventu relin thei r I ives

8 bal et/ req

I u i relstre n gth/ m any peop e realize
I

9 men/ have/ interesVсombat sports/ women

10 athletes/ have/ heaI th issues/ peopI e who do not exerсise

2з
 Тh rill seekers

Rеading

lELTS Reаd ing Pаssage You should spеn d about 20 minutеs on Questions 1­13' whiсh arе a
Ь sеd on thе rеadin.
paSSagе bеlow.

his у еаr ,s Summrr gаr nеs rп аr k thе first

timе biqlс| е motoсr oss wilt bе | lеld аs ап
IО уm piс еvеn t.
By Lou Dziеr zak
A hС ina.s first­еvеr olympiс sumlnеI gamеs also
marks thе first timе biсylс е motoсr oss (BlVI x)
athlеt еs a
с n go for gоt d in thе world,s most
prеstigious athlеt iс еvеn t. Forty­еight BМХ
усlists * inсluding four Amеr iсans _ will bring
thе spоr t from its humblе dirt traсk оr igins in
orangе oС unty, аlС ifornia, all thе way to thе
Lаoshаn оu
М ntаin trаkс in Bеijing.
B BA4Х raсing is diffеr еn t froп r оt hеr olympiс
yс lс ing еvеn ts in sеvеr al kеy ways: thе raсеs
1ast lеss than a minutе, thе bikеs arе small and
EA BN,tХ rаеrсbеg itls with a standing start and
low ttl thе ground, and thе raсеr s must wеar aсеlс еr atеs thror:gh thе finish linе. Ridеr s + Цс rgg
рr otеtс ivе gеаr ovеr thеir faсеs, hеads andjoints sidе­ br,­sidе dorvtr a 26 foot (еight.mеt еr ) r# й p ,
to protеtс against likе1r.сollisiоn s.
аn е l е m е n t ,ехt rеп r е
I t introdr'rсеs anglеd at a 28­dеg rее slopе, tо build sреd and :
оf sports' to thе suПlеПr aсеlс еr atiоn of up to 40 rnilеs pеr hоu r within
gaш еs ехptес еd to apреal to youngеr viеr vеr s, ,Standing
thе first siх sеo с nds of thе raсе. up
muсh thе rvaу snowbоarding did rvhеn it rvorks for aсеlс еr ation аn d manеu vеr ability,,
dеb utеd in l998 at thе Nаganо, Japan, Wintсr says Robеr t I (ahlеr , sеn ior produсt manаg еr { оr
olympiсs, aсo с rding to Bob Теd еsос, managing GТ Biсylс еs in a М dison, Wisсonsin. ,Yоu havе a
dirеtс or of thе National Biсyiс е Lеaguе in vеr y low hеight to thе framе so you a с n 8еt ovеr
Hilliard, ohiо. thе jurnps as еf fiсiеn tly as possiblе. ,
С Тh е Spolt.s long road to Bеijing bеg an in | 974
F BМХ bikеs usе a singlе gеar throughоu t thе
whеn Gеоr gе sЕ sеr fоu ndеd thе Nationа] raсе. Ridеr s usе оn ly a rеar­whееt brakе that is
Biсylс е Lеaguе as а nonprоf it biсylс е п lotoсI oss usеd mostly to avoid гidеr s whо havе rс ashеd оn
sanсt iоn ing оr ganizatiоn . Thе first wоr ld BМX 1hе oс ursе аn d to stop аf tеr rс оssing thе finish
h
с ampiоn ships wеr е hеld in thе еarly l980s, linе _ оt hеr t1реs of усlеs havе a twо­ Lrrakе
I t Wаsn't until 2003 thаt thе I ntеr nаt ionаl
Systеm that slows both whееls.
olympiс oС mmittее (I oС) dеiс dеd that BМx
would bе an offiсial sport in thе 2008 Gamеs.
G Dеsрitе bеing
thе woгld,s largеst prоd uсеr оf
,BМХ bеa
с mе
biсylс еs (59 million units built in 2007) and
aп olympiс sport primarily
having thе most ridеr s (28 milliоn bikеs sоld in
bеa с usе о{ thе еx posurе it gоt оn tеlеv ision as
2007), aсo с rding tо Biсyiс е Rеt ailеr and I ndustry
рart of thе S Е PN Х Gamеs,. says Jay Tоw nlеy, a
Nеw s, hС inа wiI l not gеt а rс kас аt winning rhе
yс lс ing industry осn sultant in Lyndon Station,
olymрisс . first BМХ gold mеd al. Thе o с untry,
Wisсоn sin.
whiсh has had a nаt iona] BМХ tеаm sinсе 2003
D Unlikе thе olympiс
road and mоu ntain bikе and wоn thе Asian hС ampionshiрs that yеar,
rаеsс , whiсh takе plaсе ovеr dozеn s of milеs and fаilеd to quаli{ y for thе Gamеs.
lаst sеv еr аl hours, a BМХ raсе is a sprint' Nоt a
sprint on a supеr ­smoоt h
H But hС ina hopеs to rvin thе o с untry's first
traсk suсh as thе onе
усling gold mеd al in thе womеn ,s mountain
usеd for thе traсk y с lс ing осm pеt itiоn , but a
bikе raсе. Tеam mеm bеr s Rеn hС еn gyuan. 2l,
mad dash aсr oss a o с ursе thаt is about 1, i48 fееt
and Liu Ying, 2З, arе rankеd third and fourth in
(350 mеt еr s)long and 32I eet (l0 mеt еr s)widе,
rhе Union уlс С isrе I nтеr nаt ionаI е (UСI 1 rс oss­
with thrее­ hairpin turns and four jump.fillеd
o
с untry world rankings and рu t hС ina at thе top
straight­aways.
of thе intеr national rаn kings foт thе first timе
follоw ing thе 20О7 sеason.

24
 Тh riI l seekers d
Questions 1­6
Thе rеading passagе has еight paragraphs, A­H.
Whiсh paragraph o
с ntains thе following information?

NB You may uSе any lеt tеr more than onсe.

1 the history of how BMХ raсing beсame an offiсialo| ympiс sport

2 oс mparisons of how BMX biсy|с es are different from others

3 why the new o| ympiс sport may appea| to a younger rс owd

4 two fema| es who are expeсt ed to win medaI s for their country

5 a desсr iption of the track dimensions for BMX races

6 two firsts, both for China and the Olympics

Question 7­12
Do the following statеm еn ts.agrее with thе information givеn in thе rеading passagе?

Write:
TRUЕ if thе statеm еn t agrееs with the infоr mation
FALSЕ if the statеm еn t o
с ntradiсt s thе information
NoT GI VЕN if therе is no information on this

7 Most of the motoсr oss y

с lс ists in the olympiсs in China do not oс me from the oс untry
where the sport began.

8 Тh e BMX raсe is shorter than 60 seсonds.

9 The first BMX h

с ampionships wi| | be heI d in 2008.

10 BMX riders easi| y reaсh speeds of more than 40 mi| es an hour,

11 Riders stand on their bikes throughout a BMХ raоe.

12 China sells more biсyc| e aсeс ssories than any other o

с untry in the wor| d.

Question 13
hС oosе thе o
с гr eсt lеt tеr A, B' C or D.

Whiсh of the fo| lowing is the most suitab| e tit| e for the reading passage?

A BMX,s first appearanоe at the o| ympiсs

B Extreme Sports'Olympiad

с BMX bikers searсh for gold

D The first o| ympiс yс lс ing event

25
 Тh rill seеkers

Writing

Analyzе thе following task and thеn o

с mplеt е thе modеl answеr еlЬ ow bv h
с oosins t}
o
с rTеtс option fгom thе altеr nativеs in braсkеt s.

WRI TI NG TASK I
You should spеn d around 20 minutеs on this task.

Writе about thе following toрi:с

Thе bar h
с art be| ow shows thе kеу rеasons for у oung ma| еs watсh ing Formu| a 1 in
a
М rсh 2О7
О .

Summarise thе information bу sе| tес ing and rеp orting the main fеaturеs, and make
o
с m pa ri so n s wh erе rе| еva nt.

Wгitе at lеast 150 words.

Reаsons for foI lowing FormuI a one

Mаr h
с 07

|с еХ temеn t

speеd of a
с rs

tеh
с no| ogу in thе sport 440k
intеr еst in drivеr s

intеr est in tеam5

modеr n 22oЬ
glamour
brands
favourite sport
honesty & fairnеss of thе sрort
nonе of these

Тh e bor h
с ort shows why young mеn were motivoted to wоt h
с Formulo 1 in o
М rсh
2oo7. тt is lс eor thot fheгe wos o widе voriety of гesponses.

Firstly, the 1 (mojor/ mojority) of viеw еr s wotсh ed beсouse they found it

2 (ехiс tеd / exсiting), with just 3 (under/ ov еr ) 5o% giving this os o reosoh. Тh e
spееd of the o
с гs Was the seсond 4 (| еast/ most) populor гesPonse with on| у 2%
5 { morе/ lеss). Forty­four Peг eс nt of moles wotсh еd еcЬ ause thеу wеr е
6 (interested/ intе r е sting) in the teсh no| ogy lnvoI ved in the spoгt , whereоs only
З6% had on interest in the dгivers and the o с mpetitive noture of thesport.
tО hеr reosons, suсh os the stгotegies ond teomwork usеd ,wеr e neorly ho| f os
7 (popu| ar/ populority) when 8 (сomporison / o с mporеd ) to the eхcitеm еn t f е| t.
oГ r 9 (lesslfеw еr ) stilI wotсh ed
foг the visuol ospeсt s, suсh as sport,s
pеop| е
modeгn imagе, glomour
n
с d bronding' 22% , t6% and 15% rеspеctively. The
10 (most/ lеost) fovoured reosons wеr еt ecause it wos thelr fovouгite sport ond
onlу 9% wotсh for its foirness and honesty.

only 11 (7% / L7% ) govе no гesс on for fo| lowing F1.

[ Woгd s; l64] rl
26
 Thrill seekers (f]
2 Complеt е thе h
с kес list bеlow by h
с oosing thе appгopгiatе rеspсlnsе:

1 Does the introduсt ion o

с py the titI e? | YЕs/ No
2 ls there an overview?
| YES/ NO
3 I s the answer organized in a | ogiсa| way? | YЕs/ No
4 Does the mode| inсI ude specifiс data? | YЕs/ No
5 I s information o
с mpared/ oс ntrasted? | YЕs/ No
6 |s there muсh repetition of voсabu| arу? | YEs/ No
7 ls the answer under | ength? | YЕs/ No
8 ls.none of these'a group I ike the others? | YЕs/ No

oС vеr thе modеl and writе уouг own rеsponsе making Surе you o
с vеr thе points in thе
h
с kес list'

Language foсu s 2

G Grammar rеf егnес on page 22| of thеo

с ursеb ook.

Adjeсt ives with prepositions

Rеw ritе thе sеn tеnеsс using thе adjеtс ivе in rЬ aсkеt s + a suitablе prеp osition. Makе anу
nееS
с salry h
с angеs'
Eхample:
l real| у like snowboarding. (еn thusiastic)
| 0' | / l­ е V.t' (' U' Зi, g'
3:' у 1 q 6 1 ;t... ,з l" э' .,', |: c л'r d t w o .

1 I love swimming. (mad)

2 I hate going to the gym. (keen)

3 I a
с n't run Very far' (сapab| e)

4 | love going on long walks. (passionate)

5 | can,t sta­n­d watсh ing snooker. (bored)

6 | enjoy riding my biсy|с e. (fond)

7 I love pI aying footba| | . (fanatiсa| )

I I don't mind listening to people talk about sport. (indifferent)

Undеr linе thе two advеr bs initаliсs in thе Sеn tеnеsс bеlow whiсh mean thе samе and
whiсh aс n both oс mрlеt е thе sеn tеnеsс logiсally.
хa
Е mple:
PeopI e neverlrarelу lhardlу ever buy records.
Р е opL е wеVe r/ tц rr !ц h 4 ro!!g­су! ! b v' g r е c ,с 'r d's .

1 Cats are usuallуlrarelуlnormailу fond of fish.

2 ChiI dren are hard| y everlsddodusuallу keen on vegetab| es.
3 Footbal| ers are commonlу lneverloften interested in fame'
4 Students are usuallу lneverltу p ically passionate about their fie| d of study.
5 Sports fans are generallу lnormallу lalmost never mad about sport.
6 Teachers are alwaуsloftenlfrequently enthusiastiс about grammar.

7 AthI etes are sometimesloccasionallу lalmost neи er с pab| e of breaking reсords,

a
8 Teenagers are a/ mosf alwaуslnot alwaуslnearlу a| ways fanatiсa| about pop stars.

27
Voсаb ulary 1

Wordlist on pagе 2\ 4 of the o

с ursеb ook.

General a
с tegory nouns

Writе an adjеtс ivе/ noun o

с lloсation that o
с uld bе usеd to dеsrс ibе thе itеm s 1­B bеlorr
Usе thе words in thе boхеs to hеltэ vou.

Stiсky goldеn aсu tе еf fеtс ivе opрoгt unitv proЬlеm solution

advеr sе momеn tous o
с ntrovеr sial istuе situation oсаsс ion
fеstivе е\ 'еn t iс rсu mstanсеs

1 a national holiday .q.

2 seeing an advert for the peгf eсt job I

3 being a
с ught in the midd| e of an argument

4 deсr easing Co, emissions g| oba| | y

5 losing your job ....* ....,.
6 attaining world peace 4.......
7 a| ack of aсe
с ss to lс ean water q* '..
' ' '.
8 working together to solve a prob| em ?.ц '..

Put thе following fragmеn ts in ordеr and thеn matсh thеm to a situation abovе.
1 thatthey/ there is/ pсlssibi| ity/ wi| | reaсh an agreemen?a faint

tl
2 to meet friends/ this is/ and relatives/ opportunity/ a good

be aсh ieved,/ it/ a sign if iсanVif/ iVwiI I be/ a

с n/ eve nt

.tl
a se ri ous/ is/ th is/ situation/ it affeсt s/ fo r th ose

,n""* .ror,.
"r;;;;";;".t
ovt i.u* u.."r" ,"". o
"..,1.,
..". ' '

...t1
to aсh ieve / the on| y way/ it's/ happy with/ everyone's/ an oUtсome

;;;;.,;,r;u"u",u", on,.o".r,n,­ .1.'

"u,.,"
.tl
the pe rfeсVit's/ opportunity to praсt ise/ of pe rsuasion/ you r ski | s I

I
 Global problems and opportunities d
Languagе foсu s 1

Grammar referеnес on pagе 221 of tine o

с ursеo
Ь ok.
G}
oС untable аn d unсountabI e nouns

1 Dеiс dе whiсh nouns arе еiЬ ng desсr ibеd . Thе lеt tеr in rЬ aсkеt s tells you if it is
o
с untaЬ] е or unсountablе (С ­ o
с untablе; U ­ unсountablе) .

1 Rubbish you f ind on the street. (U) ...........

2 Тh ese crimes invo| ve stealing f rom a person's home. (о) .....

3 Тh e merсh andise a shop se| ls. (U)

4 We should eat different types of this to stay healthy. (U) .........

5 People listen to this in order to relax. (U) ........

6 We make suggestions when we want to give this. (U) ......

7 Engines and e| eсt roniс equipment are examples of this. (U)

8 Jou paсk these before you go on ho| iday. (с) .........

9 This is the more formal way of referring to what you wear. (U).....

10 This fruit is also a oс lour. (C)..

2 Find and dеlеt е thе еxtra,s/ еs,in еah

с sеn tеnес bеlow.

EхampI e:

a
М nу businesses noи l demand a lot of works from emploуees'
wр. r.Q..

1 Businesses с rried out anywhere.

с n be a
a It just takes the right people to seize
opportunities and set up new businesses.

2 Theatre audienсes may be deс| ining genera| ly, but the audiences for the new musiсal
appeared to be extremely large last night.

3 PubI iс transports | ike buses and trains wiI | be,even better for the environment in future.

4 An inсr ease in the o

с st of papers means books and newspapers will beсome more
expensive.
5 Fruit a
с n go up and down in priсes every day.

6 nЕ tertainments | ike horror fi| ms shou| d be banned.

7 Disсarding e| eсt roniо goods | ike refrigerators a

с uses с nsiderable harms to the planet.
o

8 Furniture I ike tabI es and h

с airs is often made of woods.

9 The weathers will be bad at the weekend with vio| ent storms prediсt ed.

10 Only a little luggages may be taken on planes these days.

29
 Global problems and opportunities

Reading

aЬout 20 minutеs on Quеstions 1­13, whiсh arе basеd on thе геadin.

| LЕ TS Rеading Pаssаg e You should spеn d
рaSSagе еlЬ ow.

Renеw ablе enеr gy: Drеams o

ес Ь mе rеaliq/

:i:::fi;.Ьt ;'# .1i* :J:Т* Т* jx.il,Т, .

еltес iiсit' l­lс.с 1.. Тh с rеst is suppliеd yЬ propanе or
l
diеsеl gеn еr аt ors.
Onе o
с mmunitr' in I ta] r.has got around thе
intеr mittеn t ,.'oi..," о| iоlar po.',"' r,r.ithout thе
hеlp of oГ ssi1 tuс. ls. lrl ] 002,\ Ъrеsе Ligurе, avillagе
of i,+ 00 pеlс рit rr.r t­ioг t е г n
Ь ltalv, a
е с Ь mе thе first
muniсipaiit.' il. .Е rо 1 lс tо gс t all its е l t
е с riсi tv { 'rom
lr.l.tt.dl.Г rеlтing еn tirеlv on onе
'".,"l..jЬ ",'­.g..
sourсе, l"it usсs а tlriх оi .о1аr , rr.ind and small­sсalе
yЬ droporr'еr . Four rr'it­tс i turЬ i rlе s on a ridgе. .1Ъovе thе
pror.itlе 31.r­ll..sа . . а t t.ч oГ
lс t
е с riс
i ty, 141 solar
"ittugЁ .,Г thе torr'rr hall and thе primary
ou.,"­i, .Ь ' th" rо. lГs
sсo
Ь ol prol.idе 1 ; k\ \ . and а snrallЪydrо­ station on a
\ х rНAT do a smail I talian villagе' a с mmunity ot
o
.."u.Ь1..i.", prсlr.iсlе' а n а d ditional 6 kWТ b geй е ц
YY millionаirеsin( )rеgon and a toц . n in Austria
timеs thе
­
thеse .sourсеs l"tt­,.. 1ll­.l'.idс morе tЬan thте
har.е in o с mmon? Nеarly all of thеir еltес riсity
arе o
с mmunilr..t |с r . lt.lt itr tlt'сd:.
nееd s aге supplied yЬ rеn еu .aЬlе еn еr gy.Thеy
numbе r lГ геn еr r.rЬlс .rl.г, .. i: gоing to plаv а signiГiаn
с t rolе
rЬ ­no mеans thе only onеs. A grсlr,ving
oi.сommunities arе woтking tovr.ards using onlv rvor} drviсlе, ho...i"'. ii.. 11[ rrееd to е Ь еm plovеd
еltес riсitr. gеn еr atеd Y
Ь rеn еlr,аlЬ еs' on a muсh l;rrgсr .саlе. Gussing, a tоlvn of 4,000
in еastеr nAustтia. rеепс t lr.rrеn t 100 pеr еn
с t
At thе samе timе, many of thе largеst iс tiеs arоu nd
rеn еlr,aЬlе ilr е1tс riсitr prоd uсt ion with a highly
thе rr.orld havе sеt thе m sс l r.е s amЬ i tious targе t s to
еf fiсiеn t 8.mсq аr i'аt t iЬ оm ass gasifiсation plant
u
с t a с rЬon dioxidе е m issiо n s to lе s s than half prеsеn t
dеaс dе s , and thе y r,vill е Ь rеlving { uеllеd iЬ thе iеgiоr l.s oak trееs. By 2010, Gussing
] еr 'еls in thе o
с ming
plans to trsе iЬ оr il...s tо prol.idе еltес riсity to thе rеst
hеar­ili' o,.' .",'е. o.aЬlе е n е r gY sourс е s to do this. For
to ,
Б 't its е m i'sions у Ь 60 оl thе distr.iс1 i _,.(] ttt tltlhаh ltdПt S.
.* u­т, 1", Lonсlon aims
2025 п . ith thе hеlp of еa
М nlr.hilе' laтg еr tс ltrln­runitiеs arе also еg
Ь inning
pеr nЁс t of 1990 lеvеls yЬ
o
с untтy ех P
с t gеoihеr mallv to makе thе slr itсh . Fгеillurq' a iс tv of 200,000 in
rеn еr '­aЬlеs.Whilе no
trom south'ц . еst Gегt rrаt ­ll ilаs inй stеd 4Э 3 million in
lЬ еssеd lсеland gets all ofits еltес riсitу
rеn е. r­а1 Ь sс , .o* й . ,u'.се­ riсh ' sparsсl v poprrlatе
lс pЬotor.oltaiсs in tllе aР st ] 0 t­еаr s and has sеt a g^ oаl o1
с untri е s, inсluding
o Austria, Srл , 'е d n
с and Norrvay, ieduсing o С : еn­ri,siсl,­,. to i i pеr еn с t еlЬ ow 1992
and 9o pеr еn с t of tЬеir lеvеI s rЬ ] 2010. { nd iГ а11 gоеs u­еll a
М sdar i
С ty, a
aim to qеt еtЬ u'ееn ЪO '
rе n е w aЬ
l е s y
Ь 2010. plur','"j dеr .сlopnr..тr t in ­\ u
Ь DhaЬi that will е Ь hоm е
еltес riй t r. гoГ m
to 50,000 p.opi". rгill qеt all its еitес тiiс ty from
Onе oГ thе iГ rst a prеd оm inantlr.
torvns to adopt
thе sun' .'.i..'d u,­'.l o
с r­rlpostеd оo
Г d п . astе whеn it is
rеn еr r'aЬ1с o
с mpromisingоn
supp1r', rr.ithout its
was Thrее Rivеr s o
с mplеt еd ln 20i 6.
lr,еalthr' гс d еilt.s' modеr n
s i lifеst1.lе,
lr.lriсh 1ikе I еlс and also rеliеs heavily
in orеg orr. '\ \ Ъ har.е еr .еr vthing ­the I ntе r nе t , Nеr ,v Zеalanсl,
is nothing I do еn еr gr­аn d hvdropowе r ' now
satеllitБт. l, а r..ashеr u'.d i.yе. ­­ thеr е on gеothеr ma} gеt s.7'0
oГits е1tс r] iс t\ 'lrom rеn еlvaЬlеs and, with
rvithout'' sаr .s lЕ ainе Buddеn , lr.ho has livеd inThrее pеJеn
с t
ih" h"lp oГ aс} ditional r'r,ind oР п . еr , aims to inсr еasе
Rir.еr sfor 12lеаr s.
this figurе to 90 pеr еn
с tЬy 2025.
vЕ еr sinсе thе n.rid­ ] 98Os, u'hеn the town's { irst
Rivеr s has usеd From thе smallеst to an еn tirе
r,illagе nation, thе
pеI manеn t housеs rr­еr е u Ь ilt,Thrее
еvidеnес is alrеadу out thе r е that powе т i ng our
iolu, poou".'Тh е nеarеst Po\ l'еr linеs arе sеvеr al
thе grid'uvould o с st r,vorld rvitЬ rе n е l r,] aЬ
l е s a
с n е Ь morе tЬ
a n a pipе
ki] omеt rеs ar,val. and ех t еn lс ing
Thrе е drеam. Nolv all lvе nееd is thе invсstmеn t to makе it
hundrеd s of thousands oГ dolliт s. SJ instЁad,
Rivеr s rеsidеn ts dеiс dеd to purсh asе thеir or,vn a rе a litY.
photovoltaiс panеls and aЬ ttЪrу storagе paсk s.Thе

0
з
 GI obal probI ems and opportunitiеs d
Questions 1­9
oС mplеt е thе summary using thе list of wоr ds, A_Q, bеlow.

Renewable energy in smaI l o

с mmunities
WhiI e many of the wor| d,s largest iс ties are yet to aсh ieve their 1 .........,............. of
reduсing their a
с rbon 2 ............,''',...''' , a number of smaI | er оommunities have already
aсh ieved this as the majority of the e| eсt riсa| 3 .'......,. they use o
с mes from
renewables.
One country is 4 ............. enough to obtain all its energy needs from
environmenta| | y­friend| y sourсes. others 5 '.......,........'...'. to aсh ieve this by 2010'
but thanks to having a small 6 ....................... and the 7 .......... of natural

resourоes. Bеa
с use of the distanсe from the nearest aсcess to the eleсt riсity grid, one
town in oregon a| ready soUrсes most of its energy needs from the 8 ..........'....,.......
energy. Тh is was made possible by investing in so| ar pane| s and 9 ......'...
for storaoe.

A o
с mmunity B pretend с geographiсaI

D population E photovoI taiс F energy

G assets H solar l resourсe

J goals K iс ties L apparatus

M footprint N sun's O hope

P I uсky A way

Questions 10­13
Do thе following Statеm еn ts agrее with thе lс aims of thе writеr in thе rеading passagе?

Writе;
YЕs if thе statеm еn t agrееS with thе lс aims of thе writеr

NO if thе statеm еn t o
с ntradiсt s thе lс aims of thе writеr
NoТ GI VЕ, N if it is impossiblе to saу what thе writег thinks about this

10 I ce| and is not the on| y plaсe in the wor| d to obtain aI l of its energy entire| y from
renewabI e soUrсes.

11 A uЕ ropean oс mmunity has an oversupp| y of eleсt riсity from it­sefforts to stay green'

12 SoI ar power is often unre| iable in o

с | der northern o
с untries.
.| 3
Many new jobs wi| | be rс eated in the fie| d of renewab| e energy.

Sсan thе tеxt again and find six рairs of advеr bs that modifl, vеrsЬ or adjеtс ivеs that
havе thе Samе mеaning as 1­6 еlЬ ow.

1 deoend on
.free
2 luсky to have an abundant sourсe of energy'

3 very few residents

4 mainly'non­ending' (energy supply)

5 o
с mp| ete| y based on i

6 very produсt ive/ .non­Wasting'

31
GI obаl problems and opportunities

Languagе foсu s 2

GD Grammar rеf erеnес on pagе 22| of tЬeo

с ursеo
Ь ok.

Making suggestions

1 a
М tсh itеm s 1­8 with thеir mеaning a­i. onе itеm has two mеanings, a positive one
nеg ative one. Whiсh onе is it?
1 overpopulation a o
с untries losing their u
с I tural
same

2 globalwarming b iс ties spreading out into the оountryside

3 urban sprawl с too many peop| e for the amount of food and resourсes

4 urbanization d deserts spreading as the world gets drier and hotter

5 deforestation e more trade at an international I evel

6 globalization f с ntamination of the of air, water and soiI with harmfu| praоt iсe:
o
and h
с emicaI s

7 pollution g i

the heating of the planet caused by pollution

8 desertification h u
с tting down of trees, | eaving the ground exposed

i the movement of peop| e from the o

с untryside to the cities

Writе a solution to thе proЬlems above using thе prompts bеlow. Add уour own idеas
about how wе aс n aсh iеve these things.

Eхample:

shou I d lencou rage l peopI e l h ave l s m all lf ami lies l bу

'V!'o'яq
И w!.d,.еу p 'a!{ 'Yл g l'Р' Qр.|Р еka'И. q..v'a'SY w.s.| Lp.r'f's'Ш lL| еs..0g'еd .* u.аI .v'wg.trИeШ .q\ 'q.ц Y.'.

.уt r'q.dqwqp'Yэ. qf'ру. prт' р' т' * | л | 'ур. w,':LqИ' gя. | л pP'рf 'fрp .d','w,qЕp r.qYу' d'.Иq .p'* .q.q'L.9.э'Р q'?'a ''..

1 need to/ ed uсate/ people/ dan gers of overpopu I atio n/ by

2 a
с n/ reduсe/ number of a
с rs/ planet/ by

3 ou g ht to/ enf orсe/ g reen be| tsigovernments/ by/ arоu п d iс ties

4 peop| e/ might/ stay/ iflсountryside

5 o
с untries/ tropiсa| rainforests/ o
с u| d/ be enсouraged/ not u
с t down trees/ by

6 shou I d/ ed uсate/ youn g peop| e/ u

с | tu ral roots/ by

7 can/ raise awareness/ harm/ planetiby

8 o
с uI d/ try/ h
с ange/ harmfuI / farming praсt iсes/ by

2
з
 GI obal problems and opportunities q
Voсabulary 2

Wordlist on pagе 2I 4 of the o

с ursеb ook.

Developing ideas by expanding the meaning of аd jeсt ives

1 For 1­7 еlЬ ow,@thе word initа| iсs whiсh has thе samе mеaning.
't interesting fascinating pleasing boring
2 motivating inviting encouraQing maddening
3 alarming frightening grabbing fascinating
4 worrying troubling eхciting inspiring
5 appealing stunning inviting demanding
6 satisfying demanding agreelng pleasing
7 shoсking stunning nourishing appealing

2 oС mplеt е thе sеn tеnеsс bеloц . yЬ h

с oosing a word rГ om thе box and h
с anging it into an
adjеtс ivе. Thеr е mav е Ь moге than onе possiblе answег.

rГ ioЬt en tcmnt еn o
с uгagе attraсt Stun

Obesity is a global problem, but many people find junk food very as it is so
readily available.

I t is ,­'............... how many people are unaware of the effeсt of overfishlng on the
environment. I 'm amazed!
3 All this taI k of g| obaleсonomiс prob| ems isn't very when l am trying to find

4 I find the prospect of global warming very ......^ .......... , and I am trying to be more
environmentally f riendly these days.
5 He rea| | y enjoys big iс ties and finds the lifesty| e very ............. . l think he wants to move to
NewYork.

3 Dеiс dе whеt hеr еah

с adjеtс ivе in itаliсs in 1­6 еlЬ ow is suitablе. I f not, h
с oosе an
aрp ropriatе adjеtс ivе rГ om ех r iс sе 1.

1 Having the h
с anсe to experienсe other uс I tures is very appealing.What makes it
attraсt ive
is disсoverino the differenсes and the similarities.

Many major megacities have some shoсking soсiaI prob| ems, but satisfу ing as they are
the iс ties a
с n be very we| o
с ming.

Not knowing about the future o

с u| d be worrying for some peop| e, but it should be exсiting
ratherthan troubling.

4 Тh e rс ime rates in inner iс ties might be a| arming to some peop| e, but sure| y they are onI y
encouraging beсause of the media foсu s.
Developing new ideas and оr eating somethrng new is a| ways verу worrying. |t is very
p| easing to think one has done something nobody e| se has aоh ieved.

Тh e prospeсt s of finding a better job a

с n be a motivating forсe, but sometimes friends
a
с n be enсouraging as wel| .

3
з
GI obal problems and opportunities

Writing

Look at thе fo] lowing Task 2 quеstion and thеn ans\ \ ­еГ ll­i.­ qrt.­.ti.,tls 1 о е1Ь ow.

WRI TI NG TASK 2
You should spеn d about 40 minutеs on this task.

Writе aЬout thе following topiс:

Thеm igrationof peoplеt oсitiesisonеof thеb iggеstр,:с ­ ­

­:' ­ ­ ,.= .,:.d,sСittеstodaу'

Drsсu ss themain аU
С ses. Whatso| utionsсouldbеu sеci. ''.' :..= ­ ­;. _.,.

Givе rеasons for уour answеr and inсludе any rеlеl;lnt .. ll \ ol1r knowlеd gе
or ехp еr iеnе.с
Writе at lеast 250 words'

1 What topiс do you need to write about?

2 What idea is already suggested in the question?

3 What two things must you write about in your answеr ?

4 How many words do you need to write?

5 How much time do You have?

6 How many paragraphs should you write?

Dеiс dе whеt hеr еah

с idеa a_f еlЬ ow is a a с usе or a solu... .l .?LlSe dеiс dе
,push t hing ttl. .,lеar­еt hе
whеt hеr thеy arе or pull faсt ors,, i.е . somе
o
с untrysidе or somеt hing that attгatс s thе m to thе iс tr. Т : ­­.lLlS€
S to thе
solutions.
a attraсt ion of better job prospeсt s/ | aсk of we| | .paid jobs

b invest in sсh ools to raise standards

с wider h
с oiсe of sсh ools availab| e

d better acсess to mediсaI a

с re

e deсentralize big o
с mpanies by offering inсentives tо :.:
f invest in local heaI th a
с re
.
oС mplеt е thе following modеl answеr by h
с oosing th.­ . ­.. .... е in rЬ aсkеt s'

sLv^ " c е th е t w d. ш :'trL п L R!'l o Lш tv о w, е оp Lе а cr o s si л с :.' ­,­: a,­tu

у
.j !эr
{ rои л t hе covtwtrgsLd'е. 1 (aLtиau­gh/ * оw еvеo) | 'и i.з , ­, ­.:з

b cih L\ л е cLtL е s а t,"d Lts LV"h аb Lt а wts, Lt I n' а s аL s о b r 'с '' ­:

эоL* tLоr "s LLе Lw u.wdеr stаw dLv.g wИаt pи se

И s : "' ; ld' qР LLs
уеcт' е
:.r'е' ll­ !'о tV'е cL| у.
.'о. ..
т. r'е ,с ­zzеtз rл t trаctLоw Lsrlл epo| еw tLаL of а bе| tеr ' '­' ,
"'.l. аLг0ad.?)

r 2 (v,t И еr s / wa w еt h еLsез ) tИ еr е Ls о, Lа cГ< af уr c т'з ..'' з )lЗC c(

э. ' е, е а
"

o 3 oш g] аi .'| ) ..^ i "e n{

{ rс thеLr
: nеi| .clо, 'v chLLdrеw wИ ('''t oс. tLсt r 1 r, ?. ,
е

З.' / .| 2 С v З а. 'п d. ih e Lаt еst tе ch w oL a q g. tf tn еLr c] л LL dr е' l­,. е э i| ' .

= r,еt nthеLr
.­.
Tr.:2f ;'2!­ аLsо Lwrpro'lеs. Lт, stLa, thош ТI л siLLL Ltr'.pээ' .: '' ':.' . лr е 'fuLОYl

': ?.t­',,Эw е gеt s sLc4

a
М ,\ "''/ ­2тt ,lеcохw trgsLdеvл l'оr еаp реr л LLwgcаt ,"bеd э. l­,'i'r"'/ / '­2/ ­).'..] ,)э. T,iз' | ­'4,qОvеr wvwеw ts
irс' r^ :'r''' ­:г | V,е cсш wtrgstdе
cоu 'Ld, о # еr fьw аw cLt,L Lwcеv^ .LL'lеs tо | lц sLwеssеs ta rеLэлс. е эi..­..з '

4
з
 Global problems and opportunities !]
BИsL^ esses 4 (snоvtLdtwu| L)
's no
utоt wа. Wt| О аoLhьs fь rhеn е sQьI '| 'еd 'wоv@{ оr е,с so w
ь vеstLwg
n
ь sсh оoLs а' td еd l.,­са| Lоn { оv nd,''tLts S
с L
У | a, fоr tИLs Lо wоr'Р ' м ть L
ас YJ, if rlл еd .ьа.с | " аrс е Ls

Lw.pravеd , уеo1Lе 5 (cаw

Й LLL) bе ] л еn LthLеr аw d. LLve f or Lои " gеv whLcЙ slл оu tLd, Lеаd ' to а Wi'Оr e

pro;d,ш ctLvе Lo,bоt хr { arcе thаt vI LLL thew Lw'qrо' lе thе r)cо, L ,"i* o^ g.
|n cоw L
с tl.sLоw , tI 4е Q'е. lJ Ls tо vу" а| zе thе caц vutrц sLd,е vу. orе аt trаctLvethаw thе eLtg. tw оr d,еr tо
do t\ л Ls, wе wееd tо rеlс rеss thе bаLаw cе bеt wееw v'lhаt Ls о{ { еr еd ' Lw t| л е cLtg аw d caш wtn4sLd,е.
6 (fлеr еf arе/ wИLLе) pеr рLеw LLLbе d,rл v'lvtbаck, аw d sИош Ld лLsо stop r'ьLgrаt Lng Lwtlл е{ rь st
pLncе.

Listening

}
€ l.д sEсТloN4 Questjonsз1­40
oС mplеt е thе tablе bеlow.
Writе No oп Д RЕ THAN TWo WORDS for еahс answer.

Answers to world problems

Problem Cause Solution

pollution of air, new alternatives to з nгt

31 a, resoeсt for nature

яn rl praсt iсes

4
з previous bad aI ternatives to fossiI fuels suсh as
depletion 5
з ............. 36 hvdrооen

In a
с rs

unequalwealth 7
з solidarity among nations
distribution аn o

of leaders

Quеstions 38_40
Choosе THRЕЕ lеt tеr s A_F.
Whiсh THRЕв, of thе following are mеn tionеd as potеn tial obstaсlеs to thе solutions?
A new teсh nologies

в unpopuI ar h
с anges

с researсh and deveI opment

the оost invo| ved

how laws are made

finanоiaI inequaI ity

35
 Language foсu s 1

Grammar rеf еr еnес on pagе 222 ofthе o

с uтsеb ook.
G
Ways o{ looking at the { uture

about thе futurе using thе tеn sе shown in braсkets

1 Usе thе prompts to writе Sеn tеnеS
с
Thеn matсh еah
с sеn tеnес 1­5 to its mеaning a­f.

хa
Е mple:

world's poputationlstabilize (future simple)

...Г'е.И 'ttp.r.Ld',э..Р cР' 4­| л \ | a.Vу' wу! ­| ,+ | л a'L.| .2L.......' . . .tbl
1 | l| rуlhardДo reduce/ a
с rbon emissions (going to)
tl
year/ to agree onipoliсies (present simple)
2 world's eсonomies/ meeVeaсh
I]
3 bv 2O5O/ a maсh ine/ invenvthat/ a
с n read/ people's minds (future perfeсt )
tl
4nearfuture/ mostpeop| e/ | ive/ robots/ homes(futureсont inuous)
tl
5 oo| itiсians/ meeVGeneva/ next week (present o
с ntinuous)
tl
a This is the Person's intention.

b This person is e
с rtain that this will happen.

Тh is event will have happened sometime before a point in the

f uture.
с
d Тh ey have planned/ arranged to do this.

e Тhis is a timetab| ed event.

fТh iseventwillbeinprogressataspeсifiсp ointinthefutu re.

by putting thе vеr bs in rЬ aсkеt s into a suitaЬlе futurе

oС mplеt е thе nеw s rеp ofi bеlorv
tеn Sе.

in Paris nеxt wееk to disсu ss thе

Ministеr s l .............. (mееt )

This mееt ing 2 .,,........... (happеn ) еvеr yyеarbut

еn vironmеn t.
what makеs this onе diffеr еn t is that for thе first timе thеy

.............. (agrее) on how thеy с n rеd uсе

a thе amount of
3
a
с rbon еm issions еah
с o
с untry produсеs. I t is hopеd that by working

togеt hеr thеm inistеr s4.............(sеt )rеalistiсt ar gеt sthatall

a
с n aсh iеvе by thе yеar 2O5o. By this timе, morе than 70 yеars
o
с untriеs
5 .............. (pass) sinсе finding out about thе damaging еf fеtс s
of global warming. Thеsе targеt s should mеan that in thе yеar 2o5o
......... .... (klrеathе) should bе lс еanеr than now.
thе air wе 6
this 7 (mеan) a bеt tеr world for all of thе
Hopеf ullv,
woгld's nations and pеoplе.
36
 Thе futurе

Voсabulary.l

Wordlist on pagе 214 of thе o

с ursеo
Ь ok.

Adjeсt ive/ noun o

с lloсations

1 Usе thе o
с lloсations bеlow (a­h) to o
с mplеt е thе dеf initions (1_8).

a An agriсu lturalsoсr ety

b Тh e genera| pub| ic

с A thriving soсiety

d Тh e governing e| ite

e A dominant soсiety

f A modern iс viI ization

g n
А indigenous popuI ation

h An urban population

'l
refers to the people in o
с ntro| in a o
с untry.

2 is one that is stronger than others.

3 lives off the land.

4 is made up of ordinary people in a soсiety.

5 does not live and work in ruralareas.

6 has the ear| iest historiс o

с nneсt ions to a region.

7 is a group of people who are doing well.

I is re| ated to the o

с ntemporary wor| d'

2 Rеad thе titlеs of thе books bеlow (1_8) and thеn matсh thеm to thеir o
с ntеn t using thе
o
с lloсations abovе (a­h). An еxamplе has bееn donе for you.

тlтLE
1 2l"tCentury Living

2 Тh е Farmers of the Sahara

3 World Leaders

4 Living Together Suсe

с ssfu| | y

5 The PeopI e's Voiсe

6 City Dwellers

7 People in Power

8 The Aboriginals: Original I nhabitants

of Australia

7
з
 Thе future

Listening

G t.s sEсTlON 1 Questions 1_] 0

Complеt е thе form below.
Writе No N{ oRЕ THAN TWo WoRDs AND/ OR A NUNI BЕR for еah
с answеr .

Order Form
хa
Е mple: n
А swer:
Reason for call: p ro b le m s w itn . .wс. I s'itс'

Name:
Title of book: 2
Author: R[ h
с аr d 3
Type of book: 4
Priсe: 5t
Payment method: 6
Delivery address: 7 Lоn dоn N22
Delivery type: I
Delivery date: 9
DeI ivery instruсt ions:
lf out leave with a 10

Word building

Suffixes ­al ­ous ­ful

,l oС mpletе thе grid with adjеtс ivеs from the lс uеs еlЬ ow. Whеn уou have finished, yor­l
will find that 11 down spеlls out anothеr adjеtс ivе.

1 a synonym for o
с untrywide 6 the opposite of ugly

2 the opposite of modern 7 related to land used for farming

3 the opposite of safe 8 a p| aсe with a lot of room is . '.

4 to do with a place having a large 9 to do with modern maсh inery

population
10 when something is expensive but
5 when something is aсh ieved it is ... noт neсessarV
38
 ­ r
hС oosе adjеtс ives rГ om ех гiс sе 1 to oс mplеt е thе sеn tеnеsс еlЬ ow. Usе thе spaсе
providеd in braсkets to also writе thе noun form.

1 People think robots will be very ........... in the home of the future. ( .............. . ..)

2 Using .. farming methods will help pollute the environment less.

(.... .....)
By the end of the century, fewer.......... buildings will have been built in inner city
areas asthedemandforhousing rises.(. . . . . . )

Making new friends onI ine a

с n be '. beсause there's no Way of knowing if
what they're telling you is the truth. ( . . ......... . . . )

5 Some parts of the globe will always be more .. than others. ( ........... . )

6 .. developments wiI I h
с ange our I ives beyond al| reсognition in the near

future.(........ ..)
7 Having a very .. house is a dream most people have. ( . ... ...............)

I '. waste| ands often dominate the | andsсape on the outskirts of big iс ties.
(........... )

Voсabulary 2

Woгd list on pagе 2| 4 of thе o

с ursеo
Ь ok.

Verbs of prediсt ion

1 м atсh thе sеn tеnес bеg innings 1_6 with thе appropriatе еn ding a_f.

1 lt is expected that ...

2 |t is prediсt ed that within the next 50 years a machine that ...

3 |t is foreсast с u| d be issues ...

that there o

4 с mputer software are ...

Sa| es of o

5 It is estimated that mobile phone usage ...

6 It is antiсipated that a larger ...

a projeсt ed to double in the next ten years.

b proportion of peop| e wiI l be I iving in urban areas by the end of the e

с ntury.

с wi| l have grown substantia| | y by the end of the year.

d traсks everyone's movements wiI l have been invented.

e with safeguarding peop| e's privaсy.

f unemployment wiI l inсr ease before it starts to deсr ease.

2 Writе your own prеd iсt ions to o

с mplеt е thе sеn tеnес bеg innings aЬovе.

39
 The future

Reading

I LЕ ТS Reading Pаssаg e You should sреn d aЬout twеn tу minutеs on Questions 1­l3' rvhiсh aге basеd on thе
rеading paSsagе bеlow.

How the dream of reading someone's mind may soon beсome a reality

..Sсienflsts have built a computer that a

с n'deсode, brain signals and
identifу photagraphs people have seen.
Тh e abiI ity to read someone's mind and even to visua| ize their dreams
has o с me a step lс oser with a study showing that it is possrble to
prediсt aсu с rate| y what someone is seeing by ana| yzing their brain
aсt ivity with a mediсal sсanner. Sсientists have built a o с mputer that
.deсode,the
a
с n brain aсt ivity signals from a scanner and matсh them
to photographs of what a person has seen. I n the future, they believe
the teсh no| ogy wilI be able to reсonstruct sсenes being visualized in a
person's head * whether real or imaginary.
Тests of the deсoder show that it a с n prediсt whiсh photograph
someone is looking at with an aсu с raсy of up to 90 per eс nt, a| though
the success rate falls as the total number of photographs being
assessed inсr eases' Тh e sсientists be| iеve that it might be possib| e in
the near future to adopt the same approaоh in making a deviсe that
a
с n read someone,s thoughts, a| though they warn against doing this
surreptttiously or against someone's wil| ,.lt is possible that deсoding brain aсt ivity oс u| d have serious ethiсal
and privaсy impliсations downstream in, say, the 30 to S0­year time frame. lt is something l do a с re about,,
said Professor Jaсk Ga| | ant of the University of Ca| ifornia, Berkе| ey, who led the study puЪtisrred in the journal

| il,jl."o­r works by analyzing ttтe patterns of activity within the visual e с ntre of the brain, deteсt ed by a
funоt iona| magnetiс resonanсe imaging (fMRl) maсh ine as a person | ooks at a set of randomly­arranged
photographs, one at a time. Тh e deсoder then attempts to prediсt whiсh photograph someone is lookй g at
_ f rom brain aсt ivity patterns alone _ when
the same person is presented with a o с mp| ete| y different sei of
images. ,The image identifiсation problem is ana| ogorus to the c| assiс magiсian,s triсk, .piсй a a с rd, any cardl
I n this triсk ' the magiсian fans a deсk of оards and asks you to piсk a a с rd, | ook at it, and then p| ace itЪaсk in
the dеkс . Тh e magiсian,s job rs to figure out whiсh a с rd you saw,,said Professor Ga| | ant. I magine that we begin
with a largе set of photographs оh osen at random.You seсr et| y seleсt just one of these and look at it while
We measure your brain aоt ivity. Given the set of possible photographs and the measurements of your brain
aсt ivity the dеo с der attempts to identify whiсh speсr fiс photograph you saw,'hе said.
When volunteers in the study were given a set of 120 photographs, the deоoder managed the o с rreоt
prediсt ioh 90 рer e с nt of the time. As the set Was expanded to 1,O00 images, the prediсt ion rate fel; to about 80
per e с nt. Тh e sсientists estimated that even with a set of one bilI ion images
­ roughly the number of piсt ures
indexed by the internet searоh engine Goog| e _ the deсoder would be ab| e to make the o с rrect prediсt ion of
what somеone saw about 20 per e с nt of the time'.ln other words, if a person undergoing an fМR| brain sсan
Were to seleсt and view an image at random from the internet, our data suggests that we would be able to Use
brain aсt ivity measurements to identify the preсise image that the person saw about onсe out of every five
times,' said Professor Gallant.
Тh e sсientists emphasized that at present the deсoder оan on| y match piсt ures seen by a person rather than
reсonstruсt images visualised in a person,s head. At this point they a с n on| y identify whiсh image Was seen
when the image was drawn from a known set _ reсonstruсt ion с rrent| y an unso| ved prob| em, said Professor
is u
Ga| lant..Нowever, our data suggests that there might potentia| | y be enough information in brain aсt ivity signals
measured using fMRl to do this in the future. | n faсt , so muсh information is avai| ab| e in these signals that one
day it may even be possible to reсonstruсt the visua| o с ntents of dreams or visua| imagery,'he said.
Undoubted| y, this deviсe
с uld prove to be one of the most important inventions of the 21.tсentury. I magine
o
being able to.see'what a hс i| d dreams. lt would give us a muсh deeper understanding of how their psyсologуЪ
deve| ops as they grow Up. lt oс uld even be used in rс ime deteсt ion to better o
с mprehend a rс imina| ;s thoughi­
proсesses and then used to help them rehabilitate so that they do not reoffend' Тh e possiblities are endI ess'

40
Questions 1­3
Choosе thе o
с гr tес lеt tег A. B. C or D'

1 A deсoding maсh ine has been invented to

A read the brain.

B match the images.

C prediсt the future.

D interpret brain signals.

2 The aсu
с racy of the deсoder

A remains o
с nstant as the vo| ume of photographs inсr eases.
B inоr eases with the vo| ume of photographs.

c deсr eases with the volume of photographs.

D fI uctuates as the vo| ume of photographs inсr eases.

3 Sсientists prediсt the deоoder с u| d be used to
o

A hс ange people's thoughts'

B read a oerson's mind.

C warn the authorities. ;

D furite a oerson's will.

Questions 4­6
Answеr thе quеstions bеlow
Writе No NI ORЕ THAN Tн RЕ WoRDs AND/ OR A NUI VI BЕR from thе passagе for
еah
с answеr .
4 Besides privaсy, what kind of issues does the person who organized the study Worry
about?
5 At | east how many years wi| | it be before mind reading beсomes a rea| ity?
6 What was the approximate suсe
с ss rate when tests were carried out with a thousand
images?

Questions 7­l3
oС mplеt е thе summary еlЬ ow.
hС oosе No N{ oRЕ THAN TWo WoRDs AND/ OR A NUI VI BЕR fтom thе passagе for
еah
с answеr .

HoWТHЕ DEсODЕRWoRКs )'

When a person | ooks at a o

с | I eсt ion ot7 ... ..... individua| piоt ures, the
deсoding maсh ine ana| yzes the 8 .. . ..... of aсt ivity in the part of the brain

re| ated to vision.Тh en the maсh ine tries to 9 ...... ........'.whiсh photo the person is
viewing­ The maсh ine works in a simi| ar way to a magiсa| card 10 ....... . Like
amagiсianhasto11'.... outwhiсha
с rdwasсh osen,sodoesthedeсoder'
The'12 ...'.'.. rate deсr eases the more images it has to h
с oose from. vЕ en if

the piсt ure was h

с osen at random from the lnternet, 13 .. '.. of brain aсt ivity

wou| d | ead to piсk ing the o

с rreсt image.

41
 r

The future

Writing

l Answеr thе quеstions that геlatе to thе graph bеlow. This is thе kind of information yor­
will nееd to inсludе in thе еxam task that follows.

1 What does the graph deal with? The past, present or future?

2 How muсh oilwas/ is/ wi| | be used in:

the past? . .. . . .. million tonnes year: . . . .. ...

the present? . . ... .. million tonnes year: . . . .....

the f uture? ....... million tonnes year: .. ' '....

3 How muсh gas was/ is/ wi| | be used in:

the past? ....... million tonnes eУ ar: ........

the present? ..... million tonnes year: ........

the future? ..... million tonnes year: ........

4 How muсh o
с a| wаs/ is/ wil| be used in:

the past? .. . . . .. million tonnes year: . . ' '. ...

the present? ....... million tonnes year: ....'...

thefuture? .......milliontonnesyear:........

2 Look at thе Task 1 quеstion еlЬ ow and h

с oosе thе apргopr­l..:­ :. 'lт­ i of thе vеr b in thе
modеl answеr .

WRI TI NG TASK 1

You should spеn d about 20 minutеs on this task.

.] j; .­еi5'
Thе graph bеlow shows the g| obal produсt ion and foга:ес ::­

Summarisе the information bу sеltес ing and reporttng i| ": ­­ . . .:.. ­.еs, and maKе
o
с m pa ri son s whе rе rе еv a nt'
I

Writе at lеast 150 words.

GI obaI Fossil FueI Produсt ion and Foreсast

r 2000

r 0000
oС а|

: 8000
.:..i Nаt Urа| Gаs

ffiolt

c
=

a..ccce"".Фc "ф.
"'ф"
's. "ф.
t

42
 Тh e future ;Е
Тh е grаp h shows thе wor| d,s past, prеsеn t аn d futurе produсt ion of o
с а| , gаs аn d oil' | t is |с еаr

thаt if prеd iсt ions аr е o

с rrеtс , fossiI fuе| produсt ion 1 is | ikеlу / a
с n to inсr еаsе bеf orе i| 2dеrс еasеd /
deсr eаsеs.

Firstly, i.ioа| produсt ionl 3 is/ was by fаr thе grеаt еst, histоr iса| | y spеаking. I n thе f iгst hаlf of thе 20th

e
с ntury, рr oduсt ion 4 wi| l remain/ remainеd stаb | е аt 1ust undеr арp roximаt е| y 1,000 mi| | ion tonnеS
(mts).1| his:had inсr еаsеd еightfо| d by its еn d Produсt ion 5 bе/ is еxpеtс еd to o
с ntinuе growing until
it 6 pеak/ pеaks аr ound the middlе of thе 2] .tсеn tury. Aftеr this, а grаd uаl dеrс еаsе is

7 prеd iсt / forеаsС t So thаt by thе timе 2090 агr ivеs , it 8 wi| | havе fal| еn / wiI l bе faI | to | еvе| s | аst

sееn in аb out 1970, аr ound З,000 mts. I n o

с ntrаst, nаt urа| gаs аn d oiI pгoduсt ion9was/ wеr е
,] 920s.
hаr dly signifiсаn t untiI thе From thь timе uр untiI thе presеn t thеir produсt ion 10 followеd /
10
wi| | fo| | ow a simi| аr pаt tеr n to o
с а| ,s though oiI produсt ion soon 11 fе| | / fa| | bеh ind gаs,. By 19B0,
аp proхimatеly 1,000 morе mts of gаs 12 wl| bеlwеr е produсеd thаn oi| , pеаk in9 аt аr ound 7,000
mts by 20З0. oС nvеr sе| y, thе реаk for oi| 13 wil| bе bеing/ wi| | be both еаr liеr аn d smаl| еr thаn both
o
с а| аn d gas аt around 4,000 mts by аr оu nd 2005.

3 Now find all of thе ге fегеnес rl.oгd s tn itаliсs and dгaw a linе a
Ь kс to thе noun thеv rеf еr
to.

хa
Е mple:
fhis (line 6)
1 lfs (line 6)

2 it (line7)
3 tT (line 8)

4 this ftme (line'10)

4 oС vеr thе modеl answеr vouг own vеr sion of thе answег.
and rvritе Usе thе h
с kес list
fтom ех r iс sе 4, Unit 4 on pagе 34, to makе
Suге vou havе o
с vегеd еvеr ything that is
nееsс sary and try to uSе pronouns ц , hеr е possiblе to avoid rеp еt ition.
 Voсabulary 1

Wordlist on pagе 2| 6 of thе o

с ursеb ook.

Conservаt ion

1 Unsсr amblе thе following vеr bs and lс assifi, thеm as еithеr positir.е (+ ) oг nеg ativе (_)
Thеn writе thе noun form.

VЕRB (+ / ­) NOUN
Eхample:

v.ctсэ, t'"
тDRЕsYo .!:9э. | 'Y?2.'(. )". '. '....
d.еsт: r

1 SPREVЕRЕ
2 SCOERVЕN
3 TPOТC
Е R

4 FDЕND
Е

5 MDOI ATЕN

6 AD| RЕM
7 PD| P
А A
Е RS

hС oosе thе appгopriatе noun/ vеr b o

с mbination rГ оп ­ r ­с \ C] . ­ >с .. ,L
с lп p lеt е thе
sеn tеnеS
с bеlow. a
М kе anу nееS
с Sary h
с angеs. Thеге п lar l.­ ::, с iilan onе possiblе
anSWеr .

1 Some of the worI d's most endangered speсies will .. o

с mp| ete| y if

nothing is done to stop their ...

The ... .... of the worI d,s rainforests wilI e"s­,э. tiet they are
....... for f uture oenerations.

Nature,s best .. ­... are being underminеd э' ,, co| iсiеs that I eave our

environment unab| e to ..... .. itself from fur:nеr damage.

The ... ... of the ozone | ayer has now ha| ted sinсе nations
started working together to ensure that it will not be

Breath­taking views wi| | be ... '.. ' bу f uture generations who wi| | a| so
hopefully have .. .... for their ancestors desire to maintain them.

The ... .... of areas of outstanding natura| beauty not on| y saves wiI dI ifе

f rom extinction but also .. .. '. p| ant speсies too.

Nothing spoi| s a view | ike a ta| | bui| ding that ... . '.. the | andsсape. We
must not allow their ....... to invade green spaces in urban areas.

| n f uture, peop| e wiI l not on| y need to wear sun . .. .... when on ho| iday. |f ц
I
the ozone layer disappears, they will need to ...... ...... themselves on a daily 'l

basis against the harmfu| effeсt s of sun radiation.

44
 Fruits and seеd ' (f]
Reading

.5
Reading Pаssage You should spеn d aЬout 20 minutеs on Quеstions 1_13, whiсh arе basеd on thе геad.ins
paSsagеbеlow.

sЕ.D
Е BANТK BUI LDS hО Т FRОzrЕ Ч AssЕTs
хo
Е tiс fruits growing in a a
М laysian garden mark a breakthrough in the teсh nology af prеserving
seeds' This sucсess maY pave thе way for botanists to ,bank, the genes of manу important tropiсal
plants, the seeds of which have so far proved impossible to preserve.

A Тh е seeds of manу eсonomiсaily imрortаn t tropiсal speсies, inсluding гu bbe1 o с o

с nUt раlm, o
с o
с a аn d
o
с ffee, and some f rom temperatе гegions, suсh аs oаk and h с estnut, are desсr ibed аs ,гаlес tс trаn t.
bеаu
с se с nnot be dried slowly and frozen like ,orthodox, seeds, whiсh аn
thеy a с suгvivе in this state
for many years, With a с rе, oгt hodox seeds аn с be driеd until thеУ o
с ntаin only 5 prr еn с t moistuгe. So
there is littlе risk thаt iсe will form, disrupting the seed,s tissue and kilI ing it.
B Reсalсitrant sееd s o
с ntain so muсh Water thаt until now they o с uld not be dried enough to risk f reezing
them. Around 70 pеr e с nt of tropiсal speсiеs may prоd uсe reоаliс trаn t seeds" Тo the f rustration of
botаn ists аn d o с nsеr vationists, the only way tо рr eserve the genеt rс diversity of thesе spеiс es has
bееn to o
с llеtс thе seeds аn d grow еah
с suсеe
с ding generаt ion. Lаkс of spaсe makеs it diffiсu lt tо do
this on a large sсаle.
c Тh е jaсkfruits in o
Н ong­Fong Chin's gardеn агe thе produсt s of thе f iГst гаlес iс trаn t seеd s to be brought
bаkс to life аf ter а periоd in the deерf reеzе' ,Wе
aге the first to suсe
с ed with а tгu ly reсalсitrant
speсiеs,,sаys Chin, who is basеd at thе Malaуsiаn Univеr sity оf Agriсu lture in Selangor. ,Тh ese aГe Very
diffiсu lt seeds to hаn dle,, says hС in, ,bеаu с sе
tneу are very vаr table iп moisturе Content o с mpаr еd with
seeds of wheat or barlеy, for exаm p| e. whiсh are VeГy uniform.,
D Chin and his oс l| еаguеsYuе­ Luan Hor and Bаshkaran Krishnаp illay oveГa с mе this problem with jаkс fruit
(Aп otс ?pus heterophуlI us) by pгеserving ,Тh е
1ust thr еm bryo, not the еn tirе seеd ' еm brvo is more llke
аn orthоd ox seеd , and o с ntы d s muсh less moisture than the whole sееd ,, he says. ,Тh erefore, rt,s muсh
more tоlerant to yГс opreservation', He says that the triсkiest pаr t with jaсkfruit аn d othеr reсalсltrаn t
speсies is loсаt ing and еxtrаtс ing thе embгyo. vЕ еn in а sеed the size of а o с o
с nut the еm bгvo is on| v а
few miI limetrеs long.
Е Bеf ore fгeezing thе embryos, Chin o с ated them with a solutron of dimethу lsulphoxide аn d pro| ine,
whiсh рr oteсt s thеm agaiп st o
с ld injury f rom water in thе аt mosphere' еН then b| otted the еm bryos
to remove eХe с ss moisture and dried thеm a с refullу for one hour. Chrn thеn freezes thеm slowty,
at аr ound 1 degrеe C рer minute until they reаh с ­40.С, befоr e immersing them in liquid nitrogen at
_196 .с for permanent storage. еН
did this in a spеiс аl freezеr whiсh steadiiy injeсt s drops of liquid
nitrogen into thе refгigeration h
с аm ber. This allows the tissue of the seеd s to Iса imаt isе to the fа| l in
temperаt ure bеf ore thе nехt drop is аd ded.
F Chin kept the sеeds for betweеn onе dаy and a mоn th аn d found thаt 60 peГ еn с t of them remained
,I t,s
viаb le. our presumption that they,re in suspended animatron аn d tn theory they should be able to
survive in this stаt е ,Chin,s
forеver., method is еxe
с ptionаlly important,, says u
Н gh Pritсh аr d, who works
at the seed bank atWakehuгst Plaсе, the CountrУ otfshoot of the Royal Botaniс Gardens, Kew, 'lt,s the
only teсh ntque on thе horizoп that would work for reсalсitrant seeds of tremendous eсonomlс and
eсologiсal vаluе, , he saуs.
G Pгitсh аr d is deve| oping similar teсh niques foг presеr ving ,Тh e
h
с еstnUt seeds. we faсe are
diffiсu lties
аkin to those fаe
с d by mediсаl pеoplе trying to pГesrГVe oГg ans for transp| аn t,, hе sау s'
He sауs that rf
reсalсitrant seeds a с n be stored, it wilI be possible to preserve а muсh greаt er proportion of the gеn etiс
diversity of these speсies. ,Seеd storаg е is probаb ly the most o
с st­effеtс ivе way of pгeservation
1..^ ^ ^ ,,^ ^ ^ ^ ^ f,^ ^ ­^
UeUaUSr srеos are smalleГ, so you Can pГeserve a large number in a small volumе. , Chln says that hе is
rеf ining his teсh nique, аn d hаs already hаd some SUCсess with rubbеr . e Н reports that thе 1аkс fruit in
his gаr dеn seеm to have no abnormа| itiеs, suggesting that thе embryos wеr е unhаr med bv their sрell
in the freеzer'

45
 Fruits аn d seeds

Questions 1­4
Тh е геading рassagе has еight paragгaрh s, A­} I .
Whiсh paгagraph o
с ntains thе following information?

1 the quantity of reca| iс trant seeds that cannot be dried using traditiona| methods
2 why using the embryo for the new teсh nique Was both advantageous ano
disadvantageous
3 how long the seeds were kept in a frozen state

4 a referenсe to simi| ar prob| ems with human oroans

Questions 5­8
Do thе following Statеm еn ts agге with thе information in thе rеading passagе?
Writе:
TRUЕ if thе statеr nеn t agrееs with thе information
FALsЕ if thе statеm еn t o
с ntradiсt s thе information
NoT GI VЕN if thеге is no information on this

5 only tropiсaI speсies of plants have reca| iс trant seeds.

6 Non­reсa| citrant seeds a
с n be o
с mplete| y dried out without a prob| em.
7 Тh e seeds of most e
с real rс ops are much easier to handle.
8 Seeds treated with the new method oс u| d be kept indefinite| y and sti| l survive.

Questions 9­13
Complеt е thе flow­сl.rart bеlor,v.

Usе No o
М RЕ TI I AN TWo WoRDs AND/ OR A NUMBЕR from thе passage for
еah
с answеr .

How to preserve recalсitrant seeds

embryos are 9 .. .,... with a h

с emiсa| mixture

+
surplus 10 ..... is removed

+
seeds are dehydrated for 11

+
12 ' ' ' '. f rozen at a rate of one e
с ntigrade every 60 seсonos

+
indefinite storage is aсh ieved by dipping the seeds in 13

46
 truits and seedr (fJ
Voсabulary 2

Wordlist on pagе 215 of thе o

с ursеb ook.

Desсr ibing sequenсes

1 oС mplеt е thе words bеlow dеsгсibing thе stagеs in a proсеss using thе first lеt tеr and
numbеr of spaсеs to hеlp у ou.
G
в Е I NNI NG NЕxт sтAGЕ N
Е D
't
I ___ f

2 n___
3 a_ s_* _ a_
4 o

5 o

6 o

7 f

I o

I
10

2 Add thе appropriatе ц . oгd s or phrasеs rГ om еxеr iс sе 1 to o

с mplеt е thе rеiс pе.

a
с ke
How to makс a flourless h
с oсolatс
lngrediсn ts
2959 dark hс oсolatе, h
с oрpd
с
100g unsaltсd buttсr
175g iсing sugаr , siftеd .
4| argееg gs/ sсp aratеo

tсМ hod
thс ovсn to 180с. T
1 F­ _
­ ­ , prс­ hсat
ttn.
u roo'е­ bottomаd 95сm aс kе
s'u* u
buttеr
(r
L
A
t\ _
t . mrlt thс h
с oсolatе аn d
оf
sauсерan
.,".ы ; . u
ь # proot bowl ovсr а
Whisk"the еg g
bollingWаt rс . t
­ ­
­ ­
_ _ _
­ ­ ­ : :­,
until thеY аr е. rс еamУ tn
iJЁ йo i.i^ s iй ar
togсt hсr
h
с oсоlаt с
a sеp aratс bowl' N_ _ ­, fold thс mсliсd
into thс egg mlx.
thс еg g whttеs
o soft pеaks form. fоld
(аn d using а lс аn
с whisk), * !] 'l..!::,s^ s^ whrtсs.
ln a lс eаn bоw l
mix, in thrсс оr four portlons.
;;j* ,il й . иu hс oсоlatс
is donс, ;'.* thс xturс, intоlnto mс
mlxturс
m tу o,"::;;.;;;;;i; from thс tln,
;_1­i;
V_ _ this::"j"""]
­ 'pour T:?жsott ­ь D­ __ _ ­ _ rеm oving thе аkс е [ :х ' .^ :Tl
* .,iуln Jinrtil:mloulg. ?.":.j:?;Lff;:'T::#
.* ;;';"сake is slightlу rс aсko
с
iЬ; !u!i!hour.
1s 1­titt
for about half aп
;ll"* i i. oс ol on a raсй

with iсing sugar, u

с t аn d n
с joy!
5 t­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ , sprinklс

47
 Fruits and seeds

Language foсu s 1

@ Grammaг rеf еr еnес on pagе 222 of thе o

с ursеo
Ь ok.

Trаn sitive and intransitive verbs

Rеad thе quеstions еlЬ ow and undеr linе thе main vе.гЬ I dеn tiГr ,'rr,hеt hеr thе vегb s art
еiЬ ng usеd transitivеly [ T] or intransitivеly [ I ] . Doеs watег fтеzе in spaсе? [ I ]
хa
Е mple:
Does water freeze in space? | r l
1 Can you faсe the truth even if it hurts? [ ]

2 How do you have a good time? [ ]

3 Why does o
с ffee only grow in tropiсa| p| aсes? [ ]
I

4 Did you o
с l| eсt things when you were younger? [ ]

5 Why does water always flow down? [ ]

6 Does wisdom inсr ease with age? [ ]

7 WouI d you rс ush an inseсt ? [ ]

8 Can you pick a ripe melon? [ ]

9 Why do hens lay eggs? [ ]

10 Do you put all of your money in the bank? [ ]

11 Do people really'fall'in love? [ ]

12 Wou| d you | eave your oс untry for another? [ ]

13 Why are the po| ar a

с ps me| ting? [ ]

14 Do you a| ways o
с ver your mouth when you o
с ugh? [ ]

Answег thе quеstions abovе, guеssing whеn у ou arе not SLl] i. > с .lr] l ­iеn tеn еS
с ,
inсluding a subjеtс and vегЬ as wеll as an oЬj tес if thе r.егЬ :...:lsltir.е. Тh е first onс
has bееn donе for you'
хa
Е mple:
Does water freeze in space? [ t ] tf it Lsw,t)л егл | еd ' bu ': "' .

Look at thе flow­сh art and diagram bеlow oС mplеt е thс .i ...t , l\ rlч ino lhe r'erЬs fг.
thе quеstions in еxеr iс sе 1. You will nееd to usе somе r ­егЬ .',,' l;е' Тh еn matсh еah
с
sеn tеnес to piсt urеs 1­5,

Glaсiеr s to order
Acсordiп g to trаlitioп iп tЬe Karakoram and Hindu KusЬ п ouп t oins, tЬere оr e set'еr ,­l| ­itnse­i fo gro1U ing a glaсier,

Selеtс a sitе aЬovе 4,5О0m, faсing nоr гh ­\ \ еsг, surrollndеd yЬ stееp lс iffs
I dеally it wiil е Ь roсky, wiгh iсе гr аp реJ е:Ь tr еn small o
Ь uldеr s of aЬout
25 еnс timеt rеs diameter.

Takе 300 kilograms oГ. fеm alе iсе (whitе, lс еan аn d

madе from snow) and pilе it on top of malе iсе
(сontaining stones and soil),
48
 Fruits and seedt f]
Plaсе gourds of watеr in the rс aсks. Thеsе will uЬ rst when the glaсiеr
grows. The o
с ntеn ts tЬen freeze and iЬ nd togеt hеr .

oС vеr it with h с arсoal, sawdust, whеat hrrsk, nrrtsЬеll

or piееsс ofсloth to insulatе the nеw glaсiеr and lеavе it
for аp proximаt еly four winсеr s.

aЕ h
с season, snowmеlt will е Ь trappеd yЬ the glaсiеr andtefreeze, making
it grow. The u
Ь dding glaсiеr will еvеn tually rс еP down thе hil1 likе a
natural slaсier.

Summary

First, you should 1 ............ a sitе abovе 4500 mеt еr s that 2 north_wеst and
3 ..... . ...... roсks with iсе
trappеd in bеt wееn them| Piсt urе ...7. Nеx t, you will nееd to
4 ............ 300 kilograms of ,fеm alе, iсе (i.е. purе iсе without roсks) and 5 ... ...... ... it
.malе,
on top of thе iсе (i.е. with stonеs and soil) | Piсt urе. .. ]. Thеn you should
6............ o
с ntainеr swithwatеr intothеrс aсks | Piсt urе. ..] . Thеsеw illЬе
7 ............ by thе glaсiеr as it 8 ... and hеlp iЬ nd thе iсe togеt hеr | Piсt urе ..,f .

Finally, you ought to 9 ............ thе arеa with h

с arсoal, sawdust oг piееS
с of lс oth for
insulation andto hеlp 10 iсе and SnoW aS it 11 ......... ....| Piсt urе. ..] .I t is
rеo
с mmеn dеd that уou 12 it for four wintеr s | Piсt ure...] . As thе iсе
13 ............ in summеr and morе Watеr | 4 ............ down thе glaсiец it
15 ............ again eaсh .wintеr whiсh makеs it 16 ......... ...| Piсt urе. ..] . Thе glaсiеr will
thеn 17 . . . in sizе and movе down thе mountain as thеy do naturally | Piсt urе , , .f .

49
тuЕ its and sеeds

Listening

@@ i] .f
/ ъ. а
i.6
} .F.Y.A.
SЕТсiоi\ i 2 Ques

Questions 1 1­1 6
Choosе thе o
с гr tес lеt tеr , A, B or C.

11 Whatwillwake people up in the home 14 What оan the house do?

of the future?
A Control the shower temperature
A Body temperature.
B Turn off the taos.
B The sound of an alarm lс oсk .
C Wash your baсk.
C The movement of the bed.
15 What willthe I nternet be able to do"
12 What will shoes be able to do by themselves?
A Understand when vou are
A Walkfaster.
B Pю j eсt what's in your fridge.
B P| ay musiс.
C Help find something you've lost
C FI oat on air.
16 What wiI lthe fridge do when peopв
.t3
What kind of |с othes wi| l people be wearing? are I ow on milk?
A Clothes that make us more intelligent. A Deliver the milk.
B C| othes that a
с n interpret how we are fee| ing. B Send an emailto the shop.
C CI othes that are powered by e| eсt riсity. C Defrost some in the freezer.

Questions 17­20
Labеl thе map еlЬ ow.
Writе the o
с rrеtс lеt tец A­F, nеxt to questions I 7_2o.

The living room of the future

17 television

18 temperature o
с ntroI

19 bookсase

20 o
с mputer keyboard

50
 Fruits and seedr f]
Writi ng

1 Look at thе fol] owing diagram whiсh shows a proсеss. Usе thе linking words to hеlp you
put Sеn tеnеS
с a­g into thе o
с rrеtс ordеr .

WRI TI NG TASK 1

You should sреn d about 20 minutеs on this task.

Thе diagram bе| ow shows thr stagеS tnvo| ved in еa

сО n Thеr ma| nЕ еr gу oС nvеr sion
whiсh usеs thе tеm pеr aturе differenсе bеt wеen deеp and surfaсе oсean Watеr to
produсe е| tес riсitу.

Summarise the information bу sе| tес tng and rеp orting the main featurеs, ano maKe
o
с mparisons whеr e rе| еvant'

Writе at lеast 150 words.

2 Wаr m surfаe
с wаt er
turп s аm moniа into gа5. 3 xЕ pаn ding аm moniа 1\ Тu rbinе

Surfаe
с wаt er in 15
gаs drjvеs
gеn erаt ing
the turbinе,
еitес riс ty )i;h;; I Pоw еr output

v
v
v П lП
.­l
чF
И )'=
@ I
u lЦ ­ I

\l DI
гlll
lГ | )
п
Wаt eГout 0.С
//
l= .
|
t:=
I

Vapor s­дr

U
tПul 4 Deep оe
с аn water I

э| .ools the gas, tUrnjл g 1000 metres

=э
lП ] NI
t baСk into liqUid

,a tl
:Пil
1 oсA
Е N THЕRI VAL N
Е ERGY oС NVЕRToR:
aЁ э
U :П ё. €
uses thе differenсе in temреr аt ure between
surfaсe аn d deep oсeаn Wаt er tо produсe я
elеtс riсity' a,
;r
^
в € (ssп Sl а .€ € v ^

Deep oсe^аn
Pump
Wаt er
in 5.с

a lt is c| ear that it has the potentia| to be another |с ean, renewable energy sourсe as no
pollution is generated.
b The diagram shows the teоh nology behind oоean Тh erma| nЕ ergy Conversion (oTЕC)
that takes advantage of the differenсes in temperature of deep and suгf aсe sea water to
produсe eI ectriсity.
с When this.working fluid'boi| s, the resu| ting gas rс eates enough pressure to drive a
turbine that generates power.
d First, warm surfaсe water heats a f| uid with a | ow boi| ing point, suсh as ammonia or a
mixture of ammonia and water.
e с nc| usion, the system works just I ike a o
In o с nventiona| power plant where a fuel I ike
с a| is burned to rс eate steam.
o
f WhiI e the gas o
с ndenses baсk into a | iquid that a
с n be used again, the water is returned
to the deeo oсean.

The gas is then o

с o| ed by passing it through o
с |d water pumped up from the deep oсean
through tubes '1,000 metres long.

2 How many paragraрh s would you dividе thе answег into?

3 Writе your own answеr to thе task.

)l
 Pаssagе
Youshouldspеn dabout20minutеsonQuеstions1­13,ц , hiсh a геb asеd onthегеadr
lELTS Rеading
paSSagе еlЬ ow.

rеo .I
с gnrtton a
aDDrovе arе dynamiс, ' says Lеa. think thеr е, s
in еn uironmentаI п эаn agеm ent, it PdjS thеn thа.
I f ч oи ш ant а a
с rееr aЬout 1еg is1ation,
;# ;;;;;.t.il' iiuo., ^ ..,..'.hing
ii inuеst in thе latеst trаining' o
ь .i"g. т h е r е й a s еn
Ь a push to makе sur.
i"".i'i".­.."ih J
Ь
;;;;;й ; ;'­,­'.'', ей g
Ь inгегatс ive and aс sе sгu dy_drivеn
joЬ thе еn vironmеn t с n еЬ
a surе oГ
Anyonе whosе inr,оlvеs making thе suЬj tес appliсablс
* 'o.king in­onе of гh е.aГ sгеst_сh anging
;;Ь; '.'щ "nlinе­
I t,s aБouс
o"l iьi"g. thеyu еЬ
rathЬr than,looking at еr ,еr ), iЬ t oГd еt ail.'
toda| . тh е upsh,ot is that sound
еn r,ironmеn tal осn sulгant oГ r
"..l' "г. Ъ.,vo.kplaс
i.,й i"g and oс ntinr.ing е prЬ
е s
Г sional dеvеloрm еn t havе Sсеvе Nеw man' sеn ior
grou.p, tеahс .с
осn sulting and u
Ь sinеss sеr viсеs
е n
Ь mо r е important. й o".ьы, tl­rе
nеvеr
.,­,',rronп ­ rеn гal imp.aсг o
с ursе as parг oГh is P С D
dry a u,­'i.,е. ,lty
But anyonе 1,arь'ning at thе vеr.Lо y thoughг of еn dlеss hе swiгh
с еd аrс еr s аn d did ;.
t s of pеoрlе ш .*n]­,n
,* .l" ioinеd Niouсh еl tаГ еi
h
с ink again. tlLrn uP t9 o... whiсh
.o* .."i should .
..i"'.""­..."l,,,.,,.еn t and managеm еn t,
.Ь .'.,sе еn viroimе. 't'i .сa.,h.'3s havе еnЬ o
Ь ltеd to a joЬ
.o.,,.". .ь .o­pl"t"d in 200.} ' iН s quiс
k ly.lе
disгinсiс оn d
.ь" i'.1"ь and hс еy'vе еn
Ь с ld to gе.с somе
o training,. division
i;r"й ; ;;i..;mеn tal р1агlninq end sustаinaЬ­ ility
""i"
,"u, .д ',­,. i,,tllt.'' р. i.'.ipal еn vironmе.OГ n tal с nsultant at
o
г u ns г е а m s in Brighton and
г еn . гh еy'rе .iй " ".ьы, oГ г rr.hоn i i.tс ;­i.l..r
й l'lii,"а ё. ,..g.. ,,,i,i;ng еnс гr е. P:ч Pl" Yl: ;;й ; J;;"ath.
.Onе 1с аr ц е осu ld еЬ rvorking on a pipеlin.
a
с n sее г h еm thtnklng.­.LJn с astal flood
work in hе а l rh а й d saГе t y and you
oroiеtс and thе ,,е' t nе. i juаi a с rгt agеt ,ay oг o
;;, i;;; oГ r a dull day'', "ь , .ь. y go awаy on a high, еiГ ing "
d"Гn
Ь ."''' hе says.
iu''u nеxt?,, ThЪsе alrеady woгk ing in thе
^ nasal,ing..\ /Х hat thеir know1еd ge aЬ sе, say thе samе. David {Е iсks, oс llrsе mаn аi..: .lr ;i­lе \ 1Sс in integraгеd
* .. .ipdati.'g Unir,етsity ­ whiсh
'..# ­",ь" еn vironmеn ial :
з Bагh
tо pоp u1ar training isn,t just aboш t hс е latеsг
bеliе,Г ­".,,g.,­'...''... j _ sееs many sа\ 's hе
stud'еn ts study via disran.: .: .:: ::.
oС ntrar,v
.A
diivеr oГ r.Ьu sinеssеs is
й si.t".lon ,"1 i м ltt.'.
greаt еr .\ [ 'е. ' с hаt : .. ... :.t.:,t.rnгs \ Vlгh strong grее:
whа г . l.y:.^ 1:i"g a
с rееr h
с angеr s.
riгh еy look goЪd in г е m s of
"Б й . ' organlZaсlons lеanings want1nя to o с п \ ..i­: ] l. r.i...' li.rПf lental o
с nsultanсs
.,­,,,i,o,­''rr.''t,11y, it,s good PR. As a rеsult, ''.: . :ilе' lorсеs wantingа. n
pеoplе to go гh е ехгr a milе. Vеr y ;;;;;'. had piо p )е \
с .n] ::] .:
who do a
u.ant thеir еn vtronmеn tal i:'е : : :rе о г h е r pе о p 1е
,.'d s,y,
.\ X/ оw ,
wе, vе just ..'ui.o'­.,1.'i."'..,. Тh еl
oГt еn ' реoplе phonе us
'Г.гЬ * i.d' i".ь i" likе a
Ь nkln:. i;: li­lе i 'rr'ant to inсorporar.
iJ",­,.iA.а. .,­,i oГt housands oГp orrnds of savings bеa с usе ,".'ui,o,,.,­,",'с
'"­",ьiang
1
iis uе s i n гlс г i­l е : : .. : k,.
.'.,

u,е' rе managing our wastе or o с nsumpсion tес Ь еr .'Тh е

sеn ior осn suilа: l: :: .С .rpoгatе Risk Systеm s.
o
с ursеs alrr,ays lеad to good nеw s stoг1еs., Riсh ard Ball,
г h е: : е. оi.гr aining'to o
с nsidе:
oГm еmеrЬ shiр sеr viсеs аг thе. I nsсitutе ;;;J.' p"oplе ­ whaсеi'еr 'е. ,
a
lС airе Lеa' lс irеtс or they lеarn ц . iil iе * е: l.'linеlr' rеlеr 'ant o
с
a
М nagеm ..'t A.'"'smеn t (I M
Е A)' ­i­,..ь" irvЁ, . stuГlГ ike
oГ,Е ­',,i,o,­'* .ntal ^ '­'d ;;;;;;;.' futurе еm plоr еr ' Т: :.] ...Р sгеn
.o..o.," iants to lеarn aЬouс еn vironmеn tal tо
agгеs.'I ,Г ,"1'.
rmplеm етr tation, thеy с uld go on
o .ri* ,'"i"gy ­ight sound in:r.еs::rg. .Ь .с '.o,­. do neеd
s)ustеm s oГskills yo,.
managеm еn r
гh е diГf erenr ;;;;k i.;;",pToyеr r. ill .. а'.:э l:, Т: r го gег a.sеt
.iь. .Е_.o fi,..] d^ y.o...sЬ and lеarn aЬоu t lГ
r 'о u .:.­ s::.:ill­iE out. dоn ,t forgеt oс .
and talk to managеm еn t .." ­,,"а
o
с mРonеn гs and ihеn go a Ь kс '.i"Jry "J"with soп­ rе рr :ас :са. .rрJ.iеnе,с whеt hеr paid .
aЬoriг dе' "Lорing an еn vironmеn tal poliсy, inсluding sеt tlng '..".р ­ "i "
volun rаr y.'
jоЬ tес ir.еs and гargеt s., hе struggrе.
AГt еr Ball,s BSс in еn r'irоn nе: :аl I nanagеm еn t.)
o
ес Ь mеintеr еstеd in a a с rееr w1th an puгhс asing rolе
Somе реoplе .o гi.'а. .ь 1oь hе rr,antе c anс sе r iiе d o
Г ia
..',,i.o',­l* ..,.,l slant aГ t е r studying an A_lе v е l in .Bi.t attеr just siх monсh s, thеy
o' studiе s , whеr е ;;;;;;;,";"tivе industrr.
еn r,ironmеn гal sсiеnес iп оесmЬ ing hеalth, safеt y and
"u..'Ь. .Ji.'е sgrowing
s issu,е . For othеr s, askеd if I ,d bе intеr еstеd
.o,рo.,.. soсial rе sponsiЬ i liс
y is a
s. I said,vеs e Ь forе a salary was
..'ui.o,l­".,t,dvisеr '' hе sа r
еn r'iгonmеn tal issues bеg rns atdе g rе е through o
с ursеs an:
thе oassion оrГ еН rr'а. s gii.е n гr aining
u Ь sinе s s о r alг е r nativе ly
i;;;i;;; a.Чain thеt .mav study ",,..'.".,io.,еd ', p.og.* .,l­'.. гh rоu gh whiсh somеone aс mе
aЬеst­Draсt iс.
anо г h е r sс
i е n е с oг о n е ot гh е tasг­ gгowlng how гo imрlemеn г his
gеographr'. ;;;.J;;;;y; .o shо, ,.hй
* ?.к,
е\П lronmеf lг_rеlaсеd 4еg rееs. Thе third sav1ngs oI
numbеI ot sР1ес г1с stratеg y. I t iЬd to iЬ m making Lmmе d iatе е n е f gy
intе г е s tе d whе n thе topiс
g."p .гp "Jplе onlr. rе a llr, gе t
15 pе i e
с nt..Thе sе dar's. mr'С
P D oГ u
с sеs morе on spе1с r1с
altегсs гh e1г 1oD. kеерin! up_tо_datе wiсh topiсs' I t's so
;;Ёi;;;;.,'.I 1or,е
I n еrс ms oГt hе training оn oГеrГ onс. y9} ,| е in wоr k, thе еn ga$ng,,ne says.
.Еvеr yоn е
rЬ еadth hugе­ rangiig .Г onr shoгt halГ­ dаy
is stеp is tо gеt a1i rr'orkеr s trainеd up.
с n be donе parс­ tlmе or Thе nеxt
с rough to tЬМ еr s
h dеg rееs. rvhiсh a еn vironmеn t, f,rom R
Н to
bеsг things aЬouг аll suсh ,ь ,, p.* .Jplay iitеr ms oГгh е
vЬ disianсе lеarning. oГгh е O­nе
to I T to opеr atiоn s.' sa,vs Bеk irАn ­dтеw s, Lоn don
you gе t to influе n ес iГ nanсе
;;;;;;;, * y'Lеa, iithat as thе lеaгnеr ) еn vlronmеn t managег for Groundwork UK, thе training
.I Г
peoр1е dе m and o
с ursе s in е r
с tain subjе tс s_ .lmprovrng еn r'iгоn mеn гal is nо
.й " orovidеr .
pеroГ гm аnес
'urь,ь j'. ,? work wiгh
i;;;i;;;l;, ,ui..;n"ьl. Proсu геm еn t_ч 9 l.y i;;;;;l;';;й . 't,,iit.hi.'g lГ о ighс­u
Ь lЬs and rеyс lс ing
o
с ursе pгovidеr s ro dеr .еlоp a svlI аb us.
гr aining voul аrс dЬoard аn d papеr ..
aсшс ally provide o
с ursеS. u
Ь г it works wiсh
The IA
МЕ doеsn,t .Thе
оn еs. o
с ursеs wе
o
с ursе providеr s, approving thе еsЬ г

52
 The world of work and training f,]
Questions 1­6
Lookatthеf ollowingpеoplе( ouеstions1­6)andthеlistofs tatеm еn tsbеlow.
Matсh eaсh pегson with thе o
с rrеtс statеm еn t, A­H.

1 Anne Miller

2 Claire Lea
3 Steve Newman
4 David Hiсk s

5 Richard Ball

6 BekirAndrews

List of Statements
A Тh e work varies from one day to the next.
B m
Е p| oyees should reсeive a visit at least every two weeks as part of their
training.
c People expect the environmental management training to be boring, but
they leave feeling happy.
D с urses that are offered are practiсa| rather than just learning facts.
Тh e o
Е Corporate soсia| responsibiI ity is not increasing in importanсe.
F People move from different professions into jobs conneсt ed with the
environment.
G All departments in a company need to work together to help the
environment.
H How the training reсeived is then app| ied in businesses.

Questions 7­1 2

Complеt е thе sеn tеnеsс .

Choosе No ] tДoRЕ THAN TWo WORDS fтom thе passagе for еah
с answеr .

7 People in jobs o
с nneсt ed with the environment are u
с rrently in one of the
in the field of work.

Aсo
с rding to Claire Lea, businesses are more interested in their .. when
reсeiving management training than in being updated on | egisI ation.

9 People h
с oose a a
с reer with an ... for three main reasons.

10 Postgraduate degree o
с urses, inсluding Masters, a
с n be studied part­time or via

11 The | M
Е As job is to | iaise with

12 It is important that any training done needs to be .. to employers.

Question 13
Choosе thе o
с rтtес lеt tеЦ A, B' C or D.

What is the best title for the reading passage?

A How to u
с | tivate a green a
с reer

B Тh e importanсe of the going green

C Working hard in a new way

D How to h
с oose the right short o
с urse

53
 The world of work and training

Voсabulary 1

Wordlist on pagе 2\ 5 of thе o

с uгsеb ook.

Work

1 Unsсгamblе thе jumblеd lеt tеr s that rеlatе to ц . ork and training' and thеn matсh thеm
to a dеf inition on thе right.
1 ALlFlUAТ|с oNas a the way somеone earns money

2 HDI ELLI OOV b work that needs speсial training or a ski

3 SSOPFEI ONR c what you rеceivе when you finish

studying

4 Pсo
с UAloNT d an aсt ivity that is done to earn moneу

5 KOWR e another word for 1ob

6 OJB f something you hevе and you earn

money from ri

7 LARYSA a professlоn VcU nС oose and often

spend a lot {с ',.О'.. life worklng in

8R
Е A
с RЕ what a persc. ,еrс Ves. usua| | y
month| y for, э .g thеir job

a move to а
. .с еr . leve| , often as a
9 OBJ/ LEТTI
reward for ,,','c'< ­g hard

1O OMI TONRPO j the formal ne­€ cf Vour job, often

used whеn i .э n forms

oС mplеt е thе statеm еn ts using onе of thе itеm s 1­10 in ех гiс :с i .'.l,^ .,r'с' \ bu may nееd
to h
с ansе thе form of thе word.
2
1
Having a
When lfinish
...... is reallY imPortant in the future may be
studying, I need to make
to me whiсh is why | 'm p| anning to go very different from what it is
money fast. I 'm planning on getting a nowadays.
into teaсh ing, even though it means
....... but l don't really a
с re
another full Year of studY.
what it is as long as it PaYs well.

6
5 When I fill in job
4 app| ications in the spaсe where
People used
I 'm here at
to depend on the land you write your.. ....... ,lwrite
university to obtain better .student' When l finish the o с urse, l
for their
с n be
..'. so that l a will hopefullY be able to write
whereas nowadaYs theY .doсt or]
more speсia| ized in my
usually dePend on
оareer.
o
с mpanies.
I
| 'm hoping that wheп From looking at
I get a job my hard work will be numerous job adverts. I 've realised
reоoonized and lwillbe that even | ower positions a
с n have fanсy
quick| y within the o
с mpany.

10
9 think there's a lot of
I
vЕ en though l
pressure on us Young PeoPle to
admire peop| e who h с oose оh oose a ..................'.....' from very
to do voluntary work, it's not for early on. But I 'm just going to find any
me. I need a ......................... to job when I finish mY studies and
motivate me. then deсide.
54
 The world of work аn d training (fП|
Listеn ing

Е ] 5 Seсt ion 3
}с 1.7 sEсТloN 3 Questions21­30

Questions 21­25
Choosе FI VЕ lеt tеr s, A­tI .
Whiсh FI VE things has Sa| | y a| ready done?
A emailed four businesses
B written uo results

c o
с ntaсt ed three businesses
D started writing the assignment
Е read A Starting Sи ccess

F skimmed a doсu ment

G borrowed a book
H researсh ed data

Questions 26­30
oС mplеt е thе flоw ­сh afi bеlow.

Chоosе FI VЕ answеr s rЁ om thе o

Ь х and h
с oosе thе o
с гr tес lеt tеЦ A­G, for questions
26_з0.

A beginning
B hс oiсes
C doсument
D language
E opening
F questions
G sсaI es

How to write a questionnaire

Put your 30 ......... .. '..... in a | ogiсa| order

55
 Fit

The world of work and training

Language foсu s 1

Grammar rеf еr еnес on pagе 223 ofthе o

с ursеo
Ь ok.
G}
Conditionals 1

1 a
М tсh thе two halvеs of thе sеn tеnеsс . Undеr linе thе main vеr b in еah
с lс ausе and thс
dеiс dе if thе first or sеo
с nd o
с nditional is usеd.

хa
Е mple:
When l finish universitу, a the future would be brighter.

1 Unless governments work together, b wе won't breathe c| eaner air'

2 |f we made the wor| d a fairer plaсe, с We Won.t be ab| e to soI ve the wor| d's
proDlems.

3 lf peopI e reсyc| ed more, d there would be less rubbish.

4 Uniess peopie Use thcir a

с rs [ ess; et'| ltaokfaгaffi
i­.', .С ''., ­ ­­ ­''. :,rt2l)

2 Answеr thе following quеstions about Gir­е геasons

thе futuге. and ехamplеs. Usе
o
с ntraсt ions in уour answеr s, aS у ou would in th.. Sр k
е з ing tе st.

хa
Е mple:

What invention would у ou like to have in уour 'house fО thе future'?

| .,d
'L.L.r?'.е. t.О. .И?,,/ .е. q'.ц ..И s.L'qq!,b'еd 'rл q I |Р q .lJt.Q'.
ii':'... ' '.' '.. | ' ' ',:'',:'| Rp'^ .!wp'....
q,wл | ,з е. '?,еr yk| "U.L'+ '.t'.Ие. 'ц оlу . t.v| .Q..

1 lf you o
с uld read the future regarding your f riends' careers, wou| d you use it to he| p

them?

2 How wi| | life be different if we have o

с mputer с ips o
h с ntaining al| the information about

our job'inside us' in the future?

3 How | ong wi| | it be before maсh ines take over the work of humans?

4 Wi| | your future grandсh i| dren sti| | be reading books?

5 |f you could, would you like to have a job that involves working f rоm home?

6 How would people feel if they had to study every day as part of their job?

7 lf it were possible, would people take a business trip to the moon?

56
 Thе world of work and training C
Voсabulary 2

Wordlist on pagе 215 of thе o

с ursеb ook'

Colloсations

еn ormous onсе­ in­a­lifеt imе o

с nsidеr ablе
rеsultin distinсt outstanding
finanсial show boost dеsеr wеs

Complеt е thе sеn tеnеsс using a SuitaЬlе o

с lloсation fтom thе box. Thеr е may bе morе
than one possiblе answеr .
1 Peop| e who go into banking reсeive ........ benefits, | ike free private hea| th
insuranсe, for exampI e.

2 There are .....'....... advantages to having a rewarding aс reer.

3 I t is a ................ opportunity that's not to be missed!

4 His | atest book was an ...'.'.'...'.. suсe

с ss.
5 Working for a | arge organization aс n .....'....... your longterm aс reer prospeсt s,

6 Many entrepreneurs offset the ............. disadvantage of not having good

qua| ifiсations, by using their experienсe and determination.

7 Many students are inсorreсt | y to| d by their teaсh ers that they wi| | not suсceed and that
their efforts will ............. failure.

8 Representing your оountry in the o| ympiсs is an ........ aсh ievement.

9 o
М st students ........ o
с nsiderable imorovement whiI e on a o
с urse.
10 Everybody............... a second hс anсe'

Completе thе sеn tеnеsс with a suitablе o

с lloсation. Thе first lеt tеr of еah
с word has
bееngivеn .

1 lf you .s'..............'. a h
с anсe, it means you do not Use it in a sensible way.

2 |f you b.................your prospeсt s, it means you improve them'

3 | f you s.........'....... an opportunity, it means that you aсt quiсk| y and use an opportunity
that may not be available later.

4 |f something is a t............'... faiI ure, yoU a

с n also say it is a o
с mplete disaster!

5 Having a limited nЕ gI ish voсabuI ary is a c.'............... disadvantage when you sit the
I ELТS eхam!

6 |f you Want to .Й '............... suсe

с ss in I ife, you must be prepared to work hard for it.

7 His nЕ g| ish showed a h.'...'.'......... improvement after spending aУear in the USA.

8 If the advantages o................. the disadvantages, it means there are more positives
than negatives.

57
The world of work аn d training

Writing

Rеad thе Task 2 quеstiоn еlЬ ow and thеn answеr thе follorr.ing quеstions:
1 What is the topiс of the essay?
2 What opinion is put forward that you need to foсu s on in your answer?

3 Ultimately, what question do you need to answer?

4 How a
с n you support your opinion?

5 How many words do you need to write?

WRI TI NG TASK 2
You shоu ld spеn d aЬout 40 minutеs on this task.
Writе about thе followins topiс:

ln thе futurе, written exams wi| | no | onger ехist, lnstеad, pеaptg '., :­ '' iеarn
praсt iсa| ski| | s'

Тo what ехt еn t do у ou agrее or disagrеe with this statеm еn t?

Givе rеasons foг your answеr and inсludе any rеlеv ant ехaп . iр1еt ::­. lt­I l } our own
knowJеd gе and еxpегiеnе.с
Writе at lеast 250 words.

Rеad thе samplе answег bеlow and add thе missing punсt ] ­iati()Г a
с рital lеt tегs, full
stops and o
с mmas). Thеn dеiс dе whеr е you would sеp aratе it :n. ., nrт. :grяn hs

the futuгe is оlwoys unсertоin ond there is no doubt thot wе oгe living in an

еvеr ­сh anging woг| d whеr е little stoys the some for long thot sоid eduсotion wi| l

olwoys е Ь nееd ed though whеt hеr this wi| l inсlude exoms гemoins to be seen in my
view therе wilI olwoys tе o p| aсе for eхoms evеn if ossessment is not exсlusively
exom­bosed therе is some еvidеne
с in the present to substontiote the title,s lс oim
troditiono| ly eduсotion hos e
с ntгed on oсd
с emiс topiсs suсh оs longuoge I iteгature
ond maths whiсh Weгe ossessed in exоm s howеvеr morе rеcеn tly o
с lleges and

universities now inсlude o

с urses on o
с teгing o
с nstгutс ion ond monogement o| |

гequiгing more pгotс iсol skiI ls the best woy of sс sessing thesе obiI ities is probab| y
not in o written exom but thгough o
с ursework оn d proсt iсol ossеssment on the
other hond pгatс iсlс ossessment is sti| l o type of ехam though ifs foгm moy be

diff еr ent fгom in the post in oddition fheгe is sti| l o ploсe f oг troditionol ski| ls on

thеsе o
с rЦ ses foг еxamp| еahс еf sti| l needs to be oЬ| e to do theiг oсo
с unts and

o monoger sti| | needs to be aЬ| e to write гepoгt s ond memos the most еf f iсiеn t
woy of ossessing whethеr o Peгson has these ski| ls or nof is to test them in exom

o
с nditions in o
с nсlusion odvonсes in eduсq tion ond teсh no| ogy will probably hove a

mojoг impoсt on our lives in the future but this does not meon thot everуt hing wi| I

changе o
с mp| etely exoms wi| | olwoys hсve o p| oсe in ossessment though they will

probobly not be the only method used

 The worf d of work and training d
Answеr thе following quеstions aЬout thе samplе answеr .
1 Content _ does the оandidate answer the question ful| y?
2 rО ganization and oс hesion _ with the oс rreсt ions, is the answer easy to read?
3 Range _ does the writer use a wide range of voсabulary and grammar?
4 uс А raсy _ are there spe| | ing mistakes?

4 Now writе Vour oц/ n anSWег to thе quеstion bеlow.

WRI TI NG TASK2
You should sреn d aЬout,10 minutеs on this task.
Writе aЬout thе following topiс:

The most va| uab| е ski| | s | еarnеd praсt iсa| ,

arе rathеr than thе onеs wе | еarn
whi| е in еd uсation.

Тo what еXtеn t do у ou agГе rО disagrее with this statеm еn t?

Givе rеasons for vour ans\ \ lеl and inсludе anv rеiеv ant ехamplеs fгom your own
knorv| еd gе and ехp егiеnе.с
Writе at lеast 250 rr.oгd s.

59
 Voсabulary.l

Wordlist on pagе 216 of thе o

с uгsеb ook.

Nouns relating to plaсes

1 oС mplеt е thе rс osswоr d bеlow using thе lс uеs and o

с lloсations to hеip vou.

Across Down

3 | 'm a iс ty girl. l grew up in this 1 Тh is shopping area has been made

.. ... (13) into a Pedestrian .. ' . .. (4)

They h
с ose an amazing 2 Conveniently, there are now two aс sl^
for their wedding. (7) maсh ines in the .. . ... (8)

The house is in a Prime 4 Тh e iсe caps are in the po| ar

(8) ... . . (6)

10 Many people do not live in the same 5 Тh e Lake ........... in the north of
. . . . .. theY grew uP in ' (4) nЕ gland is famous for its | akes. (8)

11 This is the .... .... where the 6 This area is a naturalbeautY

(4)
Olympic village will be built. (4)

Тh is . . . .. ... makes me f rightenс

(5)

We moved out of the iс ty so We оou| d

nave more . .. (5)
 The history of geography f]
, .I f
you o
с uld livе anywhеr е, whеr е would it
L:;Ъl"* llт"ж "..| ] | ?;# } ; ff;} ::.
3
I ,suffer from.
. Sinсe , ,Ju" * ".' l love pe1сe ano .
reatrrei, raй " ;ъ;;;;i
lot :,.,
temperatel
:old, I wouI d | ive in a
Чu iej, so somewhe re
'lois
with ,"",,.j!Hъ"J;{ j:Ёj :l ilжJ:"",",",
open spacelin n?i:у . houie on an opeл hiltside/ wooded
ioeЪl''
a
tropicalzone' 'o'f
neighboLrhooi * oulJ eБ
? 'Ь' ,.,] JЬ.
wou| d be perfeсt for me.

с n,t s* im but love to

t a 5 6­ot
watсh the power of the sea in aсt ion, I 'm a big astronomy l'm afraid f,"igt'rt.,
so a p| aсe on a tс iff toplseсt uded lake fan, so need it to be dark. I 'd
I so anywhere that's not up
would be amazing. h
с oose a wooded hillsidelan empty high, but still has amazing views
desert | oсation so l oс uI d stargaze would be great, like a rugged
every night. mou ntai n /s an dу beach, tor
example.

3 Now answеr thе samе quеstion.

Listening

LЕ ТS Seсt ion 4
}
€ 1.8 sEстloN4 Questions31­40

Questions 31­40
oС mplеt е thе notеs bеlow.
Writе No N{ oRЕ THAN Тн RЕ WoRDs AND/ OR A NUMBЕR
for еah
с answer.

lmpaсt of Urbanization
Тh e effeсt s of urbanizаt ion:
xЕ ample:in the U.S.
. 31 only . ..... of I and built on
. loss of 32 . .... far larger

Could impaсt on worI d 33 . '..... ..' in future

Researсh methods:
. a weather 34 .'....'... ...... for lс ouds was used
. I and use divided into 35
. data used to a
с |u
с I ate the 36.. '.... of alI areas
Results:
. urban areas often built on 37 the
. a seсond study o
с nfirmed that prime | and is being o
с nverted
. 38 ..... of vegetation is lost per annum

Тh e future:
. с untries such as 39...'.'..........''..'...'..
o and
need to o
с nduсt investigations
a stop investing in infrastruсt ure in areas of fertile I and
a enсourage peop| e to move by giving them 40

61
 Тh e history of geography

Read ng

lЕLTS Rеading Pаssаg e You should spеn d aЬout 20 minutеs on Questions 1_13, ri.hiсh arе basеd on thе геadiг.
passagе bеloц .

Questions 1­7
Thе rеading passagе has sеvеn paragraphs, A_G.
Choosе thе o
с rrеtс hеading foг рaragraphs A­G from thе list oГ hеadinss еlЬ ow.
Writе thе o
с rrеtс numЬеl i_х, foг Quеstions 1_7.

List of headings
i An opportunity to explore a seabed provided by warmer 1 Paragraph A
temperatures 2 Paragraph B
ii A seсond, unexpeоt ed disсovery 3 Paragraph C
iii A powerful new submarine
4 Paragraph D
iv An overview of an eхp edition to n
А tarсt iсa
5 Paragraph Е
v Flowers and frogs of the deep
6 Paragraph F
vi The negative effeсt s of g| aсia| disintegration of the sea floor
vii lnsight provided into the effeсt of |с imate h
7 Paragraph G
с ange on the
sea eсosystem
viii The o
с nsequenсes of the temperature inсr eases on
Antarсt iсa
ix What the internationa| team of sсientists found
x Risking everything in Antarсt iсa

:j;xj:i:;tj i;;г; j;
Herds oГsеa u
с uс mbеr s on the movе' fiе| ds ofsеa squirts and
forests of g| ass sPongеs. Тh esе wеr е just somе of the'fantastiс
sights sсiеn tists a
с ptured on an undЬr water еxpedition to a rеm otе
rеg ion ofАn tarсt iсa. Mari.nе biologists mаd е a unique inventory
of I ifе f,orms on a part ofthe seabеd that had beеn sеalеd off foi
thousands of уеarsЬу massivе iсe shе| vеs bеoГ rе thеy sudden| y brokе
up' Waves of o с lonising plants and animals quiсkly moved in to
ех p | о i t thе nеw haЬitat whiсh had openеd up aftei a rеg ion of,iсе
a third of the sizе of Bе| gium had disappеarеd and let iriday| ight
and oxygеn ...Тh is is virgin geography,,said Cauthier Chapеi lй f
thе | ntеr nationa| Polar FoundЬt ion ln Brussе| s. .I fwе don't find out whaс thls arеa is likе now aftеr the
o
с I lapse оf thе shе| f, and what speсiеs arе thеr е' we Won't know in 20 у еars'il,hаг has h с аn gеd , and hoи
g| oЬa| warming has a| terеd thе marine o ес systеm .'
Morе than 50 sсiеn tists from 14 o с untriеs sPеn t tеn weеks making thе f rrst o с mprеh еn sivе iЬ o| ogiсal
s­ч r y9yofthе seaЬеd undеr neath thе Larsеn A and Larsen B iсе shE| vеs, whiсh disrnгеg rated in 19Ъ5 and
2002 respеtс rve| y. Т h еy o
с | I eсt еd spеiс mеn s of an еstimatеd 1,000 speсiеs, inсluding­1 5 shrimp­likе
amphipods that arе probaЬI y nеW to. sсienсe., inсluding onе 4.inсh spеiс mеn that isТh е biggesi of its
kiл d . Тh еy also fo^ und four spеiс еs of oс ral­Пkе оr ganiй s с I | ed n
a с idarians, onе of whiсh i".", n.',,yp.
оf sеa anеm onе, found living on thе baсk of a sеa­snai| 's shel| . "
А rеm otе| y o
с ntrol| еd suЬm еr siЬ| .е took piсt urеs of animals a с l| еd g| ass spongеs, growing in dеn sе
Patс h е s in thе Larsе n Aarе a ..Bythе Larsen B iсе­ shе| f, fast_growin!g.| "iinoй sеr squirЁ movеd in.
.Тh esе
iсe shе| vеs o
с llapsed du­е to regioл a| warming,'said бr JuI iaй Ъuш , who | еd thе ех p еd ition from
thе |А fred Wеg еn eг | nstiсu tе in Brеm ей , Cеr many. ,F6r thе fi rst iim е, wе h avе thе opportu nity to study lifе
in suсh an area. Тh е rЬ eak­up оf thеse iсе she| vеs opеn ed up hugе, nеar­pristinе po.rtions ofthе o.."n floo,
sealed off from aЬovе for at ieast 5,000 yеars and possib| y up to­l z,oo0 yеars in thе a с sе of Laгsеn B.,
 The history of geography (f]
Anothеr surprise finding was thе aЬiI ity of deep­sеa I iI ies _ a| ong with thеir relatives, thе sеa u с u
с mbers
and sеa urсh ins ­ to adapt to thе rеlative sha| I ows ofthe Larsen seabed. Norma| I y, thesе | iI iеs arе found
аr d.epths of 1,000 metres. Тh eisсiеn tists also saw minkе whalеs and rarе еaЬ kеd whalеs moving lс osе
lo hс е edgе of thе paсk iсе that had еnЬ exposеd by thе | ost iсе shelves, said Dr e М ike Sсh eidal a
еrС man sсientist on thе tеam. .| t was surprising how fast suсh a nеw haЬitat was used and o с | onisеd yЬ
тinke whales in o с nsideraЬle dеn sitiеs. Т h еy indiсatе that thе oес systеm in thе watеr o с lumn h с angеd
o
с nsidеr aЬly.,
n
О е overwhеlming o с nсlusion from thе еxpеd ition was that thе й arinе eсosystem was in a state oГ
ilц x after the h с angеs in thе sPaсe ofjust 10 years. .Тh e o с | | apse of thе Larsеh shelves may tеI I us aЬouс
] paсt s of .UntiIlс imatе­ induсеd h
с angеs on marinе iЬ odivеr sity and thе funсiс oning of thе systе
Ъес m ,, Dr
Cutt said' now, sсientists have g| impsed I ife under n А tarсt iсa's iсе shе| vei on| y through driI l hoI es.
',vе. We.re in thе uniquе position to sample wherеv er wе wantеd in thе marinе oес systеm o
с nЪidered onе
tоГ hе lеast disturbed by humankind anywhеr е on thе planеt .,
Тh e Larsеn she| vеs Were attaсh ed to thе n А tarсt iс pеn insula, one of thе fastest_warming rеg ions, with
:еm Peraturеs 25С highеr than 60 уеars ago. Sinсе ] 974, some 13,500sq km of iсe shеlvЪs, й h iсh arе
аr taсh ed to thе main| and u Ь t float on thе sеa, havе disintеg rated in thе n А tarсt iс pеn insula. Sсiеn tists
.еar morе
iсe­shе| f disintеg ratiоn o
с uld lеad to thе rapid I ois ofglaсiеr s and iсe shЬets from thе
:ontinеn taI mainland, and a O с nsеq uеn t rise in g| oЬal sеa I evе| s.
] r Cutt said onе question thе sсientists Wanted to answer is whether thе massivе movements of iсe was
] еt rimеn tal to thе | ifе forms on the seaЬеd . .During
the disintеg ration ofthе she| ves, many iсеrЬ gs
;аI ved, and thе quеstion arisеs whеt her groundingiсebеr gs only deuastatе | iГe at the sea flЬor or й h еt hеr
suсh disturbanсе o
с ntriЬu tеs to a high iЬ odivеr siф. .lсJеЬ rg
disturbanсe was muсh more oЬvious north
эf thе Larsen A and B areas where iсeеrЬ gs tуp iсa| | у. un agй u nd. tА dеpths of 100 mеt rеs' we saw fгеsh
;е sсour_marks еverywhеr е and ear| y stagеs of marinе | ifе reсo| onisation but no maturе o с mmunity.
it about 200m, wе disсovеr еd a mosaiс of lifе in different staяеs of rеo
с | onisation.,The sсiеn tists also
­Ъund smal| |с usters of dead |с amshel| s I ittеr ing a dark arеa ofthе sеae Ь d whiсh was probably the sitе of
' minеr al­riсh,сo| d seёp ', spеw ing mеt hane and sulphidе, whiсh had fеr tiI isеd the rеg ion thеn peterеd
эu t and starvеd the surrounding life­forms.

Questions 8­1'l
oС mplеt е thе tablе bеlow.
Writе No MoRЕ T} I AN TWo WORDS from thе passagе for еah
с answеr .

Types of sea rс eatures disсovered

Seа rс eatures Found

New type of I ............. on snai| 's baсk

Glass sponges in 9 ............. in Larsen A

Deep sea I i| ies re| ated to sea u
с u
с mber in 10 ................... of Larsen sea floor rather
than in deep sea
Dead |с ams at about '11 .........

Questions 12 and 13
Choosе TWo lеt tеr s, A­Е.
Whiсh two statements are true about the Larsen shelves sinсe 1974?

A |e
с berg changes Were more evident to the north of the shelves
B The iсebergs retroze and formed new sheI ves

C The iсe she| f disintegration inсr eased the formation of iоebergs

D Тh e break up of the iсe she| ves a

с uses danger to shipping | anes
E A | arge area of the iсe sheI ves has broken up

63
Тh e history of geograрh y

Language foсu s ]

Grammar rеf еr еnес on pagе 22З of thе o

с ursеb ook
@
Referring in a text
foгm a tехt . Dеiс dе whiсh words arе bеing
l Rеad thеsе sеn tеnеsс whiсh togеt hеr
rеf еr rеd to bу thе undе r linеd pгonouns.
that | earned about in my
Тh e water yс |с e is one of the most interesting things
|
1
geography lessons at sсh ool.

2 My teaоher used a aс rtoon to demonstrate it.

3 She gave a raindrop a name for this purpose'
4 lt was'HarrY the haPPY raindroPi
5 He travelled on a journey overland, in rivers and the sea'
6 Тhis wasn't easy.
7 I still remember her.
8 She Was one of the most enthusiastiс teaсhers l ever had.

2 h
с oosе thе o
с rтtес word in italiсS.

1Myregionisinthesouthoftheсountry,whiсh iswhythls/ it isveryhot.

2Тh eAmazonrainforestisanareaofgreatimportanсe.Thisl ltisbeоausethislitcontaiг.
so muсh biodiversity.
over the ocean. However, thls
3 For lс ouds to form, water evaporation usual| y happens
processlthatсana| sohappenoverlandfromwaterinlakes,r iversandstreams'
4Тh esunrisesintheEasteveryday,thoughthetimeatwhiсh t heriselithappensmay
vary.
down trees beсause itlthis is a Very prof itable business.
5 Governments keep u
с tting

People move to iс ties beсau se theуlthese want to find worк.

6
7Reсylс ingandusingpub| iсm orethanprivatetransport.ar egoodideas'I hese.measur.
and slow down g| obal warming.
I hat wi| l help you tJreduсe your carbon footprint
how to do it| that o
У u с n find your wa\
a
8 Map reading is a useful ski| | to have. lf you know
about more easily in a new plaс
e .

64
 The history of geography ([
Voсabulary 2

Wordlist on pagе 216 of the o

с ursеo
Ь ok.

Verbs relating to h
с anges in maps

1 Put thе vеr bs in the oЬ х еlЬ ow into the o

с гr eсt o
с lumn aсo
с rding to thеir mеaning.

o
с nvегt tеar down transform еxtеn d еxpand
oс nstruсt bеo
с mе pull down turn into с op down
h
dеvelop knoсk down dеm olish rеp laсе altеr

Verbs that foсu s on removing struсt ures Verbs that foсu s on rс eating structures

2 Complеt е thе sеn tеnеsс еlЬ ow using thе o

с rтtес form of thе verbs in еxеr iс se 1. a
М kе
surе уou usе thе passivе voiсе whеr е appropriate. Тh еr е maу be morе than onе answеr .

repair'lt..'..... ....downandthen
' ] ,:"::::::':ffiЖ: ;::""teneedof
2 Last year, the largest house on the street .. . ... into flats.

3 The I elsure e
с ntre , so that it now inc| udes a swimming pool.

4 Тh e derelict I and . . . ... into a new sports stadium.

5 The trees . to allow for extra street lighting.

6 The bank .,....... beyond a| | reсognition. I t's now a pub| iс | ibrary'

7 Anewsсh ool ........toaсo

с mmodatemorepupils.

8 To make spaсe for the new deve| opments, the old bui| dings in the area

and the who| e transport system . ... to inсlude high speed I in ks.

65
The history of geography

Writing

n
А alуze the fo] lowing Thsk 1 questiоn and o
с mplеt е thе exеr iс sеs on thе modе] answеr .

WRI TI NG TASK T

You shou] d spеn d aЬout 20 minutеs on this task.

Thе maps be| ow show the h

с angеs eхp erienсed bу Rivеr side town from 197О to
20О9'

Summarisе the information bу seleсt ing and reporting the main features and make
o
с m pa risons wh ere neсеssa rV,

Wгitе at lеast 150 words.

Map of RiversideTown 1g70

Residential
housing area

Map of RiversideTown 2009

Residential Luxury residential

housing area housing area

Residential
housing area

Centra| business distriсt

Golf o
с urse

KЕY
­­ъ
High­speed rаillink
 The history of geography Е
2 Rеad thе first paгt of thе modеl answеr and h
с oosе thе o
с rreсt altеr nativе.

Now put the rеst of thе modеl answer in ordеr using thе rеf eгr ing words and linking
words to help уou.

a Fv'rthе
F'LI | :|r еY
wtо rО е,;,tЙthе
Д л LY еr еLrsае , wev,)аL а rsе
О Ls{ eaш wewt оt еtИ ,п sgoLf
tо cо, ,"rsе| о thе еаs| { о{thеtthetо
оw,iии ъ stw ^ ,1и st wоr|th
V"о .thО{ thе
оf { thе
LvеY.rLvеv

|w W
Ос | Yаst, thе cewtrаL bш sLwеss
оLd dLsLrLc| wtаLr'tаLws Lts cеw trаL Lоcаt Lоw a,'Lt
hаs аLvwоst d'оvtbLed Lw sLzе'

|1 0w еv eY, b g LЙe аY 20 o9, Lhe | 0w w,s r esL d, еw tL аv аr е а s tr фL е d

Uе

FL'rvаLLц , tИe Lл st re'rwаLwLwq еw c| .osш rе to thе soш th оf tИe nLvеr thа. t hаs woL
cи а* g7d Ls tИе recrеа| Lоw а' | а, rеа thои g И Lt wОw Loo| zi srwаLl" bg cоwrФа Lsоw .

н atLceаb Lg, thеsе nеw аw o, tYa| wsРrО t l"Lw| zs d'о wоt еxtеw d tо LИе
fаcLLLtLes
оr L gLwаL r еsLdеw Li" а| " аr е а'

т hesе аr e wОvl cОw wlctеd tо tИе wew | rа. ,usРrО t Llv"| zs w| цcь h wеr e аLso
rс v­уr оvеd t,a Lwcl"ш dе both а hLgh. sуеd ' rЬtь LLш Vz аw d, аLrport.

:2:,\ ::,,i,:'l:';,:ii{ ::,::::s,оw ео{ whLchLsLш хш rgаp аr | tt,'еvtts,

4 Write your own answеr to thе quеstion.

67
 Voсabulary 1

Wordlist on pagе 215 of thе o

с ursеb ook.

Beаu ty

1 тh е adjеtс ivеs еlЬ ow a

с n bе usеd to dеsrс iЬе oЬj tес s or hou,pеoplе fееl. Tiсk thе
appropriatе o с lumn in еahс aс sе.

objeсt People's feelings

anсient
beautif ul

dazzling
eсstatiс
emotional
evoсative
humbling
impressive
magnifiсent
majestiс
meI anchoI iс
nostaI giс
overawed
overjoyed
overwhelmed
spaс| ous
thoughtful

Choosе at lеast onе adjеtс ivе fтom еxеr iс sе 1 to dеsrс iЬе horr. thе spеakег fееls in eaсl:
a
с sеbеlow.
.My
1 new f| at is amazing! I t's muсh bigger than my last plaсe and the view also
reminds me of my hometown so it makes me feel homesick. but in a good way.'

.|
am happier than l o
с uld ever imagine to find this job, main| y beсause I didn't eХp eсt tс
be suсcessfuI at the interview. Working in suсh a magnifiоent and famous building maс.
me feel proud and modest at the same time.' .

.Listening
3 to souI musiс always makes me fee| sad. l find the words real| y reminisсent с
the time I lost my first true love.' ..
,My
4 оoI | eagues Were real| y kind when I was siоk. They sent me some beautifuI flowers
and messages of support. Their generosity | eft me so touоh ed I just o с u| dn't stop thinkiг
about it.'
,our
architeсt ure teaсh er did suсh a bri| | iant job that a| | of the students passed with flyiг
с | ours. She is both strict and intimidatino, so l was a bit sсared at first.'
o

.Тh e
6 setting for my best friend's wedding Was a magnifiоent old cast| e.'
 What is beauty? (ff
Listening

i:* ] S Seсt ion 3 1c} 2'1 sEсTloN 3 Questions 21_30

Questions 21­25
Choosе thе o
с rrеtс lеt tеr , A' B or C.
21 Whiсh с | I ege does Chris suggest wou| d be best?
o

A Leeds Conservatory of Contemporary Musiс

B The Henry Musiс I nstitute

C The Aсademy in London

22 What entry requirements are o

с mmon to alI the o
с | | eges?
A an audition

B an essay

C an interview
23 How muоh does the o
с urse at Leeds Conservatory of Contemporary Musiс cost?
A t6'000 aУear
в tZ000 a year

с tB'000 aУear
24 What other eхp enses are payab| e to the o
с | | eges?
A app| iсation fee
B insuranсe
C train fare

25 When is the deadline for Leeds Conservatory of Contemporary Music?

A January 9th

B January 19th

C January 30th

Questions 26­30
Whiсh facilities do the o
с | | eges have?
Choosе FI VЕ answers foom thе box and writе thе o
с гr tес lеt tец A­G, nеtХ to quеstions
26­З0.

Faсilities Colleges
A large gardens 26 Northdown College

в multiple sites 27 The Aсademy in London

с praсt iсe rooms 28 Leeds Conservatory of Contemporary Musiс

D reсording studio 29 The Henry Music I nstitute

E researсh faсiI ity 30 The James Aсademy of Musiс

F student a
с nteen
G teсh noI ogy suite

69
 What is beauty?

Rеading

lЕLTS Reading Pаssage You should spеn d about 20 minutеs on Quеstions 1_13, whiсh arе a
Ь sеd on thе
rеading рaSSagе bеlow.

i, i i,j
э* * E*
.W.е
arе all rnоr е with our appеаr anсе
obsеssеd tо maintаin thеir appеаr аnе.с A1so, studiеs show
thаn lvе likе to аd rllit.
tsut this is not аn indiсation that attraсt ivе pеop1е don't еn Ь еf it from thе.iЬ as
.оГ vaniп ' '. Vаn itr­ tnеаn s осnеiс t, ехsс sivе pridе in for еa Ь uty,in tеr ms of sеlеsЁ tееn r'Thеy oftеn dоn 't
onеЪ aрp еar;rnсе. oС nсеr n aЬout appеarаnес is quitе trust pгaisе oГt hеir woгk or talеn ts, е1Ь iеving positivе
norп t а1 аr rd undегstandаlЬ е. еvaluаt ions to е Ь influеnеd
с yЬ thеir appеаr аnе.с
.Whаt
Attгatс ir­е pеoplе hаvе distinсt advantagеS in our pеoplе sее and hоw thеv rеatс to thеir
soсiеt r'. show that attraсt ivе
Str­rdiеs h
с ildrеn arе morе rеf lеtс ion in а t­lrirror will vary aсo с rding to:sе,Х
poрr .r1аr . o
Ь th rr­ith lс assmatеs аn d tеh
ас еr s.Ъaсn еr s agе, еt hniс еr oup' sехu al оr iеn tation, mood, еating
givе highеr еr 'aluаt ions to thе work of attraсt ivе disordеr s, rvhаt thеy,vе еn Ь watсh ing onT! what
h
с ildтеn аn d hаvе highеr ехptес ations of thеr rr magazinеs thеv г е аd , whеt hеr thеy'rе marriеd or
(rv} rlсh hаs еn Ь shown to improvе pеr { ormanсе) . singlе, rvhаt kind oГh с ildhood thеy had, rvhеt hеr thеy
Attraсt rvе app1iсants hаvе a еtЬ tеr h
с anсе of gеt ting takе part in sports. rr'hat phasе ofthе п r еn struаl yс lс е
jobs' and оf геiс ving highеr sаlariеs. In o с urt, thеytе in, lr'hеt hег thеv arе prеg nant, Whеr е thеy,vе
attraсt i\ 'е pеoplе аr е found guilqu lеss oftеn ..W.hеn bееn shoppirrq ­ аr rd еvеn whаt thеy had oГ r lunсh .
found gLriltу, thеy rееiс vе lеss sеv еr е sеn tеnеsс .Thе
.Ьias I f you u,'еr с а dоg оr or а horsе, you wou] dn't
a аtС
| oг еa
Ь uty'oреr аt еs in a1rrrost al1 soсiаl situations геа] isе thrt гh е illl.rч е rеt .lеtс ion
rr.;rs а ofyoursеlf'Мost
­ ali ехpеr imеnts show wе rеatс morе favourаb ly to aniп r аls in thi.s sitrrrтiоn think that thеy are { aсe to faсе
plrvsiсallу аt traсt ivе pеop1е.
.W.е
with anothеr nlеI llL.сr tоГ hеiг spеiс еs.Thе ех p
с tiоn
аlso еlЬ iеvе in thе. what is еa
Ь utiful is good, is thе grеаt аp е s _ iс ­riтlrрs. sоr illаs and оr аn g­utаn s arе
stеr еor\ .pе ­ irrationa1 u
аn Ь t dееp ­sеatеd bе1iеf that аp
с ablе oГr оесg I ­lt;ing thеп r sеh ,еs in thе mirror ­ and
phvsiсa111. attraсt ivе pеoplе possеss othеr dеsirаb lе oГo
с ursе, us.Whаt .i iiltеr еsting is what thе apеs dо
lс ­rаr aсt еr istiсs suсh as intеlligеn е,с o
с mpеt еnе'с whеn prеsеn tеd rl.ith з п liгr оr : thеy usе nrirrors to
soсiаl skills, o с nfidеnес ­ еvеn rrroral virtuе. groom thеn lsеh 'еs. рikс tЪod out of thеir tееt h and
(Тh е еo о d aГ iry,/ prinсеss is always еаu Ь tiful; thе makе faсеs at thет­ tlsс] r sс tог еn tеr tainmеn t ­ I rloге
i.е .
s.iсkеd stеp rrrothеr is always ugly.) Thеr еf orе, it or lеss thе sar.tlе rегасiоn : аs us.
ts not surprising thаt physiсa1 attraсt ivеn еss is oГ All rеsеarсh tо dаr е .с rl оd
Ь r­ imаg е shows that
or'еп vhеlming importanсе to us. womеn arе nruсh tlrоге rс iriса1 of thеir appеarаnес
оnС еrс n with аppеaranсе is not just an aЬеr rаt ion than mеn ­ п r uсh lеss lrkеir­ to аd rnirе what thеy
oГo
М dеr n.W.еstеr n с lturе. vЕ еr y
u pеr iоd oГh istory sее in thе nlirгor. Uр to ь оt lt oГ10 womеn will bе
hаs hаd its or'vn standards oГw hat is and is not dissatisfiеd rl.ith г} rеir rеt ] tес iоn . and п r orе than ha1f
е аu
Ь tiful, and еvеr y o
с ntеm porary soсiеt y has its own may sее a distor­iс1с illlаsе, .\ 1еn looking in thе mirгor
distinсt ivе o
с nсеp t ofthе idеai physiсal attriЬu tеs. arе mоr е likеlv to е Ь еirhеr plеаsеd with what thеy
I rl thе 19tlr еn с tury bеing еаuЬ tiful nrеant wеarrng sее or indiffеr еn t. Rеsе; rсh shoц з thаt mеn gеn еr ally
а o с гsеt ­ аuс sing brеathing and digеstivе proЬlеm s. hаvе а muсh morе ро­ iitir'е оd
Ь r­­imagе than womеn
Norr­rr­е trv to diеt and ех r iс sе ouгsеlvеs into thе * if anything, thеl­ nlаr ' tеt ld tо ol­еr ­еstimatе thеir
аsГ hiorlа]Ь е shapе ­ oftеn r,vith еv еn morе sеr ious attraсt ivеn еss. Sоm е mеn iооk ins in thе rnirrоr may
lОс lsеlс tlеllс еs. litеr аШ y I ,] ot sее thе ll.rrr. ili thеI г Jppеaгаnе.с
Althorrgh п . е rеsеmlЬ е our anсеstors аn d othеr Why arе womеn sо lrruсI ­i rlrorе sе1rс Ё itiсa1 than
u
с lti:rс. s itl оu г o с nсегn aЬout appеaranсе, thеr е nrеn ? Bеa
с usе \ Yoп lеn аr е­ judgеd on thеir appеaranсе
is a diilеr еr lсе irl dеsrее of o
с nсеr n.Advanсеs in moге than mеn , and stаr ldаr ds iоГ еm а1е bеaury arе
tеh
с no1os\ ­ аn d in partiсu lar the гisе of thе mаss o
с nsidеr ablу higlrег аn d lltorе inilехi1Ь е. .W.omеn arе
rrrеd iа har'е аtс tsеd normal o с nсеr ns aЬout how wе oс ntinrrally oЬ mЬardеd п ­ ith iп ­ rаsеs of thе. idеаl'faсе
] ook to o ес Ь п r е oЬsеssions.Тh anks to thе mеd iа, wе and fisurе.]А so' nlost \ \ .oтllе11 аr е trуing to aсh iеvе
havе o
ес Ь lrrе аCL
с lstoПlеd to ехt геm еly rigid and hс е impossiЬlе: standаr ds oГеnГ rаiе еa
Ь uф havе in faсt
uniГorm standаr ds oГ еаuЬ tv. TV, iЬ llЬoards, magazinеs, o
ес Ь mе progгеssivеlv nrorе unгеa] istiс during thе 20th
еt .с mеаn thаt rr­е sее'еаrЬ ­rtiful pеоp lе' all thе timе, еnс tury. \ n 1917 , thе phr­siса} ly pеr { tес womаn was
morе oftеn than tnеt rlbегs oГour
orvn family' making about 5Гt 4in tall and rvеighеd nеarly 10 stonе. vЕ еn
ех p
с tional good looks sееm
normаl and rеаl, 25 yеars ago' toр п r odе1s and еаu Ь ry quееn s wеighеd
аt tainab] е. Standаr ds oГеаrЬ ­rw hаvе in faсt o
ес Ь mе only 8% lеss than thе a\ rеr agе \ ^ ,­oman' now thеy
hаr dеr and hardеr to аt tаin. partiсu larly for wоm еn . lvetgh 23% lеss.Тh е u
с rrеn t mеd ia idеаl oГ r wonrеn is
vЕ еn vегy attraсt ivе pеoplе п 1av not е Ь looking in aсh iеvaЬlе yЬ iеss than 5% of thе еm Г alе population ­
thе rnirror оu t of .vaniry', u Ь t out of insеu с riry..W.е and that'.s just in tеr ms of i'vеight and sizе. I f you want
forgеt that thеr е arе disаd vantаsеs tо еiЬ ng attrаtс ivе: thе idеal slrapе, е,ас Г еt ,с itЪ proЬalЬ y morе \ tke 1% .
attгatс ivе pеoplе arе undеr п r uсh grеatег prеssurе
 What is bеauty? Gl

Questions 1­6
Completе the sеn tеnеsс bеlow.

ChoosеNoп л oRЕ, Tн ANTI I RЕW

Е oRDsfromthеp assagеf oreaсh a nswеr .
1 Vain people are too proud of their """""'
a ......... is at work.
2 | n nearly al| soсial contexts, tests have proven that

to being,a good person'is

3 Тh e belief that being beautifu| is equa|

.'.'....... prinсip| es of
to verУ
6 Due to the media, peop| e are now used
what is beautiful.

Questions 7­11
in thе rеading passagе?
Do thе following statеm еn ts agrее with thе viеw s of thе writеr

Writе:
agrеes with thе viеw s of thе writer
YЕs if thе statеm еn t
if thе statеm еn t o
с ntradiсt s thе viеw s of thе writеr
NO
NoTGI VЕNifitisimpossiblеt osaywhatthеw riterthinksaЬo utthis
7Theonlyreasonthatgood­lookingpeopI elookinthemirrorisbeсausetheyarevain.
a mirror.
8 Al| primates imitate typiсa| ly human behaviour when looking in

9on| yaminorityofwomenlookinthemirrorandseeanimagethatisnotatrue
ref leсt ion of themselves.

10 lthasbeenscientifiсallyproventhat,ofthetwosexes,mal esaremoreсonfidentabout
their aPPearance.

11 ltismorecommonforamantomissimperfeсt ionsinthewayhe| ooksthanaWoman.

Questions 1 2 andl3
Choose TWo lеt tеr s, A­Е.
about their appearanсe than
more self­сonsсious
Which TWo reasons for women being
writer of the passage?
r"n ut" mentioned by the
2Oth e
с ntury deve| opments
A lncreasingly unrealistiо

B An inсr ease in women's weight

C A tendenсy to be more inseсu re

D The inf luenсe of TV and magazines

E xЕ peсt ations are greater and more rigid

­фЕ* + фtф= 'фч * +

Ё iщ т+ ] фiffl!:!9jri.i5# + ф:ФlA.Fr] ф

71
 beauty?

Word building

Prefixes under­ and over­

a
М kе adjеtс ives and vеrsЬ using thе prеf iхеs ovеr ­ and uп d еr ­ with thе words bеlow.
1 rate

2 estimate
3 take

4 state

5 oriсe

6 value

7 run

8 awe

Arе thе adjеtс ivеs and verЬs in еxеr iс sе 1 positivе (+ ), nеg аt ir е i ­ ) or nеu tгal (o).
Dеiс dе whiсh adjеtс ivе с n havе both a positivе and nеg atir.е
a п ­ iеaning.

Reordеr thе fтagmеn ts bеlow to makе sеn tеnеS

с . Notе in еah
с ] ist thеге is onе ехt ra
word that you aс nnot usе.

1 f irst saw iVShe was o

с mplete| y/ of the | andsсape/ overawed tvhen she overestimated/ b '

the beautv

2 verу appea| ing,/ b| atant| y overpriсed/ the undervaI ued car Even though/ was/ it was

3 tourist attraсt ions in the city/ Attendanсes/ understated/ at thе lЙu seum of Modern ArV
have reсent| y/ a| | the other major/ overtaken

4 of beautifu| / on peop| e's/ the impaсVsurroundings/ we| | .being lt s еasy/ overawed/

to underestimate

5 her weaI th is understated as/ о| othes/ overstated/ she doеsn.i. A1though she's a wea| thу
lady,/ wear flashy

6 overtaken/ arсh iteсt ura| | y thaVwith tourists/ a| | year round t is overrun/ My home viI lage'
is so attraсt ive

7 The aсt ors and aсt resses/ underva| ued/ over their pay,/ which made/ were on strike/
them feel/ overvalued

8 the fiI m/ I expeсt ed/ to be better/ overrated reviews/ it reсeived/ overrun/ than the

72
 What is beauty? f]
Language foсu s 1

@ Grammar rеf еr еnес on pagе 224 of theсoursеo

Ь ok.

Modal verbs for evaluating

1 Rеad thе two Sеn tеnеSс еlЬ oц . . Dеiс dе whiсh onе is aЬout thе past, and whiсh about thе
prеSеn t. Usе thе ехamplеs to o
с mplеt е thе rrrlе s on how to foг m thеm .
i 'l should have made a back­up of my art work, because I I ost everything when the
o
с mpUter rс ashed.,
ii .l
must buy a new o
с mputer as soon as possib| e.'

vЕRB FoRM
Тa| king about the past:
modal + _+ _
Talking about the presenVfuture:

+ infinitive verb (withouVfo)

Analyzе thе mеaning of thе Sеn tеnеS

с i and ii abovе and tiсk [ / ] thе Statеm еn ts that arе
tгu е and гсoss Г ] thе onеs
X that arе not.

MEANI NG

Talking about the present/ future:

a This speaker wants to do this, but hasn't done it yet.

b This speaker has already done this, but we don't know when.

Talking about the past

a This speaker mentions an aсt ion that aсt ua| | y happened.

b Тh e speaker says this aсt ron didn,t happen, but thinks the aсt ion needed to be taken.

Praсt isе еvaluating thе situations еlЬ ow, using thе modal and thе vеr b givеn in rЬ aсkеt s.
Add a rеason to eхp lain еah
с onе.

хa
Е mple:
The air pollution in the historical areas of у our citу is bad.I t ю оaused bу the number of
a
с rs, (should limit)

'т.rИ 'g.э.оИ' l| ,d.| р. q+ .| | .Еh е. ryц у . Eэг. p.f .p.q'rэ. .aуу, у.И е. req.d.sр. .tИa'л уr .:llу| .L 'Фэ. sLеq .(уе. r.

1 They have |с osed down your I oсa| shop. (сouI d keep open)

2 Your friend's pottery exam is tomorrow. She is tired. (ought to go)

Your teaсh er gave you too muсh art homework yesterday. You tel| them today.
(should give)

4 You disagree with prediоt ions about a footba| | matсh . (might win)

Tomorrow is a national holiday.You want to go to a p| aсe of natura| beauty for a piсn iс

You suggest it to your family. (сou| d visit)

Sydney was voted the most beautifu| iс ty in the wor| d.You think it should be уour с l''
(would vote)

7з
What is beauty?

Writing

Analуzе thе following Task 2 quеstion. Undеr linе thе kеy words and phrasеs.

WRI TI NG TASK 2
You should spеn d aЬout 40 minutеs on this task.

Writе about thе following topiс:

Advеr tising is made morе and morе appealing to the genегal pub| iс nowadaуs.
o
Н wevеr еa
Б utifu| it is, it sеr vеs no usefu| purposе and enсouragеs pеap| е to
spend too muсh moneу on things thеу do not reailу neеd .

To what ех t еn t do у ou agrеe or disagree?

Givе reasons foг youг answеr and inсludе any rеlеv ant ехamplеs from уour own
knowlеd gе and ехp егiеnе.с

Writе at lеast 250 woгd s.

2 Look at thе first Statemеn t. Do у ou agrее that:

advertising is everywhere nowadaysa Yes/ No

Yes/ No
it has no useful PurPose?
it encourages people to buy things they don't need? Yesi No

spending any money on advertising is a waste? Yes/ No

it is a good idea to spend more money on the other things? Yes/ No

Rеad the modеl answеr bеlow and undегlinе thе rr'oгd s/ рh гasеs that show еf fеtс . Th.
fiгst two arе donе for you.
wе LLvе Lw a, осw s,.,.wtеу 0,2е .Й nа | h'S :!...''. ,.', ;­} / .З Nе аYе еWvО С LYЙ' gе0, tО
I ­ ­ ^
br,tg thLwgs wе d'О WDt rеаLLg wееd iv's: i.Э?,,,.sp' ihеg­ Lооk, аt trаctLvе
^r w
ь

frowеve,, { o snll ihт ­ э э. '. "'r­'ьL

з wg pLаt 4s W0 | ,Lsеt vLL rоLе Ls
о, dJеr tLsеv.з, .еw ts.
sLv,,tpLt4 wоt | rvtе' L
А thoш gИ spеw d'Lt,"э / i'i'i. r'n­Оw еt 4 ow* ed,ш cаt LowLs а goad Ld,е.

tt sИоvt.l"d wо| bе аt Lhе е\ е^Р sе: I ,.?.'':,1..З'/ '2.

тh еYе 3,Yе Y
Й g| .Lvwеw ts Lwfаvош r оf rз\ .",.сLwа thе o'wtoш wt of п d vеr tLsLwg.
аw
М UР?
еО | еf w
ь dLt аw woц Lwa а' 'n1.iэеl.bо, rwbаr d,еd | } 'sthе14 0,Yе еvеr | { w| e
А rе

wlw;d'аas. тlr,Ls Lwb,trw Lео, d,s I 'h.rt. ­.с' d.еLLbеr аt еLt4 аvоLd, thеw t, bц swLtcИLwc

тv chо' i* еLs, ехаt tv.уLе. | w п 'd.d,Liсэl.', аd ,vеr tLsLwg su.ch аs Lео' fLеt s sLуLц
for
е, wd, t.+ у оw thе s:| reеt s аs LLLtеr , v,thLcr' Ls wоt у LеаsLwg to thе е^ l4е DY jс о d , for
| hе еw vLrawvwеw t. * LL оf thеsе аt o| ^ vу. еw ts sи рort thе cо, sе { or rеd v'cLwg t1л е

а wto,,,twt о{ о' d,v еr tLsLw g.

>
с w Lhе ot] л еr hаw d', thеYе аr е r^ а' wц 0'rg| ,Lv^ / 'еWts Lw f п v oш r оf 4ееp Lwg

п , d.vеr tLsLwg. FLrstLl4, v,tLthоt ,ttLt wtostуеоp Lе у ош Ld' wot k"wоvt v'/ ] еw
А а wеw

prоd ш ct or Lwvеw tLоl * о' ' vЙ аLLl,bLе. тh Ls wош Ld Lwqact оw pеоpLе, s LLves

аw d vwет. w t} аtА wr" уч оvt| d wоt bе а, bLе to tаk 'е аd v| ] wtаg е of wеw tLvл, '"е­ sаvLwq
| f wtostpеoуLе1ло, d' wеvеY
d,еvtcеs. т0,dеt \ rlе f оr ехаvщ Lе.
wаshLwg rwаc] л Lwе,

hеаr d. of wО е аWd,\ NеYestLLLwаsL

И wgthе, LY cLОt l^ еsbg1л аw d,,thеt 4wош Ldwоr Yz,
,н h Lch'ц о v .Ld Lwqаct ow sоcLеt t4,sT{ тg Yess. sеcоw d,Lц , еw tpLot4еd ' Lw
Lеss, LРеО Р е
th е а' d,v е r tL sL w g Lw d, ш str w o ш L d, о s е th еLr оb s, ra w d, thL s vl о vt| d w ot st о у tИ L
еr е .

ц \

аw
М шf аc| ш rLwg Lwdш stiLеs v,tош Ld' аLsо s''tff еr frоw t wot sеLLLwg sЙ | ,А .­аw I J

prad.wcts, аw d, t| л еr еf orе, wavtLd, еvl,tpLoц fеw еr pеоp Lе who wоv+ Ld

T^ U fеw еr
tахеs
vс еY l4 О wе, w о шL d' шз f f еr '

74
 Whаt is bеauty? Е
тО s| / "| / | / " ш p, whLLе tlnerе аr е obvLoш s а' dvо, wto'gеs ta cоw troLLLwg thе о, vл * оt ,t­wL
of аd ," еу tLsLng. с L{ е wсLlлоvtt tL wоaLd. bе { r owс ош u
"twrеcоg wLsаb uе уr еsеw t.
тh е r е vlLLL аLwаt 4s bе wtоr е vlort1л ц cЙ. ^ EеS, sш ch a.s еd ,ш cаt Lоw , bш t wLthош t
o'd'vеr tLsLwg, еd ш cа. tLow vvош Ld' wot bе wеcеssт, Y| 4 аs thеr е wоv.Ld bе sо { е' w \ obs
tlАtЙ rеq L,LLYе 0wе.

4 Answеr thе quеstion еlЬ ow.

WRI TI NG TASK 2
You should spеn d about 40 minutеs on this task.
Writе about thе following topiс:

Тo o muсh monеу is spеn t bу individuals and govеr nments on making themsеlves

and thе arеas thеу | ivе in | ook beautifu| ' This is wastеf uI and it has no usеf u|
рUrpose'
lnstead, the monеу shou| d be spеn t on improving individua| s, hеa| th.
Do у ou agrее or disagreе with this opinion?

Givе rеasons for your answеr and inсludе any rеlеv ant еxamplеs fтom own
уour
knowlеd gе аn d ехp егiеnе.с
Writе at lеast 250 words.

ut{ uI

75
­­

Listening

G z.z sЕтlс oN 4 Questions 3] ­40

Questions 31­35
oС mpiеt е thе sеn tеnеsс bеlow.
Writе No п , { oRЕ ТHAN ТW o WoRDs AND/ OR \ ­\ L \ I BЕR | oг еah
с answеr .
The health benefits of art and music
31 Aсoс rding to the speaker, art and music a
с n bеn е+ t Oat еn ts' eГo
П I | ona| '
and physiсa| well­being.
32 Florenсe Nightinga| e first noted the improvemеn ts n lnl \ / е ar

33 Тh e resu| ts of many studies did not prove a k bе: эе . ­еeith

] rn .,, аn d art as they were
rarely ..........

34 Тh e Ameriсan study | ooked at the effeсt s of arсt tе. :',е э. эatlеn ls

35 Тh e patients who were in a ward with a ,. €
­e lot n hosplta| for as | ong
'.,
and needed I ess mediсation.

Questions 36­40
Complеt е thе tablе еlЬ ow.
Writе No o
М RЕ Tн AN THRЕЕ WORDS | оr .с

Reсent Reseаr ch Projeсt s

Тype of patient Тype of arVmusic tЕ feсt on patients I Other

limprovements
Unborn babies hc',­ .э­ = . ­.;:согl t= ъ
mothers fe| t relaxeс

Canсer patients ;;­ г' .ъ

Jб rmprovements in
well­being

Hip replacement 39.... o

с )ЕU d '
40 staff
(elderly) ^:

76
 lsitart?(!!]
Voсabulary 1

Wordlist on pagе 2| 7 of thе o

с ursеb ook.

Art

1 Look at thе list of aгt forms bеlow and rс oss out thе word(s) in еahс list whiсh isiarе not
assoсiatеd with thеm . Thеn add it to thе list to whiсh it bеlongs. onе list has two words
that nееd to е Ь rс ossеd out.

хa
Е mple:
p| I .4ry!+ '| '.* ,'
neи spaper 1ournaI istleomposеr leditorlprinterlcontributorlread erl
1 p| ay aсt or/ actress/ o
с nductor/ | ead ro| e/ direсt or/ produсerl ....'...'.''''''','

2 painting artisVeasel/ a
с nvas/ o
с | umnisVportraiVstone/

3 book nove| isVwriter/ author/ landsсape/ editorlcriticl

4 symphony composer/ musiсian/ reader/ movemenV ...................

5 sсu I pture sсu I ptor/ artisVсarving/ mou| d/ | ens/ marb| e/ .......... ....'....

6 photograph photographer/ digita| / film/ portraiVсh orеographerl .'....'.'.'.'.''.'.

7 ballet dancer/ o
с mposer/ musiсian/ ba| | erina/ sсr ipt writer/

8 f i| m aсt or/ aсt ress/ director/ star/ produсer/ p| aywrighV

Dеiс dе whiсh of thе pеoplе listеd in еxеr iс sе 1 would say thе statеm еn ts bеlow.

Eхample:
,Mу ptaу the lead role on the stаg e at London's West nЕ d! .q9'j?I .qр' ir.еsэ.
dream is to '

2
1
Getting ordinarY
|t a
с n be quite
people to relax is a h
с a| | enge. 3
^ erve­raсking standing up
Н wever, onсe they've got a
o I n my opinion, it's
г€
r .e in front of allthose peop| e;
niсe pose and expression, other the hardest job on the set. But
y,rв . f l have my baсk to the ones I
imperfections aс n be.ironed out' someone needs to take h с arge of the
:':. t know. All eyes are on you!
digitally. finanсes and other important dеiс sions,
or wed never finish a projeс t.

4 5
Working with models Girls sometimes want to
:,an be quite hс allenging, whiсh be one when they are small but the
s ш .,'. I prefer still life subjeоt s as l can training regime is aсt ually one of the hardest
р :аkс to them for days or even Weelс in terms of its physiсal demands. y М job requires
­ "eed to.A model, would definitely early starts, | ong praсt iсe sessions and lots of
:l:тp I ain about sitting for so long! injuries. Тh e result though is beautiful and
graоeful, l'm sure you'll agree if you
watсh .

6
7
love working with
I
People in mY
my hands and getting them
industry often mistakenlY
dirty to get the best out of the material
I 'm working with. I often have a vision, but
think mу job is easy' Reading
I 'm never exaсt ly sure what the end produсt
through several books, artiсles
wi| | | ook like.Тh e most important thing for
and other publiоations a week
me is that people stop and enjoY mY takes time, and I have to be
work when they are Passing it. brutally honest as PeoPle buY
my reоommendations.

77
 V

I s it art?

Language foсu s 1

(@ Gгammaг геf еr еnес on pagе 224 otthе o

с ursebook.

Defining аn d non.defining relative lс auses

oС mbinе thе sеn tеnеsс using a non­dеf ining rеlativе lс ausе. Thе fiгst two Sеn tеnеS
с
har,е words undеr linеd to hеlpyou. Rеm еm bеr that you will nееd to usе (a) o
с mma(s
Eхample:

Classical music helps me relaх' l listen to it in the evenings'

Q'| ,q'ээуp .q.| 'Щ * эур. .:ltИу.рИ t..| L.9.т. 9у, !p'.,t'ц * '| hg.('','е' * 'с' + !э, .И. е!э.Р ry'!.r.+ 2{ '.',. ' ' '..... '.

1 Studying nЕ g| ish grammar a

с n be diffiсu | t. It is often frustrating.

2 Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet. lt's my favourite play.

3 This is Peter. He'I I be working with us on the next projeсt .

4 aЕ ting junk food is bad. lt оan с use many health problems.

a

5 Going to the theatre is always worth it. lt o

с sts a lot of money.

6 lt's a good idea to save money. lt can be put in the bank.

7 Books will never lose their value.You can keeo them forever.

8 Going to ga| | eries is educationa| . |t a

с n sometimes be boring

2 a
М tсh thе pafts and writе Sеn tеnеS
с adding a геlativе lс ausе. Usе rt'/ zo or whiсh .

хa
Е mple:
.т] r'е q,riLst, ',^ t''л o f orаtес r п pаLwt,ьt l"а, '/ | еw i tc prLsaw f cr tеw t4ео, rз

1 The artist She is aс | | ed Mary. e

Н beоame a famous aсt or.

2 The book He was born in London. It was full on Friday evening.

3 The theatre The students performed. She is going to study art.

4 Charlie Chaplin He has borrowed it. |t was written by osсarWi| de.

5 His sister It was built in 1961. He went to prison for ten years

6 The play He forged a painting. It was published this year.

 C
с ntains thе information in braсkеt s. Rеm еm bеr that
3 Rеw ritе eaсh sеn tеnес so that it o
no oс mmas arе nееS с sarrz in dе f ining rеlativе lс ausеs.

Eхample:

Mary cleaned the statues in the garden уesterdaу. (She / iи es neхt door.)

.\ 3л r 'g, 'w'Иl,| у . qэ' rypl* 'dq.qY,.?'| aqYу. a4.rИp '

sу. qi49э' | g
Иу Е 'qqrlэ( у' a.a;'Е9.rd?.a,' ''.

1 She married a man. (She met him trave| ling on a оu | turaI rс uise.)

2 Mv house | ooks different from the others in the area. (lt is b| aсk and white.)

3 I 'm not very impressed by the painting of the woman. (She isn't really smiling')

4 I want to buy the vintage dress. (l saw it yesterday in the shop window.)

5 Pass me the pen. (lt is on the table.)

6 Тh e Woman stole the money. (She works in the university bookshop.)

7 l bought some new paint. (l now hate the o

с lour as it's too dark.)

8 An oI d Woman was injured yesterday in a a

с r aсcident. (She was wa| king home from a

o
с nсert.)

9 Hundreds of theatre­goers have been taken to hospita| . (They were infeсt ed by the virus.)

10 Тh e art exhibition attraсt s many overseas visitors. (lt is he| d every summer.)

4 oС rrеtс thе sеn tеnеsс bеlow whiсh o

с ntain еI тorS.

1 That's the aсt ress, who I told you about.

2 We went on a u
с | tural holiday, that was just what I needed'

3 My sister, who is wearing the green dress, is playing the lead role'

4 Tomorrow whiсh is my | ast day of the exhibition wi| | be the best yet.

5 Artists who aсh ieve wor| d reсognition are few and far between'

6 Fiоt ion writers, often end up working on newspapers.

7 lmpressionism, that is a sty| e of painting, was considered o

с ntroversia| in its time.

8 Movie direсt ors often h

с oose |с assiсa| musiс, which most people reсognize when they
hear it.

79
lю lsitart?
Rеading

lЕLTS Reading Passаg e You should spеn d aЬout 20 minutеs on Quеstions l­13, whiсh arе aЬ sеd on thе rеadin5
pasSagе bеior'v'

Bеш ш tу of thе 6еаsts

Bу Dаvid Attеп b orough that thе standard statiс рr ofilеs.
Ё whiсh , sitltr аniс еn t gЕ yptian
Animаls wеr е thс [ irьt things that timеs, had bееn thе airnost
human bеings drеw . Not plants. Nоt Е
univеr аlь rvа1 oI rеp rеsеn ting
landsсaреs. Nоt еvеn thеп r sеlvеs. But birds' gаr е no idеa oI thеir
animals. Whу ? Thе еarliеst known :* i
vivaсitr, аn d graсе. Audubon
drawings arе somе 30,000 yеагs old. i,;
:­ brought thеsе dramatiс drawings
Thеy survivе in thе dеp ths o{ aс vеs in to Britait.t in оr dеr tO gеt thеm
wеstеI n uЕ ropе. Thе faсt that somе i еn grar'еd f or rер r oduсt iо n .

pеoplе rс aw1еd fоr half a milе or morе Thеr 'lr.еr е' howеvеr , among thе
along undеr ground passаg еs through lasl impоr tаn t natura] history
Ё
1hе blaсk nеss is еv idеn ес еn ough that dтarr'it.tgs tо bе printеd in this waу
thе produсt ion of suсh piсt urеs Was an Ё
Т h аt \\ a\ hеаu
с 5с а Gеr man
aсt оf grеat imроr tanсе to thеsе artists.
But what was thеir purрosе? Maybе linе drawn with a waх pеniс l оn a flrrе­ grainеd limеstоn е
drawing was an еssеn tial part оf thе еrс еm onials thеy bеliеv еd o
с u1d bе inkеd and printеd . Hе rеf irrеd thе proсеss to suсh an
wсr е еsПс saly to еn surе suсеsс s in hunting. a М ybе thе еxtеn t that soon the lithоg raphiс rvas in usе all over
рrеsсО s
рaintings wеr е intеn dеd not to bring abоu t thе dеath of the rЕ rтopе, offеr ing prints that oс Ltld rеllr.'dLtсе thе most dеiiсatе
rс еatulеs portrayеd but, on thе осn trary, to еn surе thеir linеs dirеtс ly frоr n thе artist.s hаt lrl, Тh с iеd tо a п еw
рr оеsс s
o
с ntinuеd fеr tility so that thе pеоp lе would hаvе a реr manеn t tlоw еr ing of natural histor,v bооk s.
sourсе o{ mеat. Wе a с nnot tе11. onе thing, howеv е! is еrс tаin.
Amоn g thе most spеtс aсu lаr lr еr е thtrsе produсеd by John
Thеsе drawings arе amazingly assurеd , wondетf ully aсu
с rаt е
Gould, who emplсlyеd a sеr iеs tlf аr lists, реr hаp s thе most
and o{ tеn brеathtakingly bеautifu1.
talеn tеd of whom was thе 18­r.еаr ­ol.] dЕ rvard LеaI , later
Тh is praсt iсе оf painting imagеs of аn imals on wal] s bas to bеoс mе morе famous fоr his nоn sеn sе \ / еI sе. Gould,s
pеr sistеd thrсlughout our history. Fivе thousand yеаr s ago. sumptuous fo1io volumеs apреаr еd 1гr iп ­ rроsing ranks оn thе
whеn mеn in gЕ ypt first bеgan tо buiid iс tiеs, thеy tоo shеlvеs o{ aristoсr аt iс librariеs thrоltgi­lоu t Britain.
insсr ibеd imagеs of animаis on thеir walls.
By thе bеg inning оf thе 2Oth еn с turr, 1t sееm еd that thе agе of
Thеr е is no dotrbt about thе funсt ion of at lеast somе of thеsе: grеat sсiеn tifiс natural hist()I \ ' раiniiп g rr аso
с ming to an еn d.
thе gЕ уp tians worshipреd animals as gods. But g Е yptian Photograрh y was bеg inning its rеiяr l, ап d it was soon роssib1е
artists aiso dеlightеd in their natura] bеauty, for thеy adornеd to a
с рt urе an еxaсt image of thе гсеаt Llrе in fтont of you with
thе walls of thеir own undегg round tоm bs with piсt urеs. Тh е thе prеss оf a fingеr .
mummi{ iеd dеad iп thе nехt wоr ld wоu ld surеlу wish to bе
Now thе tiny еleсt roniс a
с mеr a ап с rсo
с rd high.quality
rеm indеd of thе bеautiеs and dеiights of this оn е.
piсt urеs in light sо low that еr ,еп ihе httп lan еyе has diffiсu lty
By thе 15th еn с turl' howеvеr , thе nеw sсiеn ti{ iс spirit оf in реr еiс ving what is in { ront оf it' рtО iсal a
с blеs с n a
a с rry
thе Rеn aissanсе s\ l,еp t through u Е ropе. Sсh o} аr s bеg аn to imagеs frоm undеr ground nеst h с aп lbеr s аt thе еn d оf 1ong
еxaminе thе world rvith frеsh еyеs and to quеstion the myths naI row tunnеls. Nеw vibratiоn ­prооf п lоu ntings allow thе
of thе mеd iеv al rr­rind. Lеonardo da Vinсi startеd to look аt a
с mеI a to rеo
с rd lс osе­ ups of an аn iп lаl rr,hi1е hovеr ing in а
animals and plants iп a nеw way. Hе wishеd to undеr stand hе1iсoрt еr a thousand fееt abоr .е it.
how thеy grеw , п lоl,еd and rеp roduсеd thеm sеlvеs, so hе not
Yоu might think that thеsе latеst dеr .еiоp mеn ts would finally
оn ly drеw thеm in aсt iоn but dissеtс еd thеir bodiеs.
bring to an еn d a tradition that strеt h с еs baсk 30,000 yеars.
othеr sсh olars bеg аn to assеss thе variеt y lс f animal lifе that Not sсl. Today largе­ sсalе monоg raphs dеr ,otеd to partiсu lаI
laу bеyоn d thеir own o с untrуsidе. Fоr ехp 1orеr s travеlling grouрs of plants and animals arе still produсеd by artists who
south down thе o с ast of Afriсa, еast to thе I ndiеs and wеst to wеlo
с mе thе dоu blе dеm ands оl аеsthеt iс dеlisht and sсiеn tifiс
thе Nеw Wor1d wеr е bringing bаk с o
с mр1еt еly nеw kinds of aсu
с raсy.
rс еaturеs.
And thеy always will do. Foт no mattеr what thе ostеn siblе
Aсo
с rdingly, thе first in a sеr iеs tlf illustratеd books on thе mоt ivе fоr thеir work, whеt hеI it is to lightеn thе rеv еr еn tial
naturai history of North Amеr iсa that u с lminatеd in l827 atmosphеr e of a monastеr y or to invokе animai sрirits in a
in реr haps thе glеatеst and еrс tainly thе most gigаn tiс of all fеr tility ritual, to еxplоr е anatomy or to a с taloguе a disсovеr y,
bird bоoks, Was еn titlеd Thе Birds of lА п еr iса, by John Jamеs thеr е с mmon dеn ominatоr
is a o that links all thеsе aтt ists. I t
Audubon. Audubon huntеd birds with an unquеnh с аb lе is the profotrnd joy { еlt by all who obsеr vе thе natural worid
passion and he drеw thеm with еq ual еn thusiasm. Hе thought wiтh a sustainеd and dеvotеd intеn sitv.

80
 I sitart?щ

Questions 1­9
oС mplеt е thе summary using thе list of words, A_Q, еlЬ ow.

Reasons for the human fasсination with animals

Why ear| y humans sketсh ed anima| s and not other 1 ....... from the world

around them is a question that may never be answered.The 2 .'.'........ paintings

drawn by man are | oсated in underground formations, though We a

с n on| y guess as to Why

they h
с ose plaсes that were so far underground. |t has been suggested that they Were part

of a hunting 3 '................... other suggestions included that they were used enсourage
.

4 ...................... in the animals so that people would not go hungry. However, all agree that
the paintings themse| ves are both 5 ..........'.......'.... and eхq uisite. Humans have
6 ................ to use this'walled'art form in many different ways throughout the ages.

When the gЕ yptians were 7 .. their first settlements, they also drew animals on

the walls. This was part| y beсause they be| ieved the anima| s were gods and 8 .'.'......

However, was also beсause painters o

с nsidered their attraсt iveness to be
them as suсh . it

unadu| terated, whiоh is why they h

с ose to paint them on the inside of their p| aсes of

9 ..................... .

A baоkground B ritual C fertile

D burial Е persist F first
G build H fertility l oс ntinued
J nature K sсenes L honoured
M essentials N оonstruсt ing O simple
P precise Q riсh

Questions 10­13
Look at thе following list of Statеm ents about thе drawing of animals (Quеstions 10_13)
and thе list of pеr iods еlЬ ow.
a
М tсh еah
с statеm еn t with thе o
с rrеtс pегiod, A­C.
NB You may uSе anу lеt tеr morе than onсе.

10 drew and then engraved the sketches for printing

11 a oс mbination of o| d and new teсh niques employed

12 the rapid adoption of new | ine drawing teсh nique

13 the early inf| uenсe of anatomy on drawing

List of periods
A 14th_.17th e
с nturies
в 18th and 19th centuries

с 20th and 21st e

с nturies
 I s it art?

Think about thе voсabulary in thе rеading рassagе. Sсan thе tехt again and find words/
o
с lloсations in thе tеxt that mеan thе samе aS a_z bеlow.

a views of the o
с untrvside i to u
с t open something, to ana| yze its r to a
с tсh (a moment in time)
struоt ure
b to move around on all fours s plaсes where anima| s breed
j high| y­eduсatedpeop| e
c shown in piсt ures t the real reason
k very big
d to a
с rve images onto something u respеtс abI e
l a desire that a
с nnot be fulfilI ed
e to deсorate something v something that is shared
m not moving
f h
с ambers for dead bodies w dееp . true happiness
n energy/ life
g a period in time of great interest in x o
с ntinuous, uninterrupted
the arts o to rmprove something
y э. ,.ing and | oya| to something
h anсient stories, often untrue p printed
z e oЭ weгf Ul forсe/ passion
q poerry

Writing

1 к е ad thе question еlЬ ow and undеr linе thе kеl \\ ,. rl­­i > .l ] .­ ­] ] ]] ] ­; S ;­ :

lЕLТ5 Writing Tаsk 2 WRI TI NG TASK 2

You should spend aЬout 40 minutеs on this task'

Writе about thе following topiс:

'
I

hС ildrеn should not bе еno

с uragеd to lеaгn aс
should bе purеlу dеvotеd to aсademiс sUbJе:С :

To what ехt еn t do у ou agrее or disagrее?

Givе rеasons for уour answеr and inс] udе ?П\ ] .;­;. .l..." l.­',.: ] ] ] .­:: ::.] гt ­l \ 'our own
knowledgе or ехp еr iеnе.с
Writе at lеast 250 words.

2 Answеr quеstions 1­6Ьеlowgivingехamрlеs i] ' :­.­. .:] . .:.. r'..:.:­iеn е.с Rеm еmеrЬ to
kееp your answеr s abstraсt .
..,..­,
1 Doyou think most peop| e are interested in tlе e.:s.,.,.', ­] :'
2 Do h
с iI dren and young peopI e study art' гn !s С e.] :...э. Z....:'­s at sсh oo| ?
WhyАNhy not?

3 Do you think peop| e genera| | y appreciate wha: :.i', эa.. эi a: sэn ooI or do you think
they shou| d have learnt onI y sсientifiс sub1еtс sr \ ltl^
.l| l'F., .э: '
4 lmagine a wor| d without musiс or art. Would thе у' lс , ] э e э: rr p| aсe if people on| y
worked and never stopped to enjoy objeсt s of bеa;:.. ]

5 |s sсh oo| the only p| aсe that hс i| dren a

с n I earn abo..l::.е e.:s?

6 What is the danger if the arts are not taught in sсh oo ? \ .'i с iI dren be sure to
a'l h
I earn about them?

82
 l< lт. аr т7 GП
3 Rеad thе introduсt ions (A & B) eЬ low. Dеiс dе whiсh is еtЬ tеr bу answеr ing thе
quеstions in thе tablе bу еithег adding a tiсk (/ ) foг уеs and a rс oss (X) for no.

А st'u dl.lt'l"2 аr i п 'wd, vwu'sсc 'с s а vtа' stе a{ tLvм . е. тh е a аYе wоt w
ь .partаw t f ar ,с ''r'Ll­l''l"'t­
a'r а ' dtl.| is а ' ,q,d еd .u.cп , | Lcw s] л о u .Ld bе d'е' vctеd ' iо Lе n rvvLwq аb оu .| prа
t с tс
л | u
з .L1е: ­. ­ r l, '
vit'L1lе1+ c] лLLd'rе, n 2сt a
1сt tnt'л е f utvtrе ' | аL\ ^ / alshаt еd ' аr t аr vd rwvt'sLc а | / "d''.h'',^ ',?­
L'l' е g sh c lL d. b е r еv w оv, е d f r o w" i] л е c u''r r t c vL| " u.llt,. .

B Stи lуlи q аr t аи l mи st| ,с t,uhi| e и ot esseи t iа| , is ritаlso thаt h

с i| dreи hаr e а ­rl/ ­ro",del
el"iаt ,Ь, , lА tho"qh thсу wt,l| и ot иsсе sаr tlу leаl to h
с i/ dreи ftи d i^ q e* p| oу^ eи t ш thesе
ш lи stries, а ­or{ d и , thoи t theуи wo"ld е|с rtа. ,ф bс а
уи iеt ,,сo| o"/ / ,,, ^Ь ',d sol plаес to l,ne.

Area Question lntroduсt ion A lntroduction B

task response 1 Has the candidate addressed
the question?

o
с herence & 2 rА e the sentenсes wel| ­
oс hesion o
с nneсt ed?

grammar 3 | s the writer's opinion |с ear?

voсabuI ary 4 a
Н s the writer used a variety of
struсt ures?
5 | s the voсabu| ary:

a interesting?
b formalenough?

4 Add your own idеas _ suppoftеd yЬ rеasons _ to thе notеs that havе bееn star1еd bеlow.
Usе thе idеas in thе quеstions in ех r iс sе 2 to hеlp you.

rА gumеn ts ogoinst teoсh ing the orts ot sсh oo| :

1'' rdeo:
h
с i| dгen nееd to | eorn ski| ls thot wiI l he| p them f ind o job in the f utuгe
reoson: the worI d is muсh more o
с mpetitive thon bеf ore
2.d idеa,,
reoson;
rА guments in fovour of teсh
с ing the orts ot sсh oo| ;
1't ideo:
h
с i| dren from studying books etс
nеed o breok
reoson: it opens their minds to diff еr еn t woys of thinking/ sееing/ f е| ing
Znd idеo:
reoson:

5 Usе thе notеs to writе your answer to thе quеstion, stating youг opinion in thе
introduсt ion as in еxеr iс sе 3 aЬovе. Usе suppor.ting argumеn ts.
.t'' rntгoduсt ion ­ stote your opinion |с eor| y
2nd Opposing orguments to your opinion
3.d rА 9uments supporting your opinion
4rh Summorizе/ rе­ it еr aI е your op inion

83
 Voсabulary 1

Wordlist on рagе 2| 7 of the o

с ursеo
Ь ok.

The family

1 hС angе onе word in еah

с sеn tеnес bеlоr i tсl l:l:.\ ;­

1 A grandmother is someone who is a dauglt:. :' La с | tЭ

2 An orphan is a woman who does not havе а.с э^

3 A nieсe is a son of someone's brothеr or s s:э.

4 А household is aI | the h
с i| dren who livе tog€
: .;­

5 A widow is a man whose wife has diеd

6 A fami| y I ist is a h
с art showing the past aГ: :..: :' e f amily.

7 А desсendent is a reI ative who I ived in thе : a­< :

8 A sib| ing is someone who is either your б. :..­ z.

2 Usе onе of thе words abovе to геp laсе thе t', : l'. .
. tlar'nееd to
transfoгm thе word to rеf еr to еithег thu. t:.,.. .. . ­ln,

1 .Past generations
grew up in muсh largе. ,с­ '
^ cwadays.'

аr les Diоkens'book

3 so I 'm his favourite

6 r. ] ] ­ :­.еs

I a^ Dеf ore lwas born.'

84
 Psyсh ology аn d soсiology (] П
Word building

Suffixes ­hood and ­ship

Dеiс dе whiсh of thе following nouns takе thе suffiх ­ship or ­hood. Writе thе o
с mplеt е
word undеr thе oс rrеtс o
с lumn.

brothеr h
с ild adult mеm bеr nеighbour fеllow
mothеr par1nеr ownеr hс ampion

­SНlP ­НooD
1 1

2 2
3 3
4 4

5 5

Matсh thе oЬ ok titlе to its o

с ntеn t:
тlтLЕ o
с NтN
Е т
1 A Brotherhood of Man a Тh e story of a city neighbourhood
2 A Snapshot of уour Childhood b What membership to the oldest.с| ub'means
3 The Flrsf Secret Societу c How to survive the crying & sleepless nights
4 o
Н w to Avoid Adulthood d An ideology of a worI d based on peaсe
5 Urban Living :Together e Тh e best and worst of the worI d championships
6 BuуingYour w
О n o
Н me f An insight to memories we have all forgotten
7 Motherhood:The Basics g An ownership guide to your first property
8 World Cup Moments h The seсr et to staying young _ on the inside

яч
 Psyсh oI ogy and soсiology

Reading

20 minutеs on Quеstions 1­13, rr­hiсh aге basеd on thе rеadil

lЕLТS Reаd ing Passage You should spеn d aЬout
рaSsagе bеlow.

Psyсh ology and thе art of pеr suasion

Т\ o у oи с ke to oranges? Do у ou
a prфr
J,­l sometimesbщ sometЬingеveп if у ou iтэ€
f .ij] jil] lЕ

doп ' t answef is уes, tЬeп

need itl I f tЬе у ou
afе a noflna| u Ь rп an doiп g wЬat comes
nоt ura| | у, eveп if tЬis is nat п ecessаr i| у шa
Ь t
is goodJor у oи ,

A Gеш ing pеoplе to do what is good for tЬеm is

notoriously diffiсш lt ­ just ask anyonе who works

in puЬliс hеalth. еНalth offiсials spеn d thеir livеs
ш ying to pеr suadе pеoplе to givе up smoking, takе
morgеxerсisе аn d еat hеalthiеr food. I n dеv еloping * ..i'... \ .*
ж
o
с untriеs, pеr suading peoplе to h с angе thеir .,i,,.:'
;n.­i.:.Ч.Ь Е ­'...:"= ..j
Ь haviour is kеy
e to reduсi ng thе ravagе s of AI DS,

ma] raria,diarrhoеa and othеr infе

t с ious disе asеs. a
ес Ь rrsе diarrЬoеa1 and rеsрirаt or1' pathogens ­
the iЬ ggеst iЬс ld kil1еr s rn гh е rгorld today _ arе
Thеir еf forts arе oftеn in vain. A rеviеw of
..,.i"f,Ъ.' pеоp lеs hands. Dеspitе this, our studiеs
o
с mmunity anti­ smoking intеr vеn tions worldwide
in dеvеloping o
с untriеs suggеst thаt fеw еr than
yЬ rеsеarсh еr s Univеr sity of Vеr mont
at thе
10 pеr еn
с t of mothеr s dо rhis, аn d mothеr s in
o
с nсludеd thet thеy had had virtually no effеtс .
dеu еloped o
с untriеs аr е otrеn not muсh еtЬ tеr .
And a rеviеw yЬ rеsеarсh еr s at Mсa
М stеr
vЕ idеn tly, tеah
с ing pеoplе оu
аЬ r gеr ms is not
Univеr sity in Hamilton, Onteriо, aС nada, of
dеsigned to rеd uсе unintеn dеd еn ough.
rР ogrammеs
p,"g.,",,.i". among adolеsеnс ts found that thер D What оu r studiеs in Afriса, Asia and uЕ ropе
too, had еe
Ь n o
с mplеt eI y ineffeсt ivе. lС early, wе
hаvе shown is that pеоpLе nruсh more likеly аr е
neеd a nеw approaсh . to wash thеir hands iГ rhеl' аr е motivatеd tо do so
at a deeper еm otional 1еr 'еl ­ 1Ь . disgust, or yЬ thе
B еНalth promotion lеans heavily on insights from
dеsirе to o
с nform to soсi al norп l s and е Ь rе speс
t еd
latе 20th­сеn tury осg nitive psyсh ology and thе
yЬ otЬеr s, or to nurturе and а r
с е for thе i r offspring.
еlЬ iеf that оu r a
еЬ viour is drivеn yЬ rational
I n Ghana wе found thаг pеoрlе rr,еr е failing to
a
с lсu lаt ion. What it aЬ s yet to еxploit is the
wasЬ thеir hands ацесsЬ е гh еl­did not pеr еiс vе any
rеvolution in rЬ ain sсiеne
с and psyсo
Ь logy that hаs
o
с ntaminating mattеr on hс еm : г h еy did not sее
taken plaсе ovеr thе past dеa
с dе ­ and it is timе it
tЬe yuсky stufi so thеy did not fееl disgustеd . So
did' Nеu rosсiеnес and еv olutionary psyсоlЬ ogy
o'.;oЬ was to makе pеоp lе еeГ l disgш st, аn d wе did
аn
с hеlp us grеaгly in undеr standing and
that inсludеd a
Thеy demonstratе this througЬ a national a с mpaign
modifl,ing humаn еhЬ aviour.
tеlеvision advertisemе n t dеp iсt ing a с ring motЬеr
a
that our dеiс sion­meking is drivеn prеd ominantly
inadvеr tеn tly o
с ntaminating hеr h
с ild,s food via
not yЬ rationaliry uЬ t yЬ еm otions, whiсh arе
hands eftеr using thе toilеt . Aftеr watсh ing it,
animal rЬ ain. hеr
sеatеd in our anсiеn t
58 per e
с nt oГt hе mothеr s wе asked said &еy hаd
C TЬе way wе makе dеiс sions is driven more yЬ tЬеir hand­wasЬing haЬits.
h
с angеd
еm otions than rationaliry' Тakе the wasЬing of
Е TЬеr е arе many ways in whiсh advanсеs in rЬ ein
hands with soap аf tеr ш sing thе toilеt , one of
sсienсе с n hеlp us h
and psyсh ology a с angе peoplеs
thе most widеly disseminatеd еa Ь lth mеssagеs.
a
еЬ viour. Firstly, it is important to rеo
с gnisе that
o
М rе than a million livеs с rrld е Ь savеd
o еah
с
thе rЬ аin works yЬ assoсiating ехp eriеnес with
yеar if pеop1е washеd thеir hands at kеy timеs,

86
 Psyсh ology and soсiology d

rеw аr d or punishment. еo
Р plе e
Ь o
с mе аd diсt еd еvolvеd : еn еr gy.dеn sе, swеet and fattу . Nowаd ays
to smoking a
ес Ь usе their rЬ ain oс mеs to essoсiаt е it is availeЬlе еvеr ywhеr e, and h
с еaply. Food pоliсy
it with pleasurе. The wey гo rЬ eek this is to usе shoш ld o
с nсеn trаr е on making hеalthy foods
strong еm otionаl triggeгs. Hеnес thе rееn
с t givе еq ually еasy to gеt hold of.
up еfЬ orе yoш lс og up'аn ti­smoking с mpeign in
a m
Е otions only kiсk
G Thirdlр surprisе is rс ш iс al.
the UK, whiсh depiсt еd e iс garеt tе oozing fat.
whеn thе rЬ аin dеt rес s
in to intеr rupt a haЬit
Likеw isе,ifyou want to gеt pеople to takе up thаt an impеn ding rеw ard is notiсеalЬ y greatеt
hеalthy haЬits, you havе to assoсiatе thеm with
o. lеss then wЬat it has lеarnеd to ехPЕес ­ think
strong rewards­. So whilе thе promisе thattunning how you would feеl on finding a o
с kс roaсh in a
willmakе you hеelthy might nоt е Ь еn ough to o
Ь wl of dеliсious soup. еНaltЬ a
с mpаigns hаvе to
pеr suadе pеoplе to takе it up, the suggestion that thеm sеlvеs and graЬ pеoplеЪ
o
с ntinually rеinvеn t
it will makе you morе attraсt ivе as a matе осu ld do
attеn t1on.
thе triсk .
hС enging e
Ь haviour mеаn s undеr stаn ding our
Sеo
с ndly, еvolution has progгammеd us to haЬits,
deеp est dеsirеs. To rЬ еak unhеalthy
e
Ь l'azу, to o
с nsеr vе еn ergy whеr е possiЬlе, so
thе emotiоn s, a
ес Ь usе
a
с mpаignеr s nееd to aЕ rgеt
heelthy h
с oiсеs havе to eЬ еasy onеs.Jш nk food Whеr е thе hеart
thеy arе thе dеiс sion­makеr s.
is attraсt ivе a
ес Ь usе it rеsеmiЬ еs food th^ t * ", lеads, thе haЬits will follow.
.;;;;;;''­Ы; ;;;;;";;;on..,".,, in whiсh wе

Questions 'l­7
Thе rеading passagе has sеvеn seсt ions, A­G.
Whiсh sеtс ion o
с ntains the following information?

1 a potentiaI number of deaths that o

с u| d be avoided

2 how enсouragement is Used to h

с ange habits that affect both | ifesty| e and disease

3 what ultimately causes people to alter bad behaviour

4 why making positive and negative o

с nneсt ions have an effeсt

5 the theories that Were re| ied o

с nsiderably on to rс eate a
с mpaigns

6 an example of a |с eanI iness a

с mpaign that Worked

7 the appeal of fast food, even though it is unhealthy

Questions 8­11
oС mplеt е thе sеn tеnеsс below.

Choosе No MoRЕ TI I AN TWo WQRDS from thе passagе for еahс answеr .

8 с mpaigns around the worI d have consistent| y had

Health a a| most '........ | n

making people give uP smoking.

After using more up{ o­date methods in studies, researсh ers found that Women invoI ved

in a Ghanaian campaign modified their ...........

10 Тh e use of strong ........ is suggested as the way to break the correlation

between smoking and pleasure in the brain.

11 If the goa| is to make peop| e h

с oose hea| thy food over junk food, then deсision makers

need to make the I atter .....'..... to o

с me by.

.* '

87
 Psyсh ology and soсiology
tЮ
Questions 12 and 13
hС oosе TWo lеt tеr s, A_Е.
Which TWo possible reasons why humans h
с ange their habits are mentioned by the writer
of the passage?

A respeсt from others

B rationalemotions
C oс gnitive psyсho| ogy
D shoсking truths

E makino a
с |u
с | ations

1 Whеn approaсh ing a tеx t, thеr е arе two main waу s in whiсh vou a с n foсu s on nеw
languagе: You a с n h
с kес thе meaning of individual woгd s or analr'zе a ц . holе group
(,сh unЁ) of words and try to gеt thе mеaning from thе o с ntехt . Whiсh do уou find hеlps
уou morе?
.сh unks'
2 Rеad thе from thе aгt iсlе and rс oss out thе altегn atir'е that is not o
с lТtес .
.Hea| th promotion
1 | eans heavi| y on insights from late 20th­сentury o
с gnitive psyсh o| ogy ...'

Hea| th promotion onlу usesllargetу uses 20th e

с ntury cognitive psyсh ology.
.
2 ''' our behaviour is driven by rational a
с lculation.,

.''logicatdecisionslitlogicaldeсlsions push us to behave in e

с rtain ways.'

3 ,
... emotions, whiсh are seated in our anсient anima| brain'.

... emotions sitlcome from a part of the brain that relafes tolis unrelated to our animal
past.

4 ,
...the desire to o
с nform to soсial norms ...'

... a wish to be like otherslto be different f rom others . ..'

5 .
... they did not perсeive any o
с ntaminating matter on them.'

... they could seelcould not see anything infectiouslcleaл on thеm ...

6 .
... а a
с ring mother inadvertently o
с ntaminating her chi| d's food . .
'

.,. a mother made her h

с i| d's tood dirtу lhealthу on purposеlaсcidentallу ,,.

.
7 ... the brain works by assoсiating experienсe with reward or punishment.,

...thebrain doesn'tworkif thereisnorewardlmakesconneсt ionswiththeendresult'

,
8 ... depiсt ed a iс garette oozing fat''

... showed a iс garette with fat coming outlmaking у ou fat.

. с uI d do the triсk.'
9 ..' the suggestion that it wi| | make you more attraсt ive as a mate o

.'. suggesting that something wil| make you more attraоt ive o
с uI d worklbe diffiсu lt.'

10 'Where the heart leads, the habits will follow.'

| f you want peop| e to h

с ange their behaviour, you shou| d 1rу | o change their habitslaffect
their emotions;

88
 Psyсh ology and soсioI ogy q
Listening

2.з sЕтlс oN 1 Questions 1­] 0

Questions 1­5
oС mplеt е thе form еlЬ оw
Writе No ] vI oRЕ Tн AN TI I RJЕЕ WoRDs AND/ OR A NUМBR
Е for еah
с answеr .

Sociology researсh projeсt survey

Eхample Answer

Durvey
Survey on: c'О
cp|
' у' ry",4*
* ц + 4у !у.Д .Р qry\ r9'

Age: t
Postсode: 2..''..

o
с MPUTЕR FAс| LlTlЕs

ALREADY UsЕD
­
Where? 3 ...............

sPoRТs FAclL| T| Es

ALREADY UsЕD

Where? 4 ...............

D
Е UсAТ| oN FAс| LlТlsЕ

ALRЕADY UsЕD

Where?

Questions 6­10

I MPROVEMЕNтs FoR ТHЕ coMMUN| TY CЕNТRЕ

New sports: 6 .................... and

Classes organized only for: 7 ....................

dЕ uсation
"i"..".. 8 .................... ano

Wi| | ing to pay about: 9 я ...'.............,.. for new Iс asses

Possible frequenсy of visits, if

improvements made? 10 . a weeK

:trffтr e

89
Hн D Psyсh ology and soсiology

Grammaг егnГ ес on p.r$t llj

@

Conditionals 2

..:.­':::­­­:'.с ihе r.еrsЬ in both

Rеad thе еxamples of o
с nditional st11l.ttii.L.: :..
lс ausеs.
1 lf l give up aс ffeine' | 'llsleep better. ' '.'''
2 lf l gave up eating junk food, l would livе ic. ] . ] ..
3 I f I hadn't started smoking, lwould have se.'е] a ::
:

.
4 lf I hadn't started smoking, l would be hеal:. .. ',',
эesiеr to glve up
5 | f I understood more about how the mtnd ',{ ,с, { s :
'. : ­

smoKing. .....'..

.] . :':
­.: ­ :t . .:.. еlеr iс sе 1 to thеil
с nditional and thеn п lаi.] ..
of o tуp е
I dеn tifythе
typе of o
с nditional l. .. ­. ­.
­ . :
onе
­"u.l.i,.'g a_dЪеlow.
,эs ­ :
a relates to a situation in the past with a past
presе ^ : .э ­
relates to a situation in the past with a
s
b
.

с re| atesto ahypothetiсal situation with a rеS­ :..,,' ­. . ..э. ­.,­

relates to a real situation with a result

now cr' ' ''' 2'­' ''=
d
] ­..,:.,. '­':'.­.:
Rеw ritеSеn tеne
с 1lromеxеr iс sе2using1[ g.'..
­,.rnless]

'Provided thatl

.shouldl
lш ..............
­^ '
'^ ^ ^ ^ inа1
.ьUpPUoI I | ,l
iv ............'.
I

. ..] . ­ ... .:lbгak

с еt s.
4 Complеt еt hеsеn tеnеsс еlЬ ow,idеn tifl.ingrhе: .':;
we learn about our family tree' t' ' ' 'l
1 Unless
if t . .' .]
2 world wou| d be a fairer plaсe
Тh e
.'.f + ^ь .^ rarlА miv mnrо ....1
t. . .. ]
3 Should people around the world mix more
гl
4 lf footba| | fans hadn't been so unsociable aftе. :.з ­,::­
I !.......'.l

s:. : : .t....1
5 Supposing emotiona| inte| | igence were taugГ: a:
"'?
6 lf we know that eatrng junk food is bad' wl^ 'v
t

7 Unless we live to be 200 Years old,

8 | f humans had not been born with a sрirit of ad'',е. :­.э

90
 Psyсh oI ogy and soсiology
щ
Writing

LЕ TS Task 2 Look at thе Task 2 quеstion and thе studеn ts, notеs 1­7 bеlow and dеiс dе whеt hеr thеу
agrее or disagrее with thе opinion.

WRI TI NG TASK 2
You should spеn d about 40 minutеs on this task.

Wгitе about thе folloц . ing topiс:

|А though soсieties aгound thе woild are riсh еr and morе advanсеd than еv еr
bеf orе, pе o ple arе not as happу as thе у usе d to bе ' Somе peoplе , thе r еf orе, fееl
that in order to bе happу it is bе t tе r for pе o p| е to bе poor and | ess advanс еd .

Do у ou agrее or disagrее with this opinion?

Writе at lеast 250 woгd s

?
orе, moybe
еfЬ
1 not hoppier: hod to worry
we live in o obout other things like;
с nsumer soсiety:
o enough food to еaI / dу ing 3
odvertising еvеr уw here: never from oс mmon iI lnesses еfЬ orе, not so
enou9h moteгiol possessions t.l muсh h с oiсe = hoPPier
= n
Ц hoPPiness/ hoppiness is beсouse I ife simpler?
short­lived rl
[ .....] 1..... I

7 4
o
с n,t go boсk in the pursuit of
time: if we stopped weolth ond moteгiol
Pгogress = hoPPiar? possеssions wiI l never
Probobly not [ .....] mоke peoplr tгu | y
hoрp y [ .....]
5
humon notuгe fo be
dissotisf ied with eveгythin9
6
no motter how good ­ PeoPle not
no eosy Woy: oс n,t
.moke, sotisf ied with simple | if е or
peop| е be hopрy
odvonсed I ife l.....]
t...1

2 thе notеs to writе vour own answеr to thе quеstion. Rеm еm bеr to h
с kес youг
Usе
answеr for еr roгs. Comparе Youг anSWе г with thе modе l arrswе r in thе kеy.

:l
 Listening

G 2'4 sEсTtoN 2 Questions 11_20

Questions 11­15
hС oosе thе o
с rrеtс lеt tец A' B oг C.
11 Тh e park whiсh makes up Hampstead e
Н ath is

A very large.

B fairly large.
C fairly small.
12 Aсoс rding the speaker, Hampstead underground statiоn is

A the shallowest in the sYstem.

B the deepest in the sYstem.

C the oldest in London.

13 Тh e speaker suggests that after their walk peop| е migi.t '.'

art to

A have a meal in the famous restaurants.

B avoid Hampstead village as it is very busy.

C visit Hampstead village to look at the shops

14 Тh e houses in the Va| e of the Heath are bui| t

A on the edge of the heath.

B on the heath itself.

C opposite the heath.

15 The speaker advises wa| kers to remove thе r ireээn onrs тo

A hear the silenсe away f rom the traffiс.

B ensure they are not being followed.

C listen to the noises in the Park.

Questions 16­20
Whiоh activity a
с n be done at eaсh of the foi| owing | ocations on the heath?

hС oosе FI VЕ answеr s from thе oЬ х and rr.гitе thе o

с l.l.еtс 1еt tег, A_G, nехt to quеstions
| 6­2О,

Aсt ivities Loсations on the Heath

A have piсn iоs
16 Kenwood House
B go fishing
17 grassy slopes
C view London
18 open­air stage
D have a swim
19 ponds
Е attend conсerts
20 Parliament Hill
F watсh plays

G have snaсk s

92
 Тr avelling around the world q
Voсabulary 1

Wordlist on pagе 2| 7 of the Coursеb ook.

Adieсt ives with multiple meanings

words initаliсs in thе sеn tеnеS
с bеlow.
1 Undеr linе thе o
с rrеtс mеaning in braсkеt s of thе

1 He was curlouswhen he travelled abroad, so he piсked up | ots of ideas and information.

(unusual/ very interested in learning new things)
her very appea| ing.
She was verу differenf f rom everyone e| se, but that's what made
(various/ not the same)
(not oldinew and different)
3 The memories of my visit to Japan are fresh in my mind.
my |с othes Were Very
4 l must have | ooked | ike an alien,because when l first appeared
planevnew and different)
different and I was so tall. (being from another

5 Travel| ing by high­speed train over long distanсes is not noyel, but it is stil| exciting for
most people. (a fiсt iona| book/ new and origina| )

6 Some of the customs were foreign to me, but I soon adapted to the way of life'
(unfamiliar/ f rom overseas)

7 Тh e vehiсle was o
с mple:te| У new,it had never even been on the road before. (different
from the one before/ not used Yet)
normally with visitors.
8 Тh e behaviour of the anima| s was strange as they usually behaved
(out of the ordinary/ not familiar)

93
 Тr avelling around the world

Reading

You should spеn d about 20 minutеs on Questiоn s 1­13 ri.hiсh aгс basеd on thе rеadins
I ELTS Reаd ing Passage
paSSagе bеlow.

вс Th?"6еg niс Rоu tg, lntо 6witzgr| and uЁ э

trаin in Europе is one of lфЗ grеаt plеаsurеs, whеr е thе is аs

rаvеI lingbу ­iourп еу
importаn t аs thе dеstinаt ioп .

Fеw осu ntries lеn d thеm sеlvеs to sightsееing by train as wеll as Switzеr land. I n this o
с untry of
lakеs and va} lеys, itЪ the idеal Way to travеl. Avoiding airport hasslеs, trаl.еlirng thеr е by
mоu ntains,
railadds an еxtra dimension to thе holiday. Thеr еЪ grеat plеasurе in watсh ing uЕ rо p е ' 5 landsс
a pе s

unfold thrоu gh piсt urе windows.

Thе sеn sе of оn
С tinеn tal sфе еg
Ь ins as soon аs you lеavе Lоn donЪ St Panсr as I ntеr tlatiоn al
uЕ rostar train. I t is plеasantly rеlaxing tо watсh thе Kеn t осu ntгr 'sidе zip by.
statiоn aboard a slееk
to a Gеr man intеr iс ty I CЕ train. sГеd inq aiong tо
At Brussеls iМ di station itЪ an еasy o с nnеtс ion
оlС ognе с mfort lеvеls
in o above еvеn thоsе Е rostar and thе TGV.
of u

jоu rnеy from Lоn dоn , through Franсе, Bеlgium and Gеr man1,' takеs drr..lUПd siх hоu rs,
The еn tire
leaving plеn ry оf enеr gy fоr a walk through thе еn
с trе оf Cоlognе and a visit to thе spеtс aсu lar
of good hоt еls and rеstaurants and is idеa1 tЪr аn Lr\ ­еr night stay.
a
с thеd ral thеr e. Thе iс ff has plеn ty
with еvоa
с ti\ ­е naПlеs _ Koblеn z,
Thеn frоm oС lоg ne to Chuц Gеr many to Switzerland, via tоw ns
a
М inz, a
М nnhеim and Baden Badеn . and the iс ties of Basеl and Zuriсh . I t's a grand dal's travеlling.

Through thе dоm ed оb sеr vation с r of a u

a Е roСity train yоu sее a с stlеs standinq sс] 1tr1' o\ 'еr
ladеn bargеs travеllоw in thе h
с oppr. grееn \ Latеr . Nеat
thе widе and winding River Rhinе, whеr е
houses lс ambеr intо trее­ o
с vеr ed hillsidеs punсt uated yЬ h с urсh еs with nееdlе spirеs and baroquе
arе tall lс iffs and vineyard­tеr raсеd slо p е s. i аg gеd rоkс s and
bonnеt s topping sturdy towеr s' Thеr е
tоw ns and farming villagеs, orсh ards аn с lildustry, the
sandy islands grеen with treеs; rеd ­roоf ed
spеtс aсu lar Rhinе Gоr ge and Zuriсh Ъ vast lakе.

Rоm an rulе for 400 years, when the rеg ion was known as Rhаеt iа. аn d оrГ
hС ur was undеr
has bееn transport huЬ tо thе north of thе passеs ovеr thе Alps. Тh е tjrs: train stеamеd
еn
с turiеs a .эею r е
it bеg ins
towards thе town in 1858. Tоd ay thе Arosa Railway travеls thrоu gh thе iс rrjs еn с tгс
resort Arosa. And h
С ur, Srт i tzе г l and.s oldеst iс ty, is
its winding lс imb up tо thе famеd mоu ntain о f
tо Тiгаr ..l in ltaly, thе
thе starting point for thе narrow­gaugе Rhaеt ian RailwayЪ Bеr nina xЕ prеss
piсt urе windоw s of its domed оb sеr vatiоn с rs lс еanеd
a to a sparklе.
.walls' drоp s, forbidding barе rоkс tае'с u
с rtain
Thеr е arе of tallpinеs and dark fоr еsts, steеp

and glimpsеs оf turquoisе watеr far еlЬ ow. To brеah

с this sееm ing1r in­rpassaЬlе landsсapе,
watеr falls .l4
mоu ntain slоpеs and tumЬling roсks to o
с nstruсt thrее rЬ idgеs and tunnеls,
еn ginееr s faсеd stееp
Thе train bursts into light for mеr е sеосn ds bеf orе plunging onсе morе iп t о dаr knеss'

buiit' thе Bеr nina хpЕ rеss

thе mоst ingеn ious travels
railway linе еv еr
on what has bееn a
с llеd
tц n nе l s, r
с о ssing ninе
on a.spiral stairсasе, , twisting upwards thrоu gh five loop tunnеls, tlvo nortnа1
viaduсt s and gоing undеr twо gallеr iеs eЬ fоr е reaсh ing Preda, whiсh sits nеarh­ 6000ti aЬovе sеa

1еvеl.

journеy o
с ntinuеs thrоu gh thе Albula tunnel, uЕ ropеЪ highеst sub'tеr ranеan alpinе rс ossing,
Thе
into Switzеr landЪ Romansсh .spеaking nЕ gadinе rеg ion' m
Е еr ging from thе tunnel, you maywеll
find that thе wеathеr has h
с angеd . And, bеing at a watershеd, thе rivеr s arе flо.ing
ъ in thе oppositе

dirеtс iоn !
 Travelling around the worI d Е

.land _ thе to thе Pо and intо thе

Thе Bеr nina Pass, оf еt еr nal iсе' , is a watеr shеd rivers flоw
Adriatiс ­ and a linguistiс oЬ undary. Sоu th оf the Pass, I talian dialеtс s are spokеn . At 7381ft (around
2250m) thе statiоn of ospiziо Bеr nina is the highеst point on thе journеy .

Glaсiеr s separatе mоu ntains and from Alp Grumm thеr еЪ a panоr amiс viеw of snоw fields and
a o
с untlеss array оf mоu ntain pеaks. Although Lakе Posсh iavо lies way bеlow, it is hard to еlЬ iеv е
that in an hourЪ timе the train will bе in ltaly, in a еd
М iterranean lс imatе among palm trееs and
flоw еr ing oleandеr s.
From sunshinе through
and gеr aniums,
layers of snоw осv еr ed mоu ntains, by glaсiеr
tonguеs and long­drоp wаt еr falls, to grееn .
swathed vallеy s and a tastе of I taly all in
thrее and a half hours ­ thе Bеr nina xЕ prеss
journеy is quitе an ех p еr iеn е.с And a vеr y
o
с mfortable о n е.

I f thе h
с anging sсеn еr y is еxtremе and
mеm orablе, so tОo is thе way thе train dеals
with immеn sе gradients, and with not a
o
с gwhееl or raсk rail in sight. on thе Bеr nina
line thе train 1с imbs 228ft. (70m) of height in
еvеr y 3280ft (i000m) of distanсе о с v еr еd .
And down again.

Questions 1­3
Do thе follorving statеm еn ts agrее with thе information givеn in thе rеading passagе?

Writе:
YЕs if thе statеm еn t agrееs with thе viеw s of thе writеr

NO if thе statеm еn t o
с ntradiсt s thе viеw s of thе wгitеr

NoT GI VЕN if it is impossiblе to say what thе writеr thinks about this

1 Looking at the sights in Switzer| and by train is a boring experienсe.

2 As soon as the train | eaves from London, it fee| s like being in another o
с untry.

3 Тh e towns mentioned in Germany have unusua| names.

Questions 4­6
Answеr thе questions bеlow.

hС oosе No MoRЕ Tн AN TWo WORDS гoГ m thе passagе for еah

с anSWег.

4 Where does the train that terminates in Tirano, ltaly start from?

5 Whiсh alpine rс ossing in the Engadine region is the highest in uЕ rope?

6 What can you see many of f rom Alp Grumm?

95
Тr avelling around thе world

Questions 7­13
Completе thе summary еlЬ ow.
from thе passagе for
Choosе No lvloRЕ THAN TWo WoRDs AND/ OR A NUМBR
Е
еah
с answеr .

Тh e Bernina xЕ press

The Bernina Express is o

с nsidered the 7 rai| way that has ever

of the landsсape through whiсh it traveI s. The

been o
с nstruсt ed due to the o
с mplexity
with the
mountainous region must have seemed I """""""" '

in o
с nstruсt ion' The railway on whiсh
9 ..,..'.,......., . enсountering many diffiсu lties

the xЕ press runs twists | ike a 10 as it goes up through a range of

man­made constriсt ions to reaсh a height of 11 .....'..... ...... feet above sea I evel.

12 between two rivers as well as a

The Bernina Pass marks the
13 ...............

Writе the r,r,ords and phrasеs usеd in

1 Therе is a lot of dеsrс iptivе languagе in the artiсle.
thе passagе to dеsrс ibе thе following in thе taЬle:

2 Usе a diсt ionary to h

с eсk any words you do not know.

96
 Тr aveI ling around the world q
Word building

Words related to memory

1 Dеiс dе whiсh word formеd rГ om thе root.mеm ­'is еiЬ ng dеsrс ibеd bеlow. Wгitе уour
answеr in thе spaсе pгovidеd .

1 lf you lose this, you won't be able to find your way home from abroad.

2 When people retire, they often write these in their spare time.

3 IL
Е TS a
с ndidates shou| dn't try to do this in the speaking test. |t wiI l interrupt their f| uenоy.

4 Tourists sometimes visit these monuments to pay their respeсt s to the dead,

5 Peop| e o
с | leсt these in the hope they wi| l be worth money one day.

6 People leave these on your desk/ email when they haven't got time to write a long
message.

7 |f you remember a ho| iday after many years, it's beоause it was ..........

8 lt's polite to do this to new people's names as soon as possible.

9 Peop| e often keep these to remind them of a p| aсe/ person/ time, even if it's not worth
anything in monetary terms.

'10 lf you do lots of interesting things with your life when you are young, you
should have I ots
of these to make vourself smile when vou are old. .............

2 Writе thе words from еxеr iс sе 1 in thе o

с гr tес o
с lumn еlЬ ow.

ADJЕT
с I Vв VЕRB NOUN

91
Тr avelling around the world

Gгammaг rеf еr еnес on pagе 225 of thе o

с ursеb ook.
G
Artiсles
ri,lrr.thеv are usеd . Look at
1 тh е grammatiсal namеs of afiiсlеs с n hеlp у ou undетstand
a
thе еr amplеS on thе гight.
thе thте typ", of u.tiсlе on thе lеtЁ u,'a ­ui.ь thеm rvit1­r

Тype ExamPle

1 indefinite artiсle i I went to a PartY.

2 definite artiоle ii I like Parties.

iii Тh e party on Saturday Was great.

3 zero artiс| e
.r.ulеs'аn d dеiс dе rr,hеt hег tl­rеl' go rr.ith thе indеf initе
Rеad somе of thеsе morе dеt ailеd
dеf initе or Zеr o artiсlе. Thе first is donе tor you.
'.l.'..,.:'..''...
1 Used the first time you mention a non.speсifiс noun.
2Usedtheseсondtimeyoumentionanoun;nowspeсifiс, '.'.' .'
(Plural when countable l
3 Used to talk in general about nouns'

4 Used to refer to speсifiс things.

5 Used to refer to any one, of many' """"'

6 Used with singular, countable nouns'
еm irates'
7 Used with o
с untries made up of states, kingdoms, republiоs

in еah
с C&Sс. 3llt1 tllatсh it to thе rulеs 1_­
3 h
с oosе thе o
с гr tес option using thе guidеlinеs
in ех r iс sе 2.

first time'
1 You want to refer to a singular noun' for the
.Thereisalanlthel_mapinmybag.Canyoupassittomе' piеes e?'Rule:...........'..

2Тh erearegurdebooksonthetable.Youwanttheb| ueonе, Yc. saУ:

'Pass me alanlthel­ blue guidebook' please'' Rule:

3Youneednewbandages.Youaskуourfriendtobuyyouscn.е' Y ousaУ:
.Can you ouу alanlthel­ bandages when you're out. p| ease? tuI e:

4Youbuyonenewbiсylс e.Youte| lyourfriendaboutуournс, . ,purсh ase.

.I
bought alanlthel­ new biсylс e at the weekend.' Rulе:

if they want to have a look at it

5 You ask the same friend
.Would you | ike to have a look at alanlthel­ bike?' Rulе;

You Want to travel to the Middle aЕ st this winter. You say:

6
Arab Emirates Rule:
'l'm thinking about going lo alanlthel­ United

7Youneedtobuyaсompass.Youaskyourfriendtolendvouonea shehassevera| .
You say:
.CouI d l borrow alanlthel_сompass, please.' Rule: .....'.'.....'

98
 Тr avеlling around the world З
Find and o
с rгtес thе еr roгs геlating to artiсlеs in thе tеxt еlЬ ow.
,GapУеors'oгiginoted
in the UK in the 1960s whеn у oung Bгits heoded off to the infomous
.hippie
troil, in I ndio. But on idеo tгu | y took of f inI hе 1990s.
'GapУеars'oгe еxpеr iеnес
o o
с mmon in o United Kingdom, ond oсr oss the u Е гope. rn the United
Stotes, howеvеr , not mony pеop| е ore fomi| ior with the idеa. А go1 еo У r is o time token of f
6еt wееn two sfoges of life_usuo| | y by thе students tеr wееn hi9h sсh ool ond co| | еg е_to trоvel.
voI unteer and ехo| orе o worI d.
But 6op e У qrs oс n o| so bе tokеn by the odu| ts tеf orе moving onto thе new profession,onеw
morriagе or simp| y os o с rееr brеak. GapУеars arе meоn t not to just еxp| orе new p| оe
с s ond
с | tures, but q| so to leoгn rhе nеw ski| | s ond disсover new things obout yourself
u .

Writing

Rеad thе Task 2 quеstion bеlorl', and thеn anSWег thе quеstions

WRI TI NG ТAsK 2

You should sреn d aЬout 40 minutеs on this task.

Writе about thе followins topiс:

Somе pеop| е bе| iеvе that travе| | ing alonе is far bettеr than travе| | ing with a group'
tО hеr s beliеve that this is dangеr ous and shouI d not bе еn o с uragеd bу the parеn ts
of у oung pеop| е'

Disсu ss both thеsе vtеw s and givе уoUr own opinion'

Givе rеasons oГ г vouг ans\ vеr and inсludе any rеlеv ant еxamplеs rГ om your own
knorr lеd gе and ехp егiеnе.с
Writе at lеast 250 rr.oгd s.

.| I s it aсe
с ptab| e to onI y ta| k about one of these opinions?

2 How many paragraphs would you need to answer the question? Why?

3 Whiсh body paragraph is it better to start off with:the one that's the same as your opinion
or the one that's the opposite of your opinion? Why?

,alonе,
2 a
М tсh еah
с idеa a_е with oг, group, viеw . I f it is irrеlеv ant mark it with an
.Х,

lDЕAs
a Going on ho| iday is good for one's hea| th and everyone shou| d do it at | east once aУear'
b If people are invo| ved in any troub| e, they a
с n usua| | y re| y on he| p from the group.

c It is easier to be'led astray'by strangers as they see lone visitors as an easy target.

d Тr ave| | ing a| one means that you don't have to foI I ow the deсisions of the group.

e TraveI | ing a| one a| lows peop| e to meet more | oсa| peop| e.

a
М tсh thе геlеvant ideas from ехerсisе 2 to thеir suppoгt ing argumеn ts (i­iv).

i There is safety in numbers.

ii Тh ey a
с n he| p peop| e both with mora| and finanсial support if they need it'
iii Тh erefore, peop| e a
с n have a riсh er experienсe of the o
с untry they are Visiting'

iv с n do and see exaсt | y what they | ike and not Waste time.
Peop| e a

Writе your own rеsponsе to thе еSSay quеstion aЬovе, using thе idеas to hеlp r.ou.

99
 ы )
Wordlist on рagе 218 of thе o
с ursеo
Ь ok.

Nouns related to sYstems

1Dеiс dеw hiсh aspеtс ofinЁгastгutс urеisbеingdеsrс ibеd i n1_8bеlori..

1letters,emai| s,messagesandphoneсa| lsarepartofthiss ystemwhiсh istodowith
o
с ntaсt ingpeop| e. ­­­­­(13)
2 atacI orуWnere oil is lс eaned for o
с mmerсial use _
­
(8)

tз heproсessofmovingpeop| eorthingsfromonep| aсetoanot her.usuallyinavehiсle

(e)

4anobjeсt sentintospaсetotravelaroundtheearthinorder toreсeiveandsend

information ­­­­­(9)
5aformofenergythatсanproduсelight,heatandpowerforma h
с ines,compuтers'
televisions' etс' _ ­­ (11)

.www'stands for щ or| d wide (3)

6 in o
с mputing' ­ ­ ­

2 Matсh thе sеn tеnес halvеs 1_8 with a­h to foгm nеw s uЬ llеt iтl:.
morning due to the adverse
1 The transport system ground to a halt this

2Thesсarоitуofoilhasсausedpriсestoreaсh anal| ­time­h ighasr,ve| lsand

potеn tially bringing down the
3 Тh e threat of a virus whiсh attaсks a network,s fibre optiсs.
world's o
с mmuniсations

4TheG| oba| PositioningSate| litesystem(GPs)wasagaintntrоu blelastnightafteritsent

another lorrY into a low­rise

5Тh efutureofgasasasustainablefuelsourсelooksunоerta inasfurther

use in o
с untriеs rvhiоh sutfer problems Witr
6 Water purifiоation p| ants are now | n common
a| low previously undrinkabI е
fresh Water suppliЁs as they
prtzе I or engineering as
honoured with a Nobе
7 The inventor of the worldwide web was
с ss to
his rс eation now provides us with aсe

8ThereWasanugepowerсu taсr ossmostoftheсountrуasstorm sbroughtdown

a saltY water to be desalinated'

b systems was desсr ibed as imminent.
all major routes'
с weather oс nditions which have affeсt ed
d pylons and Power lines'
e bridge after the reсeiver dish fai| ed.
o
с ntinue.
f problems with the new proposed pipeline

g с pe with demand.
refineries struggle to o
o
с mplex systеm of servers.
h information at our fingertips through a

100
 The importanсe of infrastruсt ure Е
Word building

Modal verbs to adjeсt ives

1 Writе the adjеtс ivеs in thе o

Ь х еlЬ ow nеxt to thе modal that o
с гr еsponds to thеir
mеanins.

likelу possiblе pгoa

Ь lЬ е еrс taln unnееS
с sary nееsс sary
ехp eсt ed obligatory aЬlе o
с mpulsory optional еssеn tial
pеr missiblе unlikеly

1 must

2 will

3 probably will

4 can/ o
с u| d

5 probably won't

6 do not have to
7 should

2 Rеw ritе thе sеn tеnеsс bеlow using the adjеtс ivеs in braсk еt s. You will havе to h
с angе
thе struсt urе of thе sеn tеn е'с

хa
Е mpI e:

We must do our best to lower carbon emissioл s. rcssential)

tt Ls еssеw tLаL thа| '.ntе dо ovtr best to Lc'llеr cаr bоw еv'l.ьssLоw s

1 We need to invest in less po| | uting teсh no| ogies. (neсessary)

Un| ess free pub| iс transport is matntained for o| der peop| e, there wil| be more
congestion. (сertain to)

3 As the o
с st of petro| rises, peop| e wi| | probab| y use biсylс es more. (| ike| y to)

4 More people will probably migrate to cities in the next twenty years. (probable)

5 With the new teсh nologies availab| e, major iс ties a

с n now h
с oose to introduсe driverI ess
trains. (possible)

6 Taking a train to traveI | ong distanсes probab| y won't be as popular as f| ying.

(unlikely that)

7 Peop| e do not have to know how o

с mputer systems work, but it he| ps when looking for
emp| oyment in many infrastructure industries. (unneсessary for)

8 AirI ines are expeоt ed to introduсe more fueI ­effiсient o| anes in the near future.
(should)

't
01
 Тh e importanсe of infrastruсt ure

Reading

lЕLTS Reading Pаssage You should spеn d about 20 minutеs on Questions 1_13, rvhiсh arе basеd on thе rеading
DasSagе bеlorv.

Bш ilding BRlGs* 0f g] owth

Rеo
с rd spеп d ing oп iп f rаstruсt l| rе will hеlp to sustаitl rаp id у1rowt| l il.t еш rс у 1ittу 1 оесt tоlttiеs

.'­ l= .
Ъ* .:
A TI 1Е biggеst invеstmеn t boоr l in lristсlry B oС mpournding this l'еаr .s liч l.tiе, .\ l(] rgаn Stanlеy
is undеr way. ovеr hаlf of thе world,s prеd iсt s thаt еm еr girlq tс lt­ttltt­.tjеs rvili spеn d
intrastruсt urе invеstmеn t is now taking $22 trillion (irr todа1.,s 1lriсsс r tirl jtrfrastruсt urе
plаес in еm еr ging o
ес nоn liеs, whеr е saiеs of or,еr thе nехt tеll 1,еаt ­s, rl1 tr hiсh hС ina will
a
с еХ vat()rs havе risеn morе than { ivеf old sinсе aсo с llnt tor 43ok. lС ­rirlа ir аlrс. ldr p
ь еn ding
2000. I n totа1, еm еr ging оесI .tсlmiеs аr е likеly аr оu nd l2"Ь of its GDР lс t.t it­lfrаstrrtсt urе
to spеn d an еstimаt еd $ l .2 trilliсl nLсl n rсr ads, I ndееd , hС inа lras sI lеllI tll.lrс (itl rеal tеr ms)
railrva\ .s, е1tес riсity, tеlo
ес mmuniсatitlns аn d in thе pаst ljr,е vеаr s th.rtl it­t thе l.r,holе of thе
оt hеr prсljеtс s this yеar, q с uivalеn t I t­l 6oЬ 2Oth еn с ttrry. Last r.саг Brаzi] ] аu nсlrеd a fоu r­
о{ thеir lс nlbiгr еd GDPs _ twiсе thе avеr agе yеar plan ttl sреt lсl S ] O0 billion to nodеr nisе

infrastrltсt tlге ­ i t.tt,еstmеn t rati() in dеv еlopеd its roаd nеt wtlrk, I )()\ \ ег 1llаn ts аr rd ports. Thе
o
ес nomiеs. Lаr gеh , as а rеslt] t, tоt al fiх еd I ndiаt l !] Ovеr nПеllt,s 1аt еst tir'е­ yеar plan lras i

lnvеsimеlП lI l еlтlrс q,lns оесn ()mlеs (с )Ulo аm Dlllol.lsl),l)t­llL.| llt'О] ll] ] агlС \ )Ь UUD| | | loПln
inсr еasе b1' a staggеr illg 16% in rеal tеr ms infrastruсt ttrе 1lrсljсtс s. Rlrssia, thе GLllf statеs
this yеar, aсtс lrding tсl HSBС, whеr еas in and othег oil ехроr tсr s arе аll pсluring part of
riсh o ес nomiеs it is fоr аs
ес t to bе flаt . Suсh thеir highеr lс il rеr ,еt lr.lеs into fiхеd invеstmеn t.
invеstmеn t will hеlp su] )] )()I t (ес )n()п liс grоw tl.r
this yеar аs Amеr iса, s _ anсl fсlr
С Gotld infra51rllсt Llrе 1.ras аl ways playеd a lеading
O
ес I ] tlI n} ,stаl1s
rrllе in tес ln< lп r iс lс еvеI oprrrеn t, fronr thе roads
many yеars tO o с mе'
аn d аq r.lеd uсt s < lf аn iс еn t Romе to Britain,s
rаilway bсlonr in thе ш id­ 19th еn
с tury' But

102 DRlti _ tП ilzi] ' Rtl'ri.l, ] | lJid.l| ] (l ( lliП. l

 The importanсe of infrastruсt ure

bееn installеd a
с paсity. Al % risе in inсomе pеr hеad
has infrastruсt urе
fс оr е sреn ding
lеads to a .О 5o/ o inсr еasе in dе m and. Putting this
.. аs а shаr е o[ world GDP. This is pаr tly
togеt hеr , еltес riсity а p
с aс i ty mа y havе to surgе
': I norе oс untriеs aI е now industrialising
l . еr bеf orе, but also bеaс usе hС iп a and try | 4О% in h С ina and by 80% in I ndia ovеr thе
. ; ге invеsting at a muсh briskеr paсе nеxt dеa с dе. Air trаvеl _ and hеnес airports ­
at thе pеak will sес thе lastеst grо w th in dе r nand, bеa
с usе
­ ::l o
ес ntlmiеs еv еr did' vЕ еn
,,r,s rаilwаy mаn iа in thе l840s, totаl it is by far thе most sе n sitivе tо inс o mе a | o/ o
inсr еasе iц inсomе pе r pе r son lе a ds to a | ,4oЬ
:: 'iсt urе invеstmеn t was only around 5 7o
inсr еasе in thе nr­rш bеr of passе n gе r s travе lling
by air. Thе numbеr о f air passе n gе r s o
с uld jump
.:.tсt urе invеstmеn t с n yiеld big
a
by morе than 350% ln h
С ina and by 2О
o
О / o \n
.iс gains. Buitding roads оr railways I ndia tlvеr thе nехt dе a
с dе .
: ;.аt еly boоsts olltput аn d jobs, but it
G hС ina.s fastеr in inсomе
grоw th pеr hеad аn d
l:.rs to spur futurе growth _ prоvidеd
:lеy is spеn t wisеly. Bеt tеI transpОI t its mоr е rapid paсе of urbanisation mеan thаt
j:nlеr s to gеt thеiг рr оd uсе to iс tiеs, аn d it is likе1y tо pull еvеn furthеr ahеad of I ndia
thеir goоd s OVеr sеаs. on ш ost infrаstruсlurе mеasulеs. hС ina o
с uld
:ilurеr s to pеХ ort
add l3 timеs as many { iхеd ­linе рh onеs as
­ еs wirh 1hе, lowеst tгаn sP()rt с sts tеn d
o
­:­.!)rе tradе and so еn joy I ndia ovеr thе dеa с dе, sеvеn timеs аs rrrany air
opеn tо fсlrеlgn
::t'rvth. lС еаn wаt еr аn d sаn itаt ion аlsо passеn gеr s and siх timеs as muсh е1tес riсity
.­е quality of human a с pital, thеr еb y iapaсity. Brazil and Russia, whiсh arе alrеady
morе urbanisеd and rеlativеiy riсh еr
t ...bour produсt ivity. Thе World Bank rrrttсh
in a O с untry.s (irnplying slowеr growth in inсomе) , will also
;.сs that a l7o inсr еasе
:..lсt urе stoсk is assoсiatеd with a l % sеr fП orе modеst gr()wth in intrastruсt urе.
i. с in thе lеv еl of GDP. othеr studiеs H Тh е inflastluсt tlrе boоm has glоb al impliсations
. .п 1
с udеd thаt aЕ sт Asia,s ш uсh highеr too. lnсr еasеd invе stп r еn t mеans nrorе imports
:.'еn t in infrastruсt urе ехp lains a largе whiс
h will hеlp to
of a с pital еq uipmеn t,
: :ls fastеr growth than Latin Amеr iсa. slim u с rrеn t.aсo
с Llnt surplusе s in hС ina аn d
еlsеw hеr е, and sо rе d uс е global iш balanсеs.
::] i rеp Ort by Gоldman Saсh s arguеs tha1
Rising dеm and fо r building matе r ials will kееp
::llСt urе spеп d ing is not just a a с usе
..lш iс growth. but a o с nsеq uеnес of o
с mш оd ity priс
е s high.
o
с' plе gеt riсh еr and morе lс f thеm I Last, but not lеast, will bе thе nеg ativе impaсt
Г .,] 1л/ SП , thе dеm and fоr еltес riсity, on thе еn vironmеn t. An ехptес еd75"/ . inсr еasе
;,..rt, sanitatiоn and housing inсr еasеs. in еm еr ging o
ес nоm iеs, е1tес riсity dе r lа n d ovеr
*' rеlationship lеads tо
:tually rеinforсing thе nехt dеa
с dе will worsеn air pollutiо n and
: ­nvеStmеn t and growth. Thе bank has giobal warming. a М ny fеar thаt hС ina,s Thrее
rеd a п r odеl that usеs ехptес еd growth in
Gorgеs Dam, thе wоr ld,s largеst hydroеltес riс
:, L| гb ani5аt itln аn d рt lpulаt iоn ltl forеаsс t с uld a
o с usе еn vironmеn tal damagе.
рr ojеtс ,
: .nf rastrllсt urе dеm ands. с inu,' nаt ionаl
h hird, thе rеd ­сr ownеd rс аn е, is

an еn dangеr еd spеiс еs. Sоm е pеоp lе may wish

.'аt lon has thе biggеst impaсt on ,сOnstruсt ion
Gоldman a с lсu latеs that thе rс anе, was also brееd ing
;tr, rеq uirеm еn ts.
.
. o inсr еаsе in thе shаге o[ t lplе
pе living lеss rapidlv.
.s lеads to a l.8Yo inсr еasе in dе m and for

Glossary: 1 a trillion = thе numbеr l,000,000,000'000

Questions 1­5
Thе rеading passagе has ninе paгagraphs' A_I .

Whiсh paragraph o
с ntains thе follorving inГormation?
bought in o
с mparison to the past
1 the quantity of digging maсh inery

2 how spending money on inf rastruсt ure I ike transport systems leads to more work

3 a referenсe to two past examp| es o{ inсr eases in o

с nstruсt ion

4 how personaI wea| th and inсr eased trave| are re| ated

5 why more infrastruсt ure is needed it peop| e migrate to urban areas

103
 Тh e importanсe of infrastruсt ure

Questions 6­9
Do thе following Statеm еn ts agrее with thе viеw s of thе writеr in thе rеading passagе?
Writе:

YЕs if thе statеm еn t agrееs with thе viеw s of thе writеr

NO if thе statеm ent o
с ntradiсt s thе viеw s of thе writеr
NoT GI VЕN if it is impossiЬlе to say what thе writеr thinks of this

6 An unpreсedented growth in spending is taking p| aсe in emerging eсonomies.

7 lnсr eased spending on infrastruсt ure is the best way to improve a оoUntry,s eсonomy.
8 Тh e main reason spending is high is beсause so many o
с untries are industria| izing.
9 Тh e o
с nstruсt ion boom wil| not have an effeсt in o
с untries around the wor| d.

Questions t 0­13
Choosе thе o
с lтtес lеt tеr , A, B, C or D.
10 I n the u
с rrent year, emerging eоonomies may spend

A their money on improving oс mmuniсation.

B twiсe as much as deve| oped oс untries did.
c 16% more than develooed o
с untries on infrastruсt ure.

D 6% more on projeсt s oс mpared to last year.

11 Money aс n be made from

A investing in the future.

B being open to trade.

C he| ping farmers move to iс ties.

D oс nstruсt ing transport links.

12 Тh e eсonomies in a
Е st Asia are growing faster than
A in Britain.

B infrastruсt ure stock.

C in Latin Ameriсa.

D exoeсt ed in this deсade.

13 The environmental impaсt on infrastruсt ure deve| opment wiI I

A inс| ude inсr eased o

с ntamination of the air.

B put pressure on the wor| d's resourсes.

C aс use more speоies to be endangered.

D I ead to a 75 per eс nt inсr ease in polI ution.

104
 The importanсe of infrastruсt urе !!]
Listening

G z.s sЕТсloN 3 Questions 21­30

Questions 21­25
How do the speakers desсr ibe the green urban p| anning options?

hС oosе FI VЕ dеsrс iptions fтom thе o

Ь x and rvritе thе o
с rгtес lеt tеr , A_G, nехt to
quеstions 2I ­25'

Descriptions 21 green belt

A dangerous 22 decentralization
B too expensive 23 new тowns
G too many objeсt ions 24 brownfield sites
D disruptive 25 pedestrianized zones
E too simple
F unpraсt iсaI
G unsuсcessful

Questions 26­28
Choosе thе o
с rrеtс lеt tеr ' A' B or C.

26 Whiсh area is Jaсk having the most prob| ems with?

A Understanding the statistiсs.

B The | aсk of materiaI .

C Тh e se| eсt ion of statistiсs.

27 \ Nhat has been e

с ntra| to Curitiba's suсe
с ss?
A Central government intervention.
B Working together with residents.
C Giving responsibility to strategists.

28 Why does the transport system work so well?

A Тh ere are h
с eap fares for the poor and elder| y.

B Biсy|с es a
с n Use the bus | anes.

C Тh ere is a | ow a
с r ownershio.

Questions 29 and 30
hС oosе TWo lеt tегs, A_Е.

Whiсh does the tutor suggest are the TWo areas Jaсk needs to foсu s on?

A the amount of parkland

B the employment strategy

C the pedestrianized zones

D the reсy|с ing sсh eme

Е the suburban areas

105
Thе importanсe of infrаstruсt ure

Languаg e foсu s

Grammar rеf еr еnес on pagе 225 of thе o

с ursеo
Ь ok.
G}
oС nсession

1 Choosе a Suitablе synonym for thе original word in italiсs.

1 Although construсt ing new roads is important for a country's eсonomy, it shou| d not be at thе

expense of the environment. (butlwhile)

2 White I agree investing in the future may be a good idea, it is also important to focus on the
present. (much asl mig ht)

3 There are more jobs availab| e in iс ties, though they might not neсessari| y be better ones.
(butlwhile)

4 While there are many reasons for people being wealthier than before, it is mainly down to
improvements in eduсati on. (butlthou g h)

5 None of the information in the artiсI e Was new to me, but it was interesting nonetheless'
(much asl nevertheless)

6 Much as I a
с n understand your point of view, l wouI d have to disagree with you. (whilelbut)

2 Praсt isе o
с nсеd ing, but ultimatеly disagrееing with thеsе еxtrеm е рoints of viеw . I Jsе
thе words givеn in braсk еt s.

Eхample:
The ontу waу to improve у our n
Е glish is to memorize new words! (whilelthislimportant,l
not only waу)
.,'.'lц .
whLLеw tеvwarLzLr'аLsLvv1artаw LLt­Lswott| л еavn­Ll2wа ц t o,ьw tprovе' ,l., ' Т,

1 Trave| | ing abroad is a waste of money! (a| though/ it/ eхp ensive/ not waste)

2 Riding a biсy|с e is slow and boring! (iVmay/ slow/ buVnot boring)

3 vЕ eryone finds speed | imits annoying!They're o

с mp| ete| y Unneсеssary. (muсh aslfee| l
they/ annoyi ng/ neс
e ssary/ as/ save ives) I

4 Тh e wheeI was the most important invention ever. (though/ iVusef u| ,/ not most important)

Writing

1 Rеad thе Task 1 quеstion еlЬ ow and thеn put thе information a_i into thе o
с rrеtс ordеr .

WRI TI NG TASK 1

You should spеn d about 20 minutеs on this task.

The h
с art below shows the number of internationa| visits madе fгom thе United Kingdom'

Summarise thе information bу sеleсt ing and rеp orting thе matn fеaturеs, and makе
o
с m pa ri so ns wh е rе re| eva nt.

Wгitе at lеast 150 words.

I nternationаI travеI from the UK (miI lions)

1 981 1 986 1 991 1 996 1 998 1 999 2000

Air 11.4 16.4 20.4 27.9 4

з .з 1
з ,5 41.4

7.7 8.6 '10.4 10.1 10.5 10.4 9.6

Seа

Chаn ne| Тu nnel .з 5 6.1 5.9 5.8

All visits abroad 19 24.9 0

з .8 42.1 50.9 53.9 s6.8

106
 Тh e importanсе of infrastruсt urе

s loter, the number of pеop| еt rove| | ing by oir hod olmost doub| ed,
.гovе| ling yЬ sea hoа only inсr eosed by opрr oximotely holf its :rv!:lj:j*

тг the numbeг of oveгseos visits mode f гom the UK during

е shows
the yeors d
­: ] n] o. Тh e doto is organizеd into the types of tronsport
used. J
trфф# ffiФffiFa
:= .'.,= = .j9l.;:.+ := iэ+ :эj т$..:­,..­..4.+ = + sЁ= fщ = =
'= 1­= !+ .L= ч 5fфFf..ФEr9fEе:'Fя
ф # i:­:ir,,...

:егсt hottrovellingobroodbeсomein.."o1­j* 1.9lY­'P"­1 е* ч . !s:.

over the рeriod'
| ;.:= ­­= 9­=
­j.:i+ тJ.j1j:t] .ч ц : 19
* ::­:::::::.::::1n:] .rJ+ :.:..1r.i.1ъrФ­'­:­.| .* .."ri .jfP.,­

* :ye| wсs stiI l in sеo

с nd plaсe but its poрu lority hod suffered as moгe
,­;р; ;l ;;iь"
tс .onn"| Тu nnel. Thеr еw ere just undeг 1 million f еw еr
i :y seo thon its Peok in 1996.

the Chonnel Тu nnel rеoh

с еd its peok of populoгity in ] 998 when
::/ .тгoSt, €
в р* .s olmost doubled from 3.5 milI ion when it opened to
6.1 million. ;Ё
.
:..i:.­.j= j.1.Jтj i:::+ ­a....:­
. .:::::::_:= ] lё+ ,:.i:дr jgr:] I { ­] '= + :':­.:.= :.:..< .si 1:.ii1l.:.з1.i..

..е br.lt numbers

,ffiп г f irst time in1996,trоve| vio the Chonne| Tunnel wos PossЫe g;
ш .g с mporison to the two other modes of tгonsш гt .
.eI аt ively small in o * ­.* .­* F
­ on| y
D *e end of the millennium its pоp ulority hod olso dеcreosеd though
;fl
ш щ .lу with 5.8 mil| ion visits mode via the Тu nnel. ­я
ъ
...= :.= :.] oisir:s!:.:­::l­!t.!.­ 1ъэ1:яiE
Ё l­.= .:1j!i.ni] ii:rJ::] s,1a] ­:­] = J| .j= i] ­i: :­1i;;

ш .s :] 00. however, air tгovel Wсs by fсr the most PoPulor option with 41.4 mi| | ion f
*.
sП ;­s o yeor.
...= ::= = :l:* ..= = Eri..1­..] ­.:iт, .r,..­1ъ:.{ ч * .= i:i: ] i.:Ёr != + .laF.:= .­...P­.= + эf З:i{ .ч €

­* ­* * # .
. ' ':i thе tablе and writе youг own arrswеr .

lr?.JТI NG TASK 1

.:l.эu ld spеn d about 20 minutеs on this task.

thе United Kingdom'

­ .эb| е below shows the number of international visits into
­­тarisеt heinformationbуsеltес ingandrеp ortingthеm ai nfeaturеs,andmakе
. rеlеvant'
:аr isons whеr е

,з at lеast 150 words.

:j :s to the UK by overseаs residents (milI ions)

'
991 996 1 998 1 999 2000
1 981 1 986 1 1

8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9

6.9 8.9 8.9

5 5 5
4.6 5 5 5
::J

­rаn nel Tunnel

13.9 1з. 9 1з. 9 1з. 9 1з. 9
I I visits to the 1 1.5 13.9
. ritеd Kingdom

107
 Voсabulary

Woгd list on pagе 218 of thе o

с ursеb ook.

Money matters

1 a
М tсh thе words 1_10 bеlow with thеir mеanings a­j on thе гight. Thеr е may е Ь moге
than onе possiblе answеr .
1 o
с unterfeit money a the money a government has to spend
2 fami| у finances b a person addiсt ed to buying things

3 government money с money o

с | | eсt ed from people's taxes
4 paper money d after paying the bills, the money that's left over
5 pub| iс money/ taxpayers' money e fake, illegalmoney

6 shopaho| iс f a person who a

с n't contro| their money
7 spending money g the money whiсh a fami| y has to spend

8 spendthrift h money o с | | eсt ed from a o

с mpany for advertising
its oroduсt s

9 sponsorship money i an amount of money owеd to a person or

organization
10 debt j money in note, as opposed to o
с in, form

Dеiс dе whеt hеr thе ц . ords in itаI iсs o

с lloсatе ц , ith thе r ег b in еalс r a
с sе. I n somе a
с sеs
all thе words may bе possiblе.

1 boost financeslmoneу lwealth

2 borrow financeslmoneу lwealth

3 buiI d finances/ moneу lwealth

4 o
с ntrol financeslmoneylwea| th
5 deposit financeslmoneу lwealth
6 deva| ue financeslmoneу lwealth

7 have financeslmoneу lwealth

8 hoard financeslmoneу lwealth
9 inherit financeslmoneу lwealth
10 squander finanсeslmoneуlwealth

'108
 шшЩЩ

Money and happiness g

Listening

G} z.о sЕтIс oN 4 Questions 31_40

Questions 1
з ­40
Complеt е thе notеs еlЬ orr.'

Writе No п { oRЕ TI { AN TWo WORDS for еahс answеr .

Economiсs с urse guidelines

o

During I ectures

Students:

. wil| reсeive information about eсonomiсs and the 31 '......'... to

o
с ncentrate on

. wi| | be provided with information about the subjeсt

. will be provided with a f ramework for further study

. wi| | have an oppогt unity to be taught bу a32 in the fie| d

. wi| | take paгt in the | earnI ng u

с | ture in 33...........

Common prob| ems sfudents hаve with teсh niques used in leсt ures

. may not develop 34 .. . ... ..... :no immediate questions

o newer teсh niques help improve 35 .............. . more than | eсt ures

How to avoid problems аn d make learning easier

. I eave time to read 36 on the booklist

. test yourself with quizzes

. if you have had a 37............ ...., revise whatyou previously learned

o use the web to do more 38 ..............

. h
с eоk the sources of information on the web are 39 ..............

. 40 .......... ..... with Vour |с assmates

109
 j

Values and beliefs

I

I
1 prinоiples based on aсh ieving perfeсt ion

2 minimum requirements marking a | evel of qua| ity; a benсhmarК

3 a set of prinсip| es that people use to deсide what is righVwrong
the way people behar=
4 basiс beliefs about what is right and moralI y good, that influenсe !

, 5 beliefs that determine whether something is important or

not
I

6 ideas that people believe in and are eс rtain are true

7 standards of hс araсt er and behaviour
g behaviour/ habits that are expected and have been kept for a long time

Complеt еt hеf amousquotеs/ momеn tsfromhistoryusing.thе rvordsfromехеr iс sе1.

You maу nееd to h
с angе the form of thе words to makе iifit grammatiсallу. Thе first
lеt tеr has еnЬ donе [ or you.

law a man is guiltу when he violates the rights

of others,ln .i'.'....''.'''..' he is
1 'tn
guiltу if he onlу thinks of doing so!

lmmanuel Kant 1724­1804, German philosopher

2 'Strength and wisdom are not opposing )t""""""""""'
Bill Clinton 1946­ , Ex­president of the USA
it is an ideathat
3 A.p.',..''. is not mere!у an ideathe mind possesses,'
possesses the mind!
and a two­time osсar winning
Robert oxton Bo| t 1924_1995, EngI ish p| aywright
screenwriter
bath and shouting'eureka'when he
4 Archimedes is most famous for jumping out of a
from it was the same as his body
rea| ised that the amount of water that oveгf lowed
,displaсement theory' is now known asАr chimedes' .T'...'..''.'.'..'! '
weight. Тh is

Arсh imedes 2s7 BCЕ_212 BcЕ, Siсilian mathematiсian, engineer and desi gner
,Мanners mature into .rу ' '.''.''...'.....'.'
5 easilу and rapidlу

HoraсeMann1796­.1859,AmeriсaneduсatorandsoсiaI refor mer

Ameriсan, dЕ ucator Quotes

110
 Money and happiness (!П
'Othertimes,other.i................ ;

I talian proverb

'To be an .| Y.......'.'......gUest,Staу at home!

dЕ garWatson Howe 1853_19Зт m

А eriсan journa| ist, author

'The qualitу of a leader is ref| еc:эd in the .} .'''.'.' theу set for themsеlvеs
Ray Kroс 1902_1984' the man l., ro made D
сМ ona| d's famous around the world

Language foсu s

G Grammar rеf еr еnес oП pil.l. ] ] ] оf thе oс ursеbook.

Substitution and ellipsis

Foг еah
с of thе undеr linеd itеп ­ r. 1 .i itl thс ir.ч t е1Ь оlv, undеr linе thе o
с rrеtс h
с oiсе in
thе altеr natir.еs bеlorv thе tеr t.

A sound futurе

Thеr е arе man\ 'rтal.s to impгovе thе futurеs of оu г h

с ildгеn . dЕ uсating thеm aЬоu t
monеY mattегs fгom an еarly agе is onе of 1thе m . ] Do1ng so ri.ould mеan that thеy
havе fеlr'ег finanсial proЬlеm s whеn thеy grow up. ] Not doing so, on thе оt hеr hand,
l,r.ould har'е diге o
с nsеq uеne
с s. aSuсh nеg ligеnес will lеad to morе problеm s with
thе g1oЬal o
ес nomy. Howеver, wе must alsо tеah
с h
с ildгеn that monеy alonе will
not mаkе thеm happy. 5To do so will ensurе that thе, v gro\ f up tо bе wеll­balanсеd
individuals.

1 the many ways/ the futures

2 improving the futures/ eduсating them

3 not improving the futures/ not eduсating them

4 finanсia| prob| ems/ not doing so

5 teaсh ing h
с ildren thaVg| oba| eсonomy

2 Wгitе thе paгt s of thе following sеn tеnеsс that aге bеing lеf t out or rеp laсеd . Тh е
word(s) to bе геp laсеd aге in italiсs.

Eхample: There are many important I essons in I ife. Learning about the va| ue of money is
one of I hem,.Q,щ е'.р. f'.r!з',:t,р: ,i'у, ] '{ 'Р ar.| л| уI '| ,# э| ,.q.эуr у' uv{ е. ...'

1 Тony bought a new a

с r whereas Mike purсh ased a seсond­hand one. '.'........'
2 Students often end up borrowing more money than they a
с n afford. Such actions sho­ :
be avoided if they want to avoid large sums of debt.

3 Jane a
с | | ed Mary' She did so to h
с eсk that she was oK. ............

4 I | ooked after my sisters when they Were young. | o

с ntinue to do so even thoug. :.:
noт any more. '.........

5 I read novels for pleasure but journals for facts.

6 Finding a job is muсh morе diifiсu I t nowadays than if was in the past.
7 Some peopI e say that еd uсation shouI d be free for a| | though others cr : С sэ s­ э. ] эа ' r
as unrea| istiс. .....'......''
I Although I wanted to fin sh this earlier, I was not able to do so, ,

'l 11
 Money and hаp piness

Reading

| LЕ ТS Reаd ing Pаssаg e You should spеn d aЬout 20 minutеs on Questions l 1 3, rv] ­riсlr arе basеd on thе rеadin.
passagе еlЬ ow.

vЕ еr уb ody lovеs а pay rise. Yet over thе past haI f­сеn tury, as dеv еiopеd o
ес nomiеs havе got muсh riсh er, people
do not seem to hаve beсome happiеr . Surveys suggеst that, on avе] .аg е, эеoOlе in thе USA, uЕ ropе and Japan are
no more plеasеd with thеir lot thаn in thе 1950s. This is u с rious, bеа;с s е ;1 3lу givеn timе riсh er peop| е say they
arеh аp pierthanpooгеr peop| edo.Forinstanсе, З7% ofthеr i h
с еsiэ­ а. iе, оf NorthAmeriсansс| aimtobe.vеr y
happу, ,сomparеd withonly16% of thеp oorеstquarter.тh atm| grt еaэ, э* :oеpХ tес that,asaсountrygrows
riсh еr аn dinсomеsrise,riсh andpoorаlikеw ouI dbеo с mehap р, 6. _.,..е. е. .:1еуh аVenot.Hегеliesaparadoх:
an individuаlwho bеo с mes riсh еr bеo
с mеs happiеr ; but whеn sсс е: ' :s а l'.olе grows i.iсh eг, nobody sеems any
morе o
с ntent.
| nrеe
с ntуеarsthеstudyof,happiness,­asopposеd tomorес ^с 'е^ ::.:;:сгoп ­ tiсm easurеs'suсh asGDPpеr
head­hаsattraсt еd inсгеasedattеn tionfromeсonomists. lnаs..:.] .:.:­.еsеаr I iеr thisyеar,Riсh ardLаa
У rd,
a n eсonomiсs professor at the London Sсh ooI of o
с Е nomiсs, rе\ 1.е J:.э . э us еvid ес from psyсh o| ogy,
'.. е
. э е n

soсio| ogyаn dhisowndisсiplinetotrytoso| vеt hisparadox 'onе: '.э­ ^ :::. s.а5ituation,:pеoplеadjustquiсkly

to h
с anges in | iving standards. So a| though improvеm ents makе t..­ . ..э r. ,Эr lvhilе, the еf fеtс fades
а rapidly'
Forinstanсе, thirtyyеarsagoсentrаl heаt ingwasсonsidеr еd alrх­ .,::::,:s'еivеd аsessеn tia| .
Aseсond and more importаn t rеason why more money does no: а­ :э­ :: :: , тakе еvеr ybody happiеr is thаt
peoplеt endtoсomparеt heir| otwiththаt ofothеr s. I nonеstriK.^ gе, э­ .э siudentsаt аНr vardUniversitywеr e
аsked whetherthеy would prefer (a) s50,000 a yearwhi| e othеr s 3э: ^а ,:^ э: э. (b) s1О0,000 a yеarwhi| e others
got twiсе аs muсh . A majority hс osе (a). Тh еy wеr е happу with iеss а; э. : j: :.э\ ' wеr е bеt tеr off than others.
otherstudiesсonfirmthаt pеoplearеoftenmorеo с nсerneda bо­ ::.:..::­е. еiativetoothеr s,thanabouttheir
absolutе inсomе. P| easurе at your own pay rise a с n vanish whеn ; э. i... ­.. z1 . .Э lеаg uе has beеn givеn a muсh
biggеr onе. Тh eimp| iсationofаlI thisisthatреople,sеf fortstoгn а^ '::.i­;:.= ..аэоierby workinghardеr inorder
to earn and spend morе are pаr tly self­dеf eating: thеy may mаk е ­ э. = * :.:,
. ­: bеa
с use others do too, they do
notgetmuсh happiеr .Тh еu nhappinessthatonеp еr son,sеXtг аin.э­ :.= .:э­ ..:эothеr s,аr guesLordLаyard,isa
form of pollution.
Worsesti| | ,workinghardеr inordertobeab| etoaffordmorе matе. e :з :] :::­ jеvenendupmakingpeoplе
unhappiеr ifthеydonothavеenoughsparеt ime.A| thoughpеo р. е. э* ::....:этеinгelationtothatofothers,
thisdoеsnotseеm tobеt ruеofthеiriеisuretime.Тh esameHa i.rэ. ;::­::.:!...:.еalsoaskеd toсh oosebеt wеen
{ )с two weеks, holidаy, whilе othеr s havе on| y onе wееk and (d) fс' . ;,::.: .: эY rvhilе others gеt eight. This timе
a lс eаr majority preferrеd (d). ln othеr words, pеop| е, s rivalry ovе: ^ :: * : ] ] .s ­ :Э ех t еn d to | еisurе. Тh е resu| t of
this, suggests Lord Layard, is that dеvе| oped soсietlеs may tеn d tс '', : .' .': . . э. Э . о rcer to o с nsume morе mаt eriаl
goods, and so o с nsumе too I itt| е | еisurе.
| fgovеr nments,ultimategoal istomаximisеt hеw еI l­bеing(i.е. .nэ: :.= .s :..::е: уаsаw hole,then,saysLord
Layard,somehigh| yсontrovеr siаl impliсationsforpub| iсp o| iсyfoi o ,с ., ] :..:^ :..:
сз nomiсt hеoryarguesthаt
taxationdistortsthеh
с oiсebеt wеenleisureandinсomе. Ta xеsreс­ :::...:­^ :',е: оw oгkаn eХt rahourrаt hеr
than go home, orto put in еxtra еf fort in the hopе of promotion. Bu] ­] ­] ­:.:.] ! = .3­теn t impliеs that pеоp lе
have a tendenсy to work too muсh . Fаr from bеing distortionary, teХеs э. : :. = .:.:.. j еsirа b | е. He suggеsts а
marginaltax ratе of 3О% to dеa| with the ,pol| ution,that one perso: s .13­3 1fi lс s on othеr s, and the same
= ,:.:
agаinfor habituаt ion. тh е totaI of 600/ o is а typiсa| u
Е ropеan lеvel fс :а, э: :. :. L .i эcI г1 direсt and indirеtс tаxes
into o
са unt).
Тh isf| iеsinthеf aсeof whatmosteсonomiststhinkabouthighЕu roэ:с ^ :э, :s .:^ еUsA,r'vorkersarealI owedto
kеepmorеoftheinсomefromanехt rahour,swork.Manyеo с nom ls:s:..i:.э: :^ 's.srvhуAmeriсanswork| onger
hoursthаnuЕ ropeans.ovеr thepasttwodеa с desаverageannu а| WО. < .:.э­ .з^ э' .еlnсr eаseds| ightlyintheUSA,
butfal| еn sharp| yinЕu rope;сontinenta| uЕ ropеansnowwork,onаVе, .эз 15:.jе, '.,еl.hoursthanNorthAmеr iсans
do.Hightaxеs,itisargued,haveunderminеduЕ rope,sсompe titiveе. Jgе, ­:.] ­э, a.j,sаn aiуsissuggestsan
аlternаt ive viеw : it is not that u
Е ropеans аr e working too I itt| е, but thа: j.* :. :э^ s ,.lork too long, drivеn to h
с oose
moreinсomeinstеadof I еisurebyanurgetokeepupwiththеJonesеs'­:^ = .:э\ еs;nЕ Uropeenсourageworkersto
h
с oosе more I еisure rathеr than work, and so kееp this urge in hс kес . ] ­i ­^ tеc Stаt е5, o
ес nomiс performanсе is
superior if judged by GDP alone. But GDP is a flаw еd mеаsurе of o ес nс_ с '.,е .ээi"g' Happiness dеm аn ds leisure
aswe| l аsmаt eria| o
с nsumption.Amеr iсansmaуb егih
с erthanEuroреа. s,.­..a .еt hеуаn yhаp piеr ?
Sеd uсt ive stuff, еspeсial| y
whеn rеad in August in a Tusсаn viI lа or оn а ir,.еэ ::".а. еаn bеah
с . Yet even if Lord
Lаyard,s theory is right, his figure for thе optima| taХ rаt е | ooks likе | itt!е ­ э ­: tr а. oс nVеn iеn t guesswork. A lowеr
numbеr might be just аs good' And uЕ rope,s high taxes stiI I have nеg ativе еп tс s. тn е y put some people offworking
a| togethe1 and disсouragе еm p| oyеr s from offеr ing еxtra jobs, As Lord Lavа: d nlnrsе| f sаys, unеm ployment visits
tеr riblе unhappiness on thosе it аf f| iсt s. Yеt this is not tо deny his mаin .эс ^ :: thе рu rsuit of materia| oс mforts doеs
not a| ways | еad to happinеss.

112
 Monеy and happiness щ

Questions 1­5
Thе rеading passagе has sеr .еn paragтaphs, A­G.
Whiсh paragraph o
с ntains thе oГ llorr.ing information?
1 an eхamp| e of a past indulgenсe that is now o
с nsidered neсessary in homes

2 the attitudes of students to spare time

3 something that a| | peop| e agrеe is great to reсeive

4 another reason why reсeiving more money does not nеоessari| y equa| inсr eased

5 differenсes in work patterns and tax systems on two o

с ntinents

Questions 6­9
Do thе following Statеm еn ts agrее with thе infoгm ation gir еn in t} ­rе Rеading рassagе?
Writе:
TRUЕ if thе statеm еn t agrеes with thе infoгm ation

FALsЕ if thе statеm еn t o

с ntradiсt s thе information

NoT GI VЕN if thеr е is no information on this

6 Reсent| y, eсonomists have shown less interest in what o

с nstitutes happiness.

7 Peop| e do not o
с mpare the value of their ho| idays as they do their inсome.

I Aсo
с rding to Lord Layard, paying more taxes оou| d be seen as a good thing as it

keeps a population happier.

9 Aоcording to the author, the main reason for unemp| oyment in u

Е rope is the tax systeп , l

Questions 10­13
oС mplеt е thе sеn tеnеsс еlЬ ow.

Choosе No oп Д RЕ Tн AN TWo WORDS .Г r.om thе passаg е oГ г еah

с ans\ ^ 'е.Г

10 Resu| ts seem to indiсate that, on three o

с ntinents, peop| e are not happier with

... in o
с mparison to the past.

11 Harvard University students Were o

с ntent with having I ess only if they were
than other PeoPle.

12 I n order to improve a nation's happiness, governments would have to implement some

new poliсies.

Question 13
Choosе thе o
с rтtес lеt tеr , A, B' C oг D.

13 Whiсh of the foI | owing is the most suitab| e title for the reading passage?

A A paradox with an answer

B How life is better in uЕ rope

C Тh e seсr et of happiness

D Why o
с mpetition brings happiness

113
Money and hаp piness

Writing

1 к е ad thе Task 1 quеstion еlЬ ow.

WRI TI NG TASK 1

You should snеn d aЬout 20 minutеs on this task

Thе h
с arts i| | ustrate thе resu| ts of a wor| d onI ine sUrveу on optimism and happinеss
o
с nduсt ed in 2О5О .

Summarise thе information bу sе| eсt tng and rеp orting thе main fеaturеs,and makе
o
с m pa ri so n s whе re n еsС sa rу'

Wгil.е at lеasl. l50 words.

AI l things o
с nsidered, do you expeсt the worI d next year to be:

% 0 10 2О 0
з 40

Bеt ter than I ast year?

Worsе thаn | аst yеаr ?

About the sаm e?

Ж тn is yеаr Ъ survеy 1Ё ,Ё l.:Е rаst yеаl.,s sUrvey

How important аr e the foI I owing I ikely to bе to your personal happiness in 2005?

BO

10
60
50
4О

0
з
2О
'10

Fаm i| y JOO iob l'''lаt еr iа| Soсial аn d

re| аt ions satisf tас ion seсu rity wеll­bе ng o
с mmunity
tас ivitiеs
 Money and happiness
@
2 Usе thе instruсt ions in thе flow­сh ar1 to hеlp you writе your OWn answеr .

1 What do the graphs show? paraphrase the tifle to help you.

Write an overview or say what the most striking feature ls _ do

not inсludе any
speсifiс data here!

3 compare the results. in the first graph with the results from the year before.
Write about eaсh a с tegory sepa1ate| y' Sometimes use perсentage as the
subjeсt of the c| ause and to avoid repetition, at other times use
oth.er.quantity'words. (i.e. .Thirty­fivе per e с nt of peop| e...'/ 'The majority.'.,)
Write oс nсession clauses to heI p you o с ntrast effeсt ivЬ[ .

4 Ugg a linking phrase to say that you are moving to the seсond hс art. Start
with the most popular response. Give the specific figure to supporr your
sentenсe. (Use % as the subjeсt of this sentenсe, aЬ in the examp| e
above')

Go to the seсond most popu| ar' Compare it to the first using substitution
avoid repetition. Support the information with data but it uo/ down.
'ounЪ

Group a| I the ones to do with .job'together and desоr ibe genera| ly what is
shown.

7 Compare the last two.

lf you a
с n think of something to say to round off. do' otherwise, eno VoUr
answer herе'

Whеn r.ou hal'е finisl.rеd , h

с kес thе fоl1orr'rr.rg:
. content ­ have you answered the question f ully?
. organization and o
с hesion _ with the o
с rreсt lons. | s your answer easy to read?
. range _ have you used a wide range of vоcabulary and grammar?
o aсu
с raсy _ have you h
с ecked your spelling?

115
 :,::.it.:::.:;,i.,t, .:;
tt:.

;i::..] ::.::] :i;:iji1Ё: 1] +

1 We are all friends now :М Yеs... :М Tnrst mе Juliе, уou,li lovе it thеr е
J: Wеll, thе po1iсy onlу осvеr s еspеiс allv as 1.ou,ll havе your orvг
Gl.l еq uipmеn t Llp to thе valuе of f200
and didn,t YoLl say it o с st f i 000? J:
pегsоn al
Yеs, oK.
guidе.
Sее vou in a o
с uplе of
(J= Juliс; M= iМ kе) :М No, I oЬ ught it for $1000. daуs thеn . B­"­е!
J: Hi iМ kе! I t,s hrliе. Listеn , I knorv
J: Yеah, u Ь t that,s still morе than :М Sее r'al
гa
с llr"Ьu sr,
уol­t,ге Ь t rr'е nееd
u to
200 isn,t it?
€
o
Ь оk our tгar.еl insuгanсе. Wе, rе
:М Wеll at thе timе that цr as around
lеaving irr :r o с trрlе of davs aftеr all.
i500 uЬ t it,.s r,r.ofih lеss than that 2 Тeh
с nology ­ now and then
M: Yеah suге. I ,п . r on m} . lunсh rЬ еak, nor,v, mayЬе onlу 3Е 00.

J: oK,
so go аr hеad!
rr,еll mr iГ гst quеstion
is ц , hat
J: So ... to oс \ .еr it ),ou,d nееd to paу GFr.z
tеХ ra. Cotrld I har.е r'ouг attеn tion рlеasе
tvpе оf instlгanсе do rr.е nсеd ? I
m
М m...
:М ... gathег round, gathег round. 1М .
tl,asn,t sLlге rvhiсh to h с oosе. Do
namе is Patгiiс a and I 'll е Ь your guid.
\ \ ,е \ \ 'ant thе rЬ onzе, silvец gold oг
around Thе Sl dnеr ' oЬsеr .vatory.
platinun.r tу'pе of poliсy ? J: I iust nееd to h
с kес уourpегsonal
ц o1у, &S 1'ou all rvill know, man has
M: WhatЪ thе diffеr n
с е?
с dеt ails to oс mplеt е this onlinе
bееn inlегеstс.с l in thе night skу for
J: Wеil Lhе fiгst onlу oс l,еr s mеd iсal form and thеn rvе, ll bе soгt еd .
a vеr y lоn g timе. I ndееd , bеlЪrе thе
ехp еllSеs, thе sеo
с nd o
с vеr s :М oK. What do vou nееd to knorv? с mpass, it rvas usес
invеn tion o[ thе o
mеd iсal and our a Ь ggagе, J: Fir.stlv, I nееd to makе surе I ,vе got
уЬ sаiI oг' tо lrltr igalе thеiг цa:l,star, aсгo* .
and the gold all o[ that plus your full namе. I tЪ Mikе Wood,
thе rr,orld,s oсеirns, a kind oI m;. '

a
с nсе| latiоn , anсl thе plзt inLlm right?
you o с uld sar.
o
с \ rегs еr ,еr vthing, inсludirrg 1еgal M: Yеp.
ехp еn sеs' J: Right ... , nехt I nееd vorrr addгеss. Norv thе sitе of thе musеLrm on
:М oK, rvеll if rvе, rе travelling in trvо M: I t,.s 17 Hanlеy Gardеn s' Hanlev obsеr .r.atoп ' Hill has its or,vn
days,timс, r,r.е don,t rеallу nееd thе spеlt H_A_'\ 't L_Е_Y interеsting stоt r'. thе oс lonizе:
Bеf orе
a
с nсеilation poliсr ,', do ц . е? What J: Just uтiting that dor'vn . . . 17 arтivеd , it еlЬ оn gеd to thе a С digal
do vou think? Hanlеy
Stгеt ... pеopiе, r .hо п lar. ltar,е еt .en viеw еd t] l.
J: WеI l. реr 'sоllallr. thе оr lI 1 rhing M: No, Gaгd ens! aгr ival of thе rlеr t' r'isitors rГ om hеr е '

that,s rеally nееs с saгv is thе J: oops! 1М '' mistakе! oK, whatЪ your as this is tl­rе highеst natural pоint in
mеd iсal o
с vеr . datе of iЬ гt h? Sуd nеv Hat.Ьоu г. Thе еarlу uЕ ropеar .

:М Yеah, u
Ь t ц . ould yor­r think that if :М That,s 23.0'7.7o. thеn u
Ь i] t a rr indmill on thе sitе
vоu had еvеr ything stolеn ? J: Right, so noцI I nееd an еm еr gеnyс though it diсln't last for long dtrе to it.
J: Yеah, maYЬе vou,ге right. Lеt Ъ gеt o
с ntaсt nuп lеrЬ . I tЪ your moЬilе ехp osеd роsitrсlr.r' A little r,vhilе aftег
thе golсl. гight? that, thе land rr'as usеd to u Ь ild a
:М Yеs, it,s 0793 245 098. for1, ц . hiсh \ \ .аs to iГ nally oес Ь mе thс
:М Sorry, don,t 1'.ou mеan thе silr.еr ?
I thought rr,с agrееd that rr,е don,t J: \ \ Ъs that 0_8_9? oЬsепiato11'thal r­ou sее еfЬ orе vol­t
nееd thе a
с nсеllation o
с r'еr M: No, 0_9_8. Anуt hing еlsе? todaу.
J: oh yеah. You,ге right. Silr.ег it is. J: \ \ rеll, thсу' nееd thе main poliсv Nor,i., lеt ,s takс a lоok insidе. To thе lе
:М Sо, hoц . muсh is that gсling tO o с st hсlldег. Who rl.ould that е?Ь o{ thе mair.r n с tгanсе is thе lс oakroог
us? M: rhink that riould е Ь rсlu. sin..е
I ц . hеr е } .ou a с n iсar.е у our o с ats and
\ \ rеll, thеr е aге t\ \ 'o o[ us so lеt ,s r.оu ,ге pzrуing for it r,vith vour a с rd. a Ь gs, u Ь t рlеasе makе surе } ,ou don,t
sес ... it,s ... t25 oГ г sing1е o с vеr J: of oс ursе! So I just typе in Juliе lеavе ar­r} .п loЬilеs or r.aluablеs as
:ind | 40 for a grouр of up to thrее Bеn nr.tt... Hang on.iust tvping staff aс nnoL bе l.rсld гesрonsiЬlе. Thс
pеoр1е. B_Е_N­N_Е_T­T. oK, rr.е, rе just musеLl] тl i:r OPеn during thе day untii
M: But thеге aгс onlv trr.o of us. aЬout donе. All I nееd to do is еn tеr 5 pn.r, sо рla
с sе o
с llеtс еlЬ ongings nс,
J: I knorr', rЬ .rt it,s still h
с еapеr than thе datеs o[ dеp arturе and rеt urn. latеr than 5. 1 .i and plеasе vaсatе thе
dolr.rg Lrr о indir'idr­ral poliсiеs. That :М Wе] l, rr,е iеavе on Frida.y, whiсh is Ь ilding bl i З0. No nеr ,r,admissions
u
rvolr] d осst | 50. thе 16.l.. rr.ill е Ь allоr r 1
ес aЁt ег 4.30 pm. Aftеr
:М oK. Gl.оr .rp осr .еt 'it is. J: No it isn,t. I t,ll е Ь thе 17't.. vou,l'е 1сt t \ oLLГ
регsonal items,
J: Riglrt, nсlrr ' hсltr' аге rr.е going :М Arе vou surе? Lеt me h с kес mv vou,ll nееd tо tЬ lr­vour tiсk еt s from
to par'? lГ rt'.. р: rr lэr ­dеiЬ t aс гd , a
с ] еn daг ... oh vеs, thе 17'h. thе tjсk еt dсsk imn­rеdiatеl1. еh
Ь ind
thеге, ll сЬ a iii.е рГ с еn
с t disсount J: Right, so Friday thе 17ф of July and vou, fс Ь оr .е с ntir.ruing on thе rеst oi
o
Ь t l оn 1r
u l­ial.е a гlсе it с r.d and
a геt ul.ning on Fгidaу Lhе 3l '. thе tour.. Т1.rс noгr nal priсе is $8 oЕ r
thеге, s ir trr.o ltili1 ll 1­rаlf pег еiс rt M: Hang on; iГ lr.е flv out on Fridaу an adrrlt and 56 foг a h с ild, though
с argе fог that.
h Т1.rеr 'с1or.r,t har,е thе 31..in thе еr .еn ing, it'll eЬ thе grouрs of trp to four pеoplе a
с n savе
an offiсе in еn
с tгal Ltlndon so rr.е morning oГ Satuгd ay thе 1'. у Ь thе rтonе} }Ь 'Ьu уing a family tiсk еt .
a
с n,t pav b1.с: rs} .r. timе цr e gеt aЬ kс rvith thе timе Tl­ris must осn tain at lеast onе adult
:М oh геallу? Whаt e рairl l diffегеnе.с Wе don,t \ \ .ant ollr and onе h с ild uЬ t no morе than tlvo
J: oK. ц . е11. I ,ll iust ha\ е tO Llsе lI \ pсlliсv to run ollt еfЬ orе rvе land h
с ildгеr .r pег adult. I ,ll rь' ait for you oг
гсеd it с гd thеn .
a norv, do r'l,е? thе othег sidе of thе tiсk et a Ь rriег rЬ
:М Gгеat. ThatЪ soгt lес thеn . \ \ ­hat J: No, rvе don,t! oK, so rеt uгn datе is thе o с fГ е shop, while you all gеt уotr.
еlsе is thеге? Satuгd av !h.Ln of August. oK, mr, tiсkеt .
J: Wеl| ' vоu knorr thаt nсr t (\ pсI l5i\ с goоd nеss that еrс tainlу took longеr
a
с mеr a voш o Ь ught and l'оu rr'сге thar.r I ехptес еd it to. I hopе our
So, I hopе у ou еn joyеd thе tour but
hoping to takе Somе .grеat piсt uгеs tr:ip is r,i,oгt h it!
е[Ь оr е I lеavе у оu I just rvant to dral'
rvith?

116
 Listening sсr ipts .
uг attеn t.ton to ollе гl . ) S: oК 1 ll staгt оr 'еr again T: Yеah, it,s quitе 1vgighhl, 1Vh} ­]
Т: Right, nоr т ollг еssav is on pеoplе' s S: lt,s just I ге: rllv don't har,е r.сr )'. long
тlltltil aiiсlt­l oГ г paгt iсipating in еIЬ oге thе еssav nееd s to bе in,
е\ tI .еп lе spoгt s. Thсr .е arе tr'r,o so is thеr е anvthing on thеге that
srdсs to tl­ris rеаr llу; thе ехt егn al and rvould hеlp nrе moге quiсk lv?
amplе, thеv,l'е go1 :( )l..:..:­.. '] '' rntегn al int.lrrеnеsс . T: Wеll, l did iГ nd a podсast on tl­iе
:.егеvouсanhlrЕ. ] . .­ Right, so lеt 's look at thе ехt егn al topiс. I didn't writе lс orr.n thе
­'.
,. Тh is is a
с ] lеd Llr. > tl....] influеnеsс 1irst oI all. authсlrЪ namе, u Ь t thеу. arе a
с ilеlс
So rilhat kind оf things makе Thе iМ п d Filеs and it,s irlso alэout
pеopiе \ \ ,ant to do ехt rеm е sports? thе thеoriеs and prinсiplеs lэu t
ok for signs fог thе \ \ Ъ11, thе lirst thing that o с mеs oЬviousiу doеsn,t gо into аs п . luсh
гkshops if уou gсt to n­rind is thе amourrt of mеd ia dеt aii as in a o
Ь ok.
attеn tion on thе topiс. Thеге arе S: ThatЪ aЬsolutеl1' aГ ntastiс Thегеsе]
alwavs storiеs aЬout pеop1е taking Hou,сan I еvег геp :rl.r.ou?
e
Ь missеd . \ Ъu'l1 gсt thе h с anсе part in thе latеst rс azе. T: oh, l don,t knorv ... a oс ffее
ook at onе of thе o с lrntrr­,s еsЬ t T: хaЕ tс 11,.. Norr. lеt 's think aЬout this maуе?
Ь
lеtс iоn s all in ol­rе plaсе. Horr,еvец morе a с rеf ully. Whу doеs so muсh S: o[ o
с ur.sе, mv tгеatl
.'е most musеLlms) onlr. a ftaсt ion appеaг in thе mеd ia?
:hеir o с llеtс ions aге aс| ually on S: I don't knoш .. I ,vе nеv еr геallv
.plaH u Ь t in thе musеu m,s uniquе tЬ. ''oht:rЬn lrl it 4 Global problems and
1.ou a с n takе T: Wеll, aсo
с гd ing to thе prrЬlishеd opportunities
: oppor1unity to go еh Ь ind thе n­ratегiais оu t thег,с it,s a геf lеtс ion
.nеs and sее parts of thе o
,t arе not on displar''' All of thеsе
с llеtс ion of modсгt .t
ol L оt I l.sс.
lс tltr"tге.
\ tс r оt t'. t' r.i: lt
Gl.+
Staгt ? RighL, tlоr r'..' rrhеге
r

L^ ^с '._J
Shall rvе
­^ ^ + :^ .^ ^^. ''_­l^ ­. ^ _^ Norv' rгh at aЬortt thс aГ tс t,t.s t1lat gеt to last rr'ееk? ­\ h, thаt ,s
с id rr с
1
­,"] ] c ,,П riitlt I tll, t'r r. ' r.lght, rr'е ц . rс е gоit.tg tо еg
Ь in lтith
. I do hopе You aге alэlе tO gсl l trrГ.Г 't. 1ir.'. ''' '] ^ . ' ,,
of thс rr oгld,s most
a look at thrее
: еn joy thе ехp еr iеnе.с You rvоn .t е Ь t,­.rir l'..,. .­: ,
pгеssing proЬ1еm s; rvhat has a
с usеd
lрp ointеd ! Riqhi. lrirl ',t :­.­,t .'..­.' thеm as rvеll as looking at Somе of thе
P, 1'. .
.
many possiЬlе solutions.
.,..,,t
t..­:э
.] . +
l.t I .. Top of thе list is air, rr.:rtеr and soil
Thrill seekers ­

.r..: ".' '­.' * r. rc pollution. With аn L.\ t'г inсгеasing

(Gl.з .\ r­.i
l­ ­­­ : t. dеm and foг fooсl' a с mе
pеstiсilс еs
thе inсr еasеd
duгing thе
­Thеr еsе; S= Sinlon)
Hеy Simon. loоk lс tlli n, l{ .,i'
\ \ lt.rr > rir;,:l
\ \ ] t.'1 .'.r .' i ,' . .1 . . . ..
rrsе of h
с еm iсal
latе 1960s. Norт' somе oГ vott mar' sar' I
Yor.r
.O] llр­ tе tlt .­rlliгsе th;rt tl­ris isn,t tl.rс lr1tin­ratе гoot ol.thе
tl.е Vо| | pеllinp
s....,': nn r.'.I ll \ l
'LI ' !.> > .l\
|

рt .оlЬ lс тt ' ­с ll­сгро u latiсlll js tЬ lt r­оr t

Rigl.rtl tilс lс пс lт­с lt
1t..s оl
:or Profеssoг Jоn еs?
, оn lndtiti,'n I h:rt ,I гir,''.rll tltinq> rr,'irl.l l.. rr'irrilg (,Lrl.r \. r i P"1q.1n'
to е Ь thе еsЬ tl Norv rr hl­ didn,t I stер. inсt ­сlrsс
Т1.rс 1n ро r t1:rtir,тl
sееm to gеt my hеad aгound it' I didl.r't in itsеlf lеad ttl thс р. rl1ilLt1оn оt
thir.rk of tl.rat bеf orе?
теan' it's suсh idе toрiс thаt
a ц I
thс air, \ Yatсг and soil. \ \ .hаг ..1I .l> 1ес
:.еall). havеn ,t got a lс uе whеr е to thе pгolЬ еn ­r in thе I 'iгst рlaсс rr a= lt
: t3гt . Htlrr mttt.I t а.Ь .kground геаd ins movе awav fтom traditionlrl t:Lr­гт­ rir.rs
)h poor voul I ,m aсt ually ге Г nor,v har,е, } ,ol­t donе on thе topiс? nlеt hods, thаn ks to аd r.ltl... tll
sо I a
с ngivе you a hand if у ou Aсt uaily, nonе at all _ it's геal1у :Ь id tеh
с nologY. I roniсallу, thе ansri .'l
.kе? You havе r.rntil thе еn d of this isn,t it, u Ь t I just har,еn ,t had thе осn tеs lГ .om pаsl a Г гm inc pl.rr li. . ­'
еk, lс on,t r'ou? timе rvith my paгt .timе job. Wеll, thankfullv, thе rеl.ollrtiоn h;.Ls
.:е' ah,
I har.е to hand thе еssav I know u.hat у ou mеan, u Ь t, alгеadv bеg un. oгp .аn iс .Г rt nlinч ' ..llt] .'
r on Fгidar'aftегr .roon, rЬ .lt tl.rс honеstl1,, itЪ so muсh еaslеr onсе rеSpеtс oГ r natuге, .s vс lс sс , is lhе kеr trl
?гofеssoг \ \ ,ants to sее nl\ pгoрosal \ ol't \ е геad aгound thе topiс a iЬ t. solving thе prоlэlеm .
_
Wеd nеsdar.mогn it] g]
n Did vou gеt a o с pv of thе suggestеd I n sеoс nd plaсе, thouglr inеr tгilс rb1r
tu thз t'.
'da1' is Тu еslс ar sotll'сsс j a
с Ь usе if not I ,rlе got onе linkсd ro thе iГ гst issLtе. is thерr .'Ь1..l'
. ,moггow] You had еtЬ Lсг cсL lt
. ;rс onl LеL! hаr е l.rеr ­с? oГ thе natrrгаl гsс oLrгес dеp lеt iulr, B^
a louk' S: \ lс ' l diсt n't. Тh anks, that's a gгеat that I mеan, not onl.v fossil fuеls s.rс jl
з nks' I ,m just trying to
. a
hеl as oil, o с al irnd gas, uЬ t things rr е all
^ :.ainstorm somе idеas, u р'
Ь t I l L.'il r.'Lt r,I l;'1. \ ''l| \ \ l.ilе. loritl lhе
.:l­еn ,t got vеr т too ol.tеn 1akе for grantеd , ] ikс rГ .сsh
far. п latn litlts :rnсl l'11 r.еad i1 lс ut. еssсn tial traсе minеt .als iгt
р. rr.atег: ind
_t't mе sее ... Wsц I jI stц ­ ] ­t_hii] _L oK qt­' tгll.it]
..] at S: g­оod qualitv soil. Thс main rс rlргit.
ц lriting yoш r idеas in a list T: Т1lе 1lr.:t ()llс } L)\ e lttr a
с l] 1
с Hаn s lс г glriltl'рaгt r., hсr с is rr'astсuГ l past
.'е that геallу­ isn,t going to hеlp. Gсl.т­ llатl arlсl il't ...11".1 lС ils si; l! lI a ll :1 gе lll t. I l t р l.aс ti S сС 1.r.сlrll t1.rо sе
. .'lnсmгс Ь hс, rr rrе r,iеге | attsht t' ' trll,ri..t's' li.s li t.сslс ti­сh рl­rl.jсtс Lhlrt itl 1­.llrr еl.' rЕ еr .r thor­rgl­r rr.е knсr r
' Spidеr gran­rs at thе bеginning о1 ri as a
с t't­iс1
с ()Llt (] ll eгlс trrlс1 ] 0С) thet thсt .е rr ег lс n1r' | ir.ritс sup1эliеs
^: r'еaг?
р11l.t l. iрll ll ts lс 1. ехt I .ст­ ltс sр( ) l­ts. lt's rl1. tt.aс1i t iо t llrl еt .tсгg r souгеsс , \ \ rе
i '.Lgгams? a геа1lr illtсr .сst­ing гiс rсl. h
с Ь llr'..сl lrkе rrе 1с idr.r,t. Thе pl­iгasе
. ,' not diagгams, SPI DЕRgгams! S: oK, rr h:it r­iеr t? tllet i. ' 1I linL] is.isnоt .аnс
: supposеd to mimiс thе rr.av ouг 'рlr.ittgs
. :ins T: Thе t.rехt о kЬ rr аs rr.гittсп lЬ ' ;t is lЬ iss,. rvhat aЬоu t
Br­tt a solr­rtion?
proсеss infoгm atiоn гathеr . п . rаn :с r11с]с Riсl­raгd Bеll anсl is Agair.r, tlrе ргOеs has alгa с d­v
...n с s
simplу ехptес ing lhеn l to a
с lleсl 'А I оt ivаt iott Т| tеoriеs. lt gir'еs еg
Ь un. Wе nееd to inr'еst in nсr r., lеss­
. ::lе out irr somе kind of logiсal an оr .сr ­r,.iсr r.o1 thгill sееking anс1 polluting tеlс .rnologiеs in ouг r.еh iсiеs
:еr .. Thеv 'rе also somеt imеs \ \ ,hу pеOplс h
с oosе to pr.rt thеiI . _ rvhiсh rr'ill irLso hеlp rr.ith thе fiгst
....:d Spidеr grziрh s bеa
с usе ol livеs in lс an.plег. pгolЬ еn l :rnd usс п . ioге hl.dt'ogсn
.'.'
thеv ] ook, 1ikе a spidегl S: I s it long?

117
 Listening sсr ipts

tеh
с nolоg y; that is, produсе a
с r H: oK, just t1ping that in ... I a
с n,t 6 Fruits and seeds
еn ginеs that r.un on Watеr . ThatЪ thе sееm to find it. Do you knor'v
waу for.ward hеr е. Not good drinking
с ursе, uЬ t salinе watец
watеr , of o
thе namе of the author? I ,ll do a
sеarсh .
Gl.о
Wеlo с mе to thе Homеs of thе Futurе
whiсh is in abundanсе. C: Yеs, itЪ yЬ a man a с llеd Riсh ard
onlinе wеb sitе. I will bе your vidual
Finally, Wе o с mе to thе last proЬlеm , Watson. guidе around thе homеs уou o с uld
that of unеq ual wеalth distriЬu tion. H: Watson as in W­A­T* S­O­N? soon е Ь lir ing in. Lеt 's еg
Ь in ouг
vЕ еr ­v vеaг moге and morе land on thе C: Yеs, thatЪ right. touг in thе bеd room. Firstlу , thе bеd
H: oh yеs' hеr е it is. I tЪ onlу just еnЬ
planёt 'is ownеd у Ь fеw ег and fеw еr is programmеd to gеn tl), roсk you
pеoplе, whiсh is in diгtес o
с ntrast to rеlеasеd . I tЪ a sеlf­hеlр book. I s
aц , akе in thе mornings. Thеr e,ll е Ь nс
the world's growing population. And that гight? bу an alarm
morе гu dе au.akenings
thе rеason for this? Quitе simplу , C: Yеs.
lс oсk, and it rvill a] so know what timе
thе grееd and o
с rтr rрt ion of thosе in H: NoW it o с sts t| 2.99.
vou nееd to lr'akе up as it Will gеt
poweЦ I ,m afтaid. Thе only way to C: Yеp , thatЪ fine.
that information dirеtс lу from your
soI rе this onе, and it.s a iЬ ggiе' is oГ г H: oK. How would you likе to paу? Pеr sonal Di.sital Assistant, that is, уo­..
thе o с untriеs of thе ri.orld to work C: I s a dеb itс rd oK?
a into You.
PDA, rr.hiсh rr,ill е Ь insеr tеd
togеt hеr in solidarit1' rathеr than H: No' soгr y. Wе onlу еpса I . гсеd it
a
с rds. Lеt 's mor'е to thе wardroЬе. Those
against еah с othег in isolation' that gеn еr atе
C: oh dеar ... rЕ m, Just lеt mе hс kес aге } .ouг musiсal shoеs
Now, although thе solutions I havе to sее if I have it with mе ... oh musiс rr'hilе oУ u walk. Thе musiс ъ,il­
оr еsеn ted arе' "'iaЬlе' it doеsn,t yеs, herе it is. с angе aсo
h с rding to how fast уou,rе
mean that thеv'rе rr.ithout thеir own H: aС n you rеad mе thе ... rvalking; a с lm musiс for a relaхing
potеn tial pгoiЬ еm s. Firstly, making stгoll and aГ ster еaЬ ts for whеn уou'г.
thеsе kinds oГ hс аn :qеs is going to in a hur.n'. You,ll fеel like you'rе
еЬ ехрensir,е in thе shor1­tеr m, H: Right almost donе. Now, I just rr alking on air. WhatЪ more. } zouг
as wе invеst in thе rеsearсh and nееd thе dеlivеr ydеt ails. lс othеs aге also intеlligent. Thеy sеn s.
devеlopmеn t of nеw tеh с nologies. C: Right. I ,vе got my friеn dЪ addrеss horv } ou'ге feеling and thеn h с angе
Sеoс ndl!,, therеЪ also thе issuе of hеr е. I tЪ 62 Grееn Gardеn s, осlouг. Тh е faЬr iс that thеу, ге madе
popularit} ,. I tЪ thе politiсians of London N22. o[ also o с n\ 'еr 1s youг body hеat intо
thе r'vorld ri.ho nеed to makе thеsе H: Just tJрing that in ... 52 Grееn a lоr r ­r.o1tagе еltес riсity gеn еr ator
h
с angеs' Ь t thеr also nееd
u to kееp Gardеn s. iог soп ­ tе of thе gadgеt s that arе nort
thеir votеr s happу and may е Ь C: No, it,s numЬer 62. iгr sidе r'ou, likе your PDA, for ехamp­.
rеluсt ant to rЬ ing in new praсt iсes H: Now what kind of dеlivеr y would \ 1оl ing on to thе bathroom ... So,
that may pro\ re unpopulaг among you likе? aftег У u nееd
rvaking up, o a showеr .
votеr s at elеtс ion timе. But thе biggest' C: What aге thе options? Тl­rеге' s no nееd to turn on any taps
and most important h с allеn gе. is H: Thеr е arе two. Thе frее delivеr y as thе l­rousе will know еxaсt l} , what
making thе worldЪ monеt ary sУstеm option takеs fivе days or you a с n tеп lрегatuге you likе thе water in thс
fairег, yЬ making things more еq ual pay an eхt тa L2.25 to havе it sеn t mогn ings, though уou,ll still havе tо
and balanсеd for all. This inсludеs out fiгst lс ass tomorrow. That rr ash l oursеlfl
adopting o ес logiсal praсt iсеs that would o с mе to a total of f\ 5.24.
еn
Ь еf it all, not just a o с mpanу, s profit Fгom thе a Ь throom, wе move into
C: Umm ... WеП my fтiеn dЪ iЬ rthda1­
thе kitсh еn . Now, wе, vе all had that
shееt . We nееd to bеg in an agе of is nехt weеk, so it should gеt thеr е
only horriЬlе е1Г ing whеn у ou a с n,t find
Corporatе Soсial Rеsponsibilitу, in timе with thе frее dеlivеr y so I
r оu г kеr .s just as you,ге aЬout to go
thеn a с n wе trrrly movе forward. think I ,ll takе that. out. \ \ 'еll' in thе homе of thе futurе
H: Right. That mеans that it Will е Ь r ou rr ou] dn't nееd to paniс, all you
dеlivеr ed on thе 21st FеrЬ uary
nееd tо do is an I ntеr nеt sеarсh . A] 1
5 Тh e future an1.timе гoГ m 8 am to 6 pm I s that
itеm s aге nolv pгogrammеd with a
(G 1.s
OK?
C: Wеll, I know my fтiеn d lеavеs еarlv
tгakс ing dеr .iсе
up and signal to you whеr е
so that thеУ will lighт
thеУ arе.
(H helpdеsk workеr ; u с
с stomеr ) foг work, so r,vould it bе possiblе is upstairs, thс
= = Jrrst in a с Sе thе objеtс
H: Good moгn ing. How аnс I hеlp? for him to piсk it up fтom thе loсa1 hоu sе rvill рr ojеtс its position on у ou'
C: I ,d likе somе help with ordering a post offiсе instеad?
iгidgе.
Ь ok. I ,l.е triеd your wеb sitе,
o Ь t it
u H: I ,m afтaid that won't eЬ possiЬlе
с uld add somе spеiс al
but I o Spеaking of r'our fтidgе, this is norv :.
savs it,s oГf linе at thе momеn t and as \ 'our lс othеs. Not on] r'
instruсt ions for it to е Ь lеf t intеlligеn t
to a с ll this numЬеr . doеs it kееp a rеo
с rd of whеn уou,rе
with somеonе еlsе, a nеighЬour
H: oh yеs. I do apoiogizе. Wе, vе bееn t­ttnning 1orr on еvеr yday еssеn tials
having somе proЬlеm s with it, uЬ t pеr haps?
C: Aсt ually, yеs. I have mеt thе old likе milk' rЬ ­rt it еm ails } ,our loсal
I a
с n takе thе oгd ег ovеr thе рh onе gгo.еЦс Stoге, rvhiсh will dеlivеr thе: _
if у ou likе. ladу who livеs neхt door and shе, s
bound to bе homе. Could you lеavе foг r'ou. I t a с n also hеlp with planni:..
:С That would е Ь grеat. I t,s a gift you mеais if l.ou havе friеn ds ovеr for
Sее.
it with her?
H: Finе. I ,ll add that if hеЪ not hоm е dinnег 1 Ь 'moving thе hс iсkеn rГ om
H: Can I takе youг namе plеasе? thе fтеzег so that it'll thaw in timе'
C: Yеs, of oс ...sе. I tЪ Zaгa Freеm an. thеn thе paсkagе should bе lеf t
H: I s that Zara with an's' or a,т',? with thе nеighbour.
C: With a,Z'.Z_А­ R 'А C: ThatЪ grеat! Thanks vеr y muсh for
youг hеlp. Lastl1', hеr е wе are in thе living arеa
H: Just writing that dor'vn. Right. you,ll be plеasеd to hеaц is
H: yМ plеasurе. Thank you for ... ц , hiсh ,
What was thе titlе of thе book
still thе hеar­t of thе family homе.
уou,d likе mе to ordеr ? Lеt Ъ еn tеr thе room. Now, to thе lе|
C: I think itЪ a
с llеd Futц r е Words .. '
of thе еn tranсе is thе main sеating
rro hang on) sorЦ/ that's Futurе
area with a sofa, and dirеtс ly oррos
Worlds.
thе еn tranсе is an armсh air. Thе soi.
a
Ь kс s onto thе wall and the armсh ;'

118
г
 Listening sсr ipts l
.. rl thе lеf t' aсr oss thе oс ffее taЬlе S: oh, that,.s a good idеa. I hadn,t doсu mеn t. And l.ou nееd to find
,rvhеr е formal
. .lrnk wall. So. is thе TV?, thought of that. thе гight a Ь lanсе еtЬ ц , еn
: ­ : ask. Well. this еn tirе
r'оu rvall P: So, tеll mе aЬout thе onе you har.е arrd informal languagе. Yor­rг
­: .сlеvision. The wholе thing is a o
с ntaсt еd . sulvеv isn,t an offiсial doсu mеn t'
­..] sсr еn dеsignеd to show Your S: Right, riеI | , hе was rеn hеlpГLll u
Ь t morе of a living onе that sеt .vеs
. ..l­Г the I ntеr nеt oц lr.hеn itЪ not aсt uallу. Hе rееiс vеd thе suгvеy I а puгp osе, so nеt ttгal languagе is
­ ­ rt displavs anything vou want еm ailеd him and has alrеady sеn t еsЬ t.
..l
.lm family piсt urеs to famous it a
Ь kс . I ,vе had a vеr y quiсk look S: OK, just writing that dorvn ... OK.
. : oГ ar1. at it' but haven't had a h с anсе to P: Thе nехt onеЪ what your mistakе
. r'vas this timе _ try not to usе opеn ­
е oppositе r,r.all to thе sofa is a
P: So faг so goоd . aС rry on ... еn dеd quеstions, or you,ll find it
.rсе, rvhiсh still has a rеal fiге
S: !Vеll, apart Aгom that, I ,l,е also impossib1е to o с llatе your rеsults.
пg еa
Ь ts that nol'ц doеs it? But
found a lot o[ statistiсs that ехist S: Yеp , I think I ,vе lеarnеd mу lеsson
on thе starting salariеs qradцatе­ s thеr е. What еlsе?
and еithег
еg
Ь in on onсе thеу finish studу­ ing. P: Sсalеs rеally do makе thе joЬ of
­ . oг lс osеs thе h
с imnеч So aS not
:гh еat thе room. I t still has its somе
Тhrс .е' s г е аl | r intегеsting o
с @е
_' ]з usеs though, aS.vot­l a stuff out thеге. Did уou knorr,., еasiеr foг thе rеiс piеn ts by saving
с n Sее,
.:.t likеs it vеr y muсh and is u fоr ' хсan­rplе, thzrt r,.our avеa
Г gе thеm lots of timе and еf foгt
с rlеd
_. еn ginеег еaгn s nеarlу as muсh as a ц , riting.
it, happy as a с n bе.
mеd iсal graduatе? S: I takе vour point. Anvthing еlsе?
* . еlsе is on offеr ? Wеll, for P: \ Ъs, I did. P: Ah ha. onе last thing' a М kе surе
.: 'ainmеn t thе familv still rеads thought aЬout thе logiс of
S: Gosh, I had no idеa. oУ u,vе
. so thеr е is a o Ь okсase on thе
P: Har­ing sеo с nd thoughts aЬout a youг quеstions. Thеге' S nolhing
'.
a
с ге in human rеsourсеs arе wе? worsе than trying to makе h с oiсеs
. irat about thе
o
с mputеr ? Wе1l,
\ о, uЬ t I rvas surprised. An1rvay, aЬout things that sееm to har,е no
­.idе
your hеad and powеr еd
. ,sе intеlligеn t gеt ting baсk to whеr е I was. I ,vе ordеr .
lс othеs уou,rе gonе to the liЬr ary u Ь t thе o Ь oks S: Right ... got it. I sее ц . hеr е I rvеn t
l. .:.rg. I maginе this: as уou'rе sitting \ 'oll rеo
с mmеn d har,е alrеady еn Ь Wrong now and ц . ill try to do bеt tег
ng on thе aгm h с aiц } ,ou,ll е Ь time.
iakеn out, aрalt fтom onе that is, nехt
it,s aс llеd . '. A Stаr ting Sttсcеss.I P: Don,t worry. I t,s a vеr y еasv mistakе
i to makе, and onе that many pеoplе
har,еn ,t rеad Ь t I ,vе takеn it
it } ,еt , u
You suddеn ly rеm еmег Ь out and itЪ on my I ist oГ things to с mе aсI oss thе first timе thеу do
o
lu nееd to sеn d work an еm ail. do. this kind of assignmеn t. oK, Sallv
Havе vou o с mе up with a plan уеt ? I rеally must r.ush. I ,m latе for mу.
Yеs, and I 'r.е rvrittеn my h} pothеsis appointmеn t.
.1to typе your еm ail and thеn as rl.еll as mJ­ introduсt ion, u Ь t S: of oс ursе, thanks for your hеip. I ,l1
sеn d,. All у ou nееd to lс o to
I 'vе got stuсk . I Sее \ 'oll in lс ass tomorтow Byе!
that's rvhеге
:lе it iS saу . еm ail,and thе ln­ragе
don,t rеallv knor,r,how I ,m going
' .r.Ьoard will appеar. to е Ь ablе to prеSеn t ali of thе
I you'vе еn ioyed \ ,our lol1г
hopе infoгm ation as thеr еЪ so muсh оГ 8 The history of geography
..l thе homе of thе futuге and
it...
,u'll o
с mе visit again soon. Bvе­ Gl.в
Hi, good morning е\ rеr yonе. I ,m hеr е
P: Wеll fiгstlrl I ,d гo
ес mmеn d r'ou toda1. to prеsеn t my findings on thе
start lr,ith analr zing rr hat tl­rе proсеss of urЬanization and its impaсt
e world of work and еm p1or.ег sard' \ оr r a
с n I hal.е on thе еn vironmеn t. As you know,
a iook at thе qltеstionnaiге vot.t urЬanization involvеs thе movеm еn t
r In rng
lтгotе ?
of pеoplе rГ om thе o с untrysidе to thе
1.7 Yеs, hс. ге it is. iс tiеs. As this proсеss o с ntinuеs, thе
Тh anks ... oh dеaг. Wеll it,s no iс tiеs of thе world o с ntinuе to grow. I
:..llv; P ProfеssoгJamеs) rr.оn dег \ ­ou'rе ovеr whеlmed with
. Pгofеssor= Jamеs, havе vоu infoгm aiion. You,vе o
с llеtс еd a
will dеm onstratе how this growth is
еating away at thе planеt Ъ most fеr tilе
. ц minutе? You sее l.m having lot oI iгroГ гr nation, whiсh aс n bе land.
. . . оГ tгоr rЬle gеlI inp s| ar.1сd or.еt rr'hе1п . r ing '
­ nr. graduatе еm ploу aiЬ lity My геsеarсh has foсu sеd on two
oh dеaг] Тl.rat took mе agеs... and
' . qnmеnt. studiеs that loоkеd at land usе in thе
doеs thirt t­nеan I a с n,t LlSе it?
..Г oK, as long as it doеsn,t takе Unitеd Statеs. Thеsе havе shou,n that
P: Afгaid so ... u Ь L don't ivoгr y­if
­:ег than tеn minlltеs as I havе a sinсе its indеp еn dеnе,с onlУ thrее pеr .
vou,t'е got :r pеn and papец I ,ll
. ::ting to gеt to at 3.30. еn
с t of all land in thе Unitеd Statеs
quiсkl1'givе уou somе pointегs, u
Ь ilt on. Horr.еvег, thе samе
­ tinе. lt shоu I dn,t tаkе long аt and thеn vou a с n rе. jig it to gеt thе has bееn
studiеs havе a1so shown that thе
in oГ гn t;'rt ion r ou'l.с looki ng l.oг.
ц lhat you,vе
l^ Sa1l'v. Tе1l mе геsr­rlting loss of p:pсlц]с vЦ е lдцq i is
.
S: oK, just a minutе ... I knolv thегеЪ
­ .. so faг and wе, ll go liom thеге. oK, got o с mparativеly muсh , muсh gгеаt еt .
a pеr r in hеr е somеr vhеге.
, .­­' as you Suggestеd I h с osе This isn,t so muсh o1 a ргolЬ еr тr ill
it.
_
..е 1oсal businеssеs and Amеr iсa as it has a геl:rtil еll lr ,.', : ..
P: Right, rvеli, first and forеm ost
. :rсt еd thеm via tеlеоh onе to no of pеoplе to land. Horr rс еl.. l] ] i .
уou nееd to е Ь ]с еar. Thеr еЪ
. ­lduсе mуsеlf. point having a еa Ь utifullу r'l,ordеd othеl. o с untгiеч l'tt с t,lоl
­".,sgood. thе irnрatс oГr vhjсh tс ,L.l.l :l... . ... .
doсu mеn t thгoughout that no onе
'r Ll '
,

thе thing is, I o

с uldn,t gеt L.Onsеq lI еnеtС .Г
. ' ­. undеr stands. Usе ianguagе that is
. . thе sеrс еl.ary of trvсl of thеm . dangсr ht'tс it il 'l it ­...
.
simplе.
' ''ou havе anv suggеstions? е гр с a
Ь tс1
с lЬ lс еi:] . :­ : t. '' :>
Right, got that. What nехt ?
. ­.зt aЬout follor,l,ing up rr.ith a it ..оLrl.L ] ] ..t . .' l .
You nееd to a с tсh thе геadег, s
,::
] :Г stating what timе 'vou'll bе аt tсn tion at thе start of thе
. ng again? l'..":,,,',1
119
A Listening sсr ipts

I n ordеr to rеah
sеvегal rеsеarсh
с this o с nсlusion,
mеt hods wеr е
9 Whаt is beauty? C: What about thе
thе samе?
feеs? Arе thеr .e­.

adoptеd . A group of sсiеn tist.s

Unitеd Statеs used a wеathеr
in thе
satе1litе
Gz.t A: Wеll, surprisinglу , thе fее
struсt urеS arе very different.
(A= Anna; C= Chгis)
that normallY maps moonlit lс oud C: Why's that?
o
с vеr at night. Howеv еп on nights
A: Hi hС ris] What arе уou doing herе?
A: I rеally don,t know, u
Ь t' for
I thought vou Werе supposеd to
whеn thеr е rvеr е no lс ouds, thеr ,.usеd ехamplе, Thе Henry Musiс
e
Ь rеvising for vour finals in thе
thе satеllitе to map thе gеn еr ation оf lnstitutе is thе most еxpеn sivе
liЬr ary?
hеat from iс ty lights. Thеl.thеn took at €
8,000 a yеaЦ nехt o
с mеs Thе
thе data and dividеd lirnd usе into
C: Yеah, wеll I dеiс dеd it was timе foг
Aсadеm y in London and thе
a rЬ еak. I rеallу wasn,t lэеing vеr y
threе a с tеg oгiеs: uгa Ь n, sеm i­urЬan h
с еapеst is Lееd s Consеr .vatoц ' ,
produсt ivе so thought I 'd o с me and
and non­uгa Ь n land tlsс. \ е\ t. lhе\ oС ntеm porary u
М siс.
havе a o с ffее and somе frеsh air C: m
М m ... o
Н ц. muсharе thеy
a
с lсu latеd horv aсt il'е thе r.еg еt ation
to sее if that,d hеlp. What arе you
is in еah с rеg ion rЬ 'using dlfГеr еn t ехatс ly?
doing with аll thosе pгospеtс usеs?
satеllitеs. Whеn thеr ­ осmiЬ nеd this A: Wеll, for a full­timе o с ursе
information r,i.ith pгеr ­iоr .rs statistiсs
A: Wеll I ,m trying to dеiс dе rvhiсh
lasting onе yеar itЪ A7,000 at
university to apply to foг my MA in London and
and rvеathеr o
с nс1itiоn s, thеr 'сamе up Thе Aсadеm y
in Musiс. Thе h с oiсе is rеallv
rvith a numЬег fоt ­tоt al рr oduсt ivity f 6.000 at Lеeds o С nseruatory o1
ovеr .whеI mingI
for all arеas. Contеm porary u М siс.
C: WеI I that еrс tainlу is a iЬ g pilе oГ
C: oK. Wеll, what оt hеr expеn sеs
рr ospеtс lrses. a
М еуЬ talking aЬout
do you have to takе into
it will hеlp o У u at lеast narro\ \ '
So what did thе геsults of this proсеss o
с nsidеr ation, likе train farеs fс'
it dоw n? I 'vе got somе timе, and
of land lс assiflсatiоr ­r shorl.? Wеll, ехamplе? I f you,re going to bе
to е Ь honеst, it,ll е Ь a welсomе
iГ гstlr. thсr pr' 'r еd illаt although travelling homе and baсk duгin.
distraсt ion from my dissеr tation. thе holidaу s, thatЪ got to bе a
onlr а linr рlс .!cnLiL9с oГ thе land A: Gгеat! Thanks Chris. So far, the
in thе Unitеd Statеs is urЬanizеd , faсt or.
univеr sitiеs that appеal thе most
rnr] )Q nёl, ,,.. r .f I ".,.l is usеd for A: I ,m not worтiеd aЬout that, thot..
arе Thе Aсademy in London, Lееd s
dч ­.: 1.''l'.
^llLultЦ L11
.hе land whiсh insuranсе is an addеd o с st as l'l.
PLr1 PU)ЕDt L,
oС nsеr vatory of o С ntеm porary
has еn Ь rЬ 'ri] t огr aсt uallv has thе nееd to makе surе mу instrumе:
u
М siс and The Hеn ry u М siс
еsЬ t soilt. T] lе­ ( \ \ ег indеp еn dеn tlу is oс vеr еd . Howеvец all of thеп l
I nstitutе , whiсh is also in London.
o
с rтobогаitсlс rЬ a sеoс nd tеam of rеq uirе mе to sеn d in a h с еq uе |
C: I ,m not an ехp еr t but r,r,ouldn't Thе
hе h
с aгg еs [ oг applу ing oеГ Ь l.с
sсiеn tists in Sаn Fгanсisсo, whosе Hеn ry Musiс I nstitutе е Ь thе bеst
t

геsultt t] l' r' t] lrt this pгoеsс s is thеy,ll proсеss my aрp lщ at] aц .
as itЪ thе onе that еveryonе' s hеard
hл n nсп i'П ' t \ l ­ | rх l..г iц thе sorlth­ C: I s that normal?
of?
еastеnГ .О] ­ilе] .сlt thе Unitеd Statеs. A: Apрarеn tly...
A: Wеll ... yеs and no. Lеeds C: CanI havеalook?
This n.rе: rns thаt land that is ехt rеm еly Consегvatory of o
С ntеm porary
pгodr.ritirt' ll.'Пl .in esгiu с ltuгal point A: Yеs, of o
с ursе' Hеr е you aге.
Musiс is also prеt ty famous and Ummmm.
o[ r'iеr r' rs bеiгr g takеn ovеуlгЬ ar,i.ns, C:
aithough The Aсadеm y in London
gоlo
с Г ttt t­' .rn.. .L I \с \ sсаt tегеd tгеs. got
A: What is it?
is lеss wеll­known, thеу, vе
As a diгtес :с Г Ll] t of rrгa Ь nization, C: Wеll, I think you might havе a
somе еxеlс lеn t modulеs on offеr problеm .
thе rеsеaгh
с lс ­> iI l San Franсisсo
C: But still, itЪ alwavs good to have
A: Why? What is it?
a
с lсu latеd thз. t еl rс r l.еar 91 million a well­known namе on Your
.I ost' C: Wеll it sa\ ,s herе that thе dеadli:.
tonnе\ oГ р1.tгLt .t'. in thе U.S. V
С еv еn if Lееd s oС nsеr .vatory
is January thе 9.h. TЬatЪ nехt rr..
So rr,hat iс lс :с ihts п lеan for thе futurе? of oС ntеm porary u
М siс and
A: Whеr е? Lеt mе sее ... you,rе ris:
WеШ , I har е ,с п ­ l.' l.rр rvith somе of Thе Aсadеm v in London arе
Whiсh pгospеtс us is this?
m\ , o\ \ 'n idеas fс, r­ Dl.аtс iсal solutions. good '.. What aЬout thе entry
C: The Hеn ry Musiс I nstittltе ...
o
с untгiеs shоu 1.] ;alсlriatе r,r.hеt hеr rеq uirеm еn ts? That might hеlp у ou
lrrЬяn izlliоn l.l' nn thрiг A: oh nol Whаt am Т going to do?
'' 'nn.'nino
I Fr""'S to makе a dеiс sion.
C: Makе vour dеiс sion now?
fеr tilе lands I .jo; :с ре. iallу ' if thеy havе A: Wе11, funny You should saу that
A: I s the lЬ osing datе thе samе foг .
largе рoрu iatiLrll> ..] lП рal.еd to thе as I was just looking at thеm . Thе
of thеm ?
amount оГ lanс1 :r., аilaЬlе, likе I ndia Aсadеm 5 in London геq uiгеs an
C: Lеt Ъ h
с kес ... Look hеr е, Lееd s
and hС ina' iсll­ еl;'r.lр1.с I Г it is, thеn audition as doеs Thе Hеn ry Musiс oС nsеlwatory of oС ntеm рoran
еvеn .еf fot1 shrlLrll е Ь гn adе to stoр thе I nStitutе.
nrоечс s I r.оn ' ll ,* .. . .nq' Тh is a
Musiс is on thе 19ф uЬ t Thе
с n bе C: Lееd s Consеr .vatory of Aсadеm y in London isnt until i
donе in man\ \ \ эr > , onе of thеm is to oС ntemporary Musiс doеsn,t?
30'h of this month.
stop inr,еstin* s in thе ] r­rir.astгutс uге of A: No, thеy want a с ndidatеs to
Al oK, I ,d еtЬ tеr hurry up and ma.
those arеas. I f реr lрlе iс оr .r't har.е thе o
с mposе a piеес of musiс instead,
dеiс sion.
faсilities thеr . nс. е. i. thеr ' rr on,t r'r,ant е[Ь oге attеn ding an intеr ..liец.
to livе thеге. But in п lr оp inion, thе C: Don't thе othеr s rеq uirе you to do
main solution hеге js to oГ1еr pеoplе that? o
С mposе, that is? A: Right, now, apart from thosе t1:
finanсia] inсеn til'еs tO п lo\ .е a\ \ .av A: No, thе others ask you to writе an o
с l1еg еs I also wanted to havе a
[ r'om fеr tilе lаn ..l tu .ll (..l> tllJt аге lеss assignmеn t stating Why уou Want quiсk fliсk through Northdorvг
valuaЬlе in agriсu ltuгa] tегтls. to join thе o с ursе fiгst of all, uЬ t if oС llеg e's and thе onе from Thе
1 hope you,ve еn jor­еd mr ргеsеn tation I pass that stage thеn aiso havе
I ,1l Janrеs Aсadеm у of Musiс.
this moгn ing. Thanks foг r.ouг to attеn d a faсе. to­faсе intеr ­viеr v C: Look hеr е it is; faсilitiеs at
kind attеn tion. I r'l,ill nоlr'takе anr' like thе othеr tц. o plaсеs u''ith thе Northdoц . n Collegе.
quеstions ... hеad of sсh ool. Assuming that goеs A: What doеs it say?
oK, thеn I ,ll е Ь aсеpс tеd onto thе C: Wеll, it has a library with a
o
с ursе. dеd iсatеd historiсai resеarсh
C: Right. Sounds tough! Sеtс ion thatЪ ц , oгld fаm ous.
A: I know, u Ь t I supposе itЪ 1.or A: ThatЪ аlI vеr y inlегеsting, u Ь t i

aaМ stеr Ъ dеg rеe so I wasn,t not going to make mе go thеr е,

ехptес ing it to е Ь еasу.

120
 Listening sсr ipts t
_
: .\ a с dеm y in London has and aft hеlpеd hеr patiеn ts to hospital to har.е a hip геp laсеm еn t
'­:] ] рu sеs all around еn
с tral rеo
с vеr more quiсklv. Aithough opеr ation, and so thе­ v nееd еd
" Thеу all havе largе hеr o с mmеn ts wеr е viеr 't,еd rvith to staу oГ r ziround 10_14 days.
. oГ oms and thеr еЪ one 24 sсеp tiсism at thе timе, shе r,vas Тh е гsс еагh
с егs p| аvеd thеm З0
­ ,:еl егi a at the biggеst sitе. _ wе еlЬ iеvе . thе iГ гst of manv minrrtе traсks of soothing lс assiсal
'' ....:П:.;сt е, uЬ t for mе thе most hеа| th pгoеsГ sionаI s to Statе tьiS. musiс, uЬ t not еr .еr y dar,, and thеn
' thing is somеw hеr е to ovеr the follor,r,ing yеars, thеr е monitсlгеd t ht'il. pгt ,lРl .еss ttsing
wеr e manY othеr studiеs that a quеstionnairе. Whеr .r askеd
..oLlrsе. to ratе horv they fЪlt o
triеd to provе that a link bеt r'vееn Ь th rl.ith
iti '. :оr i.whеr е did I it ...
( .;:.е it is. Look, nowsее this afi, musiс and hеalth ехists, uЬ t and ц . ithout musiс, thе patiеn ts
l'еr r,. fеr r' of thеm ц . еr е striсt ly o
с nsistеn tlv statеd that thеv fеlt
" :. Lееds oС nservator.v'of o
с ntrollеd , so thе rеsults wеr е | еss аn х iotls on l hе da\ .s rr hеn thе1
­:lpoгаr u Musiс has oi.ег l'aгiaЬ1е, had thе musiс plаv ine. Тh ",..
and thеr eforе unгеliaЬlе. u
.,сh ing and рaд .с !щ е s1ц d ios. Hоlr еl.ец onе Amегia с n study sеo с nd unехp eсt еd , uЬ t o с mplеt еl',",
r.
' . ,luхu ry! еНr e thеr е arе onil lras diffеr ent. I n thе 1980s, undеr standaЬ] е геsult fгom thе
_
J irЪ геаl| у diЕl.iсu I t to find \ Umс l'еsеaгh rеsеarсh . Thе staff likеd thе musiс
с took р| aсe into
: ::rpty so I often have to plar. in
tl.rе tес Г е s of aгh
с itеtс uге on thе so muсh that thеv said tl.rеv too
. ­:] ­dеn s.
I .е. o\ еt J. tiПlе оt 46 patiеn ts u'ho еlГ t hapрiег аn d Lhаt thеr ir otrI d
­.ari li ег in hospital oГ r a gall lЬ addег е Ь | еss likе| r to | еаr е th.] hоsрitаI
." e\ , thatЪ thе past and this lor joЬ еlsеw hеr е
a if it rvеге to
..".. looks grеat!
Oрегation. Half of thе patiеn ts
rt'еге kерt in hospital wards with o
с ntinuе. Noц l that has to е Ь a
. .'r
hat aЬout Thе Hеn гu ' \ 'I usiс ri l ndоr r s or.егlooking goоd thing, whiсh will also har,е a
somе tгеs.
,utе? Look, thеr еЪ
slLlrс a nсr r positivе еf fеtс on thе qualitv of t1­rс
' : lhе
latеst that tеh
Т1lс ' thсt .hа] lriеr е I еf t in rooms
с nolog} ­ that faсеd trеatmеn t patiеn ts rееrс vе.
onto a rЬ iсk rvall. I t was
,.. :о offeг and a small musеu m
oГ trnd that thе onеs with a niсе [n o
с nсlusion ...
.:::.с?t€
d to the history oГ musiс.
­. tз Ъ l­iеr r l.­ft hospital a day еarliеr and
rеally
imprеssivеl nсеd еd fеr ге painkillеr s. This
:'эn ,t think I ,m reallу that
..егеstеd studr rvas gгoundbrеaking as it 11 Psyсh ology and Soсiology
in using o с mputеr s rt as thе iГ гst
that usеd o с ntrollеd
lrlе making musiс, sothаt ь
, sеlling point rеallу. But look, this
not осn ditions that o
с uld е Ь mеasurеd
statistiсallv and without iЬ as.
Gz.з
эlaсе is intеr еsting. Thе Jamеs (K= Katiе; R= rеsidеn t)
\a с dеm y of u М siс. It o
с mеs K: Hi, good аf tегn oon sil ег. .. е\ u
с sе
lеo
с mmendеd уЬ lots of pеopiе in mеI oС uI d you spаr е a minutс
.hе musiс industry and all of its
:М Norv I ,d tikе to bring у ou up.to­
plеasе?
.ourses have a u datе and takе a lс osеr o
с mparati\ rе
Ь sinеss еl еm еn t
look at threе rеseaгh
R: oh, hеllo. Sor.гу, I was in a r'r,,orld of
as wеll as having a pгofessiona1
с projeс1s
mv o\ vn ... I didn,t hear you thеr е.
studio for гo on thrее vеr y diffeгеn t typеs
ес rding alЬu ms.
of patiеn t. The first monitoгеd
K: No pгolЬ еm . My namеЪ Katiе
\ Vowl That sounds геalh.сu tting­ and I ,m a sеo
с nd yеar soсiology
thе hеaith of unЬoгn a
Ь iЬ еs. In
еd gе. So arе you any lс osеr tо studеn t. We'rе doing a геsеaгh
с
thе study, whiсh took plaсе at a
making a dеiс sion now? projеtс on thе importanсе
of
hospital in London, babiеs wеr e
plavеd livе musiс and thеir hеart o
с mmunit!' loсal еn
с tгеs tо
гatеs wеr е
rеsidеn ts. М v I ask, arе yoll a
a
it 10 ls it art? monitorеd . A hеalthy
геsidеn t of oМ lton?
a
Ь lЬ .Ъ hеaгt would еaЬ t around
R: Yеs' I am.
z€
Э .z 1 10 to 160 timеs

геsеaгhс еr s
a minutе' u Ь t
found that thеiг hеaгt
K: ThatЪ pеr fеtс . Would you mind
= Profеssor K
сМ inlеy; М answеr ing somе questions aЬout
= ratе inсгeasеd yЬ up to 15 e
Ь ats
Miсh aеl) a minutе on averagе without thе
thе faсilitiеs you usе? I t won,t takе
Hello еvеr yone. Bеf orе wе mothеr Ъ
vеr y long ...
рu lsе h
с anging. This is a
o
с ntinuе rvith ouг lеtс urеs on thе good si.en that the aЬ у Ь is hеalthy.
R: of oс ursе, I 'd е Ь hapрy to answеr
history of musiс and aft, wе, ll eЬ anу quеstions You havе. Firе awav!
I n addition, thе mothеr s that took
listеn ing to iМ h с aelЪ prеsеn tation part in thе sur:r,еv also said thеy fеlt
:К Gгеatl oK, thе iГ гst quеstions aгс
on how musiс and afi are еiЬ ng to do with you. So a с n I ask hoц .
moге rеlaхеd .
usеd to hеlp ri'ith the hеaling oid you aге? Wе nееd to knoъ, foг
proсess in thе 2 1st еn Anothеr str­rdv lookеd at a с nсer statistiсal purposеs latеr .
с tury.
Miсh aеl, patiеn ls ц h о rrеге r isitine as R: Wеll, I ,d likе to sav 16 uЬ t I ,m 59,
aге \ .ou rеady to begin?
: Yеs, I think so ... Thanks p.oГ" .,o..
day patiеn ts to геiс vе thеir 60 nехt wееk in aГ lс .
Right. Good moгn ing all. As h
с еm othеr apy trеatmеn ts. Thеу K: oС ngratulations [ oг nехt ri'ееk]
Profеssoг K just statеd , wеr е trеatеd in a room that had Norr' I just nееd vouг postсоlс е, and
сМ inlеу
I 'vе bееn doino somе rеsеarсh aгt istiс piсt uгеs hаn gine on thе thеn rr.е' ll gеt star1еd .
into thе hеaling рo\ \ 'еr s ц . all. Thе piсt uгеs ц , еr е h
с angеd R: Right' rvе1] tl.rat,s an еas} ­onе. I t,.s
oГ ar1 and
musiс, ar.rd I 'd likс tо pгеsеn t еahс rvееk so that thе patiеn ts н _A 8 7_U_P
my
findings to \ ­olt toda\ .. I intеn d to u,ould not har,е to loоk at thе :К 7.А_E ... H o_P' \ \ as lhat iГ ght?
dеm onstratе samе onеs rr,ееk aftеr .rr.ееk. \ \ rhеn R: No mr'dеaЦ itЪ H_A_8­7_U_P.
thе pоsitil'е еf fеtс s
of musiс and ar1 oI 1 patiеn ts,
quеstionеd aftеr rr'aгd s, patiеn ts :К Rigl.rt ... oK. Sorry.foг thе
еm otional, soсial as rr'еll as said that thеv fеlt lеss pain bеa с usе o
с nltrsion.
physiсal rvеll­Ьеing. thе imagеs hеlреd takе thеiг R: ThatЪ quitе alright. Now цlhat
mind off thе trеatmеn t thеv rvеr е aЬout thеsеquеstions?
Lеt Ъ bеg in rЬ ­going aЬ kс in tiп lе rееiс r,ing. Thеv also notеd gеn еr al
to thе most famous o[ nuгsеs,
K: Yеs, staгt еd ... So onе of
lеt Ъ gеt
improvеm еn ts in thеir wеll­Ьеing. thе most important things r,i''е nееd
Floгеnес N i ghtinеaiе. \ \ ial' a
Ь kс
in 1860, Floгеnес Nightingalе Finaiiv, thе last studу analyzеd trэ knor,v is whiсh of thе lЪсilitiеs
wrotе in hег. Vore.s thе trеatmеn t oГ a gгoup o[ vou alгеadу usе.
lс tt NLtrsiltР
that rЬ ightlv o с louгеd florr'егs
еldегI 5 patiеn ts who rvеге in R: Right OK.

121
 Listening sсr ipts

lс ntгiu
Ь ting' Somеt hing likе tl,r,o o
с mе to a foгk in thе гoad, whеr е oг
K: oK, what aЬout o с mputеr
faсilitiеs? Do you u с гr еn tlу usе pоu nds pеr lс ass sееm s likе a road ­ Nofth n Е d Waу _ trrrns to 1h.
in геasonaЬlе гatе for an o] d man likе lеf t and goеs nor1hъ,еst aц I ay fгom t:
puЬliс o
с mputеr s anrrvhеге
town? mе! hеath; and on vour right is Spaniaгiс '
R: Yеs, I do. I go to mr. loсal
liЬr ar} '. K: oK, еm ... and iastly thеn , I just Road, whiсh tuгn s north­еast, u с ttiГ t

K: Grеat, ... jr­rst jotting that 1с оr r n' nееd tо knoц , how rеg ularly у ou through thе parkland. Walk along th
oK, what aЬout lоa с l sроr ts think you ц . ill usе thе nец . faсilitiеs lattеr гoad a littlе rvау and look foг
faсilitiеs? if thе o с mmunit­v­ еnс trе makеs thе thе fiгst opеn ing on.Your right, rvhеr .
R: Yеs. l gеt dorrn t. t] lс tri inlllting h
с angеs уou have suggеstеd . a path lеads у ou dоr ,r,n into thе rvild
psa1 lеast trr iсе a \ \ .с. k' R: Wеll, I ,d saу­ thrее timеs a rvееk, parkland.
K: And еd^ uсt ation lГ rсi1itrс. ? Aгс r'оu whiсh is morе than I go at thе As vou dеsеn с d alоn g thе pathwal,',
u
с п . еn tlv attеr lс1in g .inr O с uгsеs? momеn t. I onlу o Ь thеr оn Mondays vou rvill find that thе nоisе of thе
R: Yеs, I go tо Sрanish .­1a:sе. q еl.еt l' and Wеd nеsdavs, as thеr еЪ nothirrg uЬ sy road, that is just on vour lеf t,
Fridav at thе itrгt h..t. iс rtс: rtiоn еlsе on during thе r,vееk that disappеars o с mplеt elv You might
o
с liсg е. inlеr еsts mе. But I ц , ould dеf initеlу rvant to takе off } .our hеadphonеs to
K: That,s gгiс it l 1 lll:1> i \ .1\ ' \ oL1 е Г \ 'ег} gеt out of thе housе morе if thеу еn jo} , thе dеlight of thе sounds of thе
aсt l\ .е. Wеr е to makе thosе kinds oГ paгkland. Don't imaginе that thеге i'ч
h
с angеs. Ь lr, silеn е!с
n Thеr е is thе noisе of thе
tгеs and thе lr,ildlifе that livеs thеге.
oK' .,,.,r Lilr,'rrgh.
K: rrс' ..с !:., As.уou r,valk along thе path, у ou r,r.ill
lhr.Л \с t t . t. . t1 'l.I t llo\ \ . 't2 Travelling around the world с mе aсго5s
o sеr егаI paths o с ming
thе осп lт: ll.t:t:.r ;еI .ttl.е o
с uld bе from thе right to join thе path that уlс
iп lрt u' 'с . l. .,. ,., ' i ] let i'. Gz.+ arе on, u Ь t kееp going until You COmс
R: l sе.с \ \ еil, I .. .:i е it
go! :r
Hi and wеlo
с mе to thе r,r,alking audio to thе first fork in thе path' Noц . takе
K: \ \ .е1l t.ii.l­r t j .­^ с ro iГ nd out уollr tour sеn ,iсe, ц , hiсh offегs guidеd thе path that goes to vour lеf t, ц , hiсh
\ iе\ \ \ (] ll ::. '] .: ;:I iс litiеs' Whiсh audio tours of ovеr 30 waiks around w­ill rЬ ing vou shoгt lу to thе opеn
sрlс t't: .1. ' r. .. :] link тh е o
с mmunity spaсеS around Kеn ц , ood Housе'
London. Thе full list of thе walks is
еn
с t1е :] ] ....i , ,ti..г that it doеsn't availaЬlе on our rvеsЬ itе. You havе
alгеlt.] r ,,
h
с osеn thе Hampstеad Hеath Tour
R: liп lгr l \ \ . .. I m not going to Par1 1, whiсh was, in faсt ' thе first of You a с n еithег rvaik through thе
'qa\ :i'' l] ] ..] ] :.] i .ts thегеЪ no point thе r,valking tours that r,vеr е гo ес rdеd . woods and еn jov еiЬ ng among thе
har iп . :..
:t,r,rls in a town of Yotlr rr.alk takеs you through part o[ trееs, or у ou aс n Savour thе othег
this > i;с' L;­ l] lС ihink... um, thе hеath, lviid, opеn paгk1and
a hr­rgе, с aгm s thе hеath has to offеr . You
h
rr he.. :.i. '... r.l{ ll? l knorv it's vеr y rr.hеr е Londonегs and r.isitors to aге now at Kеn u,ood Housе, whiсh is
р( )i] l.ti11: :.= .: .1ars. Yеs, yoga and thе iс ty a с n oс mе and еn joу somе a mllsеLlm opеn to thе publiс. I t has
iЬ ldtlll:.'.. :l I Lr:еd to piay You lеisuгеI у and геsГ hi ng ех гiс sе. еnЬ trsеd as thе sеt ting for sеv егal
knсlr* ' Thе hеath is onе of thе gеm s of north rvеll.knoц . n films, and is usеd as a
K: Rеalir,, London. Whеn you еn tег thе parkland, vеn uе oГ r a rvidе rangе of funсt ions.
.,.'..>
R: \ Ъs' .il...i 1 qttitе good thor­rgh you rvill fееl as if you arе ц . alking Foг somе light rеf геshmеn ts, thеr е is
I 'п . t l.l., 'i.­.:..r ;r ilit п . rst1­ now. I tЪ in thе rvild o с untrysidе, rЬ ­rt you аr rе thе a с fё at Kеn r'l.ood Housе. Bеlow
g
Ь g'n r i::. aсt uallv still in an urЬan aгеa. Kеn rvood Housе itsеlf, уou a с n sее thе
K: oK. .] .. r
.i­­
.. :] liп k
lс assеs thе
hеге at thе grass), slopеs. r,vhiсh arе arr idеal plaсс
.:,il gгoups? intО Thе waiking tour еg Ь ins
shotrl.l [ oг piсn iсs and foг h
с ildrеn to r.r­rn
t .. ;.'.,d idеa. I knorv ех i t to Hampstеad undеr grсlr­rnd
R: \ Ъs. tll..:
station on aгound and plav gamеs. Just еуo Ь nd
­ ...lL. lс :lssеs onl), f.or station, u.hiсh is the dееp еst
tl.rat iL l::.: this piсn iс arеa is an opеn air stagе
J .1сiГ nitеlу еЬ moге thе London Undеr ground s} .stеm . Wс
рtс ­tsitltlсl > I rr­hеге musiс o с nсеr 1s are hеld in thе
iikеlr t., ­:­.. l.п l t­tоt as fast as I
hopе that у ou еn joу уour ехp еr iеnе,с
... rvhеt hеr YoLl arе on your own oг sl1mmеr months. You might еvеn sее
onсс \ \ 11> \. \ ilo\ \ thе stagе еiЬ ng prеp arеd for a o
с nсегt
sha гing 1otlг u alk r,r ith a t.om pa n iоn
K: OK, 1l1 i,r. ­.l thаt dorvn ...
еg
Ь in youг totrr. Wе hopс rvhilе уou arе thеr е.
... So lеt Ъ
Gг.с atl \ ,' ­ ] .е llеal.lv donе
this part of
уotr еn jov it! You might ц, ant to ехp lorе
l jltstr­iсе. i ' .:t\ \ (] tlSoПle But bеf orе
What If o tr­rrn right as vou ех it thе hеath at vour lеisurе.
quеstl()ll> .:..
...| .!1L1сation. У u
Hampstеad station, and stav on thе vou lеar.е thе hеath altogethеr thеr е
kinс1 ­с ,t .i.t...,. .l., r lllr think thе fеaluгеs that
it doеsn't right hand sidе of the road, thе main arе two othеr notaЬlе
еn
с tге stlL,i.;.] ' iе1.thirt
thorough­farе, еНath Strееt , rvill takе arе \ \ rorth visiting. on thе еast sidе of
alг;с lс1r ?
up thе hill to thе hе a th itsе lf. You thе hеath arе sеvеr al largе ponds for
R: Wеll, I su1lр. '.; kinс1 of thing } * oll
'hс sеg rеg atеd and п r iхеd Ь thing. And if
a
that,s nо 1l,tlgсl. . at thе loсal arе now rvalking ar,vay fгom thе main
'| tе1
гс
in aН mpstеad villаg е, у ou would likе a r.iе r v of London, уou
o
с 11еg е' ­с tll ,,. tilin95 likе aгt s shops and a с fёs
but.vou a с n rеt urn to visit thеsе aftеr с n visit Paг] iamеn t
a Hill, whiсh givеs
and гсa| ts. Тh .lsс kiт­ rds oГ lс assеs
vor­r a good pаn orama of London that
hal,е nolr lс 'с s.­сi lt. rh..r riегn
с ,t your r'valking touг for some windoц ,
shopping. Thе r,illagе is uЬ sу dr­rгing is in faсt protеtс еd уЬ lav'..
l.inanсiallr \ I .rL'| ,с ..1'p..r..ntlr.
K: Yеs, I hеaгd аt ] (lllt tl] .lt' I t \ \ as thс davtimе and thе еr еn ings.
suсh a shamе' Т} ­rсl'.. kinсi'. of Nоr 'v a Ь kс to Hеath Strееt . As thе
гoг thе 13 The importanсe of
lс assеs arе so iп lрr lI .tant гoad ц, .inds northrvards up Hеath
ps1,сh ologiсal lvеll­Ьеr ng of thсlsе Strееt , you rvill pass somе shоp s and i nfrastruсt ure
mosl rulnегa]Ь е in .. !{ 'l1lnltI nit\ .
oK, I ,vе rvrittеn that lс оr i n. \ orr, I
геStauгants
Whеn yor­r rеah
on Your ц. aу
с
to thе hеath.
thе top, thе first paгt Gz.s
nееd to ask vou r,i'hеt hег r оt t rr'ould oГ thе hеath that у ou u.ill sее on yollr (J= Jaсk;T= tutor)
еЬ willing to pay foг anl­ of t} ­rе гight is thе Valе o{ thе Hеath, whiсh J: Hil Am I oЬ thегing you? I s it oK to
sеr ­viсеs wе цr ег just talking zrbotrt. his somе spеtс aсu lar housеs. u Ь ilt on sее уou now?
R: Umm, as long as it wasn't too thе Hеath itself еsЬ idе a largе pond. T: Hi Jaсk! No oЬ thег. Plеasе o
с mе
muсh , I havе nothing against I f votr go along a littlе furthеr у ou will

122
 Listening sсr ipts
f
] . iLtioГ this r,еaц it'.s m.r' Thе onll'thiп g is
. ..­,t\ 'lo O\ .егsе vOLlг
Lrlсl J: Yеs, oK.
­­is' t.''..,Ь. .Ьl' i,' t.u'i l) ll" P..,ЬI еn '
t
T: Anсl rvh:rt aЬоr rt lhе aп lOLtnt .r1
­ ­\ orr; rr.hег:с lt.е mt, ol tl,ngеsliun itl innеt 'r'i| } llt.еits
tс ' llег. . paгking I oг all оf t} tсlsе агс: ',
tI rеr аl.е. oК, aдd rvoц l1
с lс isr.rrрt loсal rЪsidеn Ъ, J: I diсln,t o
. ' .''е \ \ 'Cге going to loсlk at с mе aСoГ ss thal in mr
t: :tL1d\ .оn thе h
stеlс l, ll ti­lс o
с nslгutс iоn rr.сlгk геsеагh
с , u
Ь t I t.л r t l.,o| . 11 ...'
с allеn gеs llltPl.сt l .ltrritr! tlrс l)ishI .
lllanning irr thе 2l st ' T: Yеah, I 1hink itЪ impor­тant.
l j\ г | .lt.' r
'l I r rl I rl c\ ( ll\ lllLll ) J:
' .1llсl ho\ \ 'to nrakе And rr.hat aЬout o с nsidегlng rr hеr .е
tt аs t() 1­с­ ll:1\ .с tllс aГе; t rr oLl] 1
с еЬ pсоp lе livе in rеlation to tlrеiг plaсс
..t } rossiЬ] е. Hori,,.s it:rll irlеr rteЬ] 'с of rl.oгk? I f thеv livе in thе suЬr ­rr sЬ '
J; \ ­t I r. k' \ lll| ' lri,irlt' tЬ rt in \ (lnlе horv :rЬout rтеn tioning
.'.:l' I 'm pгеt tr' happv rr­ith lt. horv lat.
lс lсt tс .сitiеs, I think itls onе lс Г thе thеv nеlес
, iаlk vott tl.rгough it to rтr :rkс to tгavеl in oгd ег to sеt
tсlr r i:rЬ] с оp tirlns. l.' rtuгk?
­ t­n on thе гight lrаk с ? T: \ \ .е1l as ] lс ns its \ oll st.llе that, thеn T: Anсl don,t
' rilГSel piеasе do. I ,ll stop roLl i1 1.oгg еt about thеiг
it аn
с lс iГс nitсil еЬ inсirrdе]с . r.е}с 'сling stratеg y, inсluding horr'
.l'' с nПV qtrеstions.
.' rr'е1l I staгt еd lЬ ' ino aгt
a
с sr.it is and horr. muсh thеr .
.uir
t r'. r. ] 'с nl.rkinl \ tll е \ otl in. I tt.I .'
,.r iсr t oГr rhаt 'si'еrс r iriЬ. .rl J: oK, so thatЪ п . rr'intr.odtrсt ion tо st:ttlstiсs tсl aЬ kс it up.
­.nning hаs .ес Ь n L1p tlnti] llO\ \ , uгаn
Ь рlaгr ning soгt еd , but norr'I
. .sti} ., thеr е, s
thе idеa оt a O
с mе to thе main paгt , rr.hiсh is thе
J: OK, eor ir.
'.ll. This­is thе or.rе that еr 'еr l ч ] .еrс ­r a
с sе stud\ r I t ц. as геir] lv
T: A] 1 in al1 J:rсk ,
ott'r'е геa] 1r. 1с onе
r
lс nс' .s diffiсr :lt to k lrtl.l I \ gI \ l'1u!ll
:aгd iс f' but I [ ound that rr hilе h
с oosе .rouг hоп t еr rс, I
аs l hеге aге so mаn v gоod look lorrrlr d io l е( еi\
'.r.",
,,il­ . rl,,rii, ,.. ехamplеs, u
Ь t in thе еn d I sеt tlеlс
iПg \ i)tI l
.'rсl in "u.."rll
iirr:ritеd a
с sеs. it gr.o..sl] on Curitiba, whiсh is thе :с rpital
final draft.
of J: Thanks pгofеssor You,l.е еn
Ь a
е. rsЩ p­li fiеd t h in gs. thе south Bгaziliar.r statе of Paгаn 6.
''с. ll gгeat hеlp.
thats а good anrl pгat.tiс. ,l T: Ah, vеs. Niсе h
с oiсе. Hоu .Ъ thе
. aгt . What еlsе did vou look at? I гsс еaгh с o
с ming alons?
lpе that уou also n Ьс sidеr еd thе J: \ Vеll, to е Ь honеt,Ъ I ,п l­Гinсlin.a thе 14 Money and happiness
.lе: r of dееn
с tгalizаt ion? llп lotlnt of n.ratегial а iЬ 1 too muсh .
..' that
ц . as l.еaI | ) inlегs
,tnough thее Г \ \ ег
с ring,
no oЬj ец isщ
аs ThсгеЪ suсh a lс ir,егsе
statistiсs that it makеs it almost
гangе of G2.6
l it an.d it lookеd good lс п paцег, rt impossiЬ| е Lo rЬ . sеltес ir
Good morning е\ 'е11.onе and rvе1o
с mе
e.
''St didn,t WoГk in . T: Wеll, tеll mе a iЬ t moге aЬout rvhat
to thе Stanlеу Unir'егsitr­Sсh ool of
:еs, a oс nundгL1m indееd . vou'vе disсovеr еd , rЕ .'оn omiсs. l rriI l е Ь onЬ ol rotrr
and thеn ц . е' ll
Jоr i,еvец I think find that sее if rvе a с n o lеtс tlггсs on thе o с uгsе and ntr namе
t,or­r,ll с mе up with a plan
] ег aге
manу fads that o с mе to tack] е thе proЬiеm . is Pr.оеsГ soг 'Ц hirеiГ Iс d. Bеlorе th.,
'.nd go in this aгеa. I t isn,t thе l.iгst J: Wеll, itЪ fasсinating. Loсal aсadеm iс 1,еaг rеallv gеt s undеF,Va\ , I
..nd it rl.on,t е Ь thе
last to simplr': autlrсlгitiеs rr.ould likе to takе vou through somе
managеd to aсh iеr ,е so
lisaрp еaг off thе faсе of thе planеt . muсh sinсе thе 196Os, ргinсipall} r
of r,r.hat vou a с n ехptес anсi й gir.е l'ou
.\ е| I this is aI I rеr r goud sо aГ r: bеa
с usе гathеr than rr,aiting foг somе gеn егal o
с uгsе information.
'\ hаt diсl rou lоok аt nс\ t? еn
с tг: rl gor.сгn mеn t initiativеs Firstlr,; r,ou,ll е Ь attеn ding lеtс ttгеs
. thсц геsеaгlс rеd thе l 960s fad of t hс} . hоt е а o с hеsir drll.ins ri hit'h rou rr iI l t.ееiс rе
е stгаt еg v
эu ilding nеll, towns on nеr 'v srtеs. rr'hсге r.еsidеr .rI s rr,сге o
с nsuliеd . infoгm :rtion aЬout o ес nomiсs and
эu t I oГ und that although tЬеr r Thеn thеl' tо, эk tl.rеiг idеas and thе pгioгitiеs that vou rvill nееd to
.lге isqlatеd a с sеs o[ suсеsс s. thеr . implеm n
с tсd thеr .r.r intсl loсa] foсu s lс t.t. Thе lеtс urеs will pror,idе r.or.r
'еn dеd to o с st too muсh tiп . rе aй go\ €
гn lП еn t рlannir.rе to oс п lе tlp rr.ith infогm ation aЬout thе suЬj tес
nonе) , to rЬ rild. rvith a рian еr 'еlr­lэodl rr'аs happr' in a геlati'".еlv o
с ndеn sеd foгm at. I n
I ''ееp ing to that thеm е, h:rl,е vott \ \ 11il] . aс. ldition, thеy should also ргol,idе
.oп sidеr d с thс id.'a ;с | lЬ orr nГiеld T: A hal A oЬ ttom­up appгoаr h
с . Dсl a suitaЬlе lramеw ork foг fur1hег
> itеs? That is sitеs that pгеv iousl­v. go on ... studr. Ъpiсall1,, this is also thе fiгst
had anothег usе, еiЬ ng o
с r.rr.егt lес J: Wеll, thе tгanspolt sуstеm is zt timе that studеn ts gеt thе h с anсе to
into геsidеn tial arеas? г е а| еr anlplе ol'thе lo\ \ nЪ oес ­ п l еt a геsеarсh еr at thе oГ гoеГ nt of
Likе thе idеa of u Ь ildings that fтiеn dly imagе. vЕ еn though thеy thе disсipiinе. Traditiona1lr, lеtс ttгеs
\ \ 'еге о n ес a
Ь nks еiЬ ng tuгn еd into hal,е onе o[ thе highеst numЬег
"
aге Sееn as an еssеn tial of thе
рarт
геstauгаt tlts? That kind oГ thing? o[ aс г S р еl . pегson in thе o lеarning u с lturе foг highеl. еd uсation,
с untry
\ Ъah, that's r.ig= ht. thеv also havе thе highеst in rvhiсh undeгg гaduatе studl. is
Nсl, I lraс1ll.t tllсlLrght оf that. of pсоp 1е using puЬliс '''­Б" .
transpoft. r iеw еd аs an indut ti.,l] jn1t­l аt 'aсlеm iс
Wеil, l,сl sа} jr'srц ] 1qltJ. ll1lpOгt !lnt тr ц stце.ь a..sе a"а disсiplinе and a lvar о| l iеr r.ing thе
рo".
aрt щ ц щ _rrr!, tt.iфц Ц iц еirц t tl d a)'. геsidеn ts aЬlе :rге
to n
с Ь iеГ t fтom a rvoгld.
rЕ .еn thсlrrsr] l .1lс! l i] ц l .. ll..сr l s.oсial aГ r.е that irl] orvs thеm to usе Hot.t,еl.ег, althorrgh all I har,е said until
issuеtз titlrt.,. , ., ,...' tllе s} .stqц L[ bl.lеss. This has |d с to notr' is tгLlе, е\ еt ­\ '\ ­еaГ undеr gгaduatе
!'оn [ аllI lI l.I L.' ,

lсlrt' ] еr е1s tl1 ptlllrrtiсln rr.hiсh аlsсl sttrdеn ts хсргt еt ­lсе pгolЬ еm i r,vith
1еn ds tсr iI L1l­it! L i] i. .. . ll.( )l.] l..1QL.s с i tt zеt .ls to usе iЬ rс .с] еs thе tеlс .rr.riqrrеs i.rsеd in lеtс urеs. Bеing _
loсal гt .siсltс l t:. ll O] .с ttlгеr r
l
aгп 1
ес rvill hopеf ullv hеlp 1.or.r
oK, thanks' i ] ] rll.lkс t..' : l ,. Тl \ \ .сli' ihlrt'> r.сa] lr 1п lрr ­сssir.е Jlrсk. rr ith lас .jtlstinc to thеSе issuеs. Thе
\ \ t] l 1с r lrlt' But I 1с lс illLr с srlп ­ lс lir.st ргolЬ еm is that thеге is littlе
Anvtnlng 1
с \с ',
.\ L] s.!L'\ ti(r] ls trl hg] p rсlrt ri'ith rlрt poгt uгr itу lbг thе dеr ,еlopmеn t
Wе] l, I ,п l
ll()t \ t1l.с ltЬt lltt tЬt . ilr:L i lll1] i/ l ] l! r oLtI . lс tsе s1tlс1r'' of str.rdеn t
I
undеr standing. That is,
;с nе, rЬ tt l thilrrзllt t] rс iсla с ot. J: Plеasе ,.. il r'оu misш ndегstand sоm еt hing,
pеd еstr'i:rn izl ttl еlс l t t.ltl al.eas \ \ iis Т: ] 1 r tlr.l irr.с t.) рl.()\ 'е
tз ltt.tе thеге is no immеd iatе oppoгt unitу tо
an lntеl.еsl] llg (с )ll!..} ] t. Dсl r'llrr tС lr.rtiila,s sltсеsС s, r'ou tlееd to аr sk. Sеo с ndlr,', rvlrеn nеr vег tеahс ing
think ir's \ rrlitt r..r.. ег Г с to s1.lеiс flсs. \ Ъr.r mеn tionеd appгoaсh еs are usеd , suсh as pгolЬ еm ­
oh, it,s CеtГ .tinl\ t.tсlt a iЬ .rс] iсlt.:l' tР .dе: tt.ilrtt ulrl'r .1l.L.аs in .\ OLll. soI r.ing, lе: rгn ing outсorтlеs aге
it.ttгoduсt ion. hori. aЬlс ut that? impгovеlс . Horvеvег, thеsе rr,il] still not

12з
rrtliili
 Listening sсr ipts

rеp laсе thе validity of listеn ing and

lеarning rЕ om an ехp еr t.

NoW beforе уou Start despairing thеr e

arе sеvеr al things that you a с n do in
order to mаkе thе lеaгn ing proсеss,
and oс nsеq uently уour student lifе at
thе univеr sity, easiег.
First and foremost, bе prеp arеd l You
will eЬ given a rеading list. Don,t just
throw it away or forgеt about iu makе
surе you lеave еn ough timе to go
thгough аll itеm s on it. onсе уou'vе
donе that, an idеal thing to do would
еЬ to test yoursеif on thе o с ntеn ts.
Prеp arе a mini quiz rr.hilе rеading, and
so aЬ kс to it bеf oге thе leсt ure and
iust h с kес r.ou klolr.the answеr s. Now
To. .o't of 1.o.', this rvon,t е Ь thе first
time that vou'ге studr'ing o
ес nomiсs,
but you mar har е takеn a gарJеaг or
had a pегiod of timе rr.orking. I f this is
so, and еr 'еn if it isn,t in faсt , it always
makеs Sensе to go a Ь kс and refrеsh
vour mеm oп ' on those rеlеv ant
ihеoгiеs r'ou lеarrеd aЬout bеf ore, as
we,ll dеf initеlr'Ье rеf егr ing to thеm .
oK. Thеr е'ге just a o с uplе morе idеas
I ,d likе to suggеSt еfЬ orе I ,ll takе anу
quеstions \ .ou mav have. We arе luсk у
еn ough to е Ь lil.ing in a digital age,
so usе rеsourсеs likе thе weЬ to do
somе е\ tra a Ь kс ground rеsearсh .
Thеге, s no shoп agе of inforтn ation
nor,vadar.s, u Ь t iust е Ь sure that у ou,re
using rеliaЬ1е геsourсеs. Finally, and
this is an impoгt ant onе: makе suге
you disсu ss idеas rvith your pеers.
Thеу aге in thе samе boat as you are
aftеr all, and r'ou rvill probably find
that it hеlрs makе vour lеarning more
memoraЬlе. .{ 1l in all, takе h с argе of
your lеarтr ing and 1.ou will find that
уou suсеd с . \ orv, do you havе anу
questions еfЬ oге \ \ 'e go on to ...

124
 i= :i.,i;'*

\ ouг own definitions on the lines proй d еd to help u

Ь ild Writing Tаsk 2
i oсau
Ь lary.
h
с lс ге
rl o
с st­сI Тetс ir.е
no
L.nsuге
I
tast­рaеd
с
:сial r.nе}с ranisеd
еm еn t sрiес aiization

­ m
з otionаl rЬ idgеs Unit 3
:anionshiр Reading

dozеn s
ехp oSu1.е
:hold oГ und
hun.rЬ] е
.at l­^ ­

пl aп оеu r'гaiЬ litv

P еS
Г t ] c] .JLl s

r: iгr llt'iI r

nditional
\ \ 'гiting Тask l
.bеing
dir еr .s jlr
ting Task 1 g1amоr tl
motlvatе
rеsponsе
sI гatеg y
visual aspеtс
it2
rding Unit 4
luer Reading
:] е еm issions
] 1natе еm ploу
!е entlге
:iгia
с l еn tirеlv
ution fossil fuеl
\ .е gеn егatе
]е gеothermal
.fathег

'1amеn tэ] intегm ittеn 1

plant
nеn tous геn err.aЬlе
:ladiс гidgе
spaгsе1v рopulatеd
­ еsс sirrr.l sr'i,itсh
rsitior.l Lz1Гg.с t

Writing Task 2
] Sе
еn
Ь еf iсial
finanсial inсеn tivе rrlilt*

inl.raЬitan t

125
 Wordlist
laЬour foгес stеadilу
latеst I empеr aI е
mrgrate tolеr ant
potential tгemendous
produсt ive
prospeсt
rеd rеss thе a
Ь lanсе uniform
ге1oсаt е variaЬ1е
skilled
Writing Task 1
vital
o
Ь i1

o
с ndеn sе
Unit 5
o
с nvеn tional
Reading
genегate
pгеssuгe
ii
adopt (аn apрr оah
с l
pump
аn aiogous
suгf aсе
ana] .vsе

o
с mpгеh еn d
Unit 7
deсode
Rеading
dеt tес
appliсalЬ е
deviсе
rЬ еadth
do.'r.nstтеam
o
с mрonеn t
emphasise
o
с rрoratе soсial геsponsiЬi1ity
еt hiсa]
distinсt ion
figuге orrt
dr­v
lmagrnaП
dуn amiс
impliсatiоn
еn gаg 1ng
indех
gеn uinеly
р г1
ес sе
impiemеn t
ргеd iсt
rnсorporаt е
гandomlr
integratеd
гo
ес nstгLrсl
intегatс ivе
геh aЬilitatе
lеaning
sCannег
rеo
с gnition
undеr go
slant
Writing Task I sound

еightfo1d sustainaЬilitv
haгd lv upshot

histoгia
с llr­ sреakrng yawn

signifiсant
Writing Task 2

advanсe
Unit 6 assеssmеn t
Rеading
еf fiсiеn t
abnoп n a] itl
еx 1
с usivеly
г еa
Ь kthrough
(a majoг) impaсt on (somеt hing)
o
с nserr/ ationist
mеm o
o
ес logiсal
praсt iсal assеssmеn t
еx e
с ptionallу
suЬstantiatе
tеХ гatс
frustration
Unit 8
handlе
Rеading
overсomе
altег
pгеser.Vе
anse
prеsumption
iЬ оd ivегsitу

126
 Stе.с Г ot\ 'ре
f
uni toгm

t.аlf

\ ] t­tLlе

Writing Task 2
аn nсlr'ing
tз г} l.. еr tlеll< " nГ

lс .с ] iЬеl.atе] l

рle
с ­'ing to thе е\ 'е

(Г )] е

,a,ar] ^

Unit 10
Rеаd ing
asSLll.еo

rЬ .rng aЬоu t
u
с lnlinatе
dr:tmat1с
1irnсt ion
horrer
:s Тask l intеn d
] ti\ 'еlv landsсapе
lаЬ с lightеn
L.tltге motrvе
mvth
rnal nonsеn sе
obsеr r.е
ostеn siblе
passiсln
pегеlс vе

регm anеn t
рeгs] st
pofiгa\
ргl llt
: .с teПCe pгofound
rеiГ nе
геpеsГ еn t
stгеt h
с baсk
is[ iеd sustainеd
. ­ ­l
urrqlrеnh
с aЬlе

Writing Tаsk 2
­i1vе
vital
lегеn L
ll,еll­rotrndеd

.t mеd ia
Unit 1'l
Reading
addiсt d
с
]е
adolеsn
с t
:геssivеh
adr.anсеs
:mblе
эрp l.oаh
с
:. lс
assoс] atе
.еstееm
г:с Ь rk a haЬi1

'n
2j
 Wordlist
o
с nser.ve intensе
o
с ntaminating manifold
rс uсial paгt iсipatе
dеp iсt undisputable
dеt eсt
(widеly) dissеm inatеd Unit 13
ехp loit Reading
impending amЬitiouslу
inadvеf iеn tlv o
с mpound
o
с nsеq uеne
с
insight endangеr ed
kiсk in forеa
с st
lеad gа1n

modifu goods
nur1uгe imЬa] anсе
offspгing impliсation
rеsemblе mutually
revolution pour
unintеn dеd ratio
viп u allr rеinfoгe
с
геvеn uе
Writing Таsk 2
sanitation
o
с nsumет sоiс еt r
slim
o
с n\ ] nсе soп 1еonе
staggеr ing
matеf ia] рossеssions
stall
рu гsult
surge
shoп lir'еd
surplus
urЬanisation
Unit 12 yiеld
Rеading

Unit'14
еt еr тr al
Reading
еvoсatl\ 'е
aЬsolutе
faсе
affliсt
famеd
alikе
foгiЬ dding
as opposеd to
grand
o
с ntenI
1mmensе
o
с nvеn lеn t
impassaЬlе
o
с nvеn tional
ingеn ious
u
с гr ous
mеm oraЬlе
disсiplinе
orсh aгd
distoгt
pass
fade
spaгklе
flawеd
spеtс aсu iar
guesswork
spiral
impliсation
sturdv
infliсt
vast
lot
watеr sЬеd
paradox
winding
striking ехamplе
Writing Task 2 tеn d

approaсh aЬle ш ndеr mine

fall йtс im to urgе

inеvitably wеll­being

128
 8 Bennett
9 (thе) 17th(of)July
10 (thе) lst (of) August
ary 1, pаg e 4
Languаg e foсu s 2, pаg e 9
.nturous 2wisе 3сonsсiеn tious
гy 5сr eativе 6сalm 7talkati\ .е I
miс 9 reliaЬle 10 loval 1 gеt ting up/ to gеt up
iс aЬlе 12 rеspеtс aЬ1e
2 еm ailing
3 talking
4 to havе
;гeativе/ talеn tеd 5 totry
;rеativе/ talеn tеd 6 going
irardworking 7 o
с oking/ to oс ok
;aring 8 being
supportivе 9 playing/ to plаy
аd venturous 10 writing/ to writе, spеaking/ to speak

2
ing, pages 6­7 students,own answеr s.

2viii 3х 4ii 5vii 6v

геr all) fitnеss (lеvеls) Voсabulary 2, page 10
mpanionship
,Е ost patiеn t(s,) wеli­bеing I
эu ild еm otional rЬ idgеs
FALSЕ 12 NoT GI VЁN 13 TRUЕ
fu­ч r v
nd 2rеrс eational 3ехotiс
ntial 5unwilling 6r',,ary
iс al rrse fall fluсt uatе
soar plummеt to bе еr ratiс
guage foсu s 1, page 7 roсkеt drop
grow plungе
inсr еase dеrс еasе
3takes, a 4are,Ь

, am looking d
5 want b
{ amЬ
э mееt up a lеvеl off hit a pеak hit a low
6 dont havе to a rеm ain flat rеah
с a pеak dip
1 isb stabilizе rеah с a high rеah
с the
E wants Ь
lowеst point
9 dontuse a
0 iike a
I had с 2
2 nееd Ь See ц n derlinеd vеrsЬ aЬovе.
!3 amsearсh ing d
l{ goa 3
l5 love Ь A small h
с ange ...
l6 isЬ gradually
t7 has Ь slightly
l8 listеn a slowly uЬ t surеly
l9 h
с at a steadily
20 are waiting d slowly
A fast hс ange ...
quiсkly
Listening, page 8 swiftly
drastiсally
Sеtс ion 1
rapidlу
| B 2С 3A 4A гadiсally
5 17 Hanley Gardеns
6 2з. 07.70 4
7 0793 245 098 only the following vеr bs aс n eЬ modifiеd using an advеr:Ь
risе, groщ inсr easе, fall, drop, dеrс еasе, fluсt uЪtе, dip

129
 Answer eК y

J 8 I ,m surе I didnt lеarn suсh thinss ...

1 The numbеr of peoplе
using thе I ntеr nеt 9 '.. suсh things whеn l wasзt sсh Ъol!
inсr easеd dramatiсallv in the 90s. 10 ... until | 94| that it aес Ь mе ...
2 The popularitу of геading nеw spapеr s onlrne
grows steadily еah
с уear.
3 Thе amount of timе spеn t sееing fтiеn ds faсе­ to­
Word building, pages 16­17
faсe is gradually deсlining.
I
1 unimporlant
Writing, page 11 2 inspiring
Task 1
3 dangеr ous
4 minor
5 dеm otivating
1
illustratеs 2 inсгеasеd
6 oс nstruсt ivе
1 3 grew 4 was 5 rose 6 was 7 appеaling
7 reсеivеd 8 gгеr r 9 had 10 reсеivеd 1 1 еx pеr ienсеd
8 invaluablе
12 soarеd
9 Ъizarre
2
10 еnЬ еf iсial
b 2
I invaluaЬle/ important
3 2 iЬ zarте/ woгt hlеss
Horiеr ег ; ln o
с nlгast. 3 dеt rimentalidangеr ous
4 appеaling/ unappealing
J important
6 Ordinary
7 o
с nstnrсt ivе
8 major
Voсаb u| аr y 1, pаg e 1 2 9 motivating/ inspi гi n g appеaling
10 motivating / inspiгing
I
1 shapе 2 dеt егioratе 3 attraсt 4 fostеr
5 damagе 6 еn hanсe 7 aсh iеv е 8 promotе Languаg e foсu s 2,page 17
2 I
1 attraсt ion 2 dеt еr ioration 3 rэr omotion | | ,/ ] 2| х1 3Г/ 1 4| '/ 1 5| х1 6| / 1 7 | / 1 s| х| '/ ]
4 dеstгu tс ion 5 aсh iеv emеn ts 6 shaping/ shapе
7 fosteгing 8 еn hanсеm еn ts 2
I hardly еvег еn jol еd sсiеnес lс assеs.
2 alwaуs did mr'homеr r oгk
Listеn ing, page 13 nеvеr attеn dеd 'usеd
3 to attеn d spoгt s lеssons.
Seсt ion 2 4 oftеn atе mr lunсh outdooгs.
5 sеldom ц ' еn t,usеd
|IС | 2B t3в 14A 15с 16F to so to thе library.
178 18D 19C 20А
.l8
Voсаb ulary 2, page
Reading, pages 14­15 1 advanсes 2 poрu laгitl­ 3 pгir.aсv 4 oс ntaсt aЬlе
5 availaЬilitу 6 o
с nl'еn iеn t 7 fashion 8 sophistiсation
1 NoT GП/ \Е 2 FALSЕ 3 TRUЕ 4 TRUЕ 5 TRUЕ 9 prеd iсt ivе 10 litеr aсr . 11 rеr 'oiution
6TRUЕ 7NOТGI \ N
Е 8с 9A 10с 11B 12 с 13с
Writing, pages'18­19
Languagе foсu s 1, page 16 1
Studеn ts, own idеas.
I
1 werе not aЬlе 2
2 has еn
Ь
3 invеn tеd Arguments
4 has еn
Ь taught
.
5 had They savе us timе rvhiсh \ \ 'е a
с n usе to do othеr thinss.
6 thought Advаn I аg е
7 hеlpеd / has hеlpеd . Pеoplе are e Ь o
с ming lеss and lеss aсt ivе whiсh lеads to
8 havе had health proЬlеm s suсh as obesit1'. Disаd vаn tаg е
. Thеy takе joЬs aц , av from real pеoplе. Disаd vаn tаg е
1 I havе o
ес Ь me
usеd to ... . Thеy also гсеatе joЬs o
Ь th on thе sidе of invеn ting
2 I have spokеn to ...
and design, to manufaсt uring and sa7es, dА vап t аg е
3 My wiГе hasn't usеd ...
4 ... shе has had somе ]с assеs. хa
Е mples
5 ... our h с ildrеn havе reсеir,еd ...
(Suggestеd answеr s.
6 ... thе} , askеd mе who ...
Studеn ts' answers may vary')
7 ... who invented thе o с mputer .
. things that save us timе: washing maсh ines ­ Wе no
longer havе to spеn d hours washing lс othes bу hand,
 Ansl,tеr к е\ t
­ .:.­J\ \ .avеs _ savе us timе when oс okins' с rs _ mеan
a Wе 7 golf, a golfег
­­ :.uallv gеt to plaсеs moге quiсk Jу 8 tеn nis, a tеn nis plar'ег
. .'\ '.
havе morе timе foг: sеeing friеn ds and family, 9 sсu ba, a (sсu ba) dil.еr
. :..lng. еn tегt ainmеn t 10 lifting, a wеight liftеr
" spеn ding long hours in fтont of o с mputеЦ not walking as
2
: ­iсh ,take a
с rlpuЬliс transport instеad' spеn d a iong
.::­rе watсh ing TV instеad of doing somеt hing morе aсt ive
1 snowЬoarding
.
2 Formula l raсing
с sh maсh inеs
a _ fewеr staff in banks, faсt oriеs ­ morе 3 waterskiing
:aсh inеs than реople 4 martial arts
. faсt oriеs с n,t bе run without pеoplе,
a shops sеll the 5 show­jumping
goods that arе produсеd also еm ploy pеoplе to do it, new 6 parkour/ freе­ running
positions in enginееr ing and dеsign neеd еd to invеn t nеw
:еh
с nologiеs, jobs in rеsеarсh and devеlopmеn t of new
:еhс nologiеs
Word building, pagе 21

3 I
are living in an age of fast­paсеd
\ Vе dеvelopmеn t. [ b]
1 find pеoplе doing parkour thrilling.
Thanks to tеh
с nologiсal advanсеm еn ts, new inventions arе 2 find travеlling eхiс ting.
;onstantly eЬ ing produсеd that arе supposеd to hеlp us. [ fl 3 get annoyed WitЫy Ь sports fans.
Howevеr ' maсh inеs are now oЁt еn h
с osеn ovеr humans as 4 find watсh ing iс rсu s pеr formеr s eleсt rifуing.
thеy arе morе o с st­еf fеtс ivе. [ fl I n spitе of this, I o
с mplеt еlу J find еxtrеm e spoгt s h с allenging.
agrее that theге arе morе adr.antagеs than disadr.antagеs. 6 am fasсinatеd yЬ people doing martial arts.
7 find going for a long run rеf rеshing.
Тh е main argument against using maсh inеs is that thеr .
8 gеt eх h austеd ех r iс sing еv еr y day.
lakе away joЬs fтom humans. [ a] xЕ amplеs inсludе morе
;ash maсh inеs and lеss staffin banks. I n faсt oгies, fеr vег
2
pеoplе arе rеq uired as thе produсt ion linе o ес Ь mеs
1 motir.atеs 2 еn tеr 1ainins 3 exсited
more mеh с anized. Businеssеs takе thesе mеasurеs [ ]Ь 4 thrjllеd 5 fasсinatеs 6 й t еr еst
a
ес Ь usе uitimatеlу maсh inеs savе o с mpanies moneу.
7 irтitating 8 hс a11еngе
;d] I n addition, not only doеs inсr easеd tеh
с nology and
mеhс anization rеp laсe joЬs in thе workplaсе uЬ t also in
our daily livеs. [ a] For instanсе, in thе past Wе would visit Listеn ing, pages 21­22
our nеighbours and fтiеn ds, [ fl whеr еas nowadays people
еither jump in their a с r or simply piсk up thе phonе. [ ]с As Sеtс ion 3
a rеsult, wе havе bеo с me lеss aсt ivе and proЬlems linkеd to
rhis' suсh as oЬеsitу, arе on thе inсгеasе. I
1
1А
[ fl Howеvеr ' it has not all bеen nеg ative. [ b] First of all.
ri.е havе morе fте timе availaЬlе гoГ m housеh old h с orеs 2 aсademiс.
thanks to maсh ines likе washine maсh inеs. \ raсu um 2l с
lс еaners and dishwashers. This e Ь ans wе should havе 22 A
more timе availaЬlе for lеisurе aсt ivitiеs and seeing fгiеn ds 23 media
and family. [ d] o М rеovеr , tеh
с nologу doеs not onlv takе 24 uс lture
joЬs away from people but thе wholе pгoеs с s from dеsign to 25 psyсh ologiсal
and salеs aсt ually rс еatеs joЬs. [ e] I n ordеr to do 26 o с mpеt ition
рr oduсt ion
thеsе joЬs, pеoplе nееd training whiсh leads to morе joЬs 27 rС ossing Boгd ers
in еd uсation and pеoplе having morе highly spеiс alizеd 28 2 00/ two hundred partiсipants
a
с геr s. 29 o М tivation Thеoriеs
30 Thе Mind Filеs
To o с nсlude, [ fl although we may do lеss than in the past,
tеh
с nology has givеn us thе potеn tial to rеah с new hеights
that would not havе prеv iously been possible. We a с nnot Languagе foсu s 1, pagе 23
turn a Ь kс timе so wе should o
с nсеn tratе our еf forts on
еn suring that wе all rееiс vе a higher lеv еl of spеiс alization 1
in thе workplaсe, [ fl whilst not letting oursеlves o ес Ь mе noun
less healthy and aсt ivе. popularity
risk
4 еasе
Studеn tS,olvn idеas. impoгt anсе
diffiсu lty
strеsS
eхp еr iеnес
advеn turе
Voсabulary 1, pagе 20 adjeсt ive
popular
I risky
еasy
1. boхitlg, abaхеr important
2 п r nnino э n] nnрr diffiсu lt
3 footЬail, ao
Г otЬallеr / footЬall playеr stressful ,ilAc
4 saddlе, a horsе гidеr / joсk еr ' ехp еr iеnеd
с
5 fishing, a fishеr тn an advеn turous

r
6 pool, a srr'immеr

t{ l
li
HD Answer Kеy
2
o
с mparative
more popular
1 No 2YЕS 3YЕ, S 4YЕS sYЕS 6No 7No 8YЕS
riskiеr
3
еasiеr answеr s.
Studеn ts'own
morе imрortant
morе diffiсu lt
moге strеssful Language foсu s 2, page 27
morе eхp еr iеnеd
с
morе adventurous 1
superlative 1 I 'm mad aЬout swimming.
thе most popular 2 l'm not kееn on going to thе gym
the riskiest 3 I ,m not aс pаlЬ е oГ r­unning vеr n I aг.
thе еasiеst 4 t,m passionatе aЬout going on lоng WalKs.
thе most impoftant i r s"i oЬ rеd with watсhing snookеr .
the most diЁiЁ u
с lt 6 I ,Ь oГ nd o[ гiding mу iЬ усlе.
thе most strеssГu l 7 T'm [ anatiсal aЬout plaуing lootball. sport.
thе most ех р г i еn еd
с 8 I ,m indiffеr еnt to pеoplе talking about
thе most adr'еn tuгous
2
2 1 usuallу/ normally
1 Skiing ls еasrег '.. 2 hardly еver/ sеldom
I
2 '..ts thе mоst ехiс ting... 3 o
с mmonly/ oftеn
i 3 ...is mоге thгiiling .... 4 usuallу/ tурia
с llу ­
4 ... is thе safеst sрort ... 5 gеn егallу/ noгm allу
5 ... aге thе most dan8еr ous...
otheг. ..
6 oftеn / frеq uеn tly
6 ... аге ohеn lеss haгm fu] than 7 somеt imеs/ oсa с sionallу
7 olr.mрiс аt hlеt еs arе thе fittеst ...
8 almost alwaуsinearlv alrvaYs
8 ... ls thе nеr r'еst craze ...,
9 ... is n.roгс ехiс ting ...
10 ... a iЬ ggег lung a
с paсitу.

with ехt remе Sports' Voсаb ulary 1, page 28

1 Pеoplе hal е morе diffiсu ltу
than pеoplе
.
2 Dlr­е. гs й ,­'­'o."l1"ss fеar of dгowning
"
think. 1
3 Boхеr s fееl lеss pain than most pеople. 1 fеstivе oсa
с sion
4 Childгеn lеaгn tЪ surf with more еasе than 2 goldеn оp por1unitv
adults 3 stiсkу situation
5 хlЕ геm е sрofls aге ехp еr iеniс ng morе popularitу 4 o
с ntrovеr siai issuе
than еr ег bеoГ ге.
pеople'
5 advеr sеiс rсu mstanсеs
6 Aсt ir.е р еo р 1 е arе lеss stressеd than non.aсt ivе 6 momentous еvеn t
morе advеn turе in thеir 7
7 Gеn егallr ' pео p lе nееd aсu teproЬlеm
1il'еs. 8 еf fеtс ivе solution
8 Baliеt геq uiгеs morе Strеn gtn than manу pеoplе
rеalizе 2
'

intеr est in oс mЬat sports than womеn . I is a faint possiЬilit1'that thеу will reaсh an
9 м еn har.е п­ toге Thеr е
1o Aiьi;. har е fеr r'еr hеalth issuеs than pеoplе agrееm еn t. [ 3]
mееt rГ iеn ds and
rr'ho do not е\ ег1
с sе. , iъ;;;oodЪpp".t""itr.to
rеlativеs. [ 1]
3 I f it aс n eЬ aсh ievеd ' it ц . ill bе a signifiсant еvеn t. [ 6]
Reading, pages 24­25 4 This is a sеr ious situation foг thosе it affеtс s. [ 7]
prospе
t с of our
5 This burning issuе affе
t с s thе
1с planеt Ъ survival. [ 4]
2F 6 itЪ thе onlу waу to aсh iеl'е an outсomе
3B еvеr yone,s happy With. [ 8]
4FI ? i/ ' ti'; iуp " oi,iir;utiorrtй at a
с n havе a profound
5D еf fеtс on somеonе. [ 5]
6A 8 i;'th" pеr fеtс oppй t ''''it'' to pгatс isе уour skilis
7 TRUЕ ofpеr suasion. [ 2]
8 TRUЕ
9 FALSЕ
10 NoT GI VЕN Language foсu s 1, page 29
11 NoT GI VЕN
12 NoT GI VЕ. N 1
134 i li..", 2 u
Ь rglariеs 3 goods 4 fruit .5 pu;iс 6 adviсе
i...ьr "й l.Ё "ь "r.ei 8 suitсases 9 lс othing 10 orangе

Writing, Pages 26­27 2

Task 1 1 Business
1 majoritу 2 eхiс ting 3 ovеr 4 most 5 lеss 6 intеr еstеd 2 audiеnес (seсond)

7 popular 8 o
с mpared
.
9 fеw еr | olеas| | | 7О/ о 3 transPort

1з2
 4 paper
.) priсе
Voсabulary 2, page 33
6 еn teftainmеn t
1
, harm
t wood l fasсinating
9 weathеr 2 еn o
с uraging
luggagе 3 frightеn ing
4 trouЬling
5 inviting
ng, pages 30­31 6 plеasing
7 stunning
IJ
2М
3F 2
{P 1 atl"raсt ivе/ tеm pting
50 2 stunning
6D 3 enсouraging
7G 4 fтightening
8N 5 attraсt ivе/ tempting
9L
0No 3
l YЕS 1 o
с rтtес
2 NoT GI VЕN 2 stunning
3 NoT GI VЕN 3 o
с rrеtс
4 fгightеn ing
1 rеly hеavilу on
5 satisfying
2 geothеr mally blеssеd 6 o
с rreсt
3 sрaгse| у populatеd
4 prеd ominantlyrenewaЬlе Writing, pages 34­35
5 rely еn tiгеlу on
6 highlу еf fiсiеn t Task 2

Language foсu s 2, page 32 1 thе proсеss of the migration of pеoplе to iс tiеs

2 it is one of thе biggest proЬlеm s and exists already
I 3 a
с usеs and solutions
GloЬalization is sеen as both a positivе (е) and nеg ati\ 'е (a) 4 at lеast 250
oсu
с lтenсе. 5 vou aге adr.isеd to spеn d 40 minutes
| c 29 3Ь 4i 5h 6a,е 7f 8d 6 aЬout 4 or 5: 1= introduсt ion, 2= Causes, 3= solutions,
4= vour o с nс1usion
2
(Studеn ts'answеr s may vary in thе sеo
с nd sentenсes.) 2
A a a
с usе; a puil faсt oг/ a
с lrsе; a push faсt or
l Wе nееd to eduсatе pеople about thе dangеr s of
B a solution
ovегp opulation yЬ plaсing advеr ts in thе mеd ia
and teaсh ing h с ildrеn when theу arе at sсh ool
с a aс usе; a pull faсt or
D a a
с usе; a pull faсt or
2 Wе a с n reduсе thе numЬеr s of a с rs on thе planеt
Е a solution
by improving puЬliс transport systеm s and
F a solution
inсr easing taхes on private vеh iсlеs.
3 Govеr nmеn ts ought to enforсе grееn еlЬ ts
clЬ, dlf
around iс ties у Ь rс еating laws that do not
allow o с nstruсt ion in thеm . 3
4 Pеoplе might stay in the o с untrysidе if morе I Although
businеssеs deсеn tralizеd their offiсеs, i.е. thеy
2 whereas
Werе not in thе iс ty e с ntre.
3 would
5 Countriеs with tropiсal rainforеsts o с uld bе 4 will
еn o
с uragеd not to u с t down thеir trееs by othеr 5 will
govеr nmеn ts paying them a taх to maintain Therefore
6
thеm .
6 Young pеoplе should е Ь еd uсatеd aЬout thеir
u
с ltural roots by lеarning aЬout thе past flтom thе Listening, page 5
з
еldеr s in thеir o
с mmunitiеs.
7 We a с n raisе awaгеn еss of thе harm done to the Sеtс ion 4
planеt yЬ reporting thе proЬlеm s in thе mеd ia 31 watеr , soil (in any order)
and еn o с uraging pеople to be more environmentally­ 32 traditional farming
friеn dlу whеn thеу havе ah с oiсe. 33 organiс farming
8 We o с uld trт and h с angе harmful farming praсt iсеs 34 natural resourсе
yЬ rеviеr r,ing ехampleJГr om thе past (likJй e 35 managеm еn t (praсt iсеs)
Amегia с n Dust Bowl of the 1930s) and taking positivе 36 tеh
с nology
stеp s to avoid making thе samе mistakes again. 7
з greеd , o
с rп r ption
38 B.l
39 D} (in anу order)
40 F,,

133
 Answer Key
fp
Reading, pages 40­41
1D
2С
Language foсu s 1, page 36 3B
4 еt hiсal
I эJU
1 I ,m going to try hard to rеd uсe my a
с rЬon 6 80 pеr eс nt
еm issions. I a] 7 тandomly aгr angеd
2 Thе worldЪ most pori'еr ful o ес nomies mееt еah
с 8 pattеr ns
yearto agrее on poiiсies. [ е] 9 prеd iсt
3 Bv 2050, a maсh inе rvill havе bееn invеn tеd that 10 triсk
iс n rеad pеoрlе's minds. [ ]с I I figure
12 prеd iсt ion
[ n the nеaruГ turе, most peoplе will bе living with 13 measurеm еn ts
гobots in thеiг homеs. lfl
Politiсians arе mееt ing in Gеn еva next wееk. [ d]
Writing, pages 42_4з
2 Task I
1 arе mееt ing rr ill mееt / will e
Ь mеeting
2 happеn s
3 arе going to rvill agrее
All thrее; past prеsеn t and futurе.
4 will sеt / aге going to sеt
(Studеn ts, ans\ \ ­егS mal'diffеr dеp ending on yеaг
5 will har.е passеd
sеltес еd to illustгatе 3 timе pеr iods.)
6 rЬ eathе' .rr'ill г еa
Ь thе/ will еЬ rЬ eathing
All figurеs arе apprохlmatе.
7 will mеan
2 500mts,1960'1000mts,2010 1000mts,20:
3 600mts,i960 7500mts,2010 3500mts,205
Voсаb u| ary 1, pagе 37 4 1700mts, 1960 11000m1s,2010 7500mts' 20r

I 2
| d 2e 3a 4Ь 5h 69 7с 8f 1 is likеly
2 dеrс еasеs
2 3 was
1'f 2a 3е 4с 5Ь 6h 7d 8g 4 геm ainеd
5 is еxpеtс еd to
6 pеaks
Listеn ing, page 8
з 7 foreсast
8 will havе fal1еn
Sеtс ion1 9 was
I Zara 10 followеd
2 Futurе \ \ .oгlds ll fell
3 Watson 12 wеr е
4 sеlf.hеlр 13 will е Ь
э I z'у>
6 rс еd it a
с гd (s) 3
7 62 Grееn Gardеn s 1 its (20.h еn
с turr')
8 foее (dеlir еn ) 2 it (Produсt ion)
9 2| ''FегuЬ aп . 3 it (Pгoduсt iоn )
10 nеighЬour nеighbor 4 this timе (1920s)

4
Word building, pages 38­39 Studеn ts' own ans\ \ .егs.

I
1 national 2 tradrtronal 3 dangеr ous 4 populous
5 suсеsс sful 6 еa
Ь utiful 7 agriсu ltural 8 spaсious
9 teсh nologiсal 10 luх u гious 11 industrial
Voсabulary 1, pаg е 44
2
1 suсеs
с sful [ suсеsс s] 2 traditional ltradition] 3 spaсious 1
[ spaсе] 4 dangеr ous [ dangеr ] 5 populous [ population] l pгеsеr vе (+ ) prеsеr ­vation
6 teсh nologiсal I tеh
с noiog1.] 7 luх u rious [ luxury] 2 o
с nsеr uе (­) o с nsеr .vation
8 industrial I industrr'] 3 pгotеtс (+ ) protеtс ion
4 defend (+ ) dеf enсе
5 dominatе( ­)dominatiorr/ dominanсе
Voсabulary 2, page 39 6 admirе (+ ) admiration
7 disappear (­) disappеaranсe
I
lf 2d 3е 4a 5c 6Ь 2
1 disappеar/ disappеaranсе
2 2 prеsЪrvatior/ presеr теd , protеtс ion/ protеtс ed
Studеn ts'oWn ansWеr s. 3 dеf еnеsс / dеf еn d
4 dеstr­uсt ion/ dеstroYеd

1з4
 Answer eК y
admirеd / admiration еtЬ ween them. [ Piсt urе 1/ Nех t r­ou lгill nееd t,­, { : ­'..­:
..
o
с nsетvation,/ o
с nsеr ves
300 kilogгams oГ.еm Г alе' iсе (i.е. рu rе iсе i.h''... . ..
: dominatеs/ domination oR dominanсе and 5 ф it on top of thе ,malе, lсё (i е. rt ith '.
stо; lеs :з l;
3 protеtс ion/ proteсt
sot| ).[ Picturе 2] TЬenyou shouid 6 Dut o с ntainеr > ­,\
1:] ]
watеr into thе гсakс s. [ Piсt urе fl Thеsе rr.i] l е Ь 7 iс lshе;
ding, pаg еs 45.46 yЬ the glaсiеr as it 8 grows and e Ь lp iЬ nd thе iсе togстh е: .
lPiсr urе 3J Finallу , you ought to 9 o с vеr tЬе аr е a ri ilh
t h
с arсoal, sawdust or pieсes of lс oth for insu] ation and t.,
| B 2D 3F 4G 5FALSЕ 6FALSЕ hеlp 10 o с llеtс iсe and snow as it ll falls. [ Piсt urе Jj I tis
7NOTGI VЕN r­еo с mmendеd that you | 2| eave it for fouг u,intеr s. 7Рj :с :.
i TRUЕ 9 o
с atеd 1o moisturе 11 one hour 12 еmrЬ yos ':
4J sА the iсe 13 mеlts in summеr and morе watеr 14 flo,,l s
[3 liquid nitrogen
down thе glaсiеa it 15 f.".,"'ugui';;;й ; ;;;;
makеs it 16 grow. [ Piсt urе 5/ Thъ glaсier will thеn '­Ъi.Ё­
17 inсr easе in size and move down thе mountain as thе\ .do
nal.uгalI y. [ Piсt urе 5]

Voсаb ularу 2, page 47 Listening, page 50

I Seсt ion 2
Beginning 1I С 12 B l3B 14A 15с 16B 17A 18с 19F
­nitially 20D
iгst
Neхt stage
:hеn Writing, page 51
:] ехt
as soon as
Task 1

)nсe
aЕt еr I
еfЬ orе b,a,d,с, g,f,e
iollowing that
aftеr that 2
rvhen The task would е Ь Ь st divided into 3 paragraphs:
e _
rvhеr е 1 An introduсt ion and gеn eralizatiЪn
nЕ d 2 The main desсгiptron
finally 3 Thе o
с nсlusion

2 3
Fiтst Students'own answers.
Т h еn
After that
Following that
Nеxt
onсe Rеading, pages 52_5з
Whеn
Beforе
1с
Finally 2D
3A
4F
Languagе foсu s 1, pages 48.49 5FI
6G
1
7 fastеst­сhangingaгеas
I aС n you faсе thе tгu th еvеn if it huгt s? T Г l
8 rеputation
2 How do you hа. vе a good timе? TГ ] 9 environmental slant
10 distanсе learning
3
lVhy doеs oс ffее only grow in tropiсal plaсеs? [ I ]
1 1 с urse providеr s
o
4 Did you oс llеtс things whеn you Werе youneеr ? [ Ц
5 Whу doеs wal.еr alwaуs flow down? [ I ] 12 (genuinelу) rеlеvant
6 Doеs wisdom inсr еase with agе? [ I ]
13A
7 Would you rс .ush an insеtс ? [ i]
8 Can you p[ \с a ripе melon? [ T] Voсabulary.l, page 54
9 Whу do hеn s la} , eggs? [ T]
10 Do you But all of your monеy in the bank? [ T]
1
11 Do peoplе rеally .fall, in lovе? [ I ]
l2 Would you leave } ,our o с untry oГ r anothеr ? [ T]
1 qualifiсations с 2 livеlihooda 3 professionЬ
4oсu
с pationе, f 5workd 6joЬf 7salaryh 8сarееr g
13 Whу arе thе polar a с ps mеlting? [ I ] job j
9 tit] е 10 promotion i
t4 Do you a1rvavs o с vеr your mouth whеn you o с ugh? [ T]
2
2 I joЬ 2 pгofеssion 3 Work 4 qualifiсations
Students' o\ \ 'n answеr s.
5 livеlihood 6 oсu с рation 7 promotеd 8 joЬ titlеs
9 salary 10 a с rееr
3
First, you shou1d 1 piсk a sitе abovе 4500 mеt еr s that
2 faсеs nor1h­wеst and 3 has roсks with iсe tгapped in

135
 Answer Key

2
Listening, page 55 ih" f,,..,." is always unсеr tain and therе is no doubt that
wе arе living in an еvеr ­сh anging world wherе littlе stays
Sеtс ion 3
е d uс
a tion will always eЬ
thЪ iame foilong. That said,
2| \С nееd ed, though й h еt hеr this will inсlude еxams rеm ains to
22 Dl "ь I n mj, view, thеr е will alwаys bе a рlaсe for ехams
2з г } in anу
ordеr
еvеn '""".
if assеssЬent is not ехlс usivеlу еxam­Ьasеd .
24 Gl in thе presеn t to suЬstantiatе thе
25 н , Thеr е еvidеnес
is somе
J^ й ' Traditionaily, еd uсition has еn с tтеd on aсadеm iс
26D tiii;ъ
and maths whiсh wеr е
27A^ iopi.s,,,.h as languagе, litегatuге
u,Ъe,,"d in eхams. Howеvеr , morе rееn
с tly, o
с llеg es and
28с o
с ursе s on a
с tе r ing, o
с nstruсt ion
29G univеr sitiеs now inс l udе
;;а; ;;;g".ent, all rеquiring morе pтatс iсal skills. Thе еsЬ t
30F is proЬablу not in a Writtеn
way of asй ssing thesе aЬilitiеs
еxam u Ь t throu­gh o с ursеw ork and praсt iсal assеssmеn t.
Language foсu s 1, page 56 on thе othеr hand, praсt iсal assеssmеn t is still atу p e of
tь" "gh its foim maу bе diffе r е n t.frо m in the past.
I "'uй , iii""ltherе
i"_u.й is still a plaсе foт trаd itional skills on
1 _
с firstсonditiona1 thеsе o
с ursеs. For eхamplе, a h
с еf sti] l nееd s to е Ь ablе
2a­sеo с ndсonditional to do thеir aсo с unts, u.,d u.unugеr still nееd s to bе ablе
3d­sеo с ndсonditional t;;;й ; "р" rts and mе m os. Thе most е f fiс
i е n t waу of
4Ь_firstсonditional assеssing whethеr a person has thеsе skills or not is to tеst
thеm in exam o с nditions'
2 In o
с nсlusion, advanсеs in еd uсation and tеh
с nology
1 If I o
с uld rеad thе futurе rеg arding mу friеn ds, a с reеr s,
* ii p.obaЬlyЬuu" u major impaсt on our livеs in thе
I 'd hеlp thеm rЬ ''' will hс angе
2 I f wе hut'. .o.pl'tеr h
с iрs с ntaining all thе
o f";;;, but tЬi' does noi mеan that еvеr уt hing
o
с mpletеly. х a
Е ms will alrvar­s hal'е a plaс
е in assе ssmеn t
information aЬout ouг joЬ insidе us, ... will probablv not bе thе onlу method usеd.
takе ovеr thе work iй " "Ъй tйу Ь
3 I think it rvill е Ь ... еfЬ oге maсh inеs
of humans, a ес Ь usе '..
4 I thinlJdon't think mv futurе grandсh ildrеn will е Ь 3,4
studеn ts,own answеr s.
reading oЬ oks, a
ес Ь usе
...
5 Yеs I rй u ld­'No I wouldn,t iikе to have a job that
involvеs rr oгking from homе, a ес Ь usе ...
6 I f thе­ v had to stridy еv еr y day as part of their joЬ,
pеoplе rvould fееl ... , a
ес Ь usе ...
z
^ tf
it ц, еr е possib1е, pеoplе would take a u Ь sinеss trip to VoсabuI ary 1, pagеs 60­61
thе moon, a ес Ь ц sе '..
1

Voсabulary 2, page 57 Aсr oss

3 nеighЬourhood
1 8 sеt ting
1 fi nanсial/ o
с nsidеr ablе/ enormous 9 loсation
2 finanсiai/ o
с nsidегalЬ еiеn orтn ous 3 onсe­in­a­lifetimе 10 arеa
4 еn ormous 5 o
Ь ost 6 distinс
t / o
с nsidе r able/ еn ormous 1 1 sitе
7 rеsцlt in 8 outstanding/ еnormous 9 show 10 desеr ves Down
2
I zone
1 squandеr
2 viсinitу
2 o
Ь ost
4 region
3 sеizе
5 Distriсt
4 total
6 spot
5 distinсt
7 plaсе
6 aсh iеr .е
8 spaсе
1 nusе
2
8 outъ,еigh
1 tropiсal
2 with lots оf opеn spaсе
Writing, pages 58­59 3 opеn hillsidе
4 lс ifftop
Task 2 5 an emptу dеsеr 1
6 sandyЬеah
с

1 Thе topiс is ц ' гittеn ехams and praсt iсal skills. 3

7 The opinion put оrГ rtard is that thеy will no Students'own answers.
lonsеr еxist in thе futurе.
3 UltЬatelу , уou nееd to dеiс dе whеt hеr you
agreе or disagтee.
Listening, Page 61
4 Using relеvant rеasons and ехamptеs. ­ Seсt ion 4
э Thе й inimum is 250. You will iosе marks if you a/ alpеr
31 3/ threе cenI lpеr еn
с t
writе lеss than 250. land
32 produсt ivе

136
 .­оd
suppliеs
s* :еllitе Writing, pagеs 66­67 ­
l thrее a
с tеg oriеs Task I
'­tal produсt ivity
:еst soil(s)
: I
1/ ninеt y­onе million tonnes
india, hС ina Studеn ts'own idеas.
:inanсial inсentives
2
1 illustratе
ing, pagеs 62­6з 2 that
3 was
4 to thеsouth oГ
5 north of

3
c,g,f,a,е, b,d.

4
F! ':: enеm one Students,own answеr s.
l :.:.sе patсh еs
..­аt ir'е
Ш| sha] lows
П ­.l0 mеt rеs/ m
ц { l. еr tnеr order
i Е J ''
Voсabulary 1, page 68
nguage foсu s 1, pаg e 64 1

anсient
1 things = the watеr yс lс е and othег topiсs
] it = thе water усlе еa
Ь utiful
3 shе = my tеahс ец this purpose = to dеm onstrate dazzling
4 it= anamе
i "Ц = Haгr y the happy raindrop
sес tatiс
5 this = the journеy emotional
7 hеr = my tеah с er
8 shе = my tеahс еr evoсativе
humbling
lit lmprеsslvе
2 This, it rrraЁ ^ : lA^
ll ^ * * /
3 this proсеss ­^ r^lrlrLЕ t
4it majеstiс /
эl t
6 they mе1anсh oliс
7 Thеsе mеasurеs nostalgi.^
8it
or егarч ' еd

Voсabulаr y 2, page 65 оl'еr jоr 'еd

or­егr r.hеlmеd
1
VerЬs spaсr ous
that foсu s on геm oй n g struсt ures:
геp laсe, knoсk'doц . n, pull down, dеm olish, hс op doъ.n, tеaг thoughtful
oown' oеm ol1sh
Verlrs that foсu s on rс eating struсt ures: 2
o
с nvеr t, transform, ехt еn d, expand, oс nstгutс , bеo
с mе, Suggеsted answers.
turn into, altец dеveiop 1 mеlanсh oliс/ nostalsiс
2 ovеr joyed/ sес tariс
2 3 nostalgiс/ melanсh oliс
1 was torn/ was knoсkеd / was рu llеd , (was) replaсеd 4 thoughtful/ ovегw hе] med
2 was o
с nvеr ted/ was turnеd into/ was transformеd 5 ovеr awеd
3 was eхt еn dеd / was ехp anded 6 еm otional/ ovеr awеd
4 was dеvеI opеd / wаs tгansfoгm еd
5 werе h
с oppеd down/ torn down
6 was transformеd Listеn ing, page 69
7 was o
с nstrlrсt еd
Seсt ion 3
8 wеr е knoсkеd puilеd down/ wеr е
down/ wеr е dеm olished/
Wеr е toгn dolvn, was dеvelopеd / was transformed
2| B 22С 2з^ 24А 25B 26Е, 27B
28С 29G 30D

1з7
 Answer Key

You shouldnt havе given us so muсh homеw ork

Reading, pages 70­71 vеstеr dav beсause I didn,t havе timе tо watсh TV!
l appearanсе ivlanсh еiter United might not win thе matсh as thеy
2 bias for еaЬ uty havеn ,t beеn playing wеll.
3 iгr ational, but dееp­seatеd J Wе o с uld visit thе o
с untrysidе sinсe it'll be a national
4 ideal physiсal attributеs holiday tomoгr ow.
5 dеgree ofсonсеr n 6 Sу d nеy would not havе won if more pеoplе had voted
6 rigid and unifoгm for my iс ty.
7NO
8 NoT GI VЕN 7415
9NO Writing, pages
10 YЕS Task 2
|| YЕS
inеitherordеr
ff A}
1
Studеn ts,own answеr s.

Word building, page 72 2

Studеn ts'own answers.
r,2 3
ovеr ­/ undегr ate(d) (­)
1
Wе livе in a o
с nsumеr agе and this oftеn mеans Wе are
2 ovеr ­/ underеstimate(d) (_)
enсouraged to uЬ y things we do not rеally neеd . Howеvец
3 overtakе (o)
to say that advertising plaу s no usеf ul role is simply not
4 over/ undеr statе( d) (_/ + )
truе. Although spеn ding morе monеy on еd uсation is a
э over­/ undегp riсe(d) (­/ + )
good idеa, it should not е Ь at thе еxpеn sе of advеr tising.
6 ovеr ./ unden'alue(d) Both
7 ovеr run (_) Therе are argumеn ts in favour of rеd uсing the amount of
8 ovеr arvе( d) (+ ) advеr tising. a М ny people find it annoying and fеel
o
Ь mbardеd as thе} , arе еv еr } ,whеr е nowadays. This in turn
3 lеads thеm to deliЬеr atеlу avoid thеm , by switсh ing TV
1 Shе li'as o с mplеt еly ovеr awed yЬ the e Ь auty of the h
с annеls, for ехamplе. I n addition, advеr tising suсh as
landsсapе rl,hеn she first saw it. (overеstimatеd ) lеaflеt s simplу еn d up on thе strееt s as litter, whiсh is not
2 vЕ еn though thе a с r was vеr y appеaling, it was plеasing to thЪ еуe or good for the environmеn t. All of
iЬ atantlr' ol'еr priсеd . (undегvaluеd ) ihes" uig,'­еn ts supрort thе aс se for rеd uсing thе amount
3 Attеn danсеs at thе u М seum of o М dern Art havе of advеr tising.
rееn
с th.or.егt akеn all the othеr major tourist on thе other hand, thеге arе manу arguments in favour of
attraсt ions in the iс ty. (understatеd ) keeping advеr tising' Firstlу , without it most peoplе y9ч ld
4 I t,s еasr' to undеr еstimatе thе impaсt of еa Ь utiful not know whеn a nеr v produсt or invention was availablе.
suггoundings on peoplеЪ wеll­Ьeing. (ovеr awеd ) This would impaсt on pеople's lives and mеan that wе
5 A1though shеЪ a wеalthy ladу , hеr wеalth is understatеd would not е Ь ablе to take advantagе of nеw timе­ saving
as shе doеsn,t wear flashy lс othes. (ovеr statеd ) deviсеs. Takе thе washing maсh inе, for еxamplе. I f most
6 lМ homе rillage is so attraсt ivе arсh iteсt urally that it people had nevеr heard oГ onе and wеr e still washilg their
is or­егп r n rгith tourists all уear round. (overtakеn ) lЬ otЬ" ' by hand, thеy rr,oц ld rvork lеss, whiсh woЧ ld iщ paс
7 The aсt oгs and aсt rеssеs wеr е on strikе over thеir pay, on soс
i eiy,s progrеss. Sеo
с ndiу, pеoplе еm ployеd in the
rr'hiсh madе them fеel undегv aluеd . (overvalued)
advеr tising industrу rr,ould losе thеir joЬs, and it would no
8 I ехptес ed thе film to bе bettеr than thе overratеd stop therе. Manufaсt uring industriеs ч oч ld 1lso suffer
rеr .iЪlr's it rееiс vеd . (ovеr гц n ) йЬ not selling as man} .рr oduсt s, and thеr eforе, would
еm plo), fе w е r people who rvouid pa} , fе w е r taxе s. v
Е е r yonе
Language foсu s 1, page 73 would suffеr .
To sum up, while therе arе oЬr 'ious advantagеs to
1 с ntrolling thе amount of adl­еr tising, lifе without it woult
o
The first sеn tеnес (i.) is aЬout thе past and thе seсond (ii.) еЬ unrеo
с nЕ isaЬlе from our prеsеn t. Therе will always be
is aЬout thе pгеsеn t. more worй y a с usеs, suсh as еd uсation, but without
advertising, еd uсation would not eЬ nеe с ssar} , as thеr е
vЕRB FoRм jobs
would eЬ so fе w that г е q uiг е onе .
Talking about thе past:
modal + havе 'past partiсiple
Talking aЬout the prеsеn t/ future: 4
modal + infinitir'е r.еr b (without ro) Studеn tЪ own answеr s.

2
I VI A
Е NI NG
(i.) Talking aЬout thе past:
a| X1 Ъ| / 1 Listеn ing, pagе 76
(ii.) Talking about thе pгesеn t/ futurе: Seсt ion 4
a| / 1 |Ь X] 31 soсial
32 1860
3 33 striсt ly(­) o
с ntrollеd
Reasons may diffеr in studеn ts'answеr s. 34 гeo
с very time
1 They o с uld havе kept thе shop open so that thе 35 niсе viеw
eldеr lу dont have to walk as far. 36 livе musiс
2 Shе ought to go to bed so she,ll е Ь fresh in the morning. 37 (aп istiс) piсt urеs

138
 Answer еy
К I
(fеlt) lеss pain/ lеss pain fеlt 5 Pass me thе pеn that/ whiсh is on thе taЬlе.
(soothing) lс assiсal (musiс) 6 Thе woman who works in thе unil'егsiп .o Ь оkshоp
staff ( еlГ t/ wеr е) happiег stolе thе monе.У
I o
Ь ught somе new paint (that) I norv hatе as it's
bulary 1, page 77 too dark.
8 An old woman, who was walking homе rЁ om a o с nсегt
was injurеd in a a с r aсiс dent yesterdav.
9 Hundrеd s of thеatrе. goers who wеr e й f eсt еd rЬ . thе
рlay aсt or/ aсt ress/ o
с ndttеt or/ lеad гole/ virus havе bееn takеn to hosoital.
dirеtс or/ produсer/ p l а и wriа h t 10 Thе ar1 еx hibition, whiсh is held еvеr y summеr ,
painting painteг/ seV
еЪ a
с nviiz s] # ffiЭ attraсt s many oversеas visitors.
ponгait/ stonе l !'q4 d5| аp (
o
Ь ok nove I i sti wri tеr 7.iu i.Ё iБ 7 'ь а. ."e.z
еd itor/ rс itiсl r.с а dе r
symphony o
с mposеr / musiсian,i rеadеr / 4
mоvemеn t* 1 l с r'7l: tоr I ThatЪ thе aсt rеss who I told уou about.
sсu lpture sсu I ptor/ aп is y.ёa.vin gi. mou ldl 2 Wе went on a u с ltural holiday, whiсh was just what I
I ensl marЪI el 'з эn с nееd еd .
photograph p h o t еr iсh отеographеr z
og rap h
3 Corтetс
digital/ hlrnl portraitl Lеn s 4 Tomoгr ow, whiсh is my last day of thе ех h iЬition,
a
Ь llet danсеr / o
с mposеr / sсf firitеr / will bе thе eЬ st vеt .
musiсian,/ ballегina/ с h о rсоа rаp h с r э oС rrеtс
film aсt or/ aсt rеssz
star/ рr oduсе
dir.сt oii ffiffiz 6 Fiсt ion writers oftеn end up writing on newspapеr s.
r l :.:.riе. :.r:ri.{ .с
r 7 I mpгessionism, whiсh is a stylе of painting, was
a.movemеn t is part of a longеr piеес oГ musiс. I n a o
с nsidered o
с ntroversial in its timе.
phony thеr е aге usuallv foui of1hеm . oС rreсt

lductor 2photographer 3 produсer 4painter Reading, pages 80­82

] eгina 6sсu lptor 7 critiс I K 2F Bз 4H 5P 61 7N 8L 9D
10B 11 С t2B | Аз
guage foсu s 1, pages 78­79
a landsсapе
b rс awl
Studying n
с portrayеd
I Е glish grammaЦ whiсh is oftеn d insсr iЬе
trustrating, a с n (also) bе diffiсu lt.
7 Shakеspеare
e to adorn
wrotе Romеo and Juliеt , whiсh is f tomЬs
mу aГ vouritе p| aу.
This is Pеt ец
g thе Rеnaissanсе
3 who will bе workins with us on thе h myhs
next pгojеtс .
aЕ ting junk food, whiсh a
i to dissеtс
с n a с use many health j sсholars
proЬlеm s, is aЬ d.
Going to thе theatre, whiсh a
k gigantiс
с n o с st a lot of l an unquеnhс aЬlе passion
monеy, is always worth it.
m statlс
I tЪ a good idеa to save monеy ' whiсh a с n е Ь put
in the a Ь nk.
n vivaсitv
7 Books, whiсh you a
o to refine
с n kеep forеvеr , will nеvеr p lithographiс
] osе t hеj r valuе.
8 Going to gallеr ies, whiсh a
q versе
с n sometimes е Ь r to aс pturе
o
Ь ring, is eduсational.
s (underground) nest hс ambеr s
t the ostеnsiblе motivе
Thе book, whiсh
u reverential
hе has o
Ь rтowеd , was published this v a oс mmon denominator
yеar.
3 The thеatrе, whiсh
w profoundjoy
was built in 1961, was full on
Fridaу evening.
x sustained
4 hС arlie
y dеvoted
hС aplin, who was born in London, bеa с mе a
I amous aсt or.
z intеnsity
J His sisteц who is aс lled a
М ry is going to study aгt .
6 Thе plaу, whiсh the studеn tj p".fo..',Ъd, was writtеn Writing, pages 82­8з
уЬ osсar Wildе.
Task 2

1 Shе maгr iеd a man (that/ whom) shе mеt while

lr2
travelling. Students,own answеr s.
) My housе, whiсh is blaсk and whitе, looks diffеr ent
from thе othеr s in the arеa. 3
3 I ,m not vегy imprеssеd yЬ the painting of thе I ntroduсt ion A
Woman who isn't rеally smiling. | | ,/ J 2| / 1 |з ,/ 1 4Г/ ] Sat,Y] sbt,Y]
4 I ­want to u Ь y thе vintagе drеss (that/ whiсh ) I saw in I ntroduсt ion B
the shop window yestеr day.
| /Г 1 2| / ] 3Г/ 1 a| / 7 5aL/ 1 5ь,Г / ]

139
 Answer KeY

Note: Thе sеo

с nd vеr sion is bеt tеr a
ес Ь usе it is balanсеd . 4Е,
that thе еssay quеstion oftеn
5B
I t is important to remеm bеr 6D
p.'i, fo..'u.d an еxtrеm e position. vЕ en if уou'answеr ed
1, doеs it mеan that no onе,
7F
No, tо ouеstion 1 in exerсisе
8 no еf fеtс
at all, shЪuld lеarn aЬout thеm ? (Hopеf ully notl) Try to t hand­washing habits
еЬ balanсеd in уour answеr and look at o Ь th sidеs of thе
10 еm otional triggеr s
argumеn t, еfЬ orе уou ultimatеly answеr the quеstion and 11 equally easY
gi'iе your opinion in thе o с nс1usion. or state уour opinion 1) Al
tБ ".itу anilgivе youг supporting idеas and thеn reitеr atе rn еr thеr oroer
i; Б i
vour ooinioir in ihе .onilusion. or statе your opinion and
iь" '' gi"" уour idеas oГ r using thosе against to highlight I
your ideas.
Studеn tЪ own answеr s.
4
Arguments against tеah с ing thе arts at sсh ool: 2
­ 2"d idеa: hс ildrеn oс uld lеaтn aЬout art and musiс (сoгr eсt options)
outside sсh ool timе. 1 largеlу usеs
rеason: sсh ool a с n't takе rеsponsiЬility for еvеr ything. 2 logiсal dеiс sions
I t's up to thе i г paг е n ts too. 3 o
с mе fтom/ relatеs to
ArguЬеn ts in fЬr 'our of tеah с ing thе arts.at sсh ool: 4 to е Ь like othеr s
­ )"o id"u. t'= .o"d art and muiiс to еnriсh our lives whеn 5 o
с uld not sее/ infеtс ious
wе arе not lr'orking. 6 diгt y/ aсiс dеn tally
reason: if h
с l] dй n arе not taught about it whеn they are 7 maЁеs o
с nneсt ions with thе еn d rеsult
young, thеv ir­ill not sее it as im.portant^ whеn thеy grow up 8 with fat o
с ming out
n
Ь d .o..ld lo'" thousands оf уеars of u с ltural tradition. 9 work
',i" 10 affeсt thеir еm otions
5
Studеn ts' o\ \ n ans\ \ .ег5.
Listening, Page 89
Seсt ion 1

159
2 HA8 7UP
Voсabulary 1, page 84 3 (loсal) library
4 swimming Pool
I 5 (further еduсation) o
с l1еg е

1 daughtег ­ mоt hеr 6 badminton, Yoga

2 lvoman ­ h с ild 7 pеnsionеr s
3 niеес . nеp hеr r. 8 aгt s and rс afts
4 h
с ildrеn ­ pеoр1е 9 2ltwo
5 l'r'idorr ­ rr'idorr'еr 10 3ithrее timеs
6 list ­ trее
7 dеsеn
с dеn t. anсestor Lаn guage foсu s, page 90
8 fathег. sistег
1
2
1 housеh o] ds
1 givе up/ ,ll slееp ;
2 oгp han
2 gavе up/ would livе;
3 nеp hеr т 3 aГ dn,istartеd / wouldhavе savеd ;

4 grandmothег 4 hadn,t started/ would bе

5 sibiings 5 undеr stood/ wouI dmakе
6 fami11.trее
2
1 WrOO\ \ '
1 1stсonditionald
. 8 anсеstoгs
2 2ndсonditional с
3 3rd oс nditional a
Word building, page 85 4 ЗrdсonditionalЬ
5 2nd o с nditional с
I
1 mеmеrЬ shiр гo
Ь thеr hood 3
I Unlеss I givе up a I won,t slе­ еptЪе tеr .
с ffеine,
2 fellowship h
с i1dhood
ll ProvidеJ(that) up a с ffеine,
I givе I ,ll slееp еtЬ tеr '
3 partnеr ship adulthood
llt Should I give up a
с ffeinе , I ,ll slе е p bе t ter.
4 ownеr ship nеighЬourhood
Supposing I givЪ up a с ffеinе, I ,ll sleеp еtЬ tеr .
5 h
с ampionship mothеr hood iv

2 4
| d 2f 3b 4h 5a 69 7с 8е Students, answers maу diffеr .
1 Unlеss we lеarn aЬout our familу trее, wе won,t bе
_
aЬlе to tеll futurе genеr ations and the knowledge rr
Rеаd ing, pagеs 86.88 bе lost. [ 1.t]
1с 2 Th'eworld would е Ь a fairеr plaсе if thеr е wеr е onl.
2^ onе uс rrеnус. [ 2'd]
3G
140
 Answer кеy f
Should pеoplе around the world miх moге, thеr е
rvould е Ь morе uс ltural undеr standing. [ 2"d]
. . ., thеr е
wouldn,t havе еnЬ anу violе" nс.Ъ [ l.u]
Supposing еm otional intеlligenie werе tauЪhiat
sсh ool, lifе would nеvеr еЬ thе samе again."[ 2"d1
Listening, page 92
I f wе kn^ ow that еating junk food is a Ь J, ­hy do Sеtс ion 2
we do it? [ l',1
Unlеss we livеd to bе 200 years old, wе won,t livе
| | ^ | 2B 13с 14B 15с 16G 17A 18Е 19D 20.
to­see humans living on other planеt s'
[ 2"d & 1"]
I [ ­humans had not e Ь еn o Ь гn with a spiгit o[ Voсabulary 1, pаg e 93
advеn turе, wе would not hаvе pгogгеisеd
quiсkly as wе did. [ 3.d]
as 1 vеr y intеr еstеd in learning nеw things
2 not thе samе
3 not old
ting, page 91 4 bеing from anothеr planet
5 newandorieinal
6 unfamiliar
7 not usеd yet
8 out of thе ordinarw
\l 2[ D] 3[ D] 4tAl stDl 6tDl TtDl
Reading, pages 94­96
rеmеrЬ that thеr е is morе than onе waY to answer a lNO
stion, so do not ц , oгn ' if vouгs is diffеr ёn t from thе 2 YЕS
эonsе bе] ow. I t is onl1.one ех amplе of a good rеSponsе; 3 NoT GI VЕN
:е arе otnеr s. 4 hС ur
5 Albula tunnе]
I answer 6 mountain pеaks
nсe ond teсh no| ogy hсv e improved our lives grеatlу ' 7 most ingеnious
ever, olthough
8 imрassaЬlе
'.'­.J.. these inventions
lvtro hove mode
lllц u g our
Uul. 9 еnginеегs
'| uYg
еosiеr , wе seеm to e Ь no hoppier thon e Ь forе. rn 10 sрiral stairсasе
, thеr е
is muсh in the medio to suggest thot we ore 11 7381
appiеr , though retuгn ing to the woy things weгe. is not, |2 rr'atеr shеd
ty oPinion, the onsweг to the probI em. 13 linguistiс o
Ь undary

pеop| e wou| d ogrее thot I iving in o o

с nsumeг soсiety, 1

.rеw е arе o
с nstontly onе oГ lifеЪ grеat pleasures; ideal way to travеl;
o
Ь mЬoгd ed by odvertising,
ar.oiding airpor1 hassles; adds an еxtra dimеn sion tо
o
з ||y mokеs PеoP| е o
с nstontly Wont more thon they hove thе holidaу ; easy o с nnеtс ion; spеeding along; rеlaхing
of I hе' pеr fеtс , fomily, foсe ond body ore o| | oгound to rr'atсh thе o с untrysidе zip yЬ
:nd rеm ind Us thot wеarе not os perfeсt os thеу rс e. spеtс aсu lar a
с thеd ral, plenty of good hotеl and
, wе arе | еd to bе| iеv е, if on| y by suggestion, thot геstaurants; ideal for an overnisht stav
ing thе | otest item will moke Us moгe | ikе thе pеop| е ri.ide; winding; ladеn a Ь rgеs trai,еl low; h с oppy
in
grееn Watеr
se Piсt ures. rt o
с uI d еa
Ь rguеd thot hoving I ess hс oiсe 4 nеat houses
we did in the post, mode our | ives simp| er, whiсh some 5 hiils/ slopes trеe­сoverеd , tall lс iffs, vinevaгd ­
рi e might intеr prеr os.hoppier,. tеr тaеdс slopеs; jaggеd roсks; & mounl.iins
forbidding aЬ rе roсk faсe; u с гt ain watегf alls;
the other hond, moybe wе ore o с nfusing two sepoгotе glimpse of turquoise watег far еlЬ ow;
tes.ouг onсеstors olso woгr ied, u Ь t b
с out diffегеn t impassablе landsсape; stеep mountain slopеs;
cgs,| ikеw hеt hеr theге wos enough food to еot, гotheг tumbling roсks; glaсiers; mountain peaks
whiсh shoes to buy fгom the hundreds in thе shops 6 neеd lе spires; aЬ гoquе; sturdу towеis
7 rеd ­гooГed towns; farmi ng villagеs
;* this is not the only problem with the suqqestion in the
8 orсh ards; tall pines; dark forеst
stion.SupPosingwе oс uld go boсk in timе, ot whiсh point 9 еd
М itеr тanеan lс imate; palm trеes; flowеr ing
.;ld be the гight point to stopZ vЕ еr yonеw ould hоve o oteanoеr s
:iеr еn t onswеr , so Who would bе ri9ht2 o М ге imрortontly,
r­nif wе oс uld do it,whеr е is thе pгoof thot it would Word building, page 97
us ony hoppiег2
I
:onс| usion, for os I ong os we | ook foг o
с ntentment in 1 mеm ory
erio| things, we wi| l nеv еr bе hoppy. o
М ybе whqt is 2 mеm oiгs
ded is for this mеssoge to be sprеod vio the odveгt ising 3 memorizе
t o| so tells us whot to buy. lowеv еr , whichеvеr woУ wе 4 mеm orials
k ot it. the foсt
remсins thot thегe is no еq sv onswer. 5 mеm orabiiia
rouI d theref orеh avе to disogreе O
6 mеm os
с mPlеt e| y with the 7 mеm oгalЬ е
thot, os o solution. being pooг ond | еss odvonсеd would 8 remеme Ь r
"k. Returning to the post is on ovеr simp| if iсtс ion of thе 9 memento(е) s
blem. l0 mеm oгiеs

141
 Answer Key

I f peoplе arе involvеd in anу trouble, thеу aс n usual] r

2
NOUN rеlу on help from thе group. group
ADJЕT
с I vЕ VЕRB ,lеd
mеm oirs с I t is еasiеr to е Ь astray'by strangers as they sее
mеm orablе remеmеrЬ
mеm orials lone visitors as an easу targеt . group
mеm orizе
memos d Travеlling alonе mеans that you don't have to
follow thе dеiс sions of thе group. alone
mеm еn to(е) s
mеm ory Travelling alone allows peoplе to meet morе loсal
mеm orabilia peoplе. alone

3
Language foсu s, pagеs 98_99
I DЕAS + SUPPORTI NG ARGUMЕNTS
1
iЬ i
­ indefinitе aгt iсlе: i iс
. definitе artiсlе: iii div
­ zеr o aгt iсlе: ii e iii

2 4
2 dеf initе ­ thе Modеl answer
3 zеr o­0 Therе mony odvontoges to tгove| | ing oЬгood
arе whiсh is
4 dеf initе. thе
Why moгe young people h с oosе to poгt iсipote in gops yeoгs
5 indеf initе ­
with inсгeasingfrеq uеnус. Howevеr , while it is undisputob а
6 indеf initе 'an
­ aJan
7 dеf initе. thе thot the bеn еf its ore monifo| d, it must o| so be rеoс gnisеd
thot there oгe dongeгs too.
3
.Thеr е
is с maр ln m1.Ьag. Can у ou pass it to mе, o
М ny porents moy enсouгagеt hеir с iI dren to tгovel os
h
I
olеasе?,Rulе: 6 poгt of o gгoUP with the be| ief thot theгe is sofety in
7 фu'' guidеo
.'," thе lЬ uе Ь ok, plеasе. 'Rulе 4 nUmbeгs. A уoung Person trove| | in9 olone с uI d fс| l viсt im
o
.Can out, plеasе?,
3 you buy_bandagеs whеn уou,rе to mеeting PеoP| е who moy leod them ostгoy or еnoс rЦ ogе
Rulе 3
in dongerous oг ilI ego| oсt ivities. Тh is
.I
at thе wееk end.' Rulе them to рortiсiPote
4 o
Ь ught a nеw iЬ усle 1
.Would moy be | ess I ikеly to hoppen if thеy see thоt they гсe with
э у o u like to havе a look at thеIЪ kе?'Rulе: 2
.I ,m if somethin9 bod does hoppen. I ike
6 thinking about going t.o thеUпited rА aЬ friends. ] n d
с dition,
m
Е iratеs.,Rulе: 7 on oсiс drnt oг гobbery f or ехamp| е, then the individuo|
.Сould ao
с mpass, plеasе. ,Ruie:
7 I boггow 5
с | e to re| y the grouP foг moгol ond
wil| hopefu| ly bе b on
even finonсio| suppoгt whi| е they organize the neсessory
4
.Gap гePloсements oг tгeotment.
Yеars,originatеd in thе UK in thе 1960s whеn ­young
.hippie
Briis headеd off to thе infamous trail,in I ndia. But
lowеvеr ,though thеr е orе advontoges to tгovelI in9 with
anthe idea tr.uly took off in thе 1990s.
.Gap in a thе United
others, the young Peгson moy olso hove o | ess intеn se
Yеars, arе a oс mmon eхp еr iеnес
I n thе Unitеd Statеs, ехp еr iеn cеof с untry thot they ore tгove| | ing in. Тh eу
the o
Kingdom, and aсr oss thе 0 uЕ roре'
howЪvец not many peoplе arе familiar with thе idea. A arе| еss with | oсo| peop| e as they wil| оp peor
I ike| y to miх
gap yеar is a thе tirrre takеn off еtЬ weеn two stages of iifе­ I ess oppгooсh obI e with othеr s 'Thеге
tгovelI ing is olso no
уь tье 0 studеn ts еtЬ rvееn high sсh ool and o с llеg е­ neеd for them to mix os they o| reody hove theiг friends'
"'"itty
to travеl, voluntееr and ехp lorе a thе worlrd,
Tгove| ling os part of o gгoup a| so meons thot deсisions
But Gap Yеars a с n also е Ь takеn by tlте 0 adults bеf ore
neеd I o be mode togеt hеr . This wi| | inevitob| y lеod to the
moving onto thе a nеr i'profession, a new marriagе or
simplу as o a aс rееr rЬ еak. Gap Years arе meant to not just individuo| going to ploсеs thеy do not wish to sеe, or oгg uin(
new plaсеs and u с ltuгes' uЬ t also to lеarn thе 0 nеw obout it to osseгt theiг wishes, whiсh is not good foг group
"'.ploi"
skills and disсol­еr nе. 'r,things about yoursеlf. dynomiсs ond meon thеy hove o less p| eosuroЬ| e ехp eriеn ес

In o
с nс| usion, o| though it is noturol for poгents to woгr y
Writing, page 99 obout their hс ildren, thеr е comеs o time when they neеd tс
Task 2 | eoгn to moke their own dеiс sions. I f they do not stqrt to
toke гesponsibiI ity foг their oсt ions os o young odult. theу
I moy neveг | еarn,Lifе is fu| | of hс oiсes ond sometimes it is
1 No.
nеe
с ssarY to moke mistokes in order to | eoгn from them.
2 At lеast four: onе for thе introduсt ion; two for
Sure| y o goP yeoг is the right time for this to hoppen?
the diffеr ent r'lеr r.s; on for the o с nсlusion.
3 I t is еtЬ tеr to staft off with thе opinion thatЪ thе Тo sum up, whi| e the gгoup moy ot first oppeor rhеsofеr
oppositе to what vou еlЬ iеvе. This is a
ес Ь use option, it does not neсessorily meon it is the best one for
you,rе likеly to rr'ritе a morе o с nvinсing the individuol to hovе on enгih
с ing | if е ехp еr iеn cе.
rЬ gumеn t for у our rеal opinion, and like a good
book, an еssay should gеt еtЬ tеr .

2
I DЕAS
a Going on holiday is good for onеЪ hеalth and evеr yonе
should do it at least onсе a у еar. Х

142
 Answer Kеy t
l0с
11 D
12с
Voсabu| аr y 1, page 100 134

1 Listening, pagе 105

1 o
с mmu:l­..э: : :.
Seсt ion 3
2 rеf inеr r
3 transр:с : 2| Е
4 satеllitе 22F
5 е1tес гi:с :.' 2зB
6 ц , еb 24А
25D
2 26с
1с 278
)o 28^
3Ь )g lС
4e 10 iБ lnеt thеr oгdег
5I
6a Language foсu s, pagе 106
IN
8d
I
1 while
Word building, pagе 101 2 muсh as
3 u
Ь t
I 4 though
1 oЬllg;.: :­, : ::..:. s..:­' еssеntiallnееsс sary 5 nеvеr thelеss
2 еtс .l:lг­ 6 whilе
3 likе. r l. '.­ ­:.r] ;.] ij
4 optlс, r.. ::­. ., r.',:g регm issiЬlе/ possiЬle 2
5 unlik­­" Studеn ts' answеr s may Vary slightly.
6 unnе: ..s.:. 1 Although it is ехp ensivе, it is not a wastе of
7 ехр. t.:. ,.l,­,. ::' nаlЬ с monеy.
2 I t mav е Ь slow, u
Ь t it dеf initеly is not boring.
2 3 u
М h
с as I fееl spееd limits arе annoуing, thеу arе
1 I t is il;.;:::] ­. :.l inr.еst in lеss polluting tеh
с nologiеs./ nееsс sary as thеу savе livеs.
I nr еs::­= ..:.: ... .еss pоlluting teсh nologies is neсessary. 4 Though ihe invеn tion of thе wheеl was usеf ul, it
2 Ln] е. s 1­:с .:'J:nSpofi foг oldеr pеople is maintainеd , Was not thе most important invеn tion еver.
mor­i . :..зs:ir­'n rs епс ain/ it is еrс tain therе will bе
mo:'3 . :.:эsllоn .
3 As thе : ­ sl ,:.:
р еt г o l risеs, pеoplе arе likеly to usе Writing, pagеs 106_107
biсr ;iсs ::.l.:,:.е it is likеlу that peoplе will usе iЬ y
с lс еs
Task I
mo] .с
4 I t is ;:.­,э: lЬ е that moге pеoplе will migratе to iс tiеs in 1 Thе o
с rТtес ordеr is: ,с d, a, ,Ь g, i, е, f, h.

thе :еr l :.,'. еn t} .r­еars./ iМ gration to iс ties is morе 2 Studеn tЪ own answеr s.
pгoaЬ .эi= ir thе nехt twenty years.
5 \ \ ith :iс :еr т tеh
с nologiеs availaЬle, it is possiblе
tha: c:.., еi.,еss tгains will eЬ introduсеd in major iс tiеs/
dril е: .еss tгains arе now possiЬlе in major iс ties.
that taking a train will not bе as popular
.l,
6 I t is pоssiЬlе VoсabuI ary page 108
as t­hrns.
7 I t is un:з. .еssalт for peoplе to know how o
с mputer
I
s\ slеm s ''l oгk ,,.Knowing how o с mputеr systеm s
.'] nnеCеssary/ Knowledgе about how o с mputеr NB NumЬеr s 3 and 5 arе sr­nonlтn s.
rr oгk :s
s\ .stеп ­ ] s ir огk is unnееsс sary, Ь t it hеlps whеn looking
u I e 29 3a 4j 5a1c 6Ь 7d 8f 9h 10i
oГ г еп . lp.оr тn еn t in manу inirastгutс urе industries.
8 Aiгlinе­ . should introduсe morе fuеl­еf fiсiеn t planеs in 2
thе nеa: :utllге. I o
Ь ost fi nanсеs/ mоn е. v/ rr,еalth
2 o
Ь гow flnanееs/ m o n е1 / tvеakh

3 u
Ь ild finanеes/ mоn еу/ wеalth
Rеading, рages 102_104 4 с ntrol iГ nanсеs/ monеуiwеalth
o
1A 5 dеp osit fi:tanееs/ monеy/ wеal+ h
6 devalue f;nanеes/ monеy / wеalth
'т3С. ) 7 havе fi* anеesi money/ wealth
4F 8 hoard f,в аn еes/ money/ wealth
5Е 9 inherit finanееs/ mоn еy/ wеalth
6 YЕs 10 squandеr { inanеes/ money/ wеalth
7 NoТG\ЕП
8 NoТ GI \ \Е
9NO

14з
 Answеr Key

Listening, page 109 Writing, pages 114­115

Seсt iоn 4 Task I
31 prioritiеs
2
32 resеarсh er
1 The a
Ь r с arts show thе rеsponsеs
h to a
33 higherеd uсation
worldwidе onlinе questionnaiгe on how
34 studеn tundегstanding
oftimistiс peoplе fеlt in 2005 and what was
35 lеarning outсomеs
most important for their happinеss.
6
з all itеm s
z ii"most striking fеature of thе hс aгt s is that
37 gap yеar
although thе rеsponsеs rverе fairlу positivе,
38 baсkground rеsеarсh
the reй lts wеr е less so than in2o04'
39 reliaЬlе
3 Thе first a Ь r hс art shows that the majority
40 disсu ss idеas (nеarly 50o/ о) fe| tthе same as the year еfЬ orе,
iьougй thеr e was approximatе| у a'5Чa d19г in

Word building, Pages 110­111 o

с nfiЪenсе. In oс mpЪrison' only aЪoo!3'5ak of
pеop] e fеlt еtЬ tеr aЬout thе yеaг ahеad, (аn
I
lppiЬ* i."t" 10o/ a d'rop fгom thеуеaг Ь lore) whilе
e
1 an inсr еm еn t of
4 morals 2Оо/ oweremor6 pеssimistiс,
1ideals 2 standards 3 еt hiсs ',Ъ.rty
5values 6 bеliеf s 7 prinсiplеs 8 u
с stoms 5О/ o.

1down idеalist + i" iь" seсond aЬ r hс art, у Ь far the most popular
answеr givеn was hеa] th. tА out760/ о ot
rеspondЪnts said this was neс
е ssary for thеir
2
i ethiсs 2 values 3 еlЬ iеf 4 prinсiple 5 morals happinеss.
6 u
с stoms 7 idеal 8 standards s i'rЪ­"ti" popularitу was the^ nееd­for good family
relationi. just ovеr 60a/ a ofpeop| е spеiс fied this.
.l11 o iЪЪple'' job arе oЬviously also impoгt ant foг
Language foсu s, page theii happlnеss as joЬ satisfaсt io.n'and sеu
с rity
;;;;;;;."" nd 4Оo/ o and' 20o/ o of thе vote rеspе. tс ir'еir
z LЪuJ p"pular, and oЬ th rеe с iving aЬout 15,/ o of thе
I l.еisurе aсt ivitiеs,
й t ", matе r ial possе s sions and
1 the manY waYs weiе
that pеople do not appear to
2 eduсating thеm 8 In o с nсlusion, it is lс еar
3 not еd uсating them o
с nnеtс monеy with happinеss.
4 notdoing so
5 tеah
с ing h
с ildrеn that

2
1 a
с r
2 borrowing moneу
3 с lled Mary
a
4 lookеd aftеr mу sistеr s
5 rеad
6 finding a job
7 fтeeeduсation
8 finish еarliеr

Reading, pages 112­113

IB
2D t,
3A
4С
5F
6 FALSЕ
7 TRUЕ.
8 TRUЕ
9 NoT GI VЕN
10 thеir lot
1 1 еtЬ tег off
12 highlуo
с ntrovеr sial
13с

144