COLUMNS

NOMINAL VS DESIGN INTERACTION CURVE

This point is obtained by using, In this region design curve

φ= 0.65 (for Ties) is obtained by multiplying
φ= 0.75(for Spiral) nominal curve with
φ = 0.65 (for Ties)
( 0, Pn) φ = 0.75 (for Spirals)

( 0, φPn) (φMnb ,φPnb)

( 0, φPn)
(Mnb , Pnb) In this region design
curve is obtained by
multiplying nominal
Interpolation curve with φ = 0.9
is required
This point is obtained
by using,
φ= 0.65 x 0.8 (Ties)
φ= 0.75 x 0.85 (Spiral)
(φMn ,0) (Mn ,0)

Nominal Curve Design Curve

STRENGTH REDUCTION / RESISTANCE FACTOR,φ

For compression controlled failure, φ = 0.65

i.e., for εs ≤ εy

For tension controlled failure, φ = 0.90

i.e., for εs ≥ 0.005

For transition controlled failure, i.e., for εy < εs < 0.005

0.25 ( s −  y )
 For Ties, φ = 0.65 +
0.005 −  y

 For Spirals, φ = 0.75 + 0.15( −  )

s y

0.005 −  y
RESISTANCE FACTOR,φ, FOR TRANSITION
CONTROLLED FAILURE i.e., εY < εS < 0.005

In Figure, comparing φ
 a b c and  a d e, d
0.9
φ − 0.65 0.25 b (0.9 - 0.65)
= φ
0.005 − ε y
= 0.25
εs − ε y
a c e
0.25 ( s −  y )
0.65

φ − 0.65 =
0.005 −  y
εy εs ε
0.25 ( s −  y )
0.005
φ = 0.65 + εs → strain in extreme tension
0.005 −  y steel when concrete crushes.

For Spirals, Compression controlled region

Transition controlled region

φ = 0.75 + 0.15( −  )s y
Tension controlled region
0.005 −  y
DESIGN OF SHORT COLUMN FOR UNI-AXIAL
ECCENTRICITY

GIVEN DATA
Pu and Mu
fc and fy
Cross-sectional size (not always given)

REQUIRED RESULTS
Ast
Ties/ Spirals
STEP 1

Assume yielding of compression steel at balance failure

A
point i.e., fs’ = fy. Also assume that As = As’ = st
2
For balance condition,
 600 d 
a b = 1  
 600 + fy

and
 a −  d 
s = 0.003  b 1 
 ab 
If εs′ ≥ εy , then fs′ = fy

STEP 2

Calculate,
φPnb = 0.65   0.85 fc'b ab 

CASE 1: φPnb ≥ Pu
For this condition, fs = fy
STEP 1

Assume yielding of compression steel i.e., fs’ = fy

STEP 2

Assume φ value using the following empirical formula,

Pu
φ = 0.9 −
4 Pnb
STEP 3
Assume fs’ = fy and compute ‘a’ using,

Pu = φPn = φ 0.85 fc'b a

STEP 4

Compute εs’ using ‘a’ value calculated from step 3,

  a− 1d 
s = 0.003  
 a 
If εs′ ≥ εy , then our assumption is correct
and one can find Ast using moment equation as follows,

 a A
0.85fc .b.a d − d −  + st fy  d − d − d
  2  2 
M u = Pu  e = φ   
A
+ st .f (d) 
 2 y


If εs′ < εy , then

 a − 1d 
fs = 600  
 a 
Now we will recompute ‘a’ using Load and moment
equations as follows,
  Ast  a − 1d  Ast 
Pu = φ  0.85 fcb a +
  600   − fy 
 2  a  2 

Above equation can be written as,

Ast = f1(a) (1)

We also have the following equation,


0.85f .b. a d − d − a  + Ast  600 a − 1d  
 c  2  2  a  
M u = Pu  e = φ   
 d − d − d + Ast .f (d) 
 2 y 

Above equation can be written as,

Ast = f2(a) (2)

Comparing equations (1) and (2) one can find out ‘a’ and
‘Ast’ .

STEP 5

Compute εs using,
 1d − a 
s = 0.003  
 a 
If εs ≥ 0.005 , then φactual = 0.9
If εs < 0.005 , then
0.25 ( s −  y )
For Ties, φactual = 0.65 +
0.005 −  y
0.20 ( s −  y )
For Spirals, φactual = 0.70 +
0.005 −  y
If φassumed is less than or greater than φactual within
the limit of 10 % then one can design the column using
φassumed . In case the difference between φactual and
φassumed exceeds 10 % then using φactual step 3 and 4
need to be revised.

Note: This limit of 10 % is not a hard and fast rule

CASE 2: φPnb < Pu

STEP 1
For this condition, tension steel is not yielding.
 1d − a 
fs = 600   and φ = 0.65
 a 
STEP 2

Assume yielding of compression steel i.e., fs’ = fy

STEP 3

 Ast Ast  d − a  
Pu = φ  0.85 fcb a +
 fy −  600  1  (3)
 2 2  a  
Above equation can be written as,
Ast = f1(a) (4)

STEP 4
  a  Ast  a − 1d  
0.85fc .b.a d − d − 2  + 2  600 a  
 
M u = Pu  e = φ     
 d − d − d + Ast .f (d) 
 2 y 
(5)
Above equation can be written as,

Ast = f2(a) (6)

STEP 5
Comparing equations (4) and (6) one can compute value
of ‘a’ and ‘As‘

STEP 6

Using value of ‘a’ calculated from above step compute εs‘,

 a− 1d 
s = 0.003  
 a 
If εs′ ≥ εy , then our assumption is correct
and one will use Ast calculated in step 5
If εs′ < εy , then our assumption is wrong and
we will take fs’ as,

 a − 1d 
fs = 600   (7)
 a 
Using equation (7) in equations (3) and (5) repeat step
3, 4 and 5.
CONCLUDED