09/02/2024

Human Physiology:
The Nervous System PPT #2
chapter 29 in text

Objectives and Questions:

• 1. I can describe the functions of the nervous system
• 2. I can describe the parts of a neuron cell and
identify how they transmit electrochemical
impulses.
• 3. I can compare and contrast the central
and peripheral nervous systems
• 4. I can identify and explain different areas of the
brain and their functions.
• 5. I can explain how the nervous system passes
information between the external environment
and the many parts of the body.

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The Nervous system is:

ork of cells, tissues and organs that allow us to communicate with and react to the environm

Cool Nervous System

Facts:
• As a fetus in the womb, neurons develop
at the rate of 250,000 per minute.
• We have about 100 billion nerve cells in
our brain by adulthood (over 600 miles
worth) – yet we typically use around 4% at
any given time
• Neurons are our largest cells
• Messages transmit at speeds up of to
180 MPH

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FOUR PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sensing the world
Vision, Hearing, Smell, Taste, Touch
Transmitting informatio
Processing information
Producing a response
n

The functional unit of the nervous system is the nerve cell, the NEURON
They send electrochemical messages around the body
Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons

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Parts of a neuron Nerve Cell

Parts of nerve cell

Dendrites : recieve chemical signals from neighboring cells.
Cell Body: contains the nucleus & organelles
Axon: long extension that carries electrical messages away from the body
Terminal Axons: passes the signal to the next cell.
Myelin sheath: Protective covering for axon

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Types of Neurons
3 main types of neurons:
Sensory neuron = detect stimuli
Interneurons = relay sensory signals to brain then return message back
Motor neuron = pass message from brain to rest of body for muscle res
This coordinated pathway is known as the REFLEXARC

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Reflex Arc
“ what happens when you step on a nail”?
Reflexes are automatic
ail ) is received by the sensory neurons in the foot
s to the spine, where the interneuron is triggered
transmits signal to brain (through the spinal cord)and carries message back and stimulates the motor neuro

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A progressive wave of electric and chemical activity along a nerv

a muscle, gland, or other nerve cell

*This is how the information moves from sensory neurons to interneuron to m

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2 MAIN DIVISIONS:
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Receives, interprets and sends signals to PNS
Has 2 main parts:
Brain – main control center
Spinal Cord – connects and relays nerve impulses to the brain

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

Connects CNS to all organ systems
Made up of:
Sensory Neurons: detect stimuli
Motor Neurons: carry signal to stimulate response
2 major subsystems:
Somatic – voluntary movement (balance, movement)
Autonomic – involuntary movement (digestion, fight or flight)

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Parts of the Nervous

System
 Central Nervous  Peripheral
System  Autonomic
 Brain  Sympathetic
 Cerebrum  Fight or Flight
 Cerebellum  Parasympathetic
 Brain Stem and  Relaxation
Pons  Somatic
 Lobes (4)  Sensory and Motor
 Spinal Cord Nerves
 “information  Reflex Arc
superhighway”

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Smaller part of the brain ,towards the back

FUNCTIONS:
Coordinates all movement
Helps maintain posture, muscle control, and balance

Large front part of the brain FUNCTIONS:

Voluntary activity
Memory
Language
Receives and responds to sensory signals
Controls motor functions

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Top layer of the brain Stores: experiences and/or learning

Parietal- Sensory info
Frontal-concerning touch behavior &
emotion

Occipital- vision Temporal- memory & emotion, speech and hearing

PONS
BRAIN STEM  Breathing
 swallowing, coughing,  Heart rate
sneezing, and vomiting
 Internal Organs
Includes the
Medulla Oblongata
• Damage in this area
will usually kill you.

Medulla

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“controls: emotions and memories”

Damage to these areas can lead to amnesia or emotion

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