Question # 1.

[25]

a) Why do we need 3 Phase instead of single Phase?

b) Explain the 220V, 50Hz and 120V, 60 Hz systems in detail.
c) Why do different countries have different standards for them?
d) Whis one is better and why?

Question # 2. [25]

Solve this question according to the instructions given by sir in the class.

Name: Furqan Bari Roll No: Bsee21005

 Question 1
a)
Why Three Phase?
The advantages of 3-Phase Power over Single Phase are:

 Higher power delivery: Three-phase systems can deliver more power

efficiently over the same sized conductors compared to single-phase systems.
This is because they utilize three "hot" wires instead of one, providing a more
consistent flow of power and reducing losses.
 Power Transmission Efficiency: Three-phase power allows for more
efficient transmission of electrical power over long distances compared to
single-phase power. This is because three-phase systems require fewer
conductors and experience lower line losses.
 Balanced Load Distribution: Three-phase power allows for a balanced
distribution of electrical loads, reducing the risk of voltage fluctuations and
providing a more stable power supply.
 Increased efficiency: Three-phase systems are inherently more efficient in
terms of energy loss during transmission and distribution. This translates to
lower operating costs and reduced environmental impact.
 Motor operation: Many high-power motors, such as those found in industrial
settings, are specifically designed to operate on three-phase power. These
motors offer advantages like smoother operation, higher starting torque, and
better efficiency compared to single-phase equivalents.

However, single-phase power is still widely used in residential applications due to its
simplicity and lower cost for lower power needs.

b)
What is 220V, 50Hz and 120V, 60Hz Systems:

Voltage (V):

 220V: This is the nominal line voltage (voltage between two "hot" wires) in a
three-phase system commonly used in Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa. It
provides a higher voltage, allowing for efficient transmission over long
distances.
 120V: This is the nominal line voltage (voltage between the "hot" wire and the
neutral wire) in a single-phase system commonly used in North America and
parts of South America. It requires thicker conductors for the same power
transmission compared to 220V due to the lower voltage.

Frequency (Hz):
  50Hz: This is the frequency of the AC power cycle, meaning the voltage and
current alternate 50 times per second. This is the standard frequency used in
most of the world.
 60Hz: This is the frequency of the AC power cycle, meaning the voltage and
current alternate 60 times per second. This is the standard frequency used in
North America and parts of South America.

220V, 50Hz System: This is a common electrical system used in many parts of the world,
including Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. Household appliances, industrial equipment,
and electrical systems in these regions are designed to operate on this standard.
120V, 60Hz System: This system is commonly used in North and Central America, as well as
some parts of South America and the Caribbean. Household appliances and electrical systems
in these regions are designed to operate at this standard.
c)
Different Standards:

The historical development of electrical grids, combined with factors like

economic considerations and equipment compatibility, led to the adoption of different
voltage and frequency standards in various regions.

 Historical factors: Early power systems were developed independently in

different regions, leading to the adoption of different standards.
 Economic considerations: Changing existing infrastructure to a new
standard can be very expensive, so countries often stick with their existing
standard.
 Regional Coordination: Countries within a region may coordinate their
standards to facilitate the sharing of electrical power and equipment,
promoting interoperability and efficiency.
 Equipment compatibility: Appliances and equipment are designed to
operate at specific voltage and frequency ratings. Changing the standard
would require a significant overhaul of existing equipment.

d)
Different Standards in Different Countries:
Neither system is inherently "better" than the other. Both 220V, 50Hz and
120V, 60Hz systems have their advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of
standard depends on various factors specific to each region.

Feature 220V, 50Hz (Three-Phase) 120V, 60Hz (Single-Phase)

 Efficiency Higher Lower

Power delivery Higher (per conductor) Lower (per conductor)

Cost of infrastructure Higher (initially) Lower (initially)

There's no one-size-fits-all answer. The choice between 220V, 50Hz, and 120V,
60Hz depends on various factors, including historical development, regional
coordination, and infrastructure. The most important thing is that the chosen
standard effectively meets the region's specific needs for safe and reliable power
delivery.

Question 2
Terminologies:

Circuit Diagram: The circuit diagram for a diode rectifier consists of diode’s
connected in a diode’s configuration. The AC input is applied diagonally across the
diode’s and the DC output is taken from the other two diagonal points.

Voltage and Current Waveforms: The input waveform is a sine wave, while the
output waveform is a pulsating DC waveform with a ripple.

(V_{DC} I_{DC}) and (P_{DC}): This represents the DC voltage, DC current, and
DC power, respectively. The DC voltage is the average value of the rectified output
voltage. The DC current is the average value of the rectified output current. The DC
power is the product of the DC voltage and DC current.

(V_{ms} I_{rms}) and (P_{mns}): This represents the RMS (root mean square)
voltage, RMS current, and RMS power, respectively. The RMS voltage is the
effective value of the AC voltage. The RMS current is the effective value of the AC
current. The RMS power is the product of the RMS voltage and RMS current.

Efficiency: The efficiency of a bridge rectifier is the ratio of the DC output power
to the AC input power.

Ripple Factor (RF): The ripple factor is a measure of the AC component

remaining in the DC output. It is defined as the ratio of the RMS value of the AC
ripple voltage to the average DC voltage.

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): The THD is a measure of the distortion of the
sinusoidal waveform caused by the rectifier. It is typically higher for bridge rectifiers
compared to other types of rectifiers.
 Power Factor (PF): The power factor is a measure of how efficiently the rectifier
converts AC power to DC power. It is typically lower for bridge rectifiers compared to
other types of rectifiers, due to the presence of the ripple current.

Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV): The PIV is the maximum reverse voltage that a
diode in the bridge rectifier can withstand. It is an important parameter when
selecting diodes for the rectifier circuit.

Output Voltage Ripple Frequency: The output voltage ripple frequency is the
frequency of the AC component in the DC output. It is equal to twice the AC input
frequency for a bridge rectifier.

For R load Singal Phase Singal Phase Singal Phase Full Six Phase Star Three Phase
only Half Wave Center Tap Full Wave Rectifier Rectifier Bridge Rectifier
Rectifier Wave Rectifier
Circuit
Diagram

Voltage
(BLUE)
and
Current
waveforms
of Diode
(GREEN) All have same
and load waves
(RED)

Vdc, Idc and Vm 2Vm 2Vm q π Vdc = 1.654Vm

Vdc = Vo = Vdc = = Vdc = = Vdc = Vm sin I0
Pdc π π π π q Iload=diode=Idc = =
0.6366Vm 0.6366Vm = 1.17Vm 3
0.5518 Im
 Vo Vm Vdc Vdc Vdc Pdc = (1.654Vm)
Idc = = Idc = = Idc = = Idc = 2 /R
R πR R R R
0.6366 Vm 0.6366 Vm Pdc = Vdc * Idc Pdc = Vdc*Idc
Pdc = Vdc * Idc = R R
Irms2 R = Vrms2. R Pdc = Vdc * Idc Pdc = Vdc * Idc

Vrms, Irms Vrms Vm Vm Vrms = Vm( Vrms = 1.6554Vm

Irms = Vrms = = Vrms = = Io
and Prms R √2 √2 q π 1 π
( + sin ))1/ Irms = = 0.7804
Vrms =
Vm 0.707Vm 0.707Vm 2π q 2 q √3
√2 ℑ Vrms ℑ Vrms 2
Im
Irms = = Irms = =
Prms = Vrms * Irms √2 R √2 R
Irms =
Vrms Pac = Vrms*Irms
Prms = Vrms * Irms Prms = Vrms * Irms R
Prms = Vrms * Irms
Efficiency Pdc 87.8% 87.8% 96.77% 99.83%
η= = 63.7%
Pac
Form Vrms 1.11 1.11 1.0009 1.0008
FF = = 1.11
Factor (FF) Vdc
Ripple Vac 0.482 0.482 0.042 0.04
RF = =
Factor (RF) Vdc
√ FF2−1 = 1.21
Total 100 % 48% 48% 5-15% 30-40%
Harmonic
Distortion
(THD)
Power Pac 1 1 0.6844 0.956
PF = =1
Factor (PF) VsIs
Peak Vm 2Vm 2Vm √ 3 Vm √ 3 Vm
Inverse
Voltage
(PIV)
Output fs (input 2fs 2fs 6fs 6fs
Voltage frequency)
ripple
frequency