DISASTER AND READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

Leader – JOMEL CAMAR

Members :
RYZEN RAINE G MILLLETE
SHELBY VALENZUELA
SED DAMASIN
ANTHONY DUCOT
KEITH RODRIGEZ
LAWRENCE LAMAZAREZ
ALYZZA CABANAS
RODEL BULALACAO
ZHYRILVE ARGUILLES

CHAPTER 1
DISASTER & DISASTER RISK
Learning outcomes:
1. Clarify the meaning of disaster and disaster risk
2. Explain the risk factors underlying disasters
3. State the effects of disaster on human life
4. Stress how and when an event becomes a disaster
5. Identify the difference areas/locations exposed to hazards that may lead to disaster
6. Present disaster along physical, psychological , socio cultural, economic, political , and
biological perspective
Introduction:
Every year, millions of people around the world are affected by either human- caused or
natural disasters Disasters take different forms, like volcanic eruptions. Earthquakes, floods,
hurricanes,tornados, or fires. In a disaster, people face the danger of death or physical injury.
They may also lose their home, possessions. And community where they live in. Disasters can
cause a full range of mental and physical reactions. Those affected may also react to problems
that occur after the event, as well as to triggers or reminders of the trauma.
DEFINITION OF DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK
Disaster is defined as “a sudden, calamitous event, bringing great damage, loss, destruction
and devastation to life and property”. Its origin can be natural, such as earthquakes, floods, and
hurricanes, or of human origin, such as explosions, nuclear accidents and terrorist acts.
NATURE OF DISASTERS
DISASTERS ARE OF TWO TYPES
NATURAL’ AND ‘HUMAN-MADE’.
based on the devastation, these are further classified into major or minor natural disasters and
major or minor man-made disasters.

NATURAL DISASTER
These originate from the different “forces” of nature (geological, meteorological,
hydrometeorological and biological).

 Volcanos
 Earthquakes
 Tornadoes
 Cyclones

HUMAN-MADE DISASTERS
These disasters occur due to people’s actions against human, material and environment.
These include transport and industrial accidents, such as, air and train crashes, chemical spills,
and building collapses.

 Terrorism
 Civil Disorder
 Arson
 War
RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTERS
•Severity of exposure
•Gender and family
•Age
SEVERITY OF EXPOSURE
The amount of exposure to the disaster is highly related to risk of future mental problems. at
highest risk are those that go through the disaster themselves.
GENDER AND FAMILY
Almost always, women or girls suffer more negative effects than do men or boys. disaster
recovery is more stressful when children are present in the home.
AGE
Adults who are in the age range of 40-60 are likely to be more distressed after disasters.
EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON HUMAN LIFE

• Displaced Populations

One of the most immediate effects of natural disasters is population displacement.

• Food scarcity

After natural disasters, food often becomes scarce.

• Emotional aftershocks

Natural disasters can be particularly traumatic for young children.

HOW AND WHEN AN EVENT BECOMES A DISASTER

An event, either human-made or natural, becomes a disaster when it is sudden or progressive,

causing widespread human, material or environmental losses

AREAS/LOCATIONS EXPOSED TO HAZARDS

• EXPOSED TO NATURAL HAZARDS

AREAS/LOCATIONS EXPOSED TO:

AREAS:

COASTAL AREAS

EXPOSED TO:

STORM SURGE, TSUNAMI OR TIDAL WAVES

AREAS:

RECLAIMED AREAS

EXPOSED TO:

FLOODING, SINKHOLE

AREAS:

NEAR FAULT LINES

EXPOSED TO:

EARTHQUAKE
AREAS:

ON FOOT OF DENUDED MOUNTAINS

EXPOSED TO:

MUDSLIDE/LANDSLIDE

AREAS:

NEAR VOLCANOES (DANGER ZONES)

EXPOSED TO:

VOLCANIC ERUPTION-PYROCLASTIC MATERIALS, LAHAR FLOW,

LAVA FLOW AND ASH FALL

AREAS:

RIVER BANKS AND ESTEROS

EXPOSED TO:

FLOODING, FLASH FLOODS

AREAS:

OPEN FIELDS

EXPOSED TO:

THUNDERSTORM, HAILSTORM, BLIZZARD

AREAS/LOCATIONS EXPOSED TO HAZARDS

• EXPOSED TO MAN-MADE HAZARD

AREAS/LOCATIONS EXPOSED TO:

AREAS:

NEAR OIL DEPOTS

EXPOSED TO:

OIL SPILL, POLLUTION

AREAS:

NEAR MINING PROJECTS

EXPOSED TO:

TOXIC WASTE-HEAVY METAL, LEAD, MERCURY, NITRIC ACID, ETC.

AREAS:

NEAR CHEMICAL PLANTS

EXPOSED TO:

CHEMICAL FUMES, CHEMICAL WASTE

AREAS:

NEAR NUCLEAR PLANTS

EXPOSED TO:

NUCLEAR WASTE, POSSIBLE TECHNICAL FAILURE, LEAKS OR WORSE ACCIDENTAL

EXPLOSION
AREAS:

NEAR FACTORIES

EXPOSED TO:

FACTORY WASTE, POLLUTION

AREAS:

UNSAFE BUILDING STRUCTURES

EXPOSED TO:

FIRE

AREAS:

PUBLIC PLACES IN MEGA CITIES

EXPOSED TO:

TERRORISM

DISASTER FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES

A DISASTER IS A RESULT OF A VAST ECOLOGICAL BREAKDOWN IN THE RELATION

BETWEEN HUMANS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT, A SERIOUS OR SUDDEN EVENT ON
SUCH A SCALE THAT THE STRICKEN COMMUNITY NEEDS EXTRAORDINARY
EFFORTS TO COPE WITH IT. OFTEN WITH OUTSIDE HELP OR INTERNATIONAL AID.

PHYSICAL PERSPECTIVE

FROM THIS VIEW DISASTER IS DEFINED AS A PHENOMENON THAT CAN CAUSE

DAMAGE TO PHYSICAL ELEMENTS SUCH AS BUILDINGS, INFRASTRUCTURES,
INCLUDING PEOPLE AND THEIR PROPERTIES, E.G. HOUSES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
SOURCES OF LIVING.

PHYSICAL EFFECTS ARE THE MOST VISIBLE AND QUANTIFIABLE EFFECTS OF A

DISASTER.
Psychological Perspective

- Psychological research has shown that disasters can cause serious mental health
consequences for victims. These consequences take the form of Post Traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD) and a vanety of other disorders and symptoms which have been less
investigated. The more stress, defined in a variety of ways, within the disaster, the more
likely there are to be emotional consequences.

• EMOTIONAL EFFECTS

• COGNITIVE EFFECTS

• PHYSICAL EFFECTS

• INTERPERSONAL EFFECTS

CHAPTER 1
EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY

ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO HAZARD

EXPOSURE REFERS TO THE 'ELEMENTS AT RISK’ FROM A NATURAL OR MAN-MADE
HAZARD EVENT. ELEMENTS AT RISK INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
1) HUMAN BEINGS;
2) DWELLINGS OR HOUSEHOLDS AND COMMUNITIES;
3) BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES;
4) PUBLIC FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE ASSETS;
5) PUBLIC AND TRANSPORT SYSTEM;
6) AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES; AND
7) ENVIRONMENTAL ASSETS.

WHAT IS VULNERABILITY?
VULNERABILITY IS DEFINED AS "THE CHARACTERISTICS AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF
A COMMUNITY, SYSTEM OR ASSET THAT MAKE IT SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE
DAMAGING EFFECTS OF A HAZARD".
REASONS WHY CERTAIN SECTORS OF SOCIETY ARE MORE VULNERABLE TO
DISASTER THAN OTHERS
VULNERABILITY CAN BE SEEN AS THE RESULT OF A PROCESS IN WHICH VARIOUS
DIFFERENT THINGS CAUSE A POPULATION TO BE MORE VULNERABLE.

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
 POPULATION DENSITY
 AGE OF POPULATION
 DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION

SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS
 WEALTH
 EDUCATION
 NATURE OF SOCIETY
 UNDERSTANDING OF THE AREA

COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS
 BUILDING CODES
 SCIENTIFIC MONITORING AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS
 COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
 EMERGENCY PLANNING

DEALING WITH THE AFTER-EFFECTS

 INSURANCE COVER
 EMERGENCY PERSONNEL
 AID REQUEST

VULNERABILITY TO SPECIFIC HAZARDS THERE ARE MANY ASPECTS OF

VULNERABILITY, ARISING FROM VARIOUS PHYSICAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.

VULNERABILITY TO SPECIFIC HAZARDS

EXAMPLES MAY INCLUDE:
 POOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS AND OTHER
INFRASTRUCTURES
 INADEQUATE PROTECTION MEASURES OF ASSETS
 LACK OF PUBLIC INFORMATION AND AWARENESS
 LIMITED OFFICIAL RECOGNITION OF RISKS AND PREPAREDNESS MEASURES,
AND
 DISREGARD FOR WISE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT.
 1. PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY
PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY DESCRIBES THE ABILITY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT,
INCLUDING HOMES, ROADS, BRIDGES, HOSPITALS, SCHOOLS, AND GOVERNMENT
BUILDINGS, TO WITHSTAND IMPACTS.

2. SOCIAL VULNERABILITY
A NUMBER OF FACTORS, INCLUDING POVERTY, LACK OF ACCESS TO
TRANSPORTATION, AND CROWDED HOUSING

3. ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY
THE LEVEL OF VULNERABILITY IS HIGHLY DEPENDENT UPON THE ECONOMIC
STATUS OF INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES AND NATIONS.

4. ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY
IT REFERS TO BOTH, THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO THE NEGATIVE SOCIO-ECONOMIC
IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY AND THE DEGREE
TO WHICH A COMMUNITY IS CAPABLE OF COPING WITH, RESISTING, AND
RECOVERING FROM THE IMPACTS OF SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL EVENTS.

ELEMENTS AT RISK AND EXPOSED TO HAZARDS

ALL OBJECTS, PERSONS, ANIMALS, ACTIVITIES AND PROCESSES THAT MAY BE
ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY HAZARDOUS PHENOMENA, IN A PARTICULAR AREA,
EITHER DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY.

RISK FACTORS
RISK FACTORS ARE CHARACTERISTICS AT THE BIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL,
FAMILY, COMMUNITY, OR CULTURAL LEVEL THAT PRECEDE AND ARE ASSOCIATED
WITH A HIGHER LIKELIHOOD OF NEGATIVE OUTCOMES.
 TRIAGRAM OF DISASTER RISK

EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ENGINEERING

VULNERABILITY
TSUNAMI ECONOMIC
FLOODS SOCIAL
CYCLONES
RISK
BUSHFIRES
LANDSLIDES
VOLCANOES EXPOSURE

PEOPLE
BUILDINGS
BUSINESSES
INFRASTRUCTURE

PHILIPPINE EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITIES TO NATURAL DISASTERS

ACCORDING TO A REPORT, EIGHT OF 10 WORLD CITIES MOST EXPOSED TO
NATURAL HAZARDS ARE IN THE PHILIPPINES AND MORE THAN HALF OF THE 100
CITIES MOST EXPOSED TO EARTHQUAKES, STORMS AND OTHER DISASTERS ARE IN
FOUR ASIAN NATIONS, ACCORDING TO A RESEARCH

THE STUDY FOUND THAT THE 10 CITIES MOST AT RISK ARE:

• PORT VILA IN VANUATU
• TUGUEGARAO IN CAGAYAN
• LUCENA IN QUEZON PROVINCE
• MANILA
• SAN FERNANDO IN PAMPANGA
• CABANATUAN IN NUEVA ECIJA
• BATANGAS
• TAIPEI
• SAN CARLOS
PHILIPPINE VULNERABILITIES TO NATURAL DISASTERS

THE FOLLOWING BULLET STATEMENTS EXPLAIN WHY THE PHILIPPINES IS

VULNERABLE TO NATURAL DISASTERS SPECIFICALLY FROM THE EFFECTS OF
CLIMATE CHANGE:

• MANY OF OUR AREAS ARE ALSO AT OR BELOW SEA LEVEL, AND THIS MAKES US
VULNERABLE TO FLOODING AND WORST, INUNDATION WITH RISE IN SEA LEVEL.

• THE PHILIPPINES IS AN ARCHIPELAGIC COUNTRY WITH MANY SMALL ISLANDS.

• THE PHILIPPINES IS CONSIDERED "HIGH RISK" IN TERMS OF THE COUNTRY'S

ABILITY TO MANAGE AND MITIGATE THE IMPACTS OF NATURAL HAZARD AND IN
PART DUE TO "ENTRENCHED CORRUPTION AND HIGH LEVELS OF POVERTY"

• NATURAL HAZARD RISK IS COMPOUNDED IN THE PHILIPPINES BY POOR

INSTITUTIONAL AND SOCIETAL CAPACITY TO MANAGE, RESPOND AND RECOVER
FROM NATURAL HAZARD EVENTS.

• THE PHILIPPINES IS STILL A PRIMARILY AGRICULTURAL AND FISHING ECONOMY.

DISRUPTIONS IN AGRICULTURAL AND FISHERY PRODUCTION AND DESTRUCTION
OF OUR ECOSYSTEMS WILL HAVE DEVASTATING EFFECTS ON OUR ECONOMY AND
FOOD SECURITY.

• WITH ONE OF THE LONGEST COASTLINES IN THE WORLD AT 32,400 KILOMETERS,

WE HAVE MANY AREAS THAT ARE VULNERABLE TO STORM SURGES.

• THE RUGGED NATURE OF OUR LANDSCAPE MAKES OUR COMMUNITIES VERY

VULNERABLE TO LANDSLIDES, MUDFLOWS AND OTHER DISASTERS.

• THE PHILIPPINES LIES IN THE PACIFIC TYPHOON BELT AND WE ARE VISITED BY
AN AVERAGE OF 20 TYPHOONS EVERY YEAR.

• ASIDE FROM BEING AT RISK TO TYPHOONS, THE PHILIPPINES IS ALSO AT RISK TO

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS (WE HAVE ACTIVE VOLCANOES), QUAKES (SEVERAL FAULT
LINES WERE IDENTIFIED) AND FLOODS (WE HAVE DENUDED MOUNTAINS).