KARIM PUNJWANI

O & A LEVEL CHEMISTRY

Metals

Physical Properties of Metals

1. Metals are lustrous (shiny)

2. Good conductors of heat and electricity.

3. High melting & boiling points.

4. Metals have high densities.

5. They are malleable (can be hammered into shape).

6. They are ductile (can be drawn into wires).

7. Usually solids at room temperature (mercury is an exception).

8. Opaque as a thin sheet (can’t see through metals).

9. Metals are sonorous (they make a bell-like sound when struck).

Chemical Properties of Metals

1. They have 1 – 3 electrons in their outermost shell.

2. They lose electrons easily to do Ionic Bonding only.

3. They form basic oxides.

4. They are good reducing agents.

Metallic Bonding/Structure

This type of bonding is found within metals. Metals are electropositive as they

have tendency to lose their valence electrons to form positive ions. The atoms are

packed so closely together, the outermost valence electrons become delocalized.

This results in a closely packed, regular arrangement of positive metal ions,

surrounded by a sea of mobile electrons that bind the ions together.

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O & A LEVEL CHEMISTRY

Physical Properties of Non-Metals

1. They have dull appearance.

2. Poor conductors of heat and electricity.

3. They are brittle (break easily).

4. May be solids, liquids or gases at room temperature.

5. Transparent as a thin sheet (can see through them).

Chemical Properties of Non-Metals

1. They usually have 4 – 8 electrons in their outermost shell.

2. Readily gain electrons during Ionic Bonding or share electrons in Covalent

Bonding.

3. They form acidic oxides.

4. They are good oxidizing agents.

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O & A LEVEL CHEMISTRY

Alloys
An Alloy is a mixture of a metal with one or a few other elements.

Uses of Alloys
1. To make metals harder and stronger.

2. To improve the appearance of metals.

3. To lower the melting points of metals.

4. To make metals more resistant to corrosion.

Why alloys are hard and strong?

Some Examples of Alloys

Alloy Approximate Uses

Composition
Steel 99% Fe, 1% C ships, bridges
Cupronickel 75% Cu, 25% Ni silver coins
Bronze 90% Cu, 10% Sn medal, swords
Brass 70% Cu, 30% Zn ornaments

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O & A LEVEL CHEMISTRY

The Reactivity Series of Metals

Metal Metal with Water or Metal with Acid
Steam

Potassium violent reaction with

react with cold water
Sodium dilute acids

Calcium

Magnesium
react with dilute acids
Aluminum react with steam
with decreasing ease.
Zinc

Iron

Lead

Hydrogen
not attacked by water or react only with
Copper
steam concentrated acids
Mercury

Silver

Platinum

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O & A LEVEL CHEMISTRY

The Stability of Metal Compounds

Metal Oxide Hydroxide Carbonate Nitrate
Potassium decompose to
Sodium stable to heat stable to heat nitrite and
electrolytic oxygen
Calcium reduction
Magnesium decompose to decompose to

Aluminium decompose to metal oxide metal oxide,

metal oxide and carbon nitrogen
Zinc
reduced by and steam on dioxide gas dioxide and
Iron
heating with heating on heating oxygen on
Lead
carbon heating
Copper
Mercury decompose to
Silver metal, oxygen
reduced by unstable do unstable do
Platinum and nitrogen
heating alone not exist not exist
dioxide gas
on heating

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O & A LEVEL CHEMISTRY

Oxides Examples (Mercury to Platinum)

2Ag2O(S) ⟶ 4Ag(S) + O2(g)

Hydroxides Examples (Calcium to Copper)

Calcium hydroxide ⟶ Calcium oxide + Steam

Ca(OH) 2(s) ⟶ CaO(s) + H2 O(g)

Carbonates Examples (Calcium to Copper)

CaCO3(s) ⟶ CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Al2(CO3)3(s) ⟶ Al2 O3(s) + 3CO2(g)

Nitrates Examples (Potassium to Sodium)

2NaNO3(s) → 2NaNO2(s) + O2(g)

2KNO3(s) → 2KNO2(s) + O2(g)

Nitrates Examples (Calcium to Copper)

2Mg(NO3)2(s) ⟶ 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

2Al(NO3)3(s) ⟶ Al2 O3(s) + 6NO2(g) + 3/2 O2(g)

[4Al(NO3)3(s) ⟶ 2Al2 O3(s) + 12NO2(g) + 3O2(g)]

Nitrates Examples (Mercury to Platinum)

2AgNO3(s) ⟶ 2Ag(s) + 2NO2(g) + O2(g)

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The Displacement Power of Metals

Any metal above another in the reactivity series is capable of displacing it from
its oxide, or from an aqueous solution of its salt.

The Displacement of Oxides

The Thermit Reaction

Iron (III) Oxide and Aluminum powder. As we know Aluminum is more
reactive than Iron.

Fe2O3(S) + Al(S) ⟶ Al2 O3(S) + Fe(I)

Displacement from Solutions

CuSO4(aq) + Fe(S) ⟶ FeSO4(aq) + Cu(S)

Cu2+ (aq) + Fe(S) ⟶ Fe2+ (aq) + Cu(S)

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