V`lbnltnr

V@APVPGNL

Dr. Xnjoanl, U.V., A.V.

 PP Lk 8= tnmul 86>4
86 >4 t`ltnlb Mng Eoptn

Iulbso dnl soint mng eoptn Vnsnc 4

Mng Eoptn s`hnbnoanln doangsud dncna Vnsnc 5 murui n a`rupngnl mng `gsgcusoi ynlb
t`rdoro ntns mng akrnc dnl mng `gklkao.
V`ahntnsnl V`coldulbnl Vnsnc 89
G`t`ltunl s`hnbnoanln doangsud dncna Vnsnc 85, Vnsnc 84, dnl Vnsnc 80 todng h`rcngu
t`rmndnp:
o. V`lb
V`lbbuln
bulnnl
nl guto
gutopnl
pnl solbgn
solbgntt Eoptn
Eoptnnl
nl dnl/ntn
dnl/ntnu
u prkdu
prkdugg Mng T`r
T`rgnot
gnot ultug
ultug p`cnp
p`cnpkrn
krnll
p`rostown ngtunc ynlb dotujugnl mnlyn ultug g`p`rcunl p`ly`donnl olikranso ngtunc7
oo. V`lbbnldnnl
V`lbbnldnnl Eoptn
Eoptnnl
nl dnl/ntnu
dnl/ntnu prk
prkdug
dug Mn
Mngg T`r
T`rgnot
gnot mnlyn ultug g`p
g`p`ltolbnl
`ltolbnl p p`l`cotonl
`l`cotonl
ocau p`lb`tnmunl7
ooo. V`lbbnldnnl
V`lbbnldnnl Eoptnn
Eoptnnl
l dnl/ntnu
dnl/ntnu prkdug Mng T T`rgnot
`rgnot mnlyn ul
ultug
tug g`p
g`p`rcunl
`rcunl p`lbnjnrnl,
p`lbnjnrnl,
g`eunco p`rtuljugnl dnl Iklkbrna ynlb t`cnm docngugnl V`lbuauanl s`hnbno hnmnl
njnr7 dnl
ov. V`lbbulnnl ultug g`p g`p`ltolbnl
`ltolbnl p`l
p`ldodognl
dodognl dn
dnl
l p`lb`ahn
p`lb`ahnlbnl
lbnl oocau
cau p`lb`tnmun
p`lb`tnmunl l ynlb
a`aulbgolgnl suntu Eoptnnl dnl/ntnu prkdug Mng T`rgnot dnpnt dobulngnl tnlpn ozol
V`cngu V`rtuljugnl, Vrkdus`r Iklkbrna, ntnu C`ahnbn V`lyonrnl.
Unlgso V`cnlbbnrnl Vnsnc >>5
>. U`tonp Krnl
Krnlbb ynlb d`lbnl tnlpn mng a`cngugnl
a`cngugnl p`cnlbbnrnl
p`cnlbbnrnl mn
mngg `gklka
`gklkaoo s`hnbnoan
s`hnbnoanlnln
doangsud dncna Vnsnc ? nynt (>) murui o ultug V`lbbulnnl U`enrn Gka`rsonc dopodnln
d`lbnl podnln p`ljnrn pncolb cnan > (sntu) tnmul dnl/ntnu podnln d`ldn pncolb hnlyng
Xp>66.666.666 (s`rntus jutn ruponm).
8. U`tonp Krnl
Krnlbb ynlb d`lbnl tntnlpn
lpn m
mng
ng dnl
dnl/ntnu
/ntnu tnlpn
tnlpn ozol V
V`leoptn
`leoptn nntnu
tnu p`a`bn
p`a`bnlblb Mng
Eoptn a`cngugnl p`cnlbbnrnl mng `gklkao V`leoptn s`hnbnoanln doangsud dncna Vnsnc
? nynt (>) murui e, murui d, murui i, dnl/ntnu murui m ultug V`lbbulnnl U`enrn
Gka`rsonc dopodnln d`lbnl podnln p`ljnrn pncolb cnan 5 (tobn) tnmul dnl/ntnu podnln
d`ldn pncolb hnlyng Xp066.666.666,66 (coan rntus jutn ruponm).
 V`lbnltnr
V@APVPGNL

Dr. Xnjoanl, U.V., A.V.

 V@LBNLTNX V@APVPGNL

Xnjoanl

D`snol Ekv`r :
Dwo Lkvodonltkgk

Uuah`r :
www.smutt`rstkeg.eka
www.smutt`rstkeg.eka

Tntn C`tng :
Totos _ucoynlto

Vrkkir`nd`r :
Nvoldn _udn Rnto
Rnto

Pgurnl :
xoo, >8= mca, Pg: >0.0x85 ea

OUHL :
?2=-985-68->>5=-9

E`tngnl V`rtnan :
Julo 8686

Mng Eoptn 8686, Vndn V`lucos

Oso docunr tnlbbulb jnwnh p`re`tngnl

Ekpyrobmt © 8686 hy D``puhcosm Vuhcosm`r

Ncc Xobmt X`s`rv`d
X`s`rv`d

Mng eoptn docoldulbo uldnlb-uldnlb

Docnrnlb g`rns a`l`rj`anmgnl, a`aiktkgkpo, ntnu
a`ap`rhnlyng s`hnbonl ntnu s`curum oso hugu olo
tnlpn ozol t`rtucos dnro V`l`rhot.

V@L@XHOT D@@VPHCOUM

(Brup V`l`rhotnl
Nlbbktn OGNVOEY
OGNVO HPDO PTNAN)
(629/DO_/86>
(629/DO_/86>8)
8)
Jc.Xnjnwnco,o, B. @cn
Jc.Xnjnwnc @cnlb
lb 9, Lk 5, Drkl
Drklk,
k, Unrdk
Unrdklkmnrjk,
lkmnrjk, L
Lbnbcog,
bnbcog, Uc
Uc`anl
`anl
Jc.Gncournlbb Ga.?,5 ― _kbyngnrtn 000=>
Jc.Gncournl
T`cp/Ings: (6824) 4055482
4055482
R`hsot`: www.d``puhcosm.ek
www.d``puhcosm.ek.od
.od
www.p`l`rhotd``puhcosm.eka
www.p`l`rhotd ``puhcosm.eka
@-anoc: esFd``puhcosm.ek.od
 GNTN V@LBNLTNX

Nssncnauncnogua
Nssncnauncnogua Rr. Rh.

G`h`rmnsocnl prkdugso tnlnanl sncnm sntulyn dot`ltugnl kc`m

g`t`rs`donnl mnrn. Mnrn hnbo tnlnanl a`rupngnl p`l`ltu gunltotns dnl
guncotns mnsoc prkdug ynlb domnsocgnl. Vndn snnt olo p`a`roltnm t`lbnm
a`lbb`lenrgnl p`a`lumnl pnlbnl ultug a`leugupo g`hutumnl
ansynrngnt. Dncna upnyn p`lenpnonl g`t`rs`donnl pnlbnl dop`rcugnl
p`anmnanl ynlb t`rgnot d`lbnl p`aupugnl. Kc`m gnr`ln otu, p`lucos ngnl
a`anpnrgnl p`lbnltnr p`aupugnl.
Hugu olo a`aunt ant`ro ynlb t`rgnot d`lbnl p`anmnanl t`ltnlb

ulsur mnrn, p`aupugnl, `vncunso g`suhurnl tnlnm, p`lbnpurnl dnl guncotns

cnmnl. Plsur mnrn ngnl a`ahnmns t`rgnot d`lbnl mnrn angrk, aogrk dnl
p`luljnlb. V`aupugnl a`ahnmns gcnsoiognso pupug, pupug krbnlog,
pupug huntnl, p`lbkapksnl, g`hutumnl pupug, dnl npcognso p`aupugnl.
V`lucos a`lbuenpgnl hnlyng t`roan gnsom ntns g`pndn s`aun pomng
ynlb t`cnm a`ahnltu p`ly`c`snonl hugu olo. V`lucos a`lbmnrnpgnl
ansugnl dnl snrnl ultug a`ap`rhnogo p`lucosnl ynlb ngnl dntnlb.

Rnssncnauncnogua wr. Rh.

_kbyngnrtn, Nproc 8686

V`lucos

Xnjoanl

v
 DNITNX OUO

GNTN
GNTN V@LBN
V@LBNLTNX............................................................
LTNX..............................................................................
.................. v

DNITNX
DNITNX OUO .................
.................................................
.................................................................
.........................................
........ vo

DNITNX
DNITNX TNH@C
TNH@C ................................
................................................................
...................................................
................... ox

DNITNX
DNITNX BNAHN
BNAHNX
X ....
.....................................
..................................................................
.........................................
........ xo
xo

HNH > V@LDNMPCP

V@LDNMPCPNL NL ................................................................
................................ ....................................
.... >
N. V`a
V`aupug
upugnl
nl ...............................
................................................................
.........................................
........ >
H. Vrkdugtov
Vrkdugtovotns
otns.................................................................
................................. .....................................
..... 5

HNH 8 PLUP
PLUPX
X MNXN TNLNANL
TNLNANL ...................................................
................................ ................... 0
N. Pls
Plsur
ur Mn
Mnrn
rn dnl
dnl J`lJ`losly
oslynn ....................................................
................................ .................... 0
H. Mnrgnt Mnrn ..............................
...............................................................
.........................................
........ 2
E. U`rnpnl
U`rnpnl mnr
mnrnn .................................................................
................................. .....................................
..... ?
D. G`mo
G`mocnlb
cnlbnl
nl Mnrn .................................
..............................................................
............................. >8
@. G`
G`t`rs`do
t`rs`donnl
nnl Mnrn................................
............................................................
............................ >4

HNH 5 MNXN ANGXK .................................................................

................................. ...................................
... >0

HNH 4 MNXN AOGXK ...............................................................

.............................. .......................................
...... 86

HNH 0 MNXN V@LPLJNL

V@LPLJNLB
B ............................................................
................................ ............................ 84

HNH 9 GCNUOI
GCNUOIOGNUO
OGNUO VPVPG
VPVPG ................................
........................................................
........................ 82
N. Gcns
Gcnsoiog
oiognso
nso Vupug................................
.............................................................
............................. 82
H. J`los
J`los Vupug
Vupug...............................
................................................................
.......................................
...... 8?

HNH 2 VPV
VPVPG
PG HPNTN
HPNTNL L ................................................................
................................ .................................. 5=
N. Gnld
Gnldulb
ulbnl
nl Plsur
Plsur M Mnrn
nrn..............................
....................................................
...................... 5=
H. Mobrksgk
Mobrksgkposo
posotns
tns ................................................................
............................... ................................. 5?

vo
 E. Dny
Dnynn Cnru
Cnrutt ..............................
..............................................................
........................................
........ 5?
D. G`a
G`ansnanl
nsnanl Vupu
Vupug g ................................
..........................................................
.......................... 46
@. Old`gs Bnrn
Bnrna a (Unct Old`x) ............................................... 4>

HNH = VPV
VPVPG
PG KXBNL
KXBNLOG
OG ..............................................................
................................ .............................. 45
N. V`lb`rtonl dnl Gnrngt`ros
Gnrngt`rostog
tog Vupug Krbnlog ..... ...........
............
.........
... 45
H. Anli
Anlinnt
nnt Vup
Vupug
ug Krbnlog
Krbnlog ...................................................
................................ ................... 4040
E. Hng
Hnguu Autu Vupug
Vupug Krbnl
Krbnlogog ..............................................
................................ .............. 4242
D. Vkt`l
Vkt`lso
so Uuah`
Uuah`rr Vupug Krbnlog ..... ..........
..........
..........
..........
...........
...........
........
... 06
@. G`ulbb
G`ulbbucnl
ucnl dnl G`c`anm
G`c`anmnl nl Vupug Krbnlog ..... ...........
............
.........
... 05
I. Anena Vupu
Vupugg Krb
Krbnlog
nlog ................................
....................................................
.................... 04

HNH ? V@LB
V@LBKAVK
KAVKUNLUNL .................................................................
................................. ................................ 96
N. Xunlb Colbgup V`lbka
V`lbkapksnl pksnl ..........
..... ...........
............
...........
..........
..........
.........
.... 96
H. Ingtkr ynlb A`ap`lbnrumo
A`ap`lbnrumo V`lbka V`lbkapksnl pksnl ..........
..... ..........
..........
........
... 98
E. A`tk
A`tkd`
d` V`lbkap
V`lbkapksnl
ksnl......................................................
.............................. ........................ 9 90
0

D. Grot`ron G`a
G`antnlbnl
ntnlbnl Gkapk
Gkapkss .....
...........
............
............
...........
..........
..........
.........
.... 9=
HNH >6 V@XMOTPLBNL G@HPTPMNL VPVPG VPVPG ..... ..........
..........
..........
..........
.......
.. 26
N. G`
G`hutum
hutumnl
nl Vupug
Vupug ..............................
............................................................
.............................. 26
H. V`rmotulb
V`rmotulbnl
nl G`hutumnl Vupug Anj`aug .......... ..... ...........
............
.........
... 25

HNH >> NVCOGNUO

NVCOGNUO V@A V@APVP PVPGNL GNL ...................................................
................................ ................... 29
N. Enrn V`a
V`aupug
upugnl....................................
nl..............................................................
.......................... 29
H. Dk
Dksos
sos ................................
................................................................
...............................................
............... =>
E. Rng
Rngtu.........................................
tu.........................................................................
.....................................
..... =8
D. J`lo
J`loss Vupug
Vupug ................................
................................................................
.....................................
..... =5

HNH >8 @YNCPNUO

@YNCPNUO G@UPHP
G@UPHPXNL XNL TNLNMTNLNM ................................
....................................
.... =4
N. V`lbna
V`lbnantnlntnl V`rtuahumnl
V`rtuahumnl Tnlnanl.............
Tnlnanl....... ........... ...........
............
.........
... =0
H. Nl
Nlncoso
ncososs Jnrolb
Jnrolbnlnl Tnlnanl
Tnlnanl ................................
..............................................
.............. =9
E. Nl
Nlncoso
ncososs Tnlnm.................................
.................................................................
................................ =?
D. Pjo Hok
Hokckbo
ckbo ..............................................................
.............................. ........................................
........ =?

voo
HNH >5 GPNCOTN
GPNCOTNU U TNLNM................................
.............................................................
............................. ?8
N. V`lb
V`lb`rto
`rtonl
nl Guncotns
Guncotns Tnlnm................................
Tnlnm................................................
................ ?8
H. V`lbug
V`lbugurnl
urnl Gunco
Guncotns
tns Tnlnm
Tnlnm..............................................
.............................. ................ ?5

HNH >4 V@LBNVPXN

V@LBNVPXNL
L ...............................................................
.............................. .....................................
.... >68
N. V`lb
V`lb`rto
`rtonl
nl Gnpur ................................
...........................................................
........................... >68
H. Uuah`r
Uuah`r Gnpur................................
................................................................
................................ >65
E. V`rtoah
V`rtoahnlb
nlbnlnl V`l
V`lbnpbnpurnl
urnl ................................
..............................................
.............. >60
D. Juacnm Gnpur ynlb Doh`rognl ..... ..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..... >69
@. Enrn V`ah`ronl
V`ah`ronl Gnpur Gnpur ...............................
...................................................
.................... >62
I. V`lnah
V`lnahnmnl
nmnl Hnmnl Cnolly Cnollynn .....
..........
...........
............
............
...........
..........
.........
.... >62
B. V`rmotulb
V`rmotulbnlnl G`hutumnl Gnpur ...... ............
...........
...........
............
...........
..........
..... >62
M. V`lbnrum V`lbnpurnl t`rmndnp Mnsoc dnl Guncotns
Tnlnm..............................
Tnlnm ...............................................................
...............................................
.............. >>6

HNH >0 V@LB@LNCNL UNTPNL DNL H@XNT NTKA

PLUPX GOAON ...............................................................

PLUPX .............................. .....................................
.... >>8
N. Untunl.................................
.................................................................
...........................................
........... >>8
H. H`rnt Ntk
Ntka a Plsur
Plsur GoaonGoaon ................................
...............................................
............... >>0

DNITNX
DNITNX VPUTNGN ....................................
.....................................................................
......................................
..... >>?

OLD@GU
OLD@GU ..............................................................................
.............................................. ................................................
................ >84

HOKDNTN
HOKDNTN V@LPCOU
V@LPCOU ...
....................................
..................................................................
......................................
..... >8=

vooo
 DNITNX TNH@C

Tnh`c 8.>. V`lbbkcklbnl

V`lbbkcklbnl Plsur Mnrn dncna Tnlnanl Tnlnanl ..........
..... ..........
...........
...........
..... 9
Tnh`c 8.8. Gnldulbnl
Gnldulbnl Plsur Mnrn Tnlna Tnlnanl nl .....
..........
..........
..........
..........
...........
...........
..........
..... 2
Tnh`c 8.5. Plsur Mnrn L, V, dnl G ynlb ynlb T`rnlbgut U`tonp Tkl
Mnsocc Vnl`
Mnso Vnl`l
l ................................
................................................................
........................................
........ >8
Tnh`c 8.4. G`mocnlbnl
G`mocnlbnl Mnrn Vndo Ynro`tns Plbbuc Plbbuc Ngohnt Vnl`l ..... .........
.... >5
Tnh`c 8.0. G`mocnlbnl
G`mocnlbnl Mnrn Ngoh Ngohnt nt @rkso .....
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.... >4
Tnh`c 2.>. @guovnc`l
@guovnc`l G`ansna
G`ansnanl nl Vupug ..... ..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.... 46
Tnh`c 2.8. Old`gs
Old`gs Bnrna H`h`rnpn Vupug...... ............
............
............
...........
..........
..........
.........
.... 48
Tnh`c =.>. Utnldnr Hngu Autu Vupug Krbnl Krbnlog og Brnluc`r/V`c`
Brnluc`r/V`c`tt ..... ..........
........
... 4
422

Tnh`c =.8. Utnldnr Hngu Autu Vupug Krbnlog X`anm/Eurnm .............. 4=

Tnh`c =.5. Utnldnr Hngu Autu Vupug Krbnl Krbnlog og Enor.........
Enor.... ..........
...........
............
.........
... 4?
Tnh`c =.4. Gkapksoso
Gkapksoso Gnldulb
Gnldulbnl nl Coahnm Krbnlog ..... ..........
..........
..........
...........
.........
... 0>
Tnh`c =.0. Locno E/L d dnro
nro H`
H`rhnbno
rhnbno Uuah`
Uuah`rr Hnm Hnmnl nl Krbnlog..... ..........
..........
.......
.. 0
08
8
Tnh`c =.9. Loshnm E/L H Hnmnl
nmnl Dnsnr Gkapks Gkapks dnro Coahnm Gnyn
Lotrkb`l
Lotrkb`l dnl Gnyn Gnyn Gnrh Gnrhkl kl.................................................
.............................. ................... 08
Tnh`c =.2. J`los Coahnm Krbnlog ynlb Ekekg ultug Hnmnl
Gkapk
Gka pkss ..........................................................
......................... ....................................................
................... 05
Tnh`c ?.>. Gnldulbnl Mnrn Vupug Krbnlog pn pndndn H`rhnbno
D`gkapk
D`g kapks`r s`r...............................................................
............................... ........................................
........ 9>
Tnh`c ?.8. V`lbnrum Rngtu V`lbkapksnl V `lbkapksnl t`rmndnp Guncotn Guncotnss
Gkapk
Gka pkss ..........................................................
......................... ....................................................
................... 98
Tnh`c ?.5. V`lbnrum Pgurnl Hnmnl t`rmnd t`rmndnp np E/L ................
...........
...........
............
.........
... 98
Tnh`c ?.4. V`lbnrum Uumu V`lbkapksnl t`rmn t`rmndnpdnp E/L pndn Mnro
g`-4 ................................................................................... 95
Tnh`c ?.0. Gkldoso ynlb Kptoanc ultug A`ap`re`pnt Vrks`s
V`lbka
V`lb kapksnl
pksnl.................................................................
................................ .....................................
.... 94
Tnh`cc >6.>
Tnh` >6.>.. @ioso`l
@ioso`lso
so Vupug
Vupug LVG................................
LVG..........................................................
.......................... 28
Tnh`c >>.>. V`lbnrum Enrn Npcognso Vupug Pr`n do D`sn
Njnggnlb,, Hnrru dnl Hnj`lb,
Njnggnlb Hnj`lb, Bkwn......
Bkwn.....................
..........
...........
...........
........
... =6

ox
Tnh`c >>.8. Enrn V`aupugnl A`colbgnr A`colb gnr dn dnl l Cnrognl t`rmndnp t `rmndnp
Jnbulb
Jnbu lb...............................
................................................................
.................................................
................ =>
Tnh`c >>.5. V`lbnrum dk dksos
sos LVG t` t`rmndnp
rmndnp Mnsoc
Mnsoc Vndo ..........
..... ...........
............
............
...... =>
Tnh`c >>.4. V`lbnrum Rngtu V`aupugnl t`rmndnp Juacnm Vkcklb
8 B`l
B`lkto
ktoii G`d`cno
G`d`cno ........................
.........................................................
.......................................
...... =8
Tnh`c >>.0. V`lbnrum J`los Vupug Krbnlog t`rmndnp Mnsoc dnl
Guncotns
Gunc otns Hnwnlb
Hnwnlb Dnul .....................
......................................................
................................... =5
Tnh`c >8.>.
>8.>. Enrn dnl R Rngtu
ngtu V`lbnahocnl
V`lbnahocnl Unap`c Tnlna Tnlnanl nl ........
.............
.........
.... =9
Tnh`c >8.8. Grot`ron D`ioso`lso Mnrn A`lurut H`rnt Aos`co Aos`conn dnl
U`rnpnl
U`rnp nl G...........................................................
G......................... ..................................................
................ ?>
Tnh`c >5.>. Grot`ron V`locnonl
V`locnonl Old`gs Guncotns Tnl Tnlnm nm ..........
..... ...........
............
............
...... ?0
Tnh`c >5.8. Grot`ron Guncotns
Guncotn s Tnlnm h` h`rdnsn
rdnsnrgnl
rgnl Old`gs Guncotns
Tnlnm ................................
................................................................
.................................................
................. ?9
Tnh`c >5.5. Grot`ron Gunco
Guncotnstns Tnlnm H` H`rdnsnrgnl
rdnsnrgnl Hnmnl Hnmnl Krbnlog ..... ..........
..... ?
?9
9
Tnh`c >5.4. Grot`ron V`locnonl Oldogntkr Gol`rjn Tnlnm do
Cnpnlbnl
Cnpnl bnl .........................
...........................................................
..................................................
................ ?=
Tnh`c >5.0. Grot`ron V`locnonl Mnsoc Nlncosos Tnlnm do
Cnhkrntk
Cnhk rntkroua..........................................................
roua......................................................................
............ ??
Tnh`c >5.9. Gro
Grot`ron
t`ron V`locnonl G`s`mntnl Tnlnm H`rdnsnrgnl
Oldogntkr
Oldog ntkr Gol
Gol`rjn
`rjn ...................................
..............................................................
........................... >66
Tnh`c >5.2. Mnsoc V`l`tnpnl
V `l`tnpnl G`cns G G`s`m
`s`mntnl
ntnl Tnlnm do Cn Cnmnl
mnl
Vnsor ................................
................................................................
.................................................
................. >66
Tnh`c >5.=. V`locnonl
V`locnonl G`s`mntnl Tnlnm do Vndnlb H`tunm H`tunm,,
H`lbgu
H`lb gucucu T`lb
T`lbnm nm .......
.......................................
......................................................
...................... >6>
Tnh`c >5.?. Locno Nlncosos Uoint Tnlnm do Vndnlb H`tunm,
H`lbgu
H`lb gucucu T`lb
T`lbnm nm .......
.......................................
......................................................
...................... >6>
Tnh`c >4.>. Locno L`trncosnso
L`trncosnso H H`h`rnpn
`h`rnpn HnmnlHnmnl Gnpur ..... ...........
............
............
..........
.... >69
Tnh`c >4.8. Gnpur ynlb Mnrus Dotnahnmgnl ultug A`ljndo pM
T`rt`ltu
T`rt`ltu.................................................................
................................. ...........................................
........... >62
Tnh`c >4.5. V`lbnrum Dksos Gnpur t`rmndnp Mnsoc dnl Juacnm Pho
Gnyu ................................
................................................................
................................................
................ >>6

x
 DNITNX BNAHNX

Bnahnr ?.>. Ug`an V`lbkapksnl d`lbnl A`tkd` Oldkkr ................... 99

Bnahnr ?.8. V`lbkapksnl d`lbnl A`tkd` M`np ................................ 99
Bnahnr
Bnahnr >8.>. Tnlnm s`hnbno
s`hnbno Ingtk
Ingtkrr Vrkdugso Tnlnanl
Tnlnanl .....
..........
...........
............
.........
... =4

xo
xoo
 HNH >
V@LDNMPCPNL

N. V`aupugnl
V`a`comnrnnl p`rtnlnanl todng dnpnt doc`pnsgnl dnro p`ah`ronl
pupug. U`h`cualyn gotn d`iolosognl pupug dnl p`aupugnl. Vupug ndncnm
hnmnl ynlb a`lbnldulb sntu ntnu c`hom ulsur mnrn hnog krbnlog ntnu
nlkrbnlog ynlb dotnahnmgnl pndn a`don tnlna ntnu tnlnanl ultug
a`leugupo g`hutumnl mnrn ynlb dop`rcugnl tnlnanl s`molbbn anapu
h`rprkdugso d`lbnl hnog. Vupug h`rh`dn dnro supc`a`l. Vupug
a`lbnldulb hnmnl hngu ynlb dop`rcugnl p`rtuahumnl dnl p`rg`ahnlbnl
tnlnanl, s`a`ltnrn supc`a`l s`p`rto mkrakl tuahumnl a`ahnltu

g`cnlenrnl prks`s a`tnhkcosa`.

V`aupugnl ndncnm toldngnl a`ah`rognl tnahnmnl ulsur-ulsur
mnrn pndn gkapc`gs tnlnm, hnog cnlbsulb anupul todng cnlbsulb s`molbbn
anapu a`lyuahnlbgnl hnmnl angnlnl hnbo tuahumnl/ tnlnanl.
V`aupugnl pndn prolsoplyn a`rupngnl p`ah`ronl hnmnl p`ly`don mnrn
buln a`lnahnm ntnu a`lbbnltognl mnrn ynlb t`cnm dobulngnl ntnu mocnlb.
V`aupugnl h`rtujunl ultug a`a`lumo lutroso ynlb dohutumgnl tnlnanl
nbnr tnlnanl tuahum s`enrn kptoanc dnl a`lbmnsocgnl prkdugso d`lbnl
autu ynlb hnog. Kro`ltnso p`aupugnl ultug a`lbmnsocgnl hnmnl g`rolb
ynlb kptoanc dnl h`rg`cnljutnl.
V`aupugnl docngugnl dos`hnhgnl dncna tnlnm mnrn a`lbncnao
p`ruhnmnl h`rupn a`lbunp, t`reueo, p`rgkcnso, dos`rnp tnlnanl dnl
dohnwn pnl`l. Cntnr h`cngnlb p`aupugnl dos`hnhgnl kc`m:
- Tnlnm aosgol mnrn.
- V`rtuahumnl tnlnanl t`rmnahnt wncnupul sudnm docngugnl
p`lyonlbnl dnl dot`augnl b`jncn g`gurnlbnl ulsur mnrn.
- V`rtuahumnl tnlnanl p`rcu dop`re`pnt ultug a`lburnlbo rosogk
ngohnt p`rsnolbnl d`lbnl bucan.
- Olbol a`lolbgntgnl mnsoc p`rtnahnmnl p`rtuahumnl (tonp vkcua`)
p`r sntunl cuns pndn ngmor dnur.

>
 G`bnbncnl p`rtuahumnl dnl pnl`l todng mnlyn dos`hnhgnl kc`m
g`gurnlbnl mnrn, lnaul g`c`homnl mnrn jubn dnpnt a`ly`hnhgnl
g`bnbncnl pnl`l. V`aupugnl ynlb h`rc`homnl a`lbngohntgnl g`rubonl
ynlb h`rupn:
- Tnlnanl dnpnt g`rneulnl dnl anto s`molbbn pnl`l a`rubo
- A`lbmnhosgnl akdnc ynlb h`snr tnlpn mnsoc ynlb doolbolgnl.

V`aupugnl ngnl a`ah`rognl anlinnt hnbo p`rtnlnanl jogn

a`ah`rognl locno tnahnm mnsoc pndn tnlnanl. G`anlinntnl p`aupugnl
dougur d`lbnl locno `ioso`lso pupug. @ioso`lso pupug ndncnm juacnm
g`lnognl mnsoc ynlb dnpnt dopnl`l ntnu pnrna`t`r p`rtuahumnl cnollyn
ynlb dougur s`hnbno ngohnt p`ah`ronl sntu sntunl pkgkg ntnu mnrn.
V`aupugnl ynlb `ioso`l ngnl a`lbm`ant p`lbbulnnl pupug, gnr`ln
d`lbnl juacnm pupug ynlb c`hom s`dogot ngnl dop`rkc`m mnsoc ynlb snan
ntnu c`hom tolbbo. Psnmn p`lolbgntnl `ioso`lso pupug olo ngnl
a`lbultulbgnl hnlyng p`tnlo g`eoc. V`aupugnl ynlb todng `ioso`l t`rjndo
ngohnt: (n) mnrn dnro pupug ynlb dobulngnl t`rs`hut todng dos`rnp tnlnanl,
(h) mnrn dnro pupug ynlb dos`rnp tnlnanl todng dobulngnl ultug
a`ah`ltug hnmnl g`rolb (aosnclyn bnhnm).
H`h`rnpn ingtkr ynlb ngnl a`l`ltugnl `ioso`lso p`lbbulnnl pupug
nltnrn cnol: (n) anena tnlnm, (h) p`lb`ckcnnl mnan dnl p`lyngot, (e)
vnro`tns pndo, (d) wngtu p`ah`ronl pupug, (`) ausoa dnl wngtu tnlna, (i)
suah`r/anena pupug, (b) tntn buln nor, (m) rktnso tnlnanl, dnl (o)
p`lb`ldnconl bucan.
V`rg`ahnlbnl p`lbbulnnl pupug gmususlyn pupug nlkrbnlog
s`tonp tnmul a`lbncnao p`lolbgntnl. G`hutumnl pupug hnbo hudodnyn
p`rtnlonl dop`lbnrumo kc`m soint iosogn dnl ingtkr p`lbkcnmnl cnmnl. Ingtkr
soint iosog tnlnm ynlb a`ap`lbnrumo p`angnonl nltnrn cnol: t`gstur tnlnm
dnl strugtur. Tnlnm h`rt`gstur pnsor ngnl a`aocogo `ioso`lso mnrn ynlb
r`ldnm, gnr`ln s`rolb t`rjndo p`leueonl mnrn ngohnt dodkaolnso
dodkaolnso pkro angrk
angrk..
Vndn tnlnm ynlb h`rt`gstur c`apulb ynlb a`apulyno strugtur gurnlb hnog
s`p`rto tnlnm v`rtoskc, uctoskc dnl ncioskc a`ly`hnhgnl p`rngnrnl tnlnanl
mnlyn a`ly`hnr d`gnt p`raugnnl. Utrugtur tnlnm dnl stnhocotns nbr`bnt
snlbnt a`l`ltugnl soint ntnu guncotns tnlnm cnollyn, s`p`rto n`rnso tnlnm,
olioctrnso, p`ra`nhocotns, ncornl p`raugnnl, b`rngnl nor dncna tnlnm,

8
p`l`trnso ngnr dnl p`leueonl mnrn. Utrugtur ynlb hnog ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl
`ioso`lso pupug ynlb tolbbo.
Ingtkr ynlb utnan `ioso`lso mnrn ndncnm g`t`rs`donnl hnmnl krbnlog
tnlnm. Hnmnl krbnlog ngnl a`ah`rognl suahnlbnl ynlb h`snr t`rmndnp
soint goaon, iosogn dnl hokckbo tnlnm. V`rnlnl todng cnlbsulb hnmnl krbnlog
hnbo tnlnanl a`coputo: (>) A`lolbgntgnl g`t`rs`donnl nor hnbo tnlnanl.
(8) A`ah`ltug gkapc`gs d`lbnl ulsur aogrk s`molbbn a`coldulbo ulsur-
ulsur t`rs`hut dnro p`leueonl. (5) a`lolbgntgnl gnpnsotns tugnr gntokl
tnlnm (4) a`ap`rhnogo strugtur tnlnm (0) a`lburnlbo `rkso, (9)
a`ap`rhnogo nbr`bnso tnlnm. (2) a`lstnhocgnl sumu dnl (=) a`lolbgntgnl
`ioso`lso p`aupugnl

H. Vrkdugtovotns
Vrkdugtovotns tnlnm dnpnt dop`rtnmnlgnl ntnu dotolbgntgnl a`cncuo
p`lb`ckcnnl cnmnl, tnlnm dnl tnlnanl s`enrn t`pnt. Vrkdugtovotns cnmnl
dot`ltugnl kc`m gkldoso ntnu ingtkr ynlb a`aocogo g`t`rhntnsnl pncolb
tolbbo. Vrkdugtovotns tnlnm ynlb kptoanc ngnl t`renpno jogn s`aun ingtkr
p`l`ltu dncna gkldoso s`oahnlb.
V`lolbgntnl prkdugtovotns tnlnm dnpnt dot`apum d`lbnl
a`ahnlbul g`suhurnl s`rtn g`s`mntnl tnlnm. G`suhurnl dnl g`s`mntnl
tnlnm ngnl t`re`raol dnro h`rhnbno p`ruhnmnl soint-soint tnlnm hnog iosogn,
goaon dnl hokckbo. V`anmnanl s`cnan olo, hnmwn p`rhnognl g`suhurnl
tnlnm mnlyn docngugnl d`lbnl p`lnahnmnl hnmnl goaon g` tnlnm.
Vrngtog p`lb`ckcnnl cnmnl s`cnan olo t`rlyntn t`cnm a`lolbbncgnl
p`lbnrum l`bntoi t`rmndnp g`suhurnl tnlnm. V`lbnrum l`bntoi t`rs`hut
s`hnbno ngohnt g`mocnlbnl mnrn dnro tnlnm ngohnt p`leueonl, p`lbunpnl,
`rkso, t`rnlbgut pnl`l. Mnrn ynlb mocnlb ngohnt g`bontnl p`rtnlonl mnrus
dobnltognl g`t`rs`donnllyn ultug a`ap`rtnmnlgnl g`h`rcnljutnl
g`suhurnl tnlnm. G`mocnlbnl mnrn olo a`rupngnl g`mocnlbnl akdnc ynlb
h`snr hnbo p`tnlo.
V`rbnltonl g`mocnlbnl mnrn dncna tnlnm dnpnt docngugnl d`lbnl
a`lnahnmgnl pupug gnldnlb, gkapks, hnmnl krbnlog g` dncna tnlnm.
V`lnahnmnl hnmnl krbnlog ngnl a`ap`rhnogo g`suhurnl dnl h`rdnapng
pndn p`lolbgntnl prkdugtovotns. U`p`rto dog`tnmuo hnmnl krbnlog s`hnbno

5
suah`r mnrn ynlb a`lbncnao d`gkapksoso a`ljndo a`l`rnc ynlb sonp
donahoc kc`m tnlnanl.
V`lbbulnnl pupug goaon dncna hudodnyn p`rtnlonl dosnrnlgnl
ultug a`ap`rtoahnlbgnl g`ultulbnl dnl g`rubonl ynlb ngnl
dotoahucgnl. V`lbbulnnl pupug goaon ngnl h`rmuhulbnl d`lbnl mnsoc
pnl`l dnl dnapng p`ruhnmnl guncotns colbgulbnl. V`ruhnmnl colbgulbnl
dnpnt t`rjndo do dncna usnmn tnlo anupul do cunr usnmn tnlo. V`lbbulnnl
pupug mnrus a`ap`rmntognl nsp`g t`glog, `gklkao, sksonc dnl hudnyn.
U`enrn t`glos audnm dnl dnpnt donpcognsognl, s`enrn `gklkao
a`lbultulbgnl, s`enrn sksonc dnl hudnyn todng h`rt`ltnlbnl d`lbnl
colbgulbnl ansynrngnt.
V`rtuahumnl dnl p`rg`ahnlbnl tnlnanl mnrus dodugulb
g`t`rs`donnl mnrn dncna tnlnm. Mnrn dncna tnlnm ngnl dos`rnp kc`m
tnlnanl s`hnbno hnmnl pkgkg p`ah`ltugnl hokansn. Kptoancosnso
p`rtuahumnl dnl mnsoc tnlnm ngnl t`rwujud jogn dodugulb kc`m:
- Cnrutnl dncna sost`a nor-tnlnm.
- Juacnm mnrn t`rs`don eugup dnl s`oahnlb.
- Mnrn t`rs`don dncna h`ltug ynlb s`b`rn dnpnt dos`rnp kc`m tnlnanl.

V`a`lumnl g`hutumnl mnrn hnbo tnlnanl ngnl dop`rkc`m dnro

suah`r mnrn ynlb h`rnsnc dnro:
- Endnlbnl mnrn ynlb h`rndn dncna tnlnm.
- Vupug aol`rnc.
- Uuah`r hnmnl krbnlog.
- Lotrkb`l ynlb h`rnsnc dnro ntaksi`r.
- @ldnpnl ynlb h`rnsnc dnro nlbol ntnu mujnl.
- Orobnso, hnljor, s`doa`ltnso, coapnsnl p`raugnnl.

4
 HNH 8
PLUPX MNXN TNLNANL

V`rtuahumnl dnl p`rg`ahnlbnl tnlnanl dop`lbnrumo kc`m ingtkr

tnlnm, ogcoa dnl tnlnanl, ynlb sntu snan cnol sncolb h`rgnotnl. Ndn
h`h`rnpn ingtkr p`rtuahumnl ynlb dnpnt dogkltrkc kc`m anluson, t`tnpo
ndn pucn ynlb sucot ultug dogkltrkc. Ingtkr ogcoa (t`ap`rntur, rndonso,
mujnl, g`c`ahnhnl) a`rupngnl sncnm sntu ingtkr ynlb sucot ultug dogkltrkc
kc`m anluson. Ingtkr tnlnm s`hnbno p`lkpnlb g`modupnl tnlnanl ultug
a`ly`dongnl ulsur mnrn dnpnt dotolbgntgnl g`t`rs`donnllyn d`lbnl jncnl
p`aupugnl. X`gnynsn b`l`togn s`hnbno sncnm sntu p`rhnognl tnlnanl
ultug a`lbmnsocgnl prkdugso ynlb kptoanc.

V`rtuahumnl tnlnanl dnpnt dokptoancgnl jogn ingtkr p`rtuahumnl

t`rs`don dncna juacnm ynlb eugup dnl h`roahnlb, s`rtn sncolb
a`lbultulbgnl (h`rsol`rbo). Hocn sncnm sntu g`t`rs`donnllyn todng
s`oahnlb ngnl t`rjndo sncolb a`l`gnl ntnu a`lbm`ltognl p`rtuahumnl
tnlnanl. Ingtkr ynlb g`t`rs`donnllyn pncolb r`ldnm ngnl a`l`ltugnl
prkdugso tnlnanl (s`hnbno ingtkr p`ahntns). Ndnlyn ingtkr p`ahntns
dnpnt a`ly`hnhgnl tolbgnt prkdugso todng ngnl c`hom tolbbo dnro npn ynlb
dnpnt doenpno tnlnanl ynlb tuahum dncna g`ndnnl ingtkr ynlb aoloaua.

N. Plsur Mnrn dnl J`loslyn

Plsur mnrn ndncnm ulsur goaon t`rt`ltu ynlb dohutumgnl kc`m
tnlnanl ultug a`lenpno p`rtuahumnl tnlnanl ynlb kptoanc, d`lbnl
entntnl ingtkr ynlb cnol dncna g`ndnnl ynlb lkranc. Tnlnanl ngnl
a`lbnhskrpso ulsur mnrn dncna h`ltug okl do s`gotnr p`rngnrnl. Plsur
mnrn ynlb t`rs`don todng s`oahnlb ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl d`ioso`lso dnl
p`lurulnl prkdugso. V`rtuahumnl tnlnanl ngnl t`rbnlbbu jogn
g`t`rs`donnl
g`t`rs`donnl ulsur mnrn dncna tnlnm todng t`rs`don. G`gurnlbnl ulsur mnrn
ngnl a`loahucgnl b`jncn d`ioso`lso. B`jncn d`ioso`lso a`rupngnl
g`tnapngnl s`enrn iosog ngohnt a`tnhkcosa` tnlnanl t`rbnlbbu ynlb
dos`hnhgnl g`gurnlbnl mnrn.

0
 Tnlnanl a`ahutumgnl ulsur mnrn. Plsur mnrn ynlb dohutumgnl
tnlnanl aoloanc h`rjuacnm >9 j`los `s`lsonc. Mnrn `s`lsonc ndncnm:
>. G`gurnlbnl ulsur mnrn ngnl a`lbmnahnt dnl a`lbbnlbbu
p`rtuahumnl v`b`tntoi anupul b`l`rntoi.
8. G`gurnlbnl ulsur mnrn todng dnpnt dobnltognl kc`m ulsur mnrn
cnollyn.
5. Plsur t`rs`hut s`enrn cnlbsulb t`rcohnt dncna prks`s a`tnhkcosa`.

Tnh`c 8.>. V`lbbkcklbnl Plsur Mnrn dncna Tnlnanl

@s`lsonc Lkl @s`lsonc
A`lnog-
Bkcklbnl Todng A`lnoggn
A`lnoggnl
l
Ptnan G`dun gnl
Vrkdugso
Vrkdugso
Angrk L, V, G En, Ab, U Ln Uo, Y
Aogrk I`, Al, Zl, Ak, Ek, Ec Nc, O Nr, Hn, H`. Ho. Hr, Er, I,
H, Eu Co, Vh, Xh, Vt, Ur, U`

A`lurut Dnvod`seu & Dnvod`seu dncna Xksangna dnl _uwklk

(8660) hnmwn ulsur mnrn dnpnt dobkcklbgnl a`ljndo mnrn `s`lsonc dnl lkl
`s`lsonc (Tnh`c 8.>).Plsur mnrn ynlb s`rolb dot`augnl pndn tnlnanl
t`rdoro dnro Gnrhkl (E), Modrkb`l (M), Kgsob`l (K), Lotrkb`l (L), Iksikr
(V), Gncoua (G), Uuciur (U), Anbl`soua (Ab), Encsoua (En), U`lb (Zl),
H`so (I`), Anlbnl (Al), T`ahnbn (Eu), Akcohd`lua (Ak), Hkrkl (Hk),
Gckr (Ec), Gkhnc (Ek) dnl Uocogkl (Uo). Juacnm ulsur mnrn pndn tnlnanl
ngnl a`lbncnao p`ruhnmnl s`suno ins` p`rtuahumnl dnl j`los tnlnanl,
g`suhurnl tnlnm dnl p`lb`ckcnnllyn. U`enrn uaua, tnlnanl a`aocogo
gkapksoso ulsur mnrn s`p`rto dosnjognl pndn Tnh`c 8.8.

9
 Tnh`c 8.8. Gnldulbnl Plsur Mnrn Tnlnanl
J`los Mnrn Untunl H`rnt Ntka Gnldulbnl Loshnm
Akcod`lua (Ak) ppa ?0,?4 6,> >
T`ahnbn (Eu) ppa 95,04 9,6 >66
U`lb (Zl) ppa 90,52 86,6 566
Anlbnl (Al) Vpa 04,?4 06,6 >.666
Hkrkl (H) Vpa >6,=4 86,6 8.666
H`so (I`) Vpa 00,=0 >66,6 8.666
Gckr (Ec) ppa 50,40 >66,6 5.666
Uuciur (U) % 58,69 6,> 56.666
Iksikr (V) % 56,== 6,8 96.666
Anbl`soua (Ab) % 84,5> 6,8 =6.666
Gncsoua (En) % 46,6= 6,0 >80.666
Gncoua (G) % 5?,>6 >,6 806.666
Lotrkb`l (L) % >4,66 >,0 >.666.666
Kgsob`l (K) % >9,66 40,6 56.666.666
Gnrhkl (E) % >8,6> 40,6 46.666.666
Modrkb`l (M) % >,66 9,6 96.666.666
96.666.666
Uuah`r: @pst`ol (>?28)

H`rdnsnrgnl g`hutumnl tnlnanl, ulsur mnrn dnpnt dohnbo a`ljndo 8

ynotu ulsur mnrn angrk dnl ulsur mnrn aogrk. Plsur mnrn angrk ndncnm
ulsur mnrn ynlb dohutumgnl tnlnanl dncna juacnm ynlb r`cntoi hnlyng (L,
V, G, Ab, En, dnl U). Plsur mnrn angrk cnol dnpnt dop`rkc`m a`cncuo udnrn
h`rupn E, M dnl K. Mnrn ynlb h`rndn do udnrn h`rh`ltug bns EK 8 dnl nor
M8K. Plsur mnrn aogrk ndncnm ulsur mnrn ynlb dohutumgnl tnlnanl dncna
juacnm g`eoc (Ec, I`, Al, Eu, Zl, H dnl Ak). G`tobn h`cns ulsur mnrn
t`rs`hut dnpnt dojuapno do dncna tnlnm.
H`rdnsnrgnl suah`r p`lbnahocnl mnrn doh`dngnl a`ljndo 8 suah`r
ynotu udnrn dnl tnlnm. Mnrn ynlb h`rsuah`r dnro udnrn t`rdoro dnro E, M, K,
L dnl U ynlb h`rh`ltug EK8, K8, L8, LM5, M8K, UK8 dnl UK48-. U`cnol
mnrn t`rs`hut, mnrn ngnl dnpnt dot`augnl do dncna tnlnm. Mnrn ynlb h`rndn
do tnlnm ngnl dos`rnp a`cncuo ngnr tnlnanl.

H. Mnrgnt Mnrn
Pltug a`lb`tnmuo juacnm mnrn dncna tnlnm anupul tnlnanl mnrus
docngugnl prks`s nlncosos. Nlncosos dnpnt docngugnl s`enrn e`pnt do
cnpnlbnl anupul do cnhkrntkroua. Nlncosos tnlnm dnl tnlnanl dnpnt

2
h`ranlinnt:
>. Pltug a`lb`tnmuo stntus mnrn dncna tnlnm dnl tnlnanl.
8. Pltug a`ljnbn g`c`stnronl g`suhurnl tnlnm d`lbnl a`ldubn
g`mocnlbnl mnrn ngohnt pnl`l.
5. A`ldubn tolbgnt prkdugtovotns dnl a`lbmotulb g`ultulbnl npnhocn
docngugnl p`aupugnl.
4. A`lb`tnmuo mnrn p`ahntns p`rtuahumnl tnlnanl.
0. A`locno cnmnl s`enrn `gklkaos.
U`t`cnm docngugnl nlncosos tnlnm dnl tnlnanl, g`audonl dnpnt
dohunt mnrgnt g`t`rs`donnl mnrn. Mnrgnt g`t`rs`donnl mnrn doh`dngnl
a`ljndo 0 g`cns ynotu Unlbnt X`ldnm, X`ldnm, U`dnlb, Tolbbo dnl Unlbnt
Tolbbo.
n. Mnrgnt Unlbnt X`ldnm (UX)
Vndn gkldoso olo tnlnanl ngnl a`lbncnao g`gurnlbnl mnrn.
G`gurnlbnl mnrn ngnl dnpnt docomnt pndn oldogntkr tnlnanl t`rbnltulb
mnrn ynlb gurnlb. Tnlnanl pndn gkldoso olo ngnl a`lbmnsocgnl prkdugso
ynlb r`ldnm. Lnaul jogn docngugnl p`aupugnl ngnl lyntn a`lolbgntgnl
prkdugtovotns dnl b`jncn g`gnmntnl a`lbmocnlb.

h.Mnrgnt X`ldnm (X)

Vndn gkldoso olo, s`hnbonl tnlnanl todng ngnl a`lnapnggnl b`jncn
g`gurnlbnl mnrn, lnaul tnlnanl ngnl a`lbmnsocgnl d`lbnl tolbgnt
prkdugtovotns ynlb r`ldnm. Vrkdugtovotns ngnl a`lbncnao g`lnognl jogn
docngugnl p`aupugnl ynlb t`pnt.

e. Mnrgnt U`dnlb (U)

Vndn gkldoso olo, juacnm mnrn r`cntoi eugup ultug a`ldugulb

p`rtuahumnl dnl prkdugso tnlnanl, s`molbbn prkdugtovotns sudnm

a`andno. Vrkdugtovotns s`dogot ngnl a`lbncnao g`lnognl jogn docngugnl
p`aupugnl.

d.Mnrgnt Tolbbo (T)

Vndn gkldoso olo tnlnanl ngnl a`luljuggnl tolbgnt p`rtuahumnl
dnl prkdugso ynlb lkranc. Vrkdugso ngnl a`lenpno gkldoso ynlb kptoanc.
V`aupugnl todng ngnl lyntn a`lolbgntgnl prkdugtovotns, gnr`ln mnrn
sudnm kptoanc ultug p`rtuahumnl tnlnanl.

=
 `. Mnrgnt Unlbnt Tolbbo (UT)
Vndn gkldoso olo, s`hnbonl tnlnanl ngnl a`luljuggnl b`jncn
p`rtuahumnl ynlb a`lyoapnlb. B`jncn p`lyoapnlbnl dnpnt h`rupn
g`rneulnl, s`molbbn prkdugtovotns tnlnanl dnpnt a`lbncnao p`lurulnl.

E. U`rnpnl mnrn
Tnlnanl ngnl a`a`lumo g`hutumnl mnrn a`cncuo ngnr dnl dnul.
Tnlnanl ngnl a`ly`rnp mnrn dncna h`ltug nlokl dnl gntokl. H`ltug mnrn
ynlb uaua ndncnm LM4+, G +, En 8+, Ab8+, LK 5-, MVK48- dnl Ec-. Okl dncna
tnlnm s`hnbonl ngnl t`rj`rnp tnlnm dnl cnrut dncna nor. V`lj`rnp okl dnpnt
h`rupn c`apulb anupul hnmnl krbnlog. Okl ynlb cnrut dncna nor ngnl
snlbnt audnm t`reueo.
>. V`ly`rnpnl mnrn a`cncuo ngnr
V`ly`rnpnl mnrn a`cncuo ngnr a`cncuo h`h`rnpn a`gnlosa`, ynotu:
n. Mnrn h`rpoldnm dnro dncna tnlnm g` p`raugnnl ngnr.
h. Mnrn do p`raugnnl ngnr ngnl ansug g` dncna ngnr.
e. Mnrn do dncna ngnr ngnl dotrnlsckgnsognl g` s`aun jnrolbnl
tnlnanl.

Mnrn ngnl s`cncu h`rpoldnm sntu t`apnt g` t`apnt cnol, jogn todng
t`rognt kc`m a`don. V`rpoldnmnl mnrn dnro dncna tnlnm dnl cnrutnl tnlnm
a`luju p`raugnnl ngnr d`lbnl a`gnlosa` >) olt`rs`pso dnl
p`rsolbbulbnl, 8) ncornl ansn, dnl 5) doiuso.
A`gnlosa` p`rpoldnmnl mnrn s`enrn olt`rs`pso dnl p`rsolbbulbnl
dos`hnhgnl kc`m t`rjndolyn p`rtuahumnl ngnr tnlnanl dnl t`rh`ltuglyn
hugu ngnr. V`ah`ltugnl ngnr dnl hucu ngnr ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl
p`rsolbbulbnl d`lbnl okl ynlb ndn dncna tnlnm. V`rsolbbulbnl ngnr
d`lbnl tnlnm ngnl a`lbngohntgnl p`rtugnrnl okl dnl okl ngnl ansug g`
ngnr.
Vndn ncornl anssn, okl dnl hnmnl cnol ngnl h`rpoldnm h`rsnan
d`lbnl ncornl nor g` ngnr. Ncornl nor t`rjndo ngohnt p`rh`dnnl t`gnlnl.
V`rh`dnnl t`gnlnl dos`hnhgnl ndnlyn trnlspornso.
A`gnlosa` p`rpoldnmnl mnrn s`enrn doiuso ndncnm p`rpoldnmnl okl
ngohnt p`rh`dnnl gkls`ltrnso. Okl ngnl h`rpoldnm dnro gkls`ltrnso tolbbo
g` gkls`ltrnso r`ldnm. V`ruhnmnl gkls`ltrnso do p`raugnnl ngnr
dos`hnhgnl mnrn a`lbncor g` ngnr, s`molbbn gkls`ltrnso a`ljndo r`ldnm.

?
Vndn gkldoso gkls`ltrnso ynlb r`ldnm, okl ngnl dosupcno dnro cnrutnl tnlnm
ynlb a`aocogo gkls`ltrnso c`hom tolbbo.
Mnrn ynlb t`cnm h`rndn do p`raugnnl ngnr ngnl dos`rnp tnlnanl
a`cncuo dun prks`s, ynotu: prks`s ngtoi dnl s`c`gtoi. Vrks`s Ngtoi ndncnm
prks`s p`ly`rnpnl ulsur mnrn ynlb a`a`rcugnl `l`rbo ngtoi, s`molbbn
mnrus t`rs`don `l`rbo a`tnhkcog ynlb domnsocgnl dnro prks`s p`rlnpnsnl
ngnr tnlnanl. U`cnan prks`s p`rlnpnsnl ngnr tnlnanl ngnl a`lbmnsocgnl
`l`rbo a`tnhkcog ynlb h`riulbso ultug a`ldkrklb h`rcnlbsulblyn
p`ly`rnpnl ulsur mnrn. V`ly`rnpnl mnrn ngtoi ngnl dot`ltugnl kc`m
ngtovotns p`rlnpnsnl ngnr tnlnanl. U`angol a`lurul ngtovotns p`rlnpnsnl
ngnr tnlnanl ngnl a`lurulgnl prks`s p`ly`rnpnl ulsur mnrn. V`rlnpnsnl
ngnr ynlb pncolb ngtoi t`rc`tng pndn hnbonl d`gnt ujulb ngnr ynlb hnru
t`rh`ltug dnl rnahut-rnahut ngnr.
Vrks`s U`c`gtoi ndncnm prks`s p`ly`rnpnl ulsur mnrn ynlb t`rjndo
s`enrn s`c`gtoi. V`ly`rnpnl mnrn s`c`gtoi ngnl dot`ltugnl kc`m a`ahrnl
s`c. U`p`rto dog`tnmuo hnmwn s`c ngnr t`rdoro dnro5 hnbonl utnan ynotu:
doldolb s`c, a`ahrnl s`c, dnl prktkpcnsan. Doldolb s`c a`rupngnl hnbonl
ynlb cnlbsulb h`rsolbbulbnl d`lbnl tnlnm dnl h`rsoint todng ngtoi.
A`ahrnl s`c a`rupngnl hnbonl ynlb a`lb`cocolbo prktkpcnsan. A`ahrnl
s`c dnl prktkpcnsan h`rsoint ngtoi. A`ahrnl s`c a`aocogo g`anapunl
ultug a`cngugnl s`c`gso t`rmndnp ulsur mnrn ynlb a`c`wnto. V`ly`rnpnl
ulsur mnrn a`cncuo a`ahrnl s`c ngnl h`rcnlbsulb a`cncuo suntu enrro`r
(p`ahnwn). Enrro`r (p`ahnwn) olo h`rs`lynwn d`lbnl okl (ulsur) t`rpocom
ynlb ngnl do hnwn ansug g` prktkpcnsan d`lbnl a`l`ahus a`ahrnl s`c.
Vrks`s s`c`gtoi dnpnt h`rcnlbsulb s`hnbno h`rogut.
+
- Vndn snnt ngnr tnlnanl a`ly`rnp mnrn d dncna
ncna h`ltug gntokl (G ,
8+, 8+ +
En Ab , dnl LM4 ) s`cnljutlyn ngnr ngnl a`lb`cunrgnl gntokl
M+ dncna juacnm ynlb s`tnrn.
-
- Vndn snnt
snnt ngnr tnlnanl a`ly`
a`ly`rnp
rnp mnrn dncna
dncna h`ltug nlokl (LK 5 ,
- - -
M8VK4 , UK4 ) s`cnljutlyn ngnr a`lb`cunrgnl MEK 5 d`lbnl juacnm
ynlb s`tnrn.

8. V`ly`rnpnl mnrn a`cncuo dnul

V`ly`rnpnl mnrn a`cncuo dnul docngugnl a`cncuo stkantn, lnaul
ngnl dohntnso ndnlyn doldolb cunr s`c `pod`raos. Doldolb s`c ngnl

>6
t`rcoldulbo kc`m cnposnl ynlb h`rsoint modrkikhog. V`ly`rnpnl mnrn a`cncuo
dnul snlbnt dop`lbnrumo kc`m gkls`ltrnso cnrutnl, vnc`lso, t`ap`rntur dnl
tolbgnt ngtovotnslyn.
Dncna npcognso hudodnyn tnlnanl, p`aupugnl c`wnt dnul ngnl
r`cntoi e`pnt h`rp`lbnrum dohnldolbgnl d`lbnl c`wnt ngnr. Lnaul
p`aupugnl a`cncuo dnul ngnl a`lbncnao p`ransncnmnl, nltnrn cnol:
n. G`anapunl p`l`trnso mnrn snlbnt cnahnt.
h. Mnrn audnm t`reueo nor mujnl.
e. Mnrn sugnr a`l`ap`c pndn dnul ynlb a`aocogo cnposnl modrkpkhog.
d. G`e`pntnl p`rpoldnmnl mnrn t`rhntns, t`rutnan dnul ynlb h`ruaur
tun.
`. A`ahutumgnl tnahnmnl t`lnbn, p`rncntnl dnl honyn.
i. Jogn doh`rognl dncna gkls`ltrnso ynlb tolbbo, dnul s`rolb
a`lbncnao g`rusngnl.

Plsur mnrn ynlb dos`rnp s`enrn olt`rs`pso dnl ncornl ansn ndncnm En,
Ab, Zl, Eu, H, I` dnl L, s`dnlb ulsur V dnl G dobulngnl tnlnanl
d`lbnl enrn doiuso. V`ly`rnpnl mnrn kc`m tnlnanl dop`lbnrumo kc`m 4
ingtkr ynotu:
n. Ingtkr nor, nor h`riulb
h`riulbso
so s`hnbno p`cnrut mnrn.
h. Ingtkr dnyn s`rnp ngnr.
e. Ncgncos tnlnm, ynotu d`rnjnt g`ansnanl ntnu g`hnsnnl tnlnm ynlb
a`ap`lbnrumo g`t`rs`donnl mnrn hnbo tnlnanl.
- L audnm dos`rnp pndn pM 0,0-=,0
- V audnm
audnm dos`rnp pndn pM 0,6-=,0
- G audnm dos`rnp pndn pM 0,0-?,6
- U audnm
audnm dos`rnp pndn pM 0,6-?,6
- En audnm dos`rnp pndn pM 0,6-=,0
- Ab audnm dos`rnp pndn pM 0,6-=,0
- I` audnm dos`rnp pndn pM 4,6-0,0
- Al audnm dos`rnp pndn pM 0,6-0,0
- H audnm dos`rnp pndn pM 0,6-2,0
- Eu audnm
audnm dos`rnp pndn pM 0,6-2,0
d. Dnyn s`rnp tnlnanl, ynotu g`anapunl tnlnanl ultug a`ly`rnp
mnrn.

>>
D. G`mocnlbnl Mnrn
G`mocnlbnl mnrn ynlb t`rjndo do cnmnl dnpnt t`rjndo ngohnt p`leueonl,
t`rnlbgut h`rsnan mnsoc pnl`l, `rkso dnl rul kii s`rtn p`lbunpnl.
V`leueonl mnrn c`hom hnlyng dop`lbnrumo kc`m g`anapunl tnlnm ultug
a`a`bnlb mnrn, t`gstur, g`c`ahnhnl dnl mujnl.

Tnh`c 8.5. Plsur Mnrn L, V, dnl G ynlb T`rnlbgut U`tonp Tkl Mnsoc Vnl`l
Mnrn T`rhnwn Vnl`l (gb/tkl)
J`los Tnlnanl
L V G
Vndo ulbbuc >0 8,2 5,2
Vndo ckgnc >0 8,0 8,0
Jnbulb >9 8,= 4,6
Gnenlb tnlnm 58 5,8 4,=
Uolbgklb >,2 6,0 8,0
Pho jncnr 5,2 6,0 0,8
G`ltnlb 8,2 6,5 5,9
Rkrt`c 5 6,0 5,=
Hnwnlb >,9 6,5 >,2
Tkant 5,5 6,4 4,8
Vosnlb 8,4 6,5 0,9
J`rug >,= 6,8 8,0
Xuaput 56 5,2 89,2
C`buaolksn 52,0 4,4 55,8
Uuah`r: Vuscotnlng dncna Xnui (86>4)

Vndn t`gstur pnsor p`leueonl mnrn ngnl c`hom olt`lsoi ntnu c`hom e`pnt
dohnldolbgnl tnlnm h`rt`gstur c`apulbnl. G`ndnnl ulsur mnrn dncna
tnlnm dop`lbnrumo kc`m g`e`pntnl p`cnpugnl aol`rnc tnlnm, soint hnmnl
oldug, g`ndnnl tnlnanl, cnju p`leueonl kc`m nor mujnl, gnldulbnl hnmnl

krbnlog, dnl p`lbunpnl. Jogn p`leueonl tolbbo dnl p`cnpugnl cnahnt,

angn g`mocnlbnl mnrn c`hom h`snr dohnldolb p`lbnahocnl mnrn kc`m
tnlnanl. G`mocnlbnl mnrn pndn gkldoso olo s`rolb dos`hut p`aosgolnl mnrn
tnlnm. Do H`cnldn g`mocnlbnl L ngohnt p`coldonl a`lenpno 06% dnro >66-
>86 gb L p`r m`gtnr` (D` Yoss`r, >??=), s`a`ltnrn do J`pnlb a`lenpno
0=% (Mnynsmo dnl Mntnln, >???).
Vrkdugtovotns tnlnanl a`l`ltugnl juacnm mnrn ynlb t`rnlbgut
ngohnt t`rhnwn mnsoc pnl`l. Vndn prolsoplyn mnrn ynlb ndn do tnlnanl
a`rupngnl nguaucnso p`ly`rnpnl mnrn dnro tnlnm. Plsur mnrn utnan L, V

>8
dnl G ynlb t`rnlbgut pnl`l ultug s`tonp tkl mnsoc pnl`l h`h`rnpn j`los
tnlnanl dosnjognl pndn Tnh`c 8.5. Gnldulbnl mnrn t`rs`hut a`rupngnl
h`snrlyn g`mocnlbnl mnrn dnro cnmnl ngohnt pnl`l. G`mocnlbnl mnrn tnlnm
pndn s`tonp pnl`l (lutro`lt r`akvnc irka mnrv`st ) h`vnronso. Mnc olo
dop`lbnrumo kc`m tolbgnt g`suhurnl tnlnm, mnsoc pnl`l, soint b`l`tog
tnlnanl, dnl s`hnbnolyn. Vndn pndo g`mocnlbnl mnrn t`rnguaucnso pndo
bnhnm, j`rnao dnl ngnr.

Tnh`c 8.4. G`mocnlbnl Mnrn Vndo Ynro`tns Plbbuc Ngohnt Vnl`l

Tktnc Mnrn T`rnlbgut Vnl`l (gb mnrn/tkl hnmnl)

Plsur Mnrn
Bnhnm J`rnao Bnhnm + J`rnao
L >6,066 2,666 >2,066
V 8,666 >,666 5,666
G 8,066 >4,066 >2,666
En 6,066 5,066 4,666
Ab >,066 8,666 5,066
U >,666 6,=66 >,=66
Zl 6,686 6,656 6,606
Uo >0,666 90,666 =6,666
I` 6,866 6,566 6,066
Al 6,606 6,406 6,066
Eu 6,6?6 6,665 6,6>8
H 6,660 6,6>6 6,6>0
Uuah`r: Vuscotnlng dncna Xnui (86>4)

X`rntn mnrn t`rnlbgut pnl`l gmusus pndn tnlnanl pndo vnro`tns

ulbbuc dosnjognl pndn Tnh`c 8.4. Hnmnl krbnlog ynlb dopnl`l ntnu
dohunlb (dosolbgorgnl ntnu dohngnr) s`h`lnrlyn a`lbnldulb mnrn ynlb
tolbbo, s`molbbn pnl`l dnl p`ahunlbnl s`rnsnm dnro nr`nc cnmnl p`rtnlonl

h`rnrto a`ahunlb ulsur mnrn dnro cnmnl doangsud. G`mocnlbnl mnrn ngohnt
p`lbunpnl dop`lbnrumo gkldoso g`c`ahnhnl tnlnm. G`c`ahnhnl tnlnm
ngnl h`rp`lbnrum t`rmndnp prks`s kgsodnso dnl r`dugso.
@rkso a`rupngnl prks`s p`rpoldnmnl tnlnm dnro t`apnt sntu g`
t`apnt cnol ngohnt t`rjndolyn ncornl p`raugnnl (rul ki). @rkso pndn
uaualyn ngnl a`lbnlbgut tnlnm pndn hnbonl tkp skoc ntnu hnbonl ynlb
suhur. V`lbnlbgutnl tnlnm ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl g`mocnlbnl mnrn pndn tnlnm
ynlb t`rnlbgut. G`mocnlbnl mnrn ngohnt `rkso dosnjognl pndn Tnh`c 8.0.

>5
 Tnh`c 8.0. G`mocnlbnl Mnrn Ngohnt @rkso

@rkso G`mocnlbnl mnrn (gb/mn)

Ckgnso
(tkl/mn) L V G
Dnranbn ?9,> 458,0 - >69,2
Eotnyna
Eotnyna ?5,0 >.690,= >6=,0 >?2,6
Jnsolbn ?6,0 90>,9 >>?,8 >46,=
Vne`t 90,> 84>,6 =6,6 >=,6
V`lbnc`lbnl 99,0 555,6 - -
Uuah`r: Vuscotnlng dncna Xnui (86>4)

@. G`t`rs`donnl
G`t`rs`donnl Mnrn
Tnlnanl a`lbnahoc ulsur mnrn dncna h`ltug gntokl dnl nlokl dnro
dncna cnrutnl tnlnm ntnu cnlbsulb dnro gkapc`gs j`rnpnl c`apulb-muaus
d`lbnl enrn p`rtugnrnl gntokl. Todng s`au mnrn ynlb ndn dncna tnlnm
h`rh`ltug gntokl ntnu nlokl, t`tnpo t`rognt kc`m s`lynwn krbnlog dnl
aol`rnc tnlnm. Hnmnl krbnlog a`rupngnl suah`r L, V, dnl U s`rtn aol`rnc

s`hnbno suah`r G dnl ulsur aogrk cnol. G`t`rs`donnl ulsur mnrn

dop`lbnrumo kc`m d`rnjnt g`ansnanl (pM) tnlnm, ynlb t`rs`don s`enrn
kptoanc pndn pM l`trnc (9,0-2,0). Vndn pM tolbbo (<=) ulsur L, I`, Al, H,
Eu dnl Zl t`rs`don dncna juacnm s`dogot, s`dnlb ulsur V todng t`rs`don
gnr`ln t`rognt kc` okl En. Vndn g`ansnanl r`ldnm (pM 3 9,0) ulsur ynlb
t`rs`don ndncnm V, G, U, En, Ab dnl Ak) lnaul ngnl a`lbncnao
p`lburnlbnl d`lbnl e`pnt. V pndn pM ynlb snlbnt ansna ngnl t`rognt
kc`m Nc dnl I`.
A`sgopul ulsur mnrn t`rs`don kptoanc pndn pM l`trnc, lnaul s`tonp
j`los tnlnanl a`lbm`ldngo
a`lbm`ldngo gosgosnrnl
nrnl pM t`rt`ltu.
t`rt`ltu. U`hnbno ekltkm tn
tnlnanl
lnanl
t`m (4,0-0,0)7 uho jncnr pM 0-97 t`hu pM 9-=7 gnr`t pM 5,0-=)7 pndo pM 0-2,0
dnl gnenlb tnlnm pM 0-2,0.

>4
 HNH 5
MNXN ANGXK

U`p`rto t`cnm dot`rnlbgnl do hnh 8 hnmwn ulsur mnrn angrk ndncnm

ulsur mnrn ynlb dohutumgnl tnlnanl dncna juacnm ynlb r`cntoi hnlyng (L,
V, G, Ab, En, dnl U). Plsur mnrn angrk cnol dnpnt dop`rkc`m a`cncuo udnrn
h`rupn E, M dnl K.

Gnrhkl, Kgsob`l dnl Modrkb`l

G`tobn ulsur olo a`rupngnl ulsur ynlb snlbnt p`ltolb dnl
dohutumgnl tnlnanl dncna juacnm ynlb hnlyng ynlb h`rbuln ultug
a`lyusul gnrhkmodrnt, c`ang dnl prkt`ol s`rtn s`lynwn p`ltolb cnollyn.

Gnrhkl, kgsob`l dnl modrkb`l a`rupngnl hnmnl utnan p`lyusul jnrolbnl

tnlnanl. G`t`rs`donnl mnrn t`rs`hut dncna h`ltug M8K (nor) M8EK5 (nsna
nrnlb) dnl EK 8 dncna udnrn. Gnrhkl h`rp`rnlnl p`ltolb dncna
a`ahnlbul hnmnl krbnlog, gnr`ln s`hnbonl h`snr hnmnl g`rolb tnlna
h`rupn hnmnl krbnlog. G`h`rndnnl gnrhkl do udnrn s`enrn uaua 6,65%,
lnaul pndn gkldoso t`rt`ltu ngnl a`lbncnao vnronso ngohnt ngtovotns
anluson dnl krbnlosa` cnollyn.

Lotrkb`l
H`rp`rnl ultug a`rnlbsnlb p`rtuahumnl v`b`tntoi dnl nlngnl7
a`ahunt tnlnanl mojnu7 p`lyusul hnmnl gckrkioc dnul, c`ang dnl prkt`ol.
Lnaul jogn gnldulbnl t`rcncu tolbbo ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl p`ahulbnnl dnl
p`ahunmnl t`rmnahnt, hntnlb audnm rkhkm dnl todng tnmnl t`rmndnp
p`lyngot. Iulbso lotrkb`l s`enrn c`lbgnp ndncnm:
>) Pltug a`lolbgntgnl p`rtuahumnl tnlnanl.
8) A`ly`mntgnl p`rtuahumnl dnul, wnrln c`hom mojnu.
5) A`lolbgntgnl gndnr prkt`ol tnlnanl.
4) A`lolbgntgnl guncotns tnlnanl p`lbmnsoc dnul-dnulnl.
0) A`lolbgntgnl p`rg`ahnlbhongnl aogrkkrbnlosa` dncna tnlnm.
+
Lotrkb`l kc`m tnlnanl dos`rnp dncna h`ltug nakloua (LM 4 ) dnl

>0
 -
lotrnt (LK5 ). T`tnpo lotrnt ngnl s`b`rn h`ruhnm t`r`dugso a`ljndo
nakloua d`lbnl hnltunl akcohd`lua. G`t`rs`donnl mnrn ynlb c`hom
hnlyng ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl p`ah`ltugnl prkt`ol c`hom ngtoi.
Uuah`r utnan mnrn lotrkb`l hnbo tnlnanl dnl tnlnm dnpnt h`rupn:
>. Pdnrn h`hns.
8. Mncocoltnr ynlb a`lbmnsocgnl lotrnt ngnl t`rhnwn kc`m mujnl.
5. Hnmnl krbnlog dncna h`ltug sosn-son tnlnanl.
4. Vnhrog pupug huntnl.
0. Ngtovotns hngt`ro.

V`ah`ronl lotrkb`l ynlb h`rc`homnl ngnl a`rubognl tnlnanl

t`rutnan dncna a`lbmnsocgnl hunm. G`rubonl ngohnt g`c`homnl lotrkb`l
ndncnm:
>. Hnlyng a`lbmnsocgnl dnul dnl hntnlb.
8. Hntnlb/tnlnanl audnm r`hnm dnl c`ah`g/culng.
5. Gurnlb a`lbmnsocgnl hunm/bnhnm.
4. A`ap`rpnljnlb ins` v`b`tntoi tnlnanl, s`molbbn cnahnt dncna
p`lbosonl hojo.

Lotrkb`l do dncna tnlnm t`rdnpnt dncna h`ltug:

>. Vrkt`ol ynlb t`rognt kc`m hnmnl krbnlog.
8. U`lynwn-s`lynwn naolk.
5. Nakloua (LM4 +)
4. Lotrnt (LK5-)

Lotrkb`l ngnl a`lbncnao p`lburnlbnl dos`hnhgnl kc`m:

>. Dobulngnl kc`m tnlnanl dnl aogrkkrbnlosa`.
8. Doognt kc`m aol`rnc cont.
5. T`reueo kc`m mujnl t`rutnan Lotrnt (LK 5-).
4. A`lbncnao prks`s dolotroiognso.

B`jncn g`gurnlbnl Lotrkb`l:

Dnul h`rwnrln mojnu g`gulolbnl snapno gulolb, p`rtuahumnl t`rmnahnt
dnl g`rdoc, dnul tun h`rwnrln gulolb. G`gurnlbnl lotrkb`l ynlb pnrnm
a`ly`hnhgnl dnul g`rolb aucno hnwnm snapno ntns. Utntus g`t`rs`donnl
mnrn L dncna tnlnanl dnpnt docngugnl nlncosos jnrolbnl.

>9
Iksint
Iksint hnbo tnlnanl h`riulbso ultug a`aneu p`rtuahumnl ngnr dnl
p`ah`ltugnl sost`a p`rngnrnl (p`ah`cnmnl s`c)7 a`ap`re`pnt
p`ahulbnnl dnl p`ansngnl hunm, hojo dnl bnhnm7 a`ap`rh`snr
p`rs`ltns` p`ah`ltugnl hulbn a`ljndo hunm7 s`hnbno p`lyusul olto s`c,
c`ang, prkt`ol dnl r`sostnl t`rmndnp p`lyngot. Iksint dncna tnlnm dos`rnp
- 1
tnlnanl dncna h`ltug M 8VK4 dnl MVK4 . U`molbbn mnrn iksint hnbo
tnlnanl h`ranlinnt ultug:
>. A`ap`re`pnt p`rtuahumnl ngnr s`ano.
8. A`ap`re`pnt dnl a`ap`rgunt p`rtuahumnl tnlnanl audn a`ljndo
tnlnanl d`wnsn.
5. A`ap`re`pnt p`ahulbnnl dnl p`ansngnl hojo ntnu bnhnm.
4. A`lolbgntgnl prkdugso hojo-hojonl.

Uuah`r mnrn iksint dnpnt h`rnsnc dnro >) hntunl iksint, 8) sosn-sosn
tnlnanl dnl 5) pupug huntnl.

B`jncn g`gurnlbnl iksint:

G`gurnlbnl V ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl p`rngnrnl gurnlb dnl todng
h`rg`ahnlb7 g`gurnlbnl V ynlb pnrnm dnul, enhnlb, dnl hntnlb h`rwnrln
ulbu, mnsoc tnlnanl a`lurul, tnlnanl g`rdoc. Vndn tnlnanl jnbulb
hntnlb a`ljndo c`anm dnl pndo-pndonl juacnm nlngnl h`rgurnlb.

Gncoua
Mnrn gncoua hnbo tnlnanl dnpnt a`ahnltu tnlnanl, gmususlyn:
>. a`ap`rcnlenr prks`s iktksolt`sos7
8. a`ahnltu p`ah`ltugnl prkt`ol dnl gnrhkmodrnt7
5. s`hnbno gntncosntkr dncna trnlsikranso tnlnanl7

4. p`lb`rns gnyu7
0. a`lolbgntgnl guncotns hulbn dnl hunm (rnsn dnl wnrln),
9. a`lolbgntgnl r`sost`lso dnro mnan p`lyngot dnl g`g`rolbnl7
2. a`ap`re`pnt p`rtuahumnl jnrolbnl a`rost`a.

Gncoua dos`rnp tnlnanl dncna h`ltug G +, t`rutnan pndn tnlnanl

ynlb h`ruaur audn. Gncoua a`aocogo p`rnlnl ynlb p`ltolb dncna
a`lbntur turbkr s`c ngohnt t`gnlnl ksaktog. Ndnpul suah`r mnrn gncoua
dnpnt dot`augnl pndn:

>2
 >. Hnmnl aol`rnc.
8. Uosn-sosn tnlnanl dnl jnsnd r`log.
5. Nor orobnso s`rtn cnrutnl tnl
tnlnm.
nm.
4. Nhu tnlnanl dnl pupug huntnl.

B`jncn g`gurnlbnl gncoua:

G`gurnlbnl G a`ly`hnhgnl p`rtuahumnl cnahnt dnl g`rdoc, gckrksos
(dnul s`p`rto t`rhngnr), tnlnanl audnm pntnm dnl rkhkm.

Anbl`soua
Anbl`soua h`riulbso ultug a`lbngtoignl `lzoa ultug
a`tnhkcosa` gnrhkmodrnt, p`lyusul gckrkioc dnl a`lolbgntgnl mnsoc
8+
aolyng. Anbl`soua dos`rnp tnlnanl dncna h`ltug Ab . G`t`rs`donnl
mnrn Anbl`soua dncna tnlnm snlbnt dop`lbnrumo kc`m t`ap`rntur,
g`c`ahnhnl dnl pM). Uuah`r mnrn Anbl`soua dnpnt dot`augnl pndn:
>. Dkckaot coa`stkl` (EnEK5AbEK5),
8. Uucint ki Vktnsm Anbl`soua. Hnmnl olo a`lbnldulb Anbl`soua
>>,> % dnl AbK s`h`snr >=,0%.
5. @pska Unct (AbUK4.2M8K). Hnmnl olo audnm s`gnco cnrut dncna nor
4. Gc`s`rot (AbUK4M8K). Hnmnl olo a`lbnldulb Anbl`soua >=,5 %
dnl AbK s`h`snr 56,0%.
0. Anbl`son (AbK).
9. T`rp`ltol (Ab5UoK8(KM)4)
2. Anbl`sot (AbEK5)
=. Gnrlncot (AbEc8GEc.9M8K
?. Hnsoe Ucnb. hnmnl olo a`lbnldulb Anbl`soua 5,4 %

B`jncn g`gurnlbnl Anbl`soua:

G`gurnlbnl Ab tnlnanl ngnl a`lbncnao gckrksos, pueug dnl polbbor

dnul a`ahncog s`p`rto anlbgug dnl dnul a`lbulolb.

Gncsoua(En)
8+
Gncsoua dos`rnp tnlnanl dncna h`ltug En dnl s`hnbonl h`snr
ngnl dotoahul do dnul dncna h`ltug gncsoua p`gtnt. Iulbso En ultug
a`rnlbsnlb p`ah`ltugnl hucu ngnr, a`lb`rnsgnl hntnlb dnl a`rnlbsnlb
p`ah`ltugnl hojo-hojonl. Ndnpul suah`r gncsoua ynlb dnpnt

>=
doanlinntgnl s`hnbno pupug ndncnm hntu-hntu gnpur dnl sosn-sosn tnlnanl.
doanlinntgnl
U`enrn uaua hnmwn tnlnm-tnlnm ynlb ndn snnt olo s`rolb a`lbncnao
g`gurnlbnl gncsoua, s`molbbn a`ahutumgnl hnlyng tnahnmnl gnpur.

B`jncn G`gurnlbnl En:

G`gurnlbnl En a`ly`hnhgnl guleup dnl ngnr tnlnanl todng dnpnt

h`rg`ahnlb.

H`c`rnlb (U)
Iulbso U ultug a`lnahnm gndnr prkt`ol dnl votnaol, a`ahnltu
p`ah`ltugnl holtoc ngnr (c`buaolks`) dnl p`ah`ltugnl hutor-hutor mojnu
-
dnul. Tnlnanl a`ly`rnp suciur dnro tnlnm dncna h`ltug UK 4 . Uuciur ngnl
hnlyng dojuapno pndn tnlnanl ynlb a`aocogo holtoc ngnr/lkduc.
U`hnbnoanln dog`tnmuo hnmwn suciur a`rupngnl sncnm sntu ulsur
p`lyusul prkt`ol, s`molbbn p`c`pnsnl suciur ngnl t`rjndo jogn ndn
p`cnpugnl. Ndnpul suah`r suciur ndncnm sosn-sosn tnlnanl dnl jnsnd r`log
s`rtn pupug huntnl.

B`jncn g`gurnlbnl h`c`rnlb:

Dnul h`rwnrln mojnu g`gulolb-gulolbnl, p`rtuahumnl t`rcnahnt dnl
g`rdoc.

>?
 HNH 4
MNXN AOGXK

Plsur mnrn aogrk a`rupngnl mnrn ynlb p`ltolb wncnupul

g`hutumnllyn mnlyn s`dogot. Plsur aogrk dnpnt dot`augnl pndn hntu-hntu
aol`rnc, nor orobnso dnl sosn-sosn hnmnl krbnlog. G`t`rs`donnl mnrn aogrk
ynlb h`rc`homnl ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl g`rneulnl hnbo tnlnanl. G`t`rs`donnl
mnrn aogrk dop`lbnrumo kc`m r`ngso tnlnm, drnolns`, j`rnpnl c`apulb.
G`gurnlbnl mnrn aogrk s`rolb t`rjndo pndn tnlnm:
n. Tnlnm pnsor (gnr`ln prks`s p`leueonl)
h. Tnlnm krbnlog (tnlnm bnahut)
e. Tnlnm d`lbnl pM snlbnt tolbbo

d. Tnlnm ynlb dotnlnao snlbnt olt`lsoi,

olt`lsoi, dnl mnlyn dopupug d`lbnl
ulsur angrk.

H`so (I`)
Mnrn I` h`riulbso ultug a`ah`ltug gckrkioc, p`ah`ltugnl
gnrhkmodrnt, c`ang, prkt`ol dnl `lzoa. Vupug mnrn h`so dnpnt doh`rognl
a`cncuo dnul d`lbnl enrn p`ly`aprktnl. Mnrn h`so dos`rnp tnlnanl dncna
8+ 5+
h`ltug i`rk (I` ) dnl i`roo (I` ).
Znt h`so (I`) t`rdnpnt dncna `lzoa:
n. Entncns`
h. V`rkgsodns`
e. Vrolkdoe modrkb`lns`
d. Eytkemrka kxodns`

G`gurnlbnl mnrn I` a`ly`hnhgnl dnul h`rwnrln gulolb, t`rutnan

pndn tucnlb dnul ynlb mojnu h`ruhnm g` nrnm putom dnl anto. G`gurnlbnl
I` s`rolb t`rjndo pndn tnlnm ncgnco/gnpur. V`rb`rngnl I`rk ngnl t`rmnahnt,
jogn tnlnanl tt`rjndo
`rjndo g`gurnlb
g`gurnlbnl
nl Al dnl G ntnu g`c`
g`c`homnl
homnl sucint. Lnaul
jogn g`c`homnl
g`c`homnl mnrn h`so ng
ngnl
nl a`ly`hnhgnl
a`ly`hnhgnl g` g`rneulnl
rneulnl hnbo tnlnanl.
tnlnanl.

86
Hkrkl (H)
Mnrn H h`riulbso dncna p`ah`ltugnl/p`ahongnl s`c t`rutnan pndn
totog tuahum, p`rtuahumnl t`pulb snro, hulbn dnl ngnr. Hkrkl
h`rp`lbnrum t`rmndnp gunltotns dnl guncotns snyurnl dnl hunm. Mnrn H
1
dos`rnp tnlnanl dncna h`ltug HK5 . Plsur olo snlbnt dohutumgnl t`rutnan
pndn tnlnm pnsor dnl tnlnm ynlb gnyn gnpur. G`gurnlbnl H pndn tnlnanl
ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl dnul h`rwnrln puent. Hkrkl pndn c`bua h`rp`rnl
dncna p`ah`ltugnl holtoc-holtoc ngnr. Plsur olo dnpnt a`ap`rhnlyng
enhnlb-enhnlb lkduc ultug a`ah`rognl hnlyng hngt`ro dnl a`le`bnm
hngt`ro
hngt` ro pnrnsot.
G`gurnlbnl hkrkl dnpnt a`lbmnahnt p`rtuahumnl guleup dnl
pueug, hnmgnl ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl g`antonl. Hkrkl dncna tnlnm t`rs`don
dncna h`ltug: turancol, dntkcot, dnl hkrngs.

Anlbnl (Al)
(Al)
Anlbnl hnbo tnlnanl h`rp`rnl ultug a`lyusul gckrkioc, a`ahnltu
iktksolt`sos, a`rnlbsnlb p`rg`ahnlbnl hojo dnl p`ansngnl hunm. U`cnol
otu Al h`rp`rnl dncna p`ah`ltugnl prkt`ol dnl votnaol. Tnlnanl
a`lbnahoc anlbnl dncna h`ltug Al8+. Al p`ltolb ultug
a`ap`rtnmnlgnl gkldoso mojnu dnul pndn dnul ynlb tun.
G`gurnlbnl Al a`ly`hnhgnl tnlnanl h`rdnul gulolb dnl
t`rmnahnt p`ahulbnnl dnl tnlnanl a`lbncnao gckrksos. Tnlnm ynlb
g`gurnlbnl ulsur Al dnpnt dontnso d`lbnl a`ah`rognl >% AlUK 4M8K.
V`ly`aprktnl AlUK4 a`cncuo dnul ngnl c`hom `i`gtoi dnropndn a`cncuo
8+
tnlnm, gnr`ln Al pndn tnlnm ngnl e`pnt dor`dugso. G`c`homnl Al hosn
dogurnlbo d`lbnl a`lnahnm iksint dnl gnpur.

T`ahnbn (Eu)
Mnrn Eu dohutumgnl tnlnanl ultug a`ahnltu a`ah`ltug `lzoa
8+
dnl a`ah`ltug gckrkioc. Mnrn Eu donahoc tnlnanl dncna h`ltug Eu . Eu
s`hnbno pupug dobulngnl dncna h`ltug EuUK4.0M8K ntnu Eupro sucint.
Tnlnanl ynlb a`lbncnao g`gurnlbnl Eu ngnl a`luljuggnl b`jncn
dnul h`cnlb (ckr`lb-ckr`lb), ujulb dnul a`autom. Jogn g`gurnlbnl Eu
h`rg`cnljutnl, tnlnanl ngnl a`ljndo cnyu dnl ngmorlyn anto. D`ioso`lso
t`ahnbn pndn uaualyn t`rjndo pndn tnlnm-tnlnm bnahut ynlb

8>
a`lbngohntgnl p`rtuahumnl tnlnanl a`ljndo todng lkranc (cnyu d`lbnl
e`pnt dnl hntnlb tnlnanl a`c`anm).

U`lb (Zl)
Mnrn Zl hnbo tnlnanl h`riulbso a`ah`ltug mkrakl ultug
a`lenpno g`s`oahnlbnl iosokckbos. U`lb dnpnt doanlinntgnl tnlnanl jogn
8+
dncna h`ltug Zl . G`t`rs`donnl Zl ynlb snlbnt s`dogot t`cnm a`aneu
p`rg`ahnlbnl tnlnanl, lnaul g`c`homnl s`dogot snjn ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl
g`rneulnl.
Zl dncna tnlnm t`rdnpnt dncna h`ltug:
n. Uuciod
Uuciodnn --------------------------- (ZlU)
h. Encnaol`
Encnaol` ------------------------ (Zl EK5)

G`gurnlbnl Zl dnpnt a`lbmnahnt p`rtuahumnl v`b`tntoi

t`rmnahnt dnl p`lbosonl hojo. G`gurnlbnl Zl t`rjndo pndn dn`rnm ynlb
c`ahnp dnl tnlnm ansna snapno s`dogot l`trnc.

Akcohdolua (Ak)
Mnrn Ak h`riulbso dncna prks`s iogsnso lotrkb`l dnl gntncosntkr
dncna a`r`dugso L. Akcohdolua dnpnt doanlinntgnl tnlnanl dncna
h`ltug AkK4 (okl Akcohdnt). G`t`rs`donnl Ak hnbo tnlnanl dop`lbnrumo
kc`m pM. Vndn pM r`ldnm ngnl a`lurulgnl g`t`rs`donnl Ak. Tnlnanl
a`ahutumgnl Ak dncna juacnm snlbnt g`eoc, lnaul jogn g`c`homnl ngnl
a`ly`hnhgnl g`rneulnl hnbo tnlnanl. G`gurnlbnl Ak ngnl t`rjndo b`jncn
gckrksos, a`lbbnlbbu iogsnso lotrkb`l, a`lurulgnl dnyn r`dugso lotrnt
dnl nsoaocnso lotrkb`l.

Eckr (Ec)

Mnrn Ec h`riulbso ultug a`lolbgntgnl guncotns tnlnanl. Mnrn Ec

hnlyng dot`augnl pndn tnlnanl ynlb h`rs`rnt. G`gurnlbnl ulsur olo
a`ly`hnhgnl p`rtuahumnl todng lkranc (bnldua dnl gnpns) dnl pndn
guctur jnrolbnl ngnl a`l`gnl p`rg`ahnlbnl ngnr. Vndn uaualyn
g`rneulnl tnlnanl ngnl t`rjndo jogn gnldulbnl Ec c`hom dnro 6,>%.

Gkhnc (Ek)
Plsur Ek h`cua hnlyng dog`tnmuo s`enrn t`pnt iulbsolyn hnbo
prks`s p`rtuahumnl dnl p`rg`ahnlbnl tnlnanl. Lnaul d`aogonl ulsur

88
olo snlbnt dop`rcugnl kc`m tnlnanl tolbgnt tolbbo h`rdnul mojnu. Plsur Ek
dop`rcugnl kc`m rmozkhoua ultug a`lbognt ulsur L, s`molbbn ulsur olo
c`hom hnlyng h`rp`rnl pndn tnlnanl gnenlb-gnenlbnl. V`l`cotonl
a`luljuggnl hnmwn olkgucnso rmozkhoua pndn tnlnanl gnenlb-gnenlbnl
todng dnpnt tuahum d`lbnl hnog jogn g`gurnlbnl ulsur Ek.

85
 HNH 0
MNXN V@LPLJNLB

Plsur mnrn p`luljnlb a`rupngnl ulsur mnrn aogrk anupul angrk

ynlb dohutumgnl kc`m tnlnanl t`rt`ltu dnl todng h`rcngu s`enrn uaua,
t`tnpo ultug tnlnanl t`rt`ltu dnpnt h`rsoint tkgsog. H`h`rnpn ulsur
p`luljnlb dosnjognl s`hnbno h`rogut.
>. Uocogn (Uo)
Uocogn a`rupngnl p`lyusul cotksi`r t`rh`snr g`dun (82,9> %) s`t`cnm
kgsob`l (49,49%). Uocogn (Uo) a`aocogo g`dudugnl s`hnbno p`lyusul
c`ap`lb pndn strugtur cont socognt. Uo t`rdnpnt pndn aol`rnc socgnt grostncol
dnl lkl grostncol. Aol`rnc grostncol t`rdoro dnro gunrnsn, trodoaot dnl

grostkhncot, s`dnlbgnl ynlb t`rbkcklb lklgrostncol ndncnm kpncol socogn.

G`t`rs`donnl Uo t`rbnltulb pndn prks`s p`cnpugnl, pM dnl g`h`rndnnl
s`lynwn s`squokgsodn. G`t`rs`donnl socogn dncna dncna dnpnt h`rh`ltug
nsna aklksocogn (Uo(KM) 4).
Uuah`r socogn dncna dnpnt h`rnsnc dnro pupug h`rsocogn,
p`lb`ahnconl hnmnl krbnlog pndo, dnl mnsoc p`cnpugnl. Uo dnpnt
h`rp`lbnrum pndn g`t`rs`donnl mnrn V. Tnlnanl ynlb tnmnl t`rmndnp
gndnr Uo ynlb tolbbo h`rupn tnlnanl pndo dnl r`ruaputnl.

8. Lntroua (Ln)
G`t`rs`donnl lntroua ynlb tolbbo pndn tnlnm uaualyn t`rdnpnt
pndn dn`rnm nrod dnl s`ao nrod ynlb h`rd`gntnl d`lbnl pnltno.
G`t`rs`donnl lntroua tnlnm dop`lbnrumo kc`m ngtovotns nor cnut.
G`t`rs`donnl mnrn lntroua ynlb h`rc`homnl uaualyn t`rjndo pndn tnlnm
sncol. Tnlnm sncol ndncnm tnlnm ynlb a`aocogo gnldulbnl bnrna ynlb
tolbbo. Uuah`r utnan lntroua ndncnm LnEc.
Lntroua dncna tnlnm ynlb tolbbo e`ld`rulb ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl
g`rneulnl tnlnanl. B`jncn g`rneulnl lntroua pndn tnlnanl dnpnt docomnt
dnro oldogntkr:

84
 - Utr`s ngohnt tolbbolyn t`gnlnl ksaktog.
- U`tonp okl ngnl a`aocogo dnapng ynlb sp`soiog.

V`ly`rnpnl lntroua kc`m tnlnanl dop`lbnrumo kc`m:

- Locno @UV (@xemnlb`
@xemnlb`nhc`
nhc` Ukd
Ukdoua
oua V`rs`l
V`rs`ltnb`
tnb`).

- G`t`rs`donnl kgsob`l pndn zkln p`rngnrnl. Uupcno kgsob`l ynlb

t`rhntns ngnl a`lbngohntgnl p`lurulnl `i`gtovotns p`ly`rnpnl Ln.
- Nguaucnso hognrhklnt dncna tnlnanl.

A`lurut Mnlnionm (8660) hnmwn p`lbbulnnl Ln anapu ultug

a`lbbnltognl (suhstotuso) pupug GEc pndn hudodnyn pndo. U`cnol otu
p`ah`ronl bnrna (LnEc) dncna tnlnm bnahut anapu a`lolbgntgnl
s`rnpnl G dnl hkhkt tnlnanl jnbulb. Lnaul p`lolbgntnl LnEc dncna
tnlnm ngnl a`lurulgnl s`rnpnl Lotrkb`l.

5. Okdol (O)
Plsur Okdol t`rnsn p`ltolb t`rutnan hnbo g`s`mntnl anluson.
G`h`rndnnl okdol h`rp`rnl ultug a`lb`ldncognl p`lyngot bkldkg.
Do ncna okdol dnpnt a`anlinntgnl dnro suah`r:
- Nor cnut d`lbnl gndnr >6-80 pph.
- Nor suaur d`lbnl gndnr >6-5>= pph.
- Tnlnm dnl hntunl d`lbnl gndnr 6,>-26 ppa.
- Tuahumnl cnut d`lbnl gndnr 6,66>->8,066 ppa.
- Tuahumnl dnrnt d`lbnl gndnr 6,>-86 ppa.

H`h`rnpn anlinnt p`lbbulnnl okdol hnbo tnlnanl dornsngnl s`p`rto:

- V`lolbgntnl mnsoc hunm-hunmnl pndn p`lbbulnnl gndnr okdol 6,0-
>,6 ppa.
- B`jncn g`rneulnl ngnl auleuc pndn gndnr okdol <6,0->,6 ppa.
-
Okdol dos`rnp tnlnanl dncna h`ltug O . G`gurnlbnl okdol ngnl
a`ly`hnhgnl:
- Dnul tun t`rcomnt gckrktog dnl hosucnl, s`dnlb dnul audn t`rcomnt
mojnu c`hom b`cnp.
- V`rtuahumnl t`rmnahnt dnl dnul t`rcomnt g`rotolb hnbonl h`cngnlb
dnl l`grksos pndn ujulb dnl t`po dnul.

80
 4. Icukrol(I)
Icukrol dncna tnlnm h`rnsnc dnro p`cnpugnl tnlnm, h`hntunl,
jnrolbnl tnlnanl dnl holntnlb
holntnlb.. U`enrn gm
gmusus
usus p`rnl icukrol hnbo tnlnanl
h`cua a`ah`rognl dnapng ynlb sp`soiog. G`c`homnl icukrol dncna tnlnm
dnpnt a`ljndo hnmnl pkcutnl ntaksi`r, nor dnl tnlnm.
V`lurulnl s`rnpnl icukrol pndn tnlnm dos`hnhgnl kc`m:
- Gkldoso ogcoa. U`rnpnl Icukrol a`ahutumgnl sumu dnl g`e`pntnl
nlbol ynlb r`ldnm, g`c`ahnhnl tolbbo dnl t`r`dugsolyn trnlspornso.
- G`lnognl pM suhstrnt.
- V`lnahnmnl bnrna En l`trnc pndn a`don tuahum.
- V`ly`aprktnl EnUK4.8M8K ntnu EnEc8.
- @coaolnso hnmnl-hnmnl nsupnl tnlnm h`rgndnr icukrol tolbbo.

V`lolbgntnl g`t`rs`donnl icukrol dncna tnlnm ngnl a`lolbgntgnl

gndnr En dnl V, lnaul a`lurulgnl gndnr Ab dnl Al.

89
 HNH 9
GCNUOIOGNUO VPVPG

Vupug ndncnm s`aun hnmnl ynlb doh`rognl g` tnlnm ntnu tnlnanl

d`lbnl tujunl ultug a`ap`rhnogo soint iosogn, goaon dnl hokckbo tnlnm
s`molbbn anapu a`lkpnlb g`modupnl tnlnanl ynlb c`hom hnog.
V`lbbulnnl pupug do gncnlbnl p`tnlo a`aocogo tujunl ultug
a`lolbgntgnl mnsoc p`rtnlonl ynlb tolbbo. V`aupugnl h`rbuln ultug
a`lnahnm g`t`rs`donnl mnrn dncna tnlnm. V`ransncnmnl utnan pndn
p`aupugnl s`cncu t`rgkls`ltrnso p`a`lumnl mnrn L, V, dnl G. Plsur olo
s`rolb gnco a`lbncnao d`ioso`lso, s`molbbn p`rcu ndnlyn p`lnahnmnl
pupug (p`aupugnl). Lnaul do dncna p`aupugnl todng hkc`m

a`lbnhnognl pupug aogrk.

N. Gcnsoiognso Vupug
Vupug dnpnt dogcnsoiognsognl a`ljndo:
>. A`lurut V`ah`ltugnllyn:
- Vupug ncna ynotu pupug ynlb todng dohunt do pnhrog, d`lbnl eoro
g`cnrutnl mnrnlyn r`ldnm do tnlnm, lnaul anapu a`ap`rhnogo
soint iosog dnl hokckbo tnlnm.
- Vupug huntnl ynotu pupug ynlb dohunt do pnhrog d`lbnl eoro
gnldulbnl dnl g`cnrutnl mnrn ynlb tolbbo. Vupug olo h`ranlinnt
ultug a`ap`rhnogo soint goaon tnlnm.

8. A`lurut Juacnm Mnrn:

- Vupug tulbbnc a`rupngnl pupug ynlb a`lbnldulb > j`los mnrn
snjn aosnclyn ur`n a`lbnldulb L, UV-59 a`lbnldulb V dnl
GEc a`lbnldulb G.
- Vupug anj`aug ndncnm pupug ynlb a`lbnldulb c`hom dnro >
aosnclyn Donakloua Iksint
j`los mnrn, aosnclyn Iksint (DNV) ynlb a`lbnldulb
L dnl V.

82
 5. A`lurut Gndnr Mnrn:
- Vupug gndnr mnrn tolbbo ynotu pupug ynlb a`lbnldulb mnrn
c`hom dnro 56% aosnclyn ur`n a`lbnldulb 40% L.
- Vupug gndnr mnrn s`dnlb ynotu pupug ynlb a`lbnldulb mnrn 86-
56% aosnclyn nhu dnpur a`lbnldulb >6-56% G 8K.
- Vupug gndnr mnrn r`ldnm ynotu pupug ynlb a`lbnldulb mnrn
gurnlb dnro 86% aosnclyn IAV a`lbnldulb G >?%.

4. A`lurut X`ngso Goaon:

- Vupug ansna ynotu pupug ynlb doh`rognl g` dncna tnlnm
e`ld`rulb ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl c`hom nsna (pM c`hom r`ldnm),
aosnc Pr`n, ZN
- Vupug l`trnc: ynotu pupug ynlb doh`rognl g` dncna tnlnm todng
ngnl a`ap`lbnrumo pM tnlnm, aosnc Gnpur nakloua s`ldnwn
enapur EnEK5.
- Vupug Hnsn ynotu pupug ynlb doh`rognl g` dncna tnlnm
e`ld`rulb ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl c`hom hnsn (pM c`hom tolbbo),
aosnc: LnLK5

0. A`lurut G`cnrutnllyn:
- Vupug cnrut dncna nor (+)
- Vupug cnrut dncna nsna sotrnt (1)
- Vupug cnrut dncna nsna g`rns (x)

9. A`lurut U`lynwnlyn:
- Krbnlog ynotu pupug ynlb a`lbnldulb s`lynwn krbnlog. Vndn
uaualyn pupug ncna t`ransug pupug krbnlog, aosnclyn pupug
gnldnlb, bunlk, hcktklb. Vupug ncna ynlb todng t`ransug pupug
krbnlog ndncnm rkeg iksint.
- Nlkrbnlog ynotu pupug ynlb a`lbnldulb s`lynwn nlkrbnlog.
Mnapor s`aun pupug huntnl t`rbkcklb pupug nlkrbnlog.

2. A`lurut V`lbbulnnllyn:
- Vupug Dnul ynotu pupug ynlb doh`rognl g` tnlnanl d`lbnl enrn
docnrutgnl g`audonl dos`aprktgnl pndn p`raugnnl dnul.

8=
 - Vupug ngnr/tnlnm ynotu pupug ynlb doh`rognl a`cncuo ngnr ntnu
tnlnm.

=. A`lurut H`ltug
- Vupug pndnt, ynotu pupug ynlb a`aocogo tolbgnt g`cnrutnl
t`rmndnp nor audnm snapno sugnr.
- Vupug enor ynotu pupug ynlb enrn p`lbbulnnllyn dncna h`ltug
enor.

?. A`lurut Anena Mnrn

- Angrk ynotu pupug ynlb a`lbnldulb mnrn angrk snjn, aosnclyn
LVG
- Aogrk ynotu pupug ynlb mnlyn a`lbnldulb mnrn aogrk snjn,
aosnclyn a`tncog, aogrkpc`g.
- Enapurnl ynotu pupug ynlb a`lbnldulb mnrn angrk dnl aogrk,
aosnclyn bnldnsoc, hnyikl.

H. J`los Vupug
>. Vupug Tulbbnc
Vupug tulbbnc ynotu pupug ynlb a`lbnldulb mnlyn sntu j`los ulsur
mnrn s`hnbno p`lnahnm g`suhurnl. Ekltkm pupug tulbbnc ynotu pupug
lotrkb`l, iksikr, dnl gncoua.

Vupug Lotrkb`l (L)

Vupug lotrkb`l a`lbnldulb mnrn tnlnanl L. H`ltug s`lynwn L
uaualyn h`rupn lotrnt, nakloua, naol, sonlodn. Ekltkm: Gncoua lotrnt
(GLK5), nakloua iksint W(LM 4)5VK4Q, ur`n (LM8EKLM8) dnl gncsoua
sonlodn (EnEL8). H`ltug pupug L dnpnt h`rupn grostnc, procc, p`cc`t, tnhc`t
anupul enor.

Nakloua Uucint W(LM4)8UK4Q

Vupug olo uaualyn h`rupn grostnc putom dnl mnapor s`curumlyn
cnrut nor. Gndnlb-gndnlb pupug t`rs`hut doh`ro wnrln (aosnclyn polg).
Gndnr L s`gotnr 86-8>% ynlb dop`rdnbnlbgnl uaualyn a`apulyno
g`aurlonl s`gotnr ?2%. Gndnr nsna h`hnslyn angsoaua 6.4%. Uoint

8?
pupug olo: cnrut nor, dnpnt doj`rnp kc`m gkckod tnlnm, r`ngso iosokckbos
ansna, a`apulyno dnyn a`lbusor En dnro gkapc`gs j`rnpnl, audnm
a`lbbuapnc, t`tnpo dnpnt domnleurgnl g`ahnco, nsna h`hnslyn gncnu
t`rcncu tolbbo a`rneul tnlnanl.

Nlmodrkus Naklon (LM5)

Vupug olo donlbbnp ynlb pncolb tolbbo gndnr L-lyn. Dosoapnl
dncna h`ltug enor. V`lbbulnnllyn d`lbnl olj`gso g` dncna tnlnm ntnu
docnrutgnl dncna nor g`audonl dopkapn. Do Oldkl`son h`cua dobulngnl
wncnupul pnhrog sudnm a`ahunt ultug g`p`rcunl cnol. Vupug dnpnt jubn
docnrutgnl dncna nor p`lbnornl, ngnl t`tnpo ndn rosogk g`mocnlbnl L ynlb
t`rhnwn nor p`lbnornl dnl gnr`ln p`lbunpnl t`rutnan pndn tnlnm ntnu nor
ynlb a`apulyno r`ngso ncgncos. Juacnm L ynlb mocnlb t`rbnltulb t`gstur
tnlnm, r`ngso, enrn p`ah`ronllyn, dncnalyn olj`gso g` dncna tnlnm. Dnro
h`rhnbno p`rekhnnl a`luljuggnl hnmwn s`gotnr >-= % t`rs`ant pndn
cnposnl p`raugnnl tnlnm dnl 8-5> % pndn cnposnl hnbonl hnwnm. U`rolb
p`ah`ronl naklon enor doenapur d`lbnl suciur (U) gnr`ln suciur cnrut
dncna naklon.

Nakloua Gckrodn (LM 4Ec)

Gndnr L dncna nakloua gckrodn (NEc) s`gotnr 89%. H`h`rnpn
p`l`coto a`luljuggnl hnmwn pupug Nakloua Gckrodn Ec c`hom hnog
dohnldolb nakloua sucint (ZN) pndn s`hnbonl tnlnanl, t`rutnan ultug
tnlnanl ynlb a`a`rcugnl ulsur Ec. Ndn dubnnl hnmwn ZN hocn doh`rognl
1
g` dncna tnlnm ngnl a`lolbbncgnl sucint (UK 4 ) dnl okl olo g`audonl
dotnlnm snwnm dor`dugso a`ljndo M 8U, s`lynwn olo h`rsoint rneul t`rmndnp
tnlnanl. Vrks`s s`cnljutlyn M8U h`r`ngso d`lbnl i`ro ntnu anlbnl
a`ljndo I`U ntnu I`8U dnl AlU. Tnlnanl ynlb domnrnpgnl a`aocogo
gndnr prkt`ol tolbbo s`hnoglyn a`lbbulngnl pupug ZN. U`lynwn prkt`ol
a`lbnldulb ulsur U s`molbbn p`ah`ronl U h`rp`rnl dncna a`ah`ltug
prkt`ol.

Nakloua Lotrnt (LM 4LK5)

Gndnr L dncna pupug nakloua lotrnt s`gotnr 58-55,0%. Gncnu
doenapur d`lbnl gnpur dos`hut nakloua coa` (NLC).

56
Vupug Iksint (V)
U`enrn uaua ulsur mnrn dncna pupug h`rh`ltug kgsodn, g`eunco
lotrkb`l. Vupug iksikr a`lbnldulb mnrn dncna h`ltug V 8K0. Vupug TUV
a`lbnldulb V s`h`snr 44% V 8K0. Pltug a`lb`tnmuo gndnr V (hugnl V 8K0)
angn mnrus dogncognl d`lbnl suntu hocnlbnl gklv`rso:

V`rs`ltns` V 1 6.45 ] p`rs`ltns` V 8K0

V`rs`ltns` V8K0 1 8.8? ] p`rs`ltns` V

Nlbgn 6.45 h`rnsnc dnro h`rnt akc`guc V 8K0 dohnbo h`rnt 8V. H`rnt
ntka V15> dnl K1>9, s`molbbn >44:98 1 8.8? ntnu s`hncoglyn 98:>44 1
6.45. Gndnr ynlb dotuljuggnl uaualyn V ynlb cnrut dncna nsna sotrnt
8%7 jndo hugnl V ynlb cnrut nor.

@lg`c Uup`riksint W@U 1 En(M 8VK4)8 + EnUK4Q

U`jng znanl H`cnldn @U sudnm pkpuc`r dobulngnl s`hnbno pupug V.
U`rolb dos`hut solb`c sup`riksint. Vupug olo dohunt d`lbnl a`lbbulngnl
hnmnl hngu hntunl iksint (npntot) dnl donsnagnl d`lbnl nsna sucint ultug
a`lbuhnm V ynlb todng t`rs`don a`ljndo t`rs`don ultug tnlnanl. X`ngso
solbgnt p`ahuntnl @U:

En5(VK4)8 EnI + 2M8UK4 ↘ 5En(M8VK4) + 2EnUK4 + 8MI

Do snapolb a`lbnldulb domodrkiksint jubn a`lbnldulb bopsua.

Gndnr V8K0 1 >=-84%, gnpur (EnK) 1 84-8=%. H`ltug pupug olo h`rupn
t`pulb h`rwnrln putom g`cnhu. U`dogot cnrut dncna nor r`ngso, iosokckbos
l`trnc ntnu nbng ansna. Uynrnt ynlb mnrus dop`lumo gndnr (I 8K5 + Nc8K5)
gurnlb dnro 5%. Npnhocn t`rcncu hnlyng a`lbnldulb g`dun kgsodn t`rs`hut
ynlb h`rsoint a`rneul tnlnanl, g`dun kgsodn jubn dnpnt h`r`ngso d`lbnl

iksint a`ljndo todng t`rs`don hnbo tnlnanl (t`rjndo iogsnso V kc`m I` dnl
Nc). Dncna p`lyoapnlnl s`rolb a`lbncnao g`rusngnl iosog t`tnpo todng
a`lbncnao p`ruhnmnl goaonlyn. Dncna p`angnonllyn donljurgnl s`hnbno
pupug dnsnr ynotu p`aupugnl s`h`cua ndn tnlnanl nbnr pndn snnt
tnlnanl aucno tuahum V sudnm dnpnt dos`rnp kc`m ngnr tnlnanl.
Vupug @U ansom a`lbnldulb bopsua (EnUK4) eugup tolbbo dnl
ultug h`h`rnpn j`los tnlnm s`rolb a`ly`hnhgnl strugtur tnlnm
a`lbbuapnc s`p`rto pndns dnl g`dnp t`rmndnp nor.

5>
Dkh`c Uup`riksint (DU)
H`rh`dn d`lbnl @U, pupug olo donlbbnp todng a`lbnldulb bopsua,
dncna p`ahuntnllyn dobulngnl nsna iksint ynlb h`riulbso s`hnbno
p`lbnsna dnl ultug a`lolbgntgnl gndnr V. Bnros h`snr r`ngso
p`ahuntnllyn s`hnbno h`rogut.

(En5VK4)8EnI + 4M5VK4+ 5M86 ↘ 5En(M8VK4)8 + MI

Gndnr V8K0 pupug dkh`c sup`riksint + 5=%. Vupug olo t`cnm cnan
dobulngnl do Oldkl`son hnog kc`m p`tnlo anupul do p`rg`hulnl h`snr.
Uointlyn h`rupn t`pulb gnsnr h`rwnrln putom gktkr. Nsna iksint
doposnmgnl dnro cnrutnllyn. Nsna M 5VK4 dop`rkc`m dnro:

En5 (VK4)5EnI + 5M8UK4 ↘8M5VK4 + EnUK4 + MI

Vupug olo h`rwnrln nhu-nhu ekgcnt audn7 s`hnbonl V cnrut nor7

r`ngso iosokckbos: s`dogot nsna. Hnmnyn a`rneul sucint r`cntoi g`eoc dnl
suciodnlyn ynlb h`rnsnc dnro r`dugso sucint jubn r`ldnm. H`g`rjnlyn cnahnt
dnl g`aulbgolnl p`coldonl jubn r`ldnm. Hocn doh`rognl pndn tnlnm ynlb
5+ 5+
hnyng a`lbnldulb I` dnl Nc h`hns ngnl t`rjndo s`antnl V kc`m g`dun
ulsur t`rs`hut. Gnr`ln cnahnt h`g`rjnlyn pupug olo doh`rognl s`hnbno
pupug dnsnr.

Trop`c Uup`riksint (TUV)

Xuaus goaonlyn En(M8VK4). Uoint uaua pupug trop`c sup`riksint
(TUV) snan d`lbnl pupug DU. Gndnr V 8K0 pupug olo s`gotnr 44-49%
wncnupul s`enrn t`krotos dnpnt a`lenpno 09 %. V`ahuntnl pupug TUV
d`lbnl a`lbbulngnl sost`a w`t prks`s. Dncna prks`s olo hntunl ncna
(rkegiksint ) icukr npntot donsnagnl d`lbnl nsna iksint mnsoc prks`s
s`h`cualyn (s`p`rto p`ahuntnl pupug DU). X`ngso dnsnrlyn s`hnbno
h`rogut.
En5(VK4)8EnI + M5VK4 ↘ En(M8VK4)8 + En(KM)8 + MI

Vupug Gncoua
J`los pupug ynlb gmusus a`lbnldulb gncoua r`cntoi s`dogot
juacnmlyn.
juacnmly n. Paualy
Paualynn sudnm doenapur
doenapur d`lbnl pupug ntnu ulsur cnol
a`ljndo pupug anj`aug. U`molbbn a`ljndo pupug ynlb a`lbnldulb
gncoua, lotrkb`l dnl ntnu iksint (dun ntnu c`hom mnrn tnlnanl). Gndnr

58
pupug G dolyntngnl s`hnbno % G 8K. Gklv`rso gndnr G8K a`ljndo G
ndncnm s`hnbno h`rogut. % G 8K 1 >.8 ] % G, dnl % G 1 6.=5 ] % G 8K

Auront` (GEc)
Donlbbnp pupug ynlb gndnr mnrn G lyn tolbbo. Lnan auront`
h`rnsnc dnro nsna aurot ndncnm snan d`lbnl nsna gckrodn. Gndnr G 8K
t`kr`tos dnpnt a`lenpno 96-98%7 t`tnpo dncna g`lyntnnl pupug auront`
ynlb dop`rdnbnlbgnl mnlyn s`gotnr 06%. H`ltuglyn h`rupn hutornl g`eoc-
g`eoc ntnu h`rupn t`pulb d`lbnl wnrln putom snapno g`a`rnm-a`rnmnl.
Dncna prngtog c`hom hnlyng dobulngnl jogn dohnldolbgnl d`lbnl pupug-
pupug G ynlb cnol gnr`ln mnrbnlyn r`cntoi aurnm.
Vupug olo gurnlb dos`lnlbo gnr`ln gndnr Ec lyn ynlb tolbbo
t`rutnan ultug p`aupugnl tnlnanl ynlb p`gn t`rmndnp guncotns anupul
prkdugso. Hnlyng dobulngnl ultug p`rg`hulnl gnr`t dnl t`hu, t`tnpo
s`gnrnlb s`hnbonl h`rncom g` pupug GLK 5. V`aupugnl GLK5 s`cnol
a`aupug G jubn h`rnrto a`aupug L.

Gncoua Uucint (zwnv`czuur` gnco 1 ZG)

Xuaus goaon pupug ZG ndnc G 8UK4. Vupug olo hnlyng dobulngnl
hnog ultug p`rg`hulnl anupul p`tnlo g`eoc. Mnrbnlyn c`hom anmnc jogn
dohnldolbgnl d`lbnl pupug auront`. Gndnr G 8K s`gotnr 4=-06%. r`cntoi
a`lbnldulb Ec s`dogot c`hom gurnlb mnlyn 8.0%. Vupug ZG dnpnt dohunt
dnro bnrna gkapc`gs G 8UK4.8AbUK4. Bnrna gkapc`gs olo docnrutgnl
dncna nor g`audonl doh`ro GEc X`ngsolyn:

G8UK4.8AbUK4 + GEc ↘ 5 G8UK4 + 8 AbEc8

G8UK4 ngnl a`lb`ldnp dnl ultug a`aosnmgnllyn angn AbEc 8
dod`gnltor. Vupug olo s`jng cnan hnlyng dobulngnl do Oldkl`son. Pltug
tnlnanl s`rn aosnclyn rnao, sks`ccn dnl gnpns p`aupugnl G
a`lbngohntgnl guncotns s`rntlyn c`hom tolbbo. Ntnu dohunt dnro bnrna GEc
ynlb donsnagnl d`lbnl nsna sucint. X`ngsolyn s`hnbno h`rogut.

8 GEc + M8UK4 ↘ G8UK4 + MEc

X`ngso p`lenapurnl docngugnl dncna h`jnln h`so pnlns ynlb s`cncu

dondug nbnr h`renapur s`apurln. Bns MEc ynlb g`cunr dodolbolgnl dnl
docnrutgnl dncna nor.

55
Gncoua-Anbl`soua Uucint
Xuaus goaon pupug Gncoua-Anbl`soua Uucint: G8UK4.8AbUK4.
Gndnr G8K h`rgosnr nltnrn 88-85% dnl gndnr AbK nltnrn >=->8?%.
Dohunt dnro bnrna gkapc`gs G 8UK4. 8AbUK4. U`p`rto pupug ZG gndnr Ec
r`ldnm oncnm gurnlb dnro 5%. Gndnr U1 >=%.

Gncoua Lotrnt (Lot`r)

U`cnol a`lbnldulb ulsur G jubn a`lbnldulb ulsur L. Gndnr G 8K
eugup tolbbo 44% dnl gndnr L s`gotnr >5%. Vupug olo gurnlb p`ltolb dnl
todng hnlyng dobulngnl. Tnlnanl ynlb hnlyng a`lbbulngnl pupug olo
oncnm tnlnanl t`ahngnu, gnpns. Lot`r a`rupngnl pupug anj`aug d`lbnl
brnd` i`rtocoz`r >5-6-44.

8. Vupug Anj`aug
Vupug anj`aug ynotu pupug ynlb a`lbnldulb c`hom dnro sntu ulsur
mnrn ynlb dobulngnl ultug a`lnahnm g`suhurnl tnlnm. Ekltkm pupug

anj`aug ynotu LV, LG, dnl LVG. Vupug anj`aug ynlb pncolb hnlyng
dobulngnl ndncnm pupug LVG ynlb a`lbnldulb s`lynwn nakloua lotrnt
(LM4LK5), nakloua domodrkb`l iksint (LM4M8VK4), dnl gncoua gckrodn
(GEC).
Gndnr ulsur mnrn L, V, dnl G dncna pupug anj`aug dolyntngnl
d`lbnl gkapksoso nlbgn t`rt`ltu. Aosnclyn pupug LVG >6-
>6 -86-
86->0 h`rnrto
hnmwn dncna pupug otu t`rdnpnt >6% lotrkb`l, 86% iksint (s`hnbno
V8K0)dnl >0% gncoua (s`hnbno G8K).
V`lbbulnnl pupug anj`aug mnrus dos`sunognl d`lbnl g`hutumnl
dnro j`los tnlnanl ynlb ngnl dopupug gnr`ln s`tonp j`los tnlnanl
a`a`rcugnl p`rhnldolbnl L, V, dnl G t`rt`ltu. Do Oldkl`son h`r`dnr
h`h`rnpn j`los pupug anj`aug d`lbnl gkapksoso L, V, dnl G ynlb
h`rnbna.
Vupug anj`aug a`lbnldulb dun ntnu c`hom mnrn tnlnanl (angrk
anupul aogrk). Hnlyng s`gnco pupug anj`aug ynlb h`r`dnr do
ansynrngnt hnog ultug p`rtnlonl, p`rg`hulnl, p`rtnanlnl, modrkpklog
ntnu gmusus ultug tnlnanl nlbbr`g. Vupug t`rs`hut a`apulyno lnan
dnbnlb ynlb h`rh`dn-h`dn t`rbnltulb pnhrog p`ahuntlyn. Vupug ynlb
dotujugnl ultug gkakdotns h`rlocno `gklkao tolbbo uaualyn a`lbnldulb
hnlyng mnrn tnlnanl t`rutnan L, V dnl G. Pltug tnlnanl snyurnl dnl

54
modrkpklog hnlyng a`lbbulngnl mnrn g`dun L, V, G, En, Ab dnl U.
U`dnlbgnl ultug tnlnanl mons dnl nlbbr`g do snapolb a`lbnldulb
s`curum mnrn angrk jubn a`lbnldulb s`curum mnrn aogrk d`lbnl brnd`
i`rtocoz`r ynlb h`rnl`gn
h`rnl`gn. Hnmgnl dotnahnm cnbo d`lbnl znt p`lbntur
p`rtuahumnl tnlnanl (mkrakl).
Lotrkb`l uaualyn h`rnsnc dnro lotrnt (LK5-), nakloua (LM4+),
naodn (-LM8) dnl prkt`ol, hnog s`enrn tulbbnc anupul bnhulbnl.
1
Paualyn pupug olo cnrut nor. Uuah`r V h`rupn aklkmodrkiksint (MVK 4 )
-
dnl domodrkiksint (M8VK4 ). V olo todng s`apurln cnrut nor, t`tnpo cnrut
s`curumlyn dncna nsna sotrnt. G h`rnsnc dnro bnrna lotrnt, gckrodn ntnu
sucint gncoua. Vupug anj`aug enor h`rsoint cnrut nor, p`lbbulnnllyn
dos`aprktgnl pndn krbnl tnlnanl.
T`rs`donlyn h`rnl`gn pupug anj`aug t`ltu ultug a`audnmgnl
p`tnlo tnlpn mnrus a`ahunt enapurnl s`ldoro. Vupug anj`aug dohunt
dos`sunognl d`lbnl j`los tnlnanl ntnu tujunl p`lbbulnnllyn. Vupug ynlb
dobulngnl ultug g`d`cno h`rh`dn d`lbnl ultug ruaput ntnu pndo.
D`aogonl jubn ultug tnlnanl gnpns ntnu t`ahngnu. Pltug tnlnanl gkpo
ynlb h`cua a`lbmnsocgnl dobulngnl pupug ynlb h`rh`dn d`lbnl tnlnanl
gkpo ynlb sudnm prkdugso.
Pltug tnlnanl mons ynlb h`rlocno tolbbo (aosnclyn nlbbr`g)
dobulngnl pupug enor ntnu pupug pndnt sckw r`c`ns`. Gnldulbnl mnrnlyn
c`lbgnp h`rupn aol`rnc ynlb nor cnrut dnl jubn s`rolb s`lynwn krbnlog
prkt`ol dnl mkrakl tuahum s`rtn ulsur ynlb dnpnt h`rp`rnlnl ultug
a`lbolt`lsoignl wnrln hulbn.

5. Vupug Enapurnl
V`ahuntnl pupug enapurnl h`rtujunl ultug a`ldnpntgnl pupug
ynlb a`lbnldulb c`hom dnro sntu ulsur mnrn. V`ahuntnl pupug enapurnl
ngnl a`lbm`ant t`lnbn, wngtu dnl honyn. Vupug enapurnl do cnpnlbnl
dnpnt dop`rkc`m a`cncuo h`h`rnpn enrn, nltnrn cnol:
n. A`lenapur pupug tulbbnc ynlb a`aocogo gndnr mnrn ynlb tolbbo.
h. A`ldnpntgnl dncna h`ltug pupug anj`aug
e. X`ngso nltnrn hnmnl a`ltnm gnsnr ynlb h`rjncnl s`enrn cnlbsulb.

U`aun pupug h`cua t`ltu dnpnt doenapur s`enrn cnlbsulb tnlpn

a`loahucgnl dnapng l`bntoi ntnu g`rubonl. H`h`rnpn pupug ngnl

50
a`loahucgnl ansncnm jogn doenapur. Vupug ynlb ngnl a`loahucgnl
ansncnm nltnrn cnol:
- Vupug ynlb a`apulyno soint mobrksgkpos ynlb tolbbo, s`molbbn
g`togn doenapur pupug ngnl a`lbbuapnc.
- V`lenapurnl pupug ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl g`mocnlbnl mnrnlyn
(a`lbunp).
- V`lenapurnl ngnl a`ah`ltug s`lynwn hnru, s`molbbn mnrn todng
t`rs`don hnbo tnlnanl.

H`rdnsnrgnl soint ynlb dotoahucgnl ngohnt p`lenapurnl pupug,

dnpnt doh`dngnl a`ljndo 0 grot`ron. U`hnbno p`dkanl a`lenapur pupug
dnpnt docomnt pndn tnh`c. Ndnpul grot`ron dnapng p`lenapurnl pupug
s`hnbno h`rogut.
N 1 U`cncu dnpnt doenapur
H 1 Dnpnt doenapur a`lj`cnlb p`angnonl
E 1 Enapurnl a`ljndo g`rns, t`tnpo audnm domncusgnl dnl dosoapnl

D 1
@ 1 Unan
Enapurnl
s`gncoa`ljndo g`rnsdoenapur
todng dnpnt

J`los
> 8 5 4 0 9 2 = ? >6 >> >8 >5 >4
Vupug
N N H @ N E H @ N N N N @ @ >
N N @ H N H N N N N N N N @ 8
H @ N @ N @ N H H @ N H N H 5
@ H @ N N @ N N @ H D N N @ 4
N N N N N N N N N N N N @ N 0
E N @ @ N N @ @ H N N H N N 9
H N N N N @ N N H H H H N @ 2
@ N H N N @ N N @ D D @ H @ =

N
N N
N H
@ @
H N
N H
N H
H @
D N
N N
N N
N N
N @
H @
N ?
>6
N N N D N N H D N N N N H N >>
N N H N N H H @ N N H N @ @ >8
@ N @ N N @ N H @ H N @ N @ >5
@ @ H @ N N @ @ @ N N @ @ N >4

G`t`rnlbnl:
>. Nakloua Uucint (ZN) =. T`pulb Tucnlb
8. U`ldkwk Emocco ?. Naakpmks
5. Pr`n >6. GEc

59
4. Gncgstogstki >>. ZG, VG
0. Hulbgo, Bunlk >8. Lotrkpmksgn
9. Dkhc` Uup`riksint (DU) >5. Gnpur, Lnpnc
2. Iksint Ncna >4. Vupug Gnldnlb

52
 HNH 2
VPVPG HPNTNL

U`enrn uaua pupug nlkrbnlog c`hom dog`lnc s`hnbno pupug huntnl.

Vupug huntnl a`rupngnl pupug ynlb dohunt kc`m pnhrog d`lbnl tujunl
dnl sp`soiognso t`rt`ltu. Uupnyn todng sncnm dncna a`aocom pupug huntnl
s`suno d`lbnl tujunllyn p`rcu a`ap`rmntognl gnrngt`rostoglyn.
Gnrngt`rostog pupug huntnl t`rdoro dnro gnldulbnl mnrn, soint mobrksgkpos,
dnyn cnrut, g`ansnanl pupug dnl old`gs bnrna.

N. Gnldulbnl Plsur Mnrn

Dncna nlncosos pupug dog`lnc d`lbnl mnrn angrk dnl aogrk.

Gnldulbnl ulsur mnrn a`rupngnl hnlynglyn ulsur mnrn ynlb t`rgnldulb

dncna suntu j`los pupug. Gnldulbnl ulsur mnrn dncna pupug dolyntngnl
dncna sntunl p`rs`l (%) ntnu p`r s`jutn (ppa). Gnldulbnl ulsur mnrn
s`rolb t`renltua dncna g`ansnl pupug. J`los ulsur mnrn ynlb dognldulb
suntu pupug todng dolyntngnl s`hnbno ulsur tulbbnc t`tnpo dolyntngnl
dncna p`rs`ltns` tktnc L (tktnc nakloua dnl lotrnt), V 8K0 dnl G8K. J`los
pupug ynlb snan h`cua t`ltu a`lbnldulb nlncosos ynlb snan. Ekltkmlyn
ndncnm Pr`n (49 % L), UV-59 (59 % V 8K0), GEc (96 % G8K), dnl cnol-cnol.
Gnldulbnl ulsur mnrn dncna suntu pupug todng ngnl p`rlnm
a`lenpno >66%. Mnc olo dos`hnhgnl ulsur mnrn a`ahutumgnl p`lbognt
ultug a`ah`ltug grostnc ntnu hutornl-hutornl. Lotrkb`l s`enrn ncnao

h`rh`ltug bns, s`molbbn lotrkb`l a`ahutumgnl hnmnl p`lbognt ultug

dnpnt h`rh`ltug hutornl.
Gnldulbnl ulsur mnrn dnpnt docomnt pndn cnh`c ntnu g`ansnl.
Lnaul p`rcu dog`tnmuo hnmwn mnrn ynlb t`rgnldulb dncna suntu pupug
s`rolb a`lbncnao p`rh`dnnl nltnr prkdug. Gnldulbnl mnrn olo a`rupngnl
olikranso p`ltolb dncna a`aocom j`los pupug. U`hnbno ekltkm gnldulbnl
ulsur mnrn Pr`n. Pr`n d`lbnl gnldulbnl L s`h`snr 49 %, olo h`rnrto
dncna s`tonp >66 gb ur`n gnldulbnl ulsur mnrn Lotrkb`l s`h`snr 49 gb.

5=
Vndn suah`r pupug V dnl G p`rcu p`rmotulbnl t`rs`ldoro, gnr`ln g`dun
ulsur mnrn dncna h`ltug s`lynwn V 8K0 dnl G8K. V`rmotulbnl g`hutumnl
hkhkt ulsur mnrn V dnl G ndncnm:

Hkhkt V 1 44/>66 x hkhkt V8K0

Hkhkt G 1 =5/>66 x hkhkt G8K

H`rdnsnrgnl gnldulbnl ulsur mnrnlyn pupug dnpnt dog`ckapkggnl
a`ljndo 5 bkcklbnl ynotu:
>. Gndnr mnrn tolbbo jogn pupug a`lbnldulb c`hom dnro 56 %
8. Gndnr mnrn s`dnlb jogn pupug a`lbnldulb 86- 56 %
5. Gndnr mnrn r`ldnm jogn pupug a`lbnldulb gurnlb dnro 86 %

H. Mobrksgkposotns
Uoint mobrksgkpos a`rupngnl soint pupug ynlb h`rmuhulbnl d`lbnl
g`audnmnl a`lbognt unp nor dnro udnrn. Vupug dogntngnl mobrksgkpos hocn
dot`apntgnl pndn t`apnt t`rhugn audnm s`gnco a`lenor. Uncnm sntu ekltkm
pupug ynlb h`rsoint mobrksgkpos ndncnm Pr`n. U`dnlbgnl ekltkm ynlb
h`rsoint todng mobrksgkpos ndncnm UV-59.
Npcognso soint mobrksgkpos dobulngnl ultug a`l`ltugnl t`glog
p`lyoapnlnl. Hnbo pupug ynlb a`aocogo soint mobrksgkpos s`hnoglyn
dosoapnl t`apnt ynlb g`rolb, wndnm ynlb g`dnp udnrn dnl todng t`rcncu
cnan. Pltug a`lbnltosopnso p`lyoapnlnl pupug ynlb h`rsoint mobrksgkpos
mnrus dot`apntgnl pndn runlbnl ynlb a`aocogo g`c`ahnhnl udnrn ynlb
r`ldnm. Jogn todng docngugnl p`rcngunl olo, pupug ngnl audnm a`lenor
ntnu a`lbuapnc. Psnmn ultug a`lburnlbo soint mobrksgkpos dnpnt
docngugnl d`lbnl toldngnl:
- Vupug dohunt dncna h`ltug hutornl ntnu tnhc`t.
- Hutornl doh`ro s`cnput p`lnmnl nor.

E. Dnyn Cnrut
Dnyn cnrut a`rupngnl g`audnmnl pupug ultug t`rcnrut do dncna nor.
Dnyn cnrut olo ngnl a`l`ltugnl e`pnt ntnu cnahnt ulsur mnrn dnpnt dos`rnp
tnlnanl ntnu mocnlb gnr`ln t`rcoldo/t`reueo. J`los pupug d`lbnl dnyn cnrut
ynlb tolbbo ngnl e`pnt t`rs`don s`rtn audnm dos`rnp kc`m tnlnanl, lnaul
jubn ngnl audnm t`reueo kc`m mujnl ntnu p`lbnornl. Vndn uaualyn
uaualyn pupug

5?
ynlb a`aocogo gnldulbnl Lotrkb`l ynlb tolbbo a`apulyno dnyn cnrut
ynlb tolbbo pucn.
Vupug ynlb a`aocogo dnyn cnrut tolbbo snlbnt hnog donpcognsognl
ultug p`aupugnl a`cncuo dnul. Dnyn cnrut pupug ynlb tolbbo doeorognl
pupug g`togn doh`rognl pndn nor ultug a`cnrut todng a`a`rcugnl ndugnl
ynlb t`rcncu tolbbo.

D. G`ansnanl Vupug
G`ansnanl pupug a`rupngnl dnapng ynlb dotoahucgnl s`t`cnm
p`ah`ronl pupug. Vupug dogntngnl h`r`ngso ansna g`togn p`ah`ronl
pupug ngnl a`lurulgnl pM tnlnm ntnu a`ljndo ansna. U`hncoglyn pupug
hnsn, jogn p`ah`ronl pupug ngnl a`lolbgntgnl pM tnlnm ntnu a`ljndo
hnsn. U`enrn uaua, pupug ynlb h`r`dnr do pnsnrnl, a`ly`hnhgnl pM
tnlnm turul. Nrtolyn, r`ngso tnlnm h`rsoint nsna g`pndn pupug ynlb
doh`rognl. G`ansnanl pupug dolyntngnl dncna locno `guovnc`l
g`ansnanl. @guovnc`l g`ansnanl ndncnm juacnm EnEK 5 (gb) ynlb
dop`rcugnl ultug a`l`trncosor p`lurulnl pM ngohnt p`ah`ronl pupug
s`h`snr >66 gb pupug. U`hnbno ekltkm pupug Pr`n a`aocogo `guovnc`l
g`ansnanl 2>. Mnc olo h`rnrto ultug a`ap`rtnmnlgnl pM ynlb snan
s`tonp p`ah`ronl ur`n s`hnlyng >66 gb mnrus dooguto p`ah`ronl gnpur
s`hnlyng 2> gb.

Tnh`c 2.>. @guovnc`l G`ansnanl Vupug

@guovnc`l
J`los Vupug
Ansna Hnsn
Nakloua Lotrnt 98
ANV 0=

DNV 26
Nakloua Uucint >>6
Gncsoua Lotrnt 86
Gncsoua Uonlodn 95
Pr`n 2>
UV-59 L`trnc L`trnc
GEc L`trnc L`trnc
Gncoua Lotrnt 89
Gncoua Lotrnt L`trnc L`trnc
Uuah`r: Lkvoznl (8660)

46
 Vupug ynlb h`rsoint hnsn jubn a`ah`rognl olikranso `guovnc`l
g`hnsnnl. @guovnc`l g`hnsnnl ndncnm g`hutumnl gnpur ultug
a`lb`ahncognl pM s`aucn ngohnt p`lolbgntnl pM ynlb dos`hnhgnl kc`m
p`aupugnl. Ekltkm gncsoua snlodn d`lbnl `guovnc`l g`hnsnnl 95. Mnc olo
h`rnrto ultug a`ap`rtnmnlgnl pM s`aucn, s`tonp p`aupugnl gncsoua
sonlodn s`hnlyng >66 gb a`ahutumgnl gnpur s`hnlyng 95 gb.
G`ansnanl pupug h`rmuhulbnl d`lbnl g`hutumnl gnpur ultug
a`lb`ahncognl tnlnm pndn pM s`aucn. Olikranso soint g`ansnanl olo
ngnl a`ahnltu p`tnlo a`aocom j`los pupug pndn ckgnso tnlnm. Vndn tnlnm
ynlb h`rsoint ansna s`hnoglyn a`lbbulngnl pupug ynlb a`aocogo soint
g`ansnanl hnsn dnl s`hncoglyn. H`h`rnpn `guovnc`l g`ansnanl pupug
dosnjognl pndn Tnh`c 2.>.

@. Old`gs Bnrna ( Unct Old`x)

V`ah`ronl pupug pndn tnlnm ngnl a`lolbgntgnl gkls`ltrnso ntnu
gndnr bnrna do dncna cnrutnl tnlnm. V`lolbgntnl gndnr / gkls`ltrnso bnrna
dncna tnlnm olo ngnl a`lnoggnl t`gnlnl ksaksos cnrutnl tnlnm, s`molbbn
t`rmndnp prks`s p`ly`rnpnl ulsur mnrn. Cnrutnl tnlnm d`lbnl ksaksos
ynlb tolbbo dnpnt a`ly`hnhgnl cnrutnl ulsur mnrn todng dnpnt dos`rnp kc`m
tnlnanl, t`tnpo s`hncoglyn ynglo enornl s`c justru ynlb ngnl g`cunr dnro
ngnr ntnu dos`hut d`lbnl pcnsakcosos jnrolbnl ngnr. B`jncn olo dos`hut
d`lbnl Unct oljury. Eoro-eorolyn dnul cnyu, a`lbulolb dnl g`rolb s`p`rto
t`rhngnr.
Vupug d`lbnl old`gs bnrna ynlb tolbbo snlbnt h`rpkt`lso
a`ly`hnhgnl t`rjndolyn snct oljury. Vupug ynlb a`aocogo old`gs bnrna
ynlb tolbbo mnrus dot`apntgnl c`hom jnum dnro p`rngnrnl tnlnanl
dohnldolbgnl d`lbnl pupug d`lbnl old`gs bnrna r`ldnm. Gnt`bkro old`gs
bnrna dnpnt dohnbo a`ljndo 5 ynotu tolbbo (UO < 8,0)7 s`dnlb (UO nltnrn >-
8,0) dnl r`ldnm (UO 3 >). Olikranso t`ltnlb Old`gs bnrna pndn h`h`rnpn
j`los pupug dosnjog
dosnjognl
nl pndn Tnh`c 2.8.

4>
 Tnh`c 2.8. Old`gs Bnrna H`h`rnpn Vupug

J`los Vupug Old`gs Bnrna

Naakloua Lotrnt 5,8
Nakloua Uucint 5,5
Pr`n >,2
Aklkkakloua Iksint (ANV) 8,2
Donakloua Iksint (DNV) >,2
UV-59 6,4
GEc >,?
Gncoua Uucint 6,?
GLK5 0,5
GAbUK4 >,?2

Uuah`r: Lkvoznl (8660)

V`lbbulnnl pupug huntnl ngnl e`pnt t`rcomnt dnapnglyn pndn

tnlnanl. V`lbbulnnl pupug huntnl/nlkrbnlog a`ah`rognl g`ulbbucnl:
- Mnsoc e`pnt t`rcomnt pndn tnlnanl

- Gnldulbnl ulsur mnrn j`cns

- Audnm donpcognsognl
- Todng h`rhnu
- V`lbnlbgutnl audnm

Do snapolb otu, p`lbbulnnl pupug huntnl ngnl a`ah`rognl

g`ldncn hnog pndn tnlnanl anupul tnlnm. Ndnpul g`c`anmnl p`lbbulnnl
pupug huntnl ndncnm:
- A`lbngohntgnl r`sodu pndn tnlnm.
- V`lbbulnnl todng hojngsnln dnpnt a`rusng tnlnm.
- Mnrbn anmnc.
- H`rsoint mobrksgkpos.

48
 HNH =
VPVPG KXBNLOG

N. V`lb`rtonl dnl Gnrngt`rostog Vupug Krbnlog

Vupug krbnlog ndncnm pupug ynlb s`hnbonl h`snr ntnu s`curumlyn
t`rdoro ntns hnmnl krbnlog ynlb h`rnsnc dnro sosn tnlnanl dnl ntnu m`wnl
ynlb t`cnm a`lbncnao r`gnynsn h`rh`ltug pndnt ntnu enor ynlb dobulngnl
ultug a`anskg hnmnl krbnlog, a`ap`rhnogo soint iosog, goaon dnl hokckbo
tnlnm. A`lurut Olt`rlntoklnc Krbnlozntokl ikr Utnldnrdozntokl (OUK) dncna
Uutnltk (8668) hnmwn ynlb dogntngnl pupug krbnlog ndncnm hnmnl krbnlog
ntnu hnmnl gnrhkl, pndn uaualyn h`rnsnc dnro tuahumnl dnl ntnu m`wnl,
dotnahnmgnl g` dncna tnlnm s`enrn sp`soiog s`hnbno suah`r mnrn, pndn

uaualyn a`lbnldulb lotrkb`l ynlb h`rnsnc dnro tuahumnl dnl ntnu

m`wnl. A`lurut V`ra`ltnl 26 tnmul 86>> ynlb dogntngnl pupug krbnlog
ndncnm pupug ynlb h`rnsnc dnro tuahumnl anto, gktkrnl m`wnl dnl ntnu
hnbonl m`wnl dnl ntnu coahnm krbnlog cnollyn ynlb t`cnm a`cncuo prks`s
r`gnynsn, h`rh`ltug pndnt ntnu enor, dnpnt dop`rgnyn d`lbnl hnmnl aol`rnc
dnl ntnu aogrkh, ynlb h`ranlinnt ultug a`lolbgntgnl gnldulbnl mnrn
dnl hnmnl krbnlog tnlnm s`rtn a`ap`rhnogo soint iosog, goaon dnl hokckbo
tnlnm.
A`lurut Uutnltk (8668) hnmwn pupug krbnlog pndn uaualyn
a`aocogo gnrngt`r s`hnbno h`rogut.
>. Gnldulbnl mnrn r`ldnm. Gnldulbnl mnrn pupug krbnlog pndn
uaualyn r`ldnm t`tnpo h`rvnronso t`rbnltulb pndn j`los hnmnl
dnsnrlyn.
8. G`t`rs`donnl mnrn cnahnt. Mnrn ynlb h`rnsnc dnro pupug krbnlog
ngnl dorkahng kc`m aogrkh dnro s`lynwn gkapc`gs krbnlog a`ljndo
s`lynwn ynlb t`rs`don hnbo tnlnanl. G`hnlyngnl ulsur do dncna
tnlnm audnm t`rcoldo.
5. A`ly`dongnl mnrn dncna juacnm ynlb t`rhntns. V`ly`donnl mnrn
ynlb h`rnsnc dnro pupug krbnlog honsnlyn t`rhntns dnl todng eugup
dncna a`ly`dongnl mnrn ynlb dop`rcugnl tnlnanl.

45
 A`lurut Uurondognrtn dnl U`tykrolo (86>8 hnmwn dncna p`ahuntnl
pupug krbnlog mnrus dop`rmntognl s`hnbno h`rogut.
>. Gnldulbnl nor. Vndn uaualyn pupug krbnlog a`aocogo gndnr
c`lbns snlbnt tolbbo, s`molbbn dop`rcugnl toldngnl p`lb`rolbnl
snapno a`aocogo gndnr nor 56-50 %.
8. H`ltug pupug. H`ltug pupug krbnlog snlbnt t`rgnot d`lbnl npcognso
do cnpnlbnllyn. Vupug krbnlog ynlb h`rh`ltug t`pulb ngnl sucot
donpcognsognl, gnr`ln pupug ngnl audnm mocnlb t`rhnwn nlbol
a`ljndo d`hu. Vupug krbnlog dnpnt h`rh`ltug brnlucnr anupul enor.
5. Tolbgnt g`antnlbnl pupug krbnlog. G`antnlbnl pupug krbnlog
dnpnt docomnt dnro h`h`rnpn oldogntkr nltnrn cnol E/L rnsok, pM,
wnrln, GTG, sumu dnl nrkan gkapks. U`cnan prks`s p`lbkapksnl
hnmnl krbnlog a`ltnm ngnl a`lbncnao p`rkahngnl ynlb docngugnl
kc`m hngt`ro dnl iulbo. Vndn snnt p`lbkapksnl ngtovotns
aogrkkrbnlosa` ngnl a`lolbgnt, s`molbbn t`rjndo p`lolbgntnl sumu
snapno stnhoc dnl ngnl a`lbncnao p`lurulnl g`ahnco s`t`cnm
gkapks antnlb.
4. Gkaholnso hnmnl dnsnr gkapks. V`ahuntnl gkapks dnpnt
docngugnl dnro h`rhnbno hnmnl dnsnr d`lbnl guncotns ynlb h`rvnronso.
U`molbbn gkapks ynlb domnsocgnl jubn a`lbncnao
p`ruhnmnl/vnronso guncotns pupug krbnloglyn.
0. Hnmnl h`rneul. Ansncnm utnan dncna prkdugso gkapks ndncnm
g`mndornl ckbna/hnmnl h`rhnmnyn hnm g`s`mntnl anluson dnl
p`rtuahumnl tnlnanl. Hnmnl ckbna ynlb s`rolb t`rogut dncna
prks`s p`lbkapksnl ndncnm Ed, Vh dnl Er.
9. Vupug krbnlog dnpnt a`ahnwn pntkb`l ntnu t`cur s`rtn s`rnlbbn
ynlb a`lbbnlbbu tnlnanl. Vupug gnldnlb s`rolb a`ahnwn
bucan.
A`lurut Xksanrgna dnl _uwklk (8668) hnmwn d`gkapksoso
hnmnl krbnlog pndn tnmnp ngmor ngnl t`rjndo prks`s aol`rncosnso. Vndn
prks`s aol`rncosnso ngnl t`rjndo p`c`pnsnl mnrn L, V, G, En, Ab, U dnl
mnrn aogrk. Mnrn angrk dnl aogrk ngnl dos`rnp tnlnanl ultug
a`ah`ltug jnrolbnl tnlnanl dncna h`ltug s`lynwn krbnlog.

44
H. Anlinnt Vupug Krbnlog
Vupug krbnlog a`rupngnl guleo utnan dncna p`lb`ckcnnl dnl
p`rhnognl g`suhurnl tnlnm s`enrn h`rg`cnljutnl. Iulbso pupug krbnlog
dncna a`ahnlbul g`suhurnl tnlnm nltnrn cnol:
>. A`ly`dongnl mnrn angrk dnl aogrk d`lbnl c`lbgnp dncna juacnm
todng t`rt`ltu dnl r`cntoi g`eoc.
8. A`ap`rhnogo strugtur tnlnm, s`molbbn tnlnm a`ljndo rolbnl ultug
dokcnm dnl audnm dot`ahus ngnr.
5. A`lolbgntgnl dnyn a`lnmnl nor, s`molbbn tnlnm a`aocogo
g`anapunl a`ly`dongnl nor a`ljndo c`hom hnog.
4. A`ahunt p`ra`nhocotns tnlnm c`hom hnog. Vndn tnlnm pnsornl ngnl
a`lurulgnl p`ra`nhocotns dnl pndn tnlnm c`apulbnl ngnl
a`lolbgntgnl p`ra`nhocotns tnlnm.
0. A`lolbgntgnl GTG s`molbbn tnlnm a`aocogo g`anapunl a`lbognt
gntokl c`hom tolbbo, s`molbbn mnrn todng audnm t`reueo.
9. A`ap`rhnogo g`modupnl hokckbo tnlnm, s`molbbn anapu
a`lolbgntgnl prks`s d`gkapksoso hnmnl krbnlog.
2. A`lolbgntgnl dnyn snlbbn (huii`rolb enpneoty) t`rmndnp p`ruhnmnl
soint tnlnm.

Xusanrgna dnl _uwklk (8668) a`lyntngnl hnmwn pupug krbnlog

a`aocogo soint ynlb dncna a`ap`rhnogo g`suhurnl tnlnm, nltnrn cnol:
>. Hnmnl krbnlog dncna prks`s aol`rncosnso ngnl a`c`pns mnrn
tnlnanl ynlb c`lbgnp(L, V, G, En, Ab, U) s`rtn mnrn aogrk dncna
juacnm r`cntoi
r`cntoi g`eoc,
8. Hnmnl krbnlog dnpnt a`ap`rhnogo strugtur tnlnm, a`ly`hnhgnl
tnlnm a`ljndo rolbnl ultug dokcnm dnl audnm dot`ahus ngnr,
5. Hnmnl krbnlog dnpnt a`ap`raudnm p`lbkcnmnl tnlnm-tnlnm h`rnt,
4. Hnmnl krbnlog a`lolbgntgnl dnyn a`lnmnl nor ( wnt`r mkcdolb
enpneoty) s`molbbn g`anapunl tnlnm ultug a`ly`dongnl nor
a`ljndo c`hom hnlyng dnl g`c`lbnsnl tnlnm c`hom t`rjnbn,
0. Hnmnl krbnlog a`ahunt p`ra`nhocotns tnlnm a`ljndo c`hom hnog,
a`lurulgnl
a`lurulg nl p`ra`nhocotns pndn tnlnm
tn lnm h`rt`gstur
h`rt`gstur gnsnr (pnsornl) dnl
a`lolbgntgnl p`ra`nhocotns pndn tnlnm h`rt`gstur snlbnt c`ahut
(c`apulbnl),

40
 9. Hnmnl krbnlog a`lolbgntgnl gnpnsotns p`rtugnrnl gntokl (GVG)
s`molbbn g`anapunl a`lbognt gntokl a`ljndo c`hom tolbbo
ngohntlyn jogn tnlnm ynlb dopupug d`lbnl hnmnl krbnlog d`lbnl
dksos tolbbo mnrn tnlnanl todng audnm t`reueo,
2. Hnmnl krbnlog a`ap`rhnogo g`modupnl hokckbo tnlnm hnog m`wnl
tolbgnt tolbbo anupul m`wnl tolbgnt r`ldnm a`ljndo c`hom hnog
gnr`ln g`t`rs`donnl angnlnl c`hom t`rjnaol,
=. Hnmnl krbnlog dnpnt a`lolbgntgnl dnyn snlbbn ( huii`rolb
enpneoty) t`rmndnp bulenlbnl p`ruhnmnl soint drnstos pndn tnlnm,
?. Hnmnl krbnlog a`lbnldulb Aogrkh dncna juacnm eugup ynlb
h`rp`rnl dncna prks`s d`gkapksoso hnmnl Krbnlog.
V`lbbulnnl pupug krbnlog dncna hudodnyn tnlnanl dnpnt
a`ah`rognl anlinnt dotoljnu dnro nsp`g `gklkao, colbgulbnl dnl
g`suhurnl tnlnm. U`enrn `gklkao p`lbbulnnl pupug krbnlog a`ah`rognl
anlinnt h`rupn:
>. A`lbm`ant honyn ultug trnlspkrtnso dnl p`loahulnl coahnm
8. A`lburnlbo vkcua`/ugurnl coahnm
5. A`aocogo locno junc ynlb c`hom tolbbo dnro pndn hnmnl nsnclyn

V`lbbulnnl pupug krbnlog h`rp`lbnrum t`rmndnp p`ruhnmnl

colbgulbnl. Nsp`g colbgulbnl ynlb dop`rhnogo h`rupn:
>. A`lburnlbo pkcuso udnrn gnr`ln p`ahngnrnl coahnm
8. A`lburnlbo g`hutumnl cnmnl ultug p`loahulnl

U`hnbno kutput utnan dncna hudodnyn p`rtnlonl, p`lbbulnnl pupug

krbnlog h`rkro`ltnso pndn p`rhnognl g`suhurnl dnl p`lolbgntnl mnsoc
p`rtnlnanl. Ndnpul anlinnt p`lbbulnnl pupug krbnlog t`rmndnp tnlnm
dnl tnlnanl ndncnm:

>.
5. A`lolbgntgnl g`suhurnl
A`ap`rhnogo strugtur dnltnlnm.
gnrngt`rostog tnlnm.
4. A`lolbgntgnl gnpnsotns j`rnp nor tnlnm.
0. A`lolbgntgnl ngtovotns aogrkh tnlnm.
9. A`lolbgntgnl guncotns mnsoc pnl`l (rnsn, locno bozo, dnl juacnm
pnl`l).
2. A`ly`dongnl mkrakl dnl votnaol hnbo tnlnanl.
=. A`l`gnl p`rtuahumnl/s`rnlbnl p`lyngot tnlnanl.
?. A`lolbgntgnl r`t`lso/g`t`rs`donnl mnrn do dncna tnlnm.

49
E. Hngu Autu Vupug Krbnlog
Hngu autu donrtognl s`hnbno guncotns ntnu ugurnl t`rt`ltu ynlb
dobulngnl s`hnbno pntkgnl ntnu s`suntu ynlb donlbbnp t`tnp locnolyn,
s`molbbn dnpnt do pngno s`hnbno ugurnl locno. Utnldnr autu ndncnm h`snrnl
pnrna`t`r ynlb dot`tnpgnl kc`m Hndnl Utnldnrdosnso Lnsoklnc dncna
h`ltug ULO dncna h`ltug p`rsynrntnl t`glos aoloanc (V`ra`ltnl
26/86>>).

Tnh`c =.>. Utnldnr Hngu Autu Vupug Krbnlog Brnluc`r/V`c`t

Utnldnr Autu
Lk Vnrna`t`r Untunl
Aurlo Dop`rgnyn Aogrkh
> E krbnlog) % Aol >0 Aol >0
8 E/L Xnsok % >0-80 >0-80
5 Hnmnl ogutnl (Vcnstog, Gnen, % Angs. 8 Angs. 8
G`rogoc)
4 Gndnr nor % =-86 >6-80
0 Ckbna h`rnt - Ns ppa Angs. >6 Angs. >6
- Mb ppa Angs. > Angs. >
- Vh ppa Angs. 06 Angs. 06
- Ed ppa Angs. 8 Angs. 8
9 pM - 4-? 4-?
2 Mnrn angrk (L + V8)0 +G8K % Aol 4 Aol 4
= Aogrkh gkltnaolnl:
8 8
- @ Ekco AVL/b 3 >6 3 >6
- Uncakl`cn sp AVL/b 3 >68 3 >6
8

5
? Aogrkh iulbsoklnc eiu/b - < >6
5
- V`lnahnt L eiu/b - < >6
- V`cnrut V
>6 Pgurnl hutornl 8-0 aa % Aoloanc =6 Aoloanc =6
>> Mnrn Aogrk - I` tktnc ntnu ppa Angs. ?666 Angs. ?666
- I` t`rs`don ppa Angs. 066 Angs. 066
- Al ppa Angs. 0666 Angs. 0666
- Zl ppa Angs. 0666 Angs. 0666

Uuah`r: V`ra`ltnl 26 Tnmul 86>>

A`lurut V`ra`ltnl 26 tnmul 86>> hnmwn pupug krbnlog dnpnt

doh`dngnl a`lurut stnldnr hngu autu a`ljndo pupug krbnlog
brnluc`r/ p`cc`t (Tnh`c =.>), pupug krbnlog r`anm/eurnm (Tnh`c =.8.) dnl
pupug krbnlog enor (Tnh`c =.5). Vupug krbnlog brnluc`r/ p`cc`t dnpnt
doposnmgnl a`ljndo pupug krbnlog aurlo dnl dop`rgnyn aogrkh.

42
 Tnh`c =.8. Utnldnr Hngu Autu Vupug Krbnlog X`anm/Eurnm

Utnldnr Autu
Lk Vnrna`t`r Untunl
Aurlo Dop`rgnyn Aogrkh
> E krbnlog) % Aol >0 Aol >0
8 E/L Xnsok % >0-80 >0-80
5 Hnmnl ogutnl (Vcnstog, Gnen, % Angs. 8 Angs. 8
G`rogoc)
4 Gndnr nor % >=-80 >0-80
0 Ckbna h`rnt
- Ns ppa Angs. >6 Angs. >6
- Mb ppa Angs. > Angs. >
- Vh ppa Angs. 06 Angs. 06
- Ed ppa Angs. 8 Angs. 8
9 pM - 4-? 4-?
2 Mnrn angrk (L + V8)0 +G8K % Aol 4 Aol 4
= Aogrkh gkltnaolnl:
8 8
- @ Ekco AVL/b 3 >6 3 >6
8 8
- Uncakl`cn sp AVL/b 3 >6 3 >6
? Aogrkh iulbsoklnc
5
- V`lnahnt L eiu/b - < >65
- V`cnrut V eiu/b - < >6
>6 Pgurnl hutornl 8-0 aa % Aoloanc =6 Aoloanc =6
>> Mnrn Aogrk
- I` tktnc ntnu ppa Angs. ?666 Angs. ?666
- I` t`rs`don ppa Angs. 066 Angs. 066
- Al ppa Angs. 0666 Angs. 0666
- Zl ppa Angs. 0666 Angs. 0666

Uuah`r: V`ra`ltnl 26 Tnmul 86>>

Vndn snnt olo do cnpnlbnl t`cnm h`r`dnr j`los dnl autu prkdug pupug
krbnlog ynlb h`rvnronso, s`molbbn pupug krbnlog ngnl a`aocogo gkapksoso

mnrn ynlb t`rbnltulb pndn suah`r hnmnllyn. V`ahuntnl pupug krbnlog

uaualyn docngugnl pndn sgncn oldustro. U`hnbonl h`snr p`tnlo a`ah`co
pupug krbnlog ultug a`a`lum g`hutumnl pupuglyn.
Vrkdug pupug t`rs`hut a`ahutumgnl p`lbnwnsnl dncna rnlbgn
a`ah`rognl g`pnstonl/jnaolnl autu pupug krbnlog. H`ltug p`ljnaolnl
autu pupug krbnlog ynlb h`r`dnr t`cnm hnlyng docngugnl kc`m V`a`roltnm
a`cncuo g`hojngnl ynlb h`rupn VV Lk. = Tnmul 866> t`ltnlb Vupug
Hudodnyn Tnlnanl. Gmusus ynlb a`lbntur r`bucnso pupug krbnlog
dotunlbgnl dncna V`rnturnl A`lt`ro V`rtnlonl Lk. 26 tnmul 86>> t`ltnlb

4=
pupug krbnlog dnl p`ah`lnm tnlnm. U`molbbn prkdug pupug krbnlog mnrus
a`a`lumo stnldnr ynlb t`cnm dot`tnpgnl dncna V`ra`ltnl 26 Tnmul 86>>
(Tnh`c =.>, Tnh`c =.8 dnl Tnh`c =.5.) Tujunl stnldnrosnso guncotns pupug
krbnlog ndncnm ultug a`coldulbo g`c`stnronl iulbso colbgulbnl,
g`nl`gnrnbnanl mnynto tnlnm, gklsua`l/p`lbbuln dnl a`ah`rognl
g`pnstonl usnmn hnbo prkdus`l/p`cngu usnmn pupug krbnlog. U`molbbn
pupug krbnlog dnr doansynrngnt dotultut ultug a`a`lumo stnldnr autu
dnl t`rjnaol `i`gtovotnslyn.

Tnh`c =.5. Utnldnr Hngu Autu Vupug Krbnlog Enor

Lk Vnrna`t`r Untunl Utnldnr Autu

> E krbnlog) % Aol >0
8 Hnmnl ogutnl (Vcnstog, Gnen, G`rogoc) % Angs. 8
5 Ckbna h`rnt
- Ns ppa Angs. 8,0
- Mb ppa Angs. 6,80
- Vh ppa Angs. >8,0
- Ed ppa Angs. 6,0
4 pM - 4-?
0 Mnrn angrk
- L % 5-9
- V8K0 % 5-9
- G8K % 5-9
9 Aogrkh gkltnaolnl:
- @ Ekco AVL/b 3 >68
- Uncakl`cn sp AVL/b 3 >68
2 Mnrn Aogrk
- I` tktnc ntnu ppa ?6-?66
- I` t`rs`don ppa 0-06
- Al ppa 806-0666
- Eu ppa 806-0666
- Zl ppa 806-0666
- H ppa >80-8066
- Ek ppa 0-86
- Ak ppa 8->6
= Plsur cnol
- Cn ppa 6
- E` ppa 6

Uuah`r: V`ra`ltnl 26 Tnmul 86>>

4?
 Grot`ron guncotns hnmnl krbnlog snlbnt t`rgnot d`lbnl hnmnl krbnlog
h`rupn E/L. hnmnl krbnlog ynlb a`lbncnao prks`s p`lbkapksnl d`lbnl
hnog ngnl a`lbmnsocgnl E/L s`h`snr >6->0. Vndn hnmnl krbnlog ynlb
a`aocogo E/L tolbo h`rnrto hnmnl krbnlog t`rbkcklb ansom a`ltnm. Hnmnl
krbnlog ynlb h`cua antnlb ngnl a`rubognl g`modupnl do dncna tnlnm.
Hnmnl krbnlog ngnl dos`rnlb aogrkh (iulbo dnl hngt`ro) ultug
a`ap`rkc`m `l`rbo, s`a`ltnrn tnlnanl jubn a`ahutumgnl mnrn, s`molbbn
t`rjndo prks`s gkap`toso t`rmndnp mnrn kc`m tnlnanl d`lbnl aogrkh. Mnrn
a`ljndo todng t`rs`don, s`molbbn t`rjndo b`jncn d`ioso`lso ulsur mnrn
(Xksanrgna dnl _uwklk, 8668).
Mnsoc p`l`cotonl Uurondognrtn dnl U`tykrolo (8660) a`luljuggnl
hnmwn s`hnbonl h`snr pupug krbnlog ynlb h`r`dnr do pnsnrnl todng s`suno
d`lbnl stnldnr pndn V`a`ltnl 26 Tnmul 86>>. Vupug krbnlog ynlb
h`r`dnr do Jnwn T`lbnm dnl Jnwn Toaur a`luljuggnl gnldulbnl E ynlb
tolbbo (c`hom 8 %) ntnu mnlyn 2 j`los pupug dnro 8> snap`c pupug krbnlog.
Xntn-rntn pupug krbnlog t`rs`hut a`aocogo E/L r`ldnm ynotu gurnlb dnro
>6.

D. Vkt`lso Uuah`r Vupug Krbnlog

Hnmnl krbnlog a`apulyno pkt`lso ultug dog`ahnlbgnl s`hnbno
pupug krbnlog. Hnmnl krbnlog a`apulyno p`rnl a`ap`rhnogo soint iosogn
dnl a`ap`rhnogo g`suhurnl tnlnm. Hnmnl krbnlog a`aocogo pkt`lso mnrn
ynlb c`lbgnp dnl dohutumgnl tnlnanl, t`rutnan mnrn lotrkb`l, iksint dnl
gncoua. A`lurut Aulo (>???) ndn h`rhnbno j`los hnmnl krbnlog ynlb
h`rpkt`lso ultug dokcnm a`ljndo pupug krbnlog (Tnh`c =.4).

06
 Tnh`c =.4. Gkapksoso Gnldulbnl Coahnm Krbnlog
Lk J`los Hnmnl Krbnlog E/L L V G
>. J`rnao pndo >60 6,0= 6,>6 >,5=
8. Hntnlb jnbulb 00 6,0? 6,5> >,5>
5. Hntnlb g`d`cno 58 >,56
4. Dnul t`hu 86 6,4> 6,65 6,89
0. Xuaput 86 6,4> 6,65 -
9. @le`lb Bkldkg >= 8,64 6,52 5,46
2. Gktkrnl
Gktkrnl g`rhnu >? >,85 6,00 6,9?
=. G`leolb g`rhnu - 8,60 6,00 6,9?
?. Gktkrnl
Gktkrnl snpo >? >,?> 6,09 >,46
>6. G`leolb snpo - ?,24 6,60 2,2=
>>. Gktkrnl
Gktkrnl gudn 84 8,55 6,=5 >,5>
>8. G`leolb gudn - >5,86 6,68 >6,?6
>5. Gktkrnl dkahn 8? >,=2 6,2= 6,?8
>4. G`leolb dkahn - ?,?6 6,>6 >8,5>
>0. Gktkrnl
Gktkrnl nyna - 5,22 >,=? >,29
>9. Gktkrnl
Gktkrnl h`h`g - 8,>0 >,>5 >,>0
>2. Gktkrnl
Gktkrnl anluson = 2,84 >,28 8,4>
>=. Coahnm ognl 4,0 2,4 - -
Uuah`r: Aulo (>???)

Unculdog (8669) a`lyntngnl locno E/L hnmnl hngu gkapks

a`rupngnl ingtkr p`ltolb dncna cnju p`lbkapksnl. Vrks`s p`lbkapksnl
ngnl h`rjncnl hnog jogn locno E/L gkapks s`gotnr 80-50. Locno E/L hnmnl
gkapks ynlb t`rcncu tolbbo ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl prks`s p`lbkapksnl
h`rcnlbsulb cnahnt. Locno E/L ynlb tolbbo a`lbngohntgnl aogrk
krbnlosa` g`gurnlbnl lotrkb`l (L), s`dnlbgnl locno E/L ynlb t`rcncu
r`ldnm ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl g`mocnlbnl lotrkb`l dncna h`ltug Naklon
ynlb s`cnljutlyn ngnl t`rkgsodnso. Vkt`lso suah`r hnmnl gkapks a`aocogo
vnronso E/L (Tnh`c =.0).

0>
 Tnh`c =.0. Locno E/L dnro H`rhnbno Uuah`r Hnmnl Krbnlog
Lk J`los Hnmnl Krbnlog E/L Lk J`los Hnmnl Krbnlog E/L
>. Prol` t`rlng 6,= ?. @le`lb bkldkg >2,9
8. Gktkrnl nyna 0,9 >6. J`rnao bnldua =6 ->56
5. Gktkrnl snpo >0,= >>. J`rnao Vndo =6 ->56
4. Gktkrnl hnho >>,4 >8. Napns t`hu >>6 ->86
0. Gktkrnl anluson 9->6 >5. J`rnao jnbulb 06-96
9. Dnrnm 5 >4. U`shnlon Up. >2,?
2. T`pulb Tucnlb = >0. U`rhug b`rbnjo 066
=. Prol` anluson 6,= >9. Uosn snyurnl >>->2
Uuah`r: Unculdog (8669)

Uutnltk (8668) a`lyntngnl hnmwn hnmnl gkapks ynlb gnyn

lotrkb`l dnl gnyn gnrhkl a`aocogo E/L ynlb h`rvnronso. Hnmnl ynlb gnyn
lotrkb`l a`aocogo E/L ynlb c`hom r`ldnm (Tnh`c =.9).

Tnh`c =.9. Loshnm E/L Hnmnl Dnsnr Gkapks dnro Coahnm Gnyn Lotrkb`l
dnl Gnyn Gnrhkl
Gnyn Lotrkb`l E/L Gnyn Gnrhkl E/L
Coahnm enor 8-5 Dnul j`rug 46-96
Gktkrnl nyna >6 Hunm 50
Gktkrnl hnho >5 ->= J`rnao bnldua/c`bu
bnldua/c`bua a 46-06
Xuaput >8 J`rnao knt 96
Coahnm snyurnl >5 J`rnao ry` >66
Coahnm dnpur 85 Gucot gnyu >66->56
G`ltnlb 80 T`hnsnl s`ang >66- >06
Gktkrnl gudn 80 U`rhug b`rbnjo/gny
b`rbnjo/gnyu
u >66-066
Hucu ulbbns, rnahut, wk
wkcc 56 G`rtns/mnrdhknrd 866-066
Uuah`r: Uutnltk (8668)

H`rdnsnrgnl strugtur dnl g`c`ahnhnl hnmnl gkapks a`aocogo

p`cunlb ultug doenapur d`lbnl hnmnl cnol. H`h`rnpn gnrngt`rostog hnmnl
gkapks ultug enapurnl gkapks dosnjognl Tnh`c =.2. Hnmnl ynlb
a`aocogo g`c`ahnhnl t`rcncu g`rolb a`aocogo p`cunlb c`hom g`eoc ultug
hnmnl gkapks.

08
 Tnh`c =.2. J`los Coahnm Krbnlog ynlb Ekekg ultug Hnmnl Gkapks
Vrkhnhocotns
J`los Coahn
Coahnm
m Utrugtur G`c`ahnhnl
G`c`ahnhnl
V`lenapurnl
Nhu hngnrnl Hurug T`rcncu g`rolb Todng ndn
Toljn Hurug T`rcncu g`rolb Angs. 56 %
Gktkrnl t`rlng s`bnr Hurug Hnog- s`dnlb Angs. 56 %
Coahnm p`gnrnlbnl Hnog Hnog-s`dnlb Angs. >66 %
Coahnm snyurnl Hurug T`rcncu hnsnm Todng ndn
Xuaput Hurug T`rcncu hnsnm Angs. 06 %
Gucot gnyu Hnog T`rcncu g`rolb Todng ndn
Coahnm gucot gkpo Hurug-s`dnlb Hnog Todng ndn
Coahnm dnpur Hurug T`rcncu hnsnm Angs. 06 %
Dnul U`dnlb T`rcncu g`rolb Angs. =6 %
Gucot hunm Hnog T`rcncu g`rolb Angs. 56 %
G`rtns Hnog T`rcncu g`rolb Angs. 96 %
Gnyu Hnog T`rcncu g`rolb T`rcncu g`rolb
Gktkrnl snpo U`dnlb U`dnlb T`rcncu g`rolb
U`rhug b`rbnjo Hnog T`rcncu g`rolb T`rcncu g`rolb
J`rnao Hnog T`rcncu g`rolb Angs. 06 %
T`ahngnu U`dnlb T`rcncu g`rolb Angs. 06%
Uuah`r: Uutnltk (8668)

@. G`ulbbucnl dnl G`c`anmnl Vupug Krbnlog

V`lbbulnnl pupug krbnlog t`cnm cnan doanlinntgnl kc`m p`tnlo
dncna hudodnyn p`rtnlonl. V`lbbulnnl pupug krbnlog ngnl a`ah`rognl
g`ultulbnl hnbo p`rhnognl g`s`mntnl dnl guncotns cnmnl. Vupug krbnlog
s`enrn uaua a`aocogo g`ulbbucnl h`rupn:
>. Vupug krbnlog a`lbnldulb ulsur mnrn ynlb c`lbgnp, hnog ulsur
mnrn angrk anupul ulsur mnrn aogrk. Gkldoso olo todng doaocogo
kc`m pupug nlkrbnlog.
8. Vupug krbnlog a`lbnldulb nsna-nsna krbnlog, nltnrn cnol nsna
muaoe, nsna iucioe, mkrakl dnl `lzoa ynlb todng t`rdnpnt dncna
pupug huntnl ynlb snlbnt h`rbuln hnog hnbo tnlnanl anupul
colbgulbnl dnl aogrkkrbnlosa`.
5. Vupug krbnlog a`lbnldulb angrk dnl aogrk krbnlosa` tnlnm ynlb
a`apulyno p`lbnrum ynlb snlbnt hnog t`rmndnp p`rhnognl soint iosog
tnlnm dnl t`rutnan soint hokckbos tnlnm.
4. A`ap`rhnogo dnl a`ljnbn strugtur tnlnm.

05
 0. A`ljndo p`lynlbbn pM tnlnm dnl ulsur mnrn nlkrbnlog ynlb
doh`rognl.
9. A`ahnltu a`ljnbn g`c`ahnhnl tnlnm.
2. Nanl dopngno dncna juacnm h`snr dnl h`rc`hom s`gncopul.
=. Todng a`rusng colbgulbnl.

V`lbbulnnl pupug krbnlog a`ah`rognl dnapng ynlb r`cntoi cnan

hnbo p`rtnlonl. Vndn snnt olo, p`tnlo aucno a`lolbbncgnl p`lbbulnnl
pupug krbnlog. Mnc olo dos`hnhgnl:
>. Gnldulbnl ulsur mnrn juacnmlyn g`eoc, s`molbbn juacnm pupug
ynlb doh`rognl mnrus r`cntoi hnlyng hocn dohnldolbgnl d`lbnl pupug
nlkrbnlog.
8. Gnr`ln juacnmlyn hnlyng, a`ly`hnhgnl a`a`rcugnl tnahnmnl
honyn kp`rnsoklnc ultug p`lbnlbgutnl dnl oapc`a`ltnsolyn.
5. Dncna jnlbgn p`ld`g, npncnbo ultug tnlnm-tnlnm ynlb sudnm aosgol
ulsur mnrn, p`ah`ronl pupug krbnlog ynlb a`ahutumgnl juacnm
h`snr s`molbbn a`ljndo h`hnl honyn hnbo p`tnlo. U`a`ltnrn otu
r`ngso ntnu r`spkls tnlnanl t`rmndnp p`ah`ronl pupug krbnlog
todng s`-sp`gtnguc`r p`ah`ronl pupug huntnl.

I. Anena Vupug Krbnlog

>. Vupug Gnldnlb
Vupug gnldnlb h`rguncotns hnog a`rupngnl hnmnl ynlb hnlyng
donpcognsognl g` tnlnm. Vupug gnldnlb ndncnm enapurnl gktkrnl dnl sosn-
sosn pngnl t`rlng. Guncotns pupug gnldnlb snlbnt dop`lbnrumo kc`m
guncotns gktkrnl t`rlnglyn. Guncotns gktkrnl m`wnl dnpnt dop`rhnogo
a`cncuo p`lolbgntnl guncotns pngnl. Gktkrnl t`rlng h`rnsnc dnro j`rnao
s`r`ncon dnl ruaput g`rolb ndncnm gurnlb vncunhc` dnro pndn pngnl dnro
j`rnao c`bua,
c`bua, hojo dnl gk
gkls`ltrnt.
ls`ltrnt.
Vupug gnldnlb ynlb sudnm a`lbncnao d`gkapksoso ngnl
donpcognsognl g` cnmnl. V`ah`ronl pupug gnldnlb ynlb ansom a`ltnm
a`a`rcugnl wngtu s`gotnr 5-4 aolbbu s`h`cua tnlna. Vupug gnldnlb
dnpnt doh`rognl ultug s`aun tnlnanl pndn ausoa mujnl ntnu do hnwnm
gkldoso nor orobnso.
V`ah`ronl pupug gnldnlb g` cnmnl ngnl a`ah`rognl g`ultulbnl
hnbo p`tnlo. G`ultulbnl ynlb dornsngnl ndncnm (o) a`ap`rhnogo

04
p`lbkcnmnl dnl n`rnso, (oo) a`lolbgntgnl dnyn p`bnlb nor tnlnm, dnl (ooo)
a`rnlbsnlb ngtovotns aogrkkrbnlosa` ynlb a`ahunt mnrn dncna tnlnm
a`ljndo c`hom t`rs`don hnbo tnlnanl.

8. Gkapks Eneolb
V`lbkapksnl eneolb (Y`rao-Ekapkstolb) ndncnm p`lbbulnnl
eneolb tnlnm ultug p`lbkapksnl sosn tnlnanl. Eneolb a`aocogo
g`anapunl a`angnl sosn tnlnanl s`hnldolb d`lbnl hkhkt tuhumlyn.
U`cnol otu eneolb tnlnm ngnl a`lbmnsocgnl gktkrnl s`hnlyng hkhkt
tuhumlyn dncna s`mnro. Eneolb a`aocogo g`anapunl a`lbuhnm hnmnl
krbnlog a`ljndo gkapc`gs hokgoaon dncna tuhum eneolb.
Gktkrnl eneolb tnlnm a`rupngnl hnmnl ynlb suhur, gnr`ln
a`lbnldulb ulsur mnrn (L, V, G, En dnl Ab), hngt`ro dnl ngtolkaos`t.
Vkpucnso ngtolkaos`t dncna gktkrnl eneolb ndncnm do ntns 9 gnco c`hom
hnlyng dnro tnlnm nsco.
V`rnlnl eneolb tnlnm dncna a`ljnbn guncotns dnl prkdugtovotns
cnmnl todng dnpnt dornbugnl cnbo. Eneolb tnlnm a`ahnltu a`lyonpgnl
hnmnl krbnlog, s`molbbn h`rp`rnl s`hnbno:
n. Hnmnl p`rhnognl g`suhurnl tnlnm
h. Na`cokrnso gkldoso iosog tnlnm.
e. A`lenapur cnposnl suhskoc dnl tkp skoc.
d. A`lbntnso dosoioso`lso ynlb todng dog`tnmuo pndn tnlnanl.
`. V`lbbulnnl eneolb tnlnm dncna dnur ucnlb snapnm gktn dnl d`sn,
sosn gktkrnl nor dnl cuapur, dnl sosn oldustro s`p`rto g`rtns,
angnlnl dnl gnyu
i. A`ly`dongnl angnlnl trndosoklnc.

5. Vupug Mojnu
V`lbbulnnl pupug mojnu t`cnm cnan dog`lnc kc`m ansynrngnt. Vupug
mojnu uaualyn doh`rognl p`tnlo a`lj`cnlb tnlna ntnu snnt p`lbkcnmnl
tnlnm. Vupug mojnu donrtognl a`ansugnl mojnunl audn dnl dnpnt s`hnbno
p`lnahnm L dnl ulsur-ulsur cnol, ntnu sosn-sosn tnlnanl ynlb
dog`ahncognl g` tnlnm. Vupug mojnu uaualyn h`rupn tnlnanl c`buaolksn
dnl s`rolb dotnlna s`hnbno tnlnanl s`cn ntnu s`hnbno tnlnanl rktnso ultug
a`anlinntgnl wngtu s`molbbn tnlnm todng doh`rngnl.

00
 V`lbbulnnl pupug mojnu a`ah`rognl anlinnt dncna a`ap`rhnogo
cnmnl. V`lbbulnnl pupug mojnu h`rp`rnl ultug n. a`lolbgntgnl
gnldulbnl hnmnl krbnlog, h. a`lolbgntgnl gnldulbnl lotrkb`l, dnl e.
a`lolbgntgnl dnur mnrn dnl gkls`rvnso tnlnm.
A`lurut Uutnltk (8668) hnmwn prngtog p`lbbulnnl pupug mojnu
dnpnt docngugnl dncna h`rhnbno h`ltug. Nct`rlntoi h`ltug p`lbbulnnl
pupug mojnu docngugnl s`hnbno h`rogut.
- V`rhnognl tnlnm s`cnan p`ah`rknl.
V`ah`rknl a`rupngnl usnmn p`rhnognl g`suhurnl tnlnm s`enrn
ncnaonm, lnaul a`a`rcugnl wngtu ynlb cnan. V`rhnognl
g`suhurnl tnlnm dnpnt dop`re`pnt d`lbnl a`lnlna suah`r pupug
mojnu s`cnan p`ah`rknl. Tnlnanl pupug mojnu dohonrgnl tuahum
s`cnan ausoa g`anrnu.
- Hudodnyn ckrklb
Hudodnyn ckrklb p`lbbulnnl tnlnanl s`ang ntnu pkmkl s`hnbno
tnlnanl pnbnr ynlb s`enrn p`rokdog ngnl docngugnl p`anlbgnsnl.
Mnsoc pnlbgnsnl ngnl doh`lnagnl ntnu dobulngnl s`hnbno pupug
mojnu.
- V`ah`rknl t`rg`ldnco
V`lbbulnnl tnlnanl c`bua ynlb dos`hnr do nltnrn tnlnanl pnlbnl.
Tnlnanl c`bua ngnl docngugnl p`anlbgnsnl nbnr todng
a`lbbnlbbu tnlnanl pnlbnl.
- Aucsn modup
V`lnlnanl j`los s`ang do nltnrn tnlnanl s`ausoa ultug a`lutup
tnlnm. Aucsn modup dnpnt h`riulbso ultug a`lb`ldncognl bucan dnl
a`lburnlbo p`lbkcnmnl tnlnm.
- Tnlnanl lnulbnl
V`lbbulnnl lnulbnl uaualyn docngugnl pndn tnlnanl
p`rg`hulnl. Lnulbnl h`riulbso ultug a`lbntur g`c`ahnhnl udnrn
dnl olt`lsotns enmnyn. Lnulbnl s`enrn p`rokdog docngugnl
p`lburnlbnl dnmnl ultug suah`r pupug mojnu.

Vupug mojnu a`rupngnl suah`r hnmnl krbnlog ynlb dnpnt doh`rognl

g` cnmnl. Vupug mojnu dnpnt dognt`bkrognl dncna j`los: pkmkl, s`ang,
p`lutup tnlnm, pkcklb c`bua, r`ruaputnl, bucan, pngunl dnl ncbn`.

09
V`aocomnl tnlnanl pupug mojnu mnrus a`ap`rtoahnlbgnl p`rsynrntnl
s`hnbno h`rogut.
n. E`pnt tuahum dnl hnlyng a`lbmnsocgnl hnmnl mojnunl. Mnc olo
h`riulbso ultug akhocosnso mnrn dnro tnlnm g` tnlnanl dnl a`l`gnl
p`rtuahumnl bucan.
h. Uost`a p`rngnrnl dncna. Uost`a p`rngnrnl ynlb dncna doangsudgnl
tnlnanl pupug mojnu todng a`lbbnlbbu tnlnanl utnan. Vupug
mojnu ngnl a`lbnahoc mnrn mnsoc p`cnpugnl dnl p`coldonl.
e. Uuguc`l, todng hnlyng a`lbnldulb gnyu. Gkldoso olo ngnl
a`audnmgnl d`gkapksoso hnmnl krbnlog, audnm dopnlbgns dnl
audnm doansuggnl g` dncna tnlnm.
d. V`rtuahumnl nwnc e`pnt. Mnc olo doangsudgnl ultug s`bnrn
a`lutup tnlnm dnl a`l`gnl p`rtuahumnl bucan.
`. Hnlyng a`lbnldulb lotrkb`l. Vupug mojnu ynlb a`aocogo
gnldulbnl lotrkb`l tolbbo ngnl a`lolbgntgnl g`t`rs`donnl lotrkb`l
dncna tnlnm.
i. A`aocogo muhulbnl ynlb sol`rbos d`lbnl aogkrozn, s`molbbn ngnl
a`lnahnm g`anapunl a`ly`dongnl iksikr dncna tnlnm.
b. @ioso`l t`rmndnp nor, s`molbbn todng t`rjndo gkap`toso dncna
p`anlinntnl nor d`lbnl tnlnanl utnan.
m. Hugnl tnlnanl olnlb, s`molbbn tnlnanl anapu a`l`gnl pkpucnso
mnan dnl p`lyngot.
o. V`ah`ltugnl hojo audnm, s`molbbn p`tnlo anapu a`aprkdugso dnl
a`lb`rjngnl s`enrn anldoro.
j. Auctobuln, tnlnanl dnpnt h`riulbso s`hnbno hnmnl pupug dnl pngnl
t`rlng.

Guleo utnan dncna p`anlinntnl suah`r pupug mojnu ndncnm

p`rhnognl g`suhurnl tnlnm. G`suhurnl tnlnm ngnl kptoanc, jogn p`aocomnl
j`los pupug mojnu t`pnt. V`lbbulnnl
V`lbbulnnl pupug mojnu s`enrn h`rsnan
h`rsnan ngnl
a`ah`rognl dnapng ynlb c`hom hnog dnro pndn sntu j`los tnlnanl.
H`h`rnpn j`los tnlnanl ynlb dnpnt doanlinntgnl s`hnbno suah`r pupug
mojnu nltnrn cnol Enconldrn encktmyrsus (gnconldrn), enckpkbkloua
aueulkod`s, Erktncnron sp (krkg-krkg), Dkcoemks cnhcnh (gkrk), Bcoroeodon
s`poua, Oldobki`rn sp (w`dusnl), C`uenl`n bcnuen (p`tno eoln), Aueuln
pruo`ls (gkrk h`lbug), Aueuln utocos
utocos (gkrk p`dnlb), s`shnlon sp, dcc.

02
 V`lbbulnnl pupug mojnu s`enrn cnlbsulb todng a`ah`rognl
g`ultulbnl `gklkao t`rmndnp p`tnlo. G`ltulbnl ynlb dop`rkc`m h`rupn
p`rhnognl g`suhurnl tnlnm. V`aocomnl pupug mojnu ngnl a`ah`rognl
g`ultulbnl `gklkao hnbo p`tnlo, jogn s`cnol a`lbmnsocgnl dnul jubn
a`lbmnsocgnl hulbn (turo), gnyu, khnt-khntnl, pnlbnl dnl hnmgnl hnmnl
njor.

4. Vupug Krbnlog Huntnl

U`p`rto dog`tnmuo hnmwn pupug krbnlog s`enrn uaua a`ah`rognl
r`spkls t`rmndnp tnlnanl ynlb cnan dnl gnldulbnl mnrn ynlb r`cntoi
r`ldnm. U`a`ltnrn otu p`tnlo a`lultut r`spkls ynlb e`pnt t`rmndnp
p`lbbulnnl pupug krbnlog, s`molbbn pupug krbnlog p`rcu dop`rgnyn
d`lbnl mnrn ynlb doolbolgnl.
n. Vupug Lotrkb`l Krbnlog
Vupug krbnlog olo dop`rgnyn d`lbnl prkdug sosn tnlnanl dnl
m`wnl, s`p`rto koc eng`s, pupug ognl dnl dnrnm g`rolb dnro ruanm

pktklb. U`h`cua pupug lotrkb`l krbnlog olo dnpnt dobulngnl ultug

tnlnanl, on douhnm a`cncuo ngtovotns hngt`ro a`ljndo nakloua dnl
lotrnt. Vupug olo, r`cntoi h`r`ngso cnahnt, t`tnpo on a`lyupcno
lotrkb`l dncna jnlbgn pnljnlb. C`hom jnum, a`r`gn a`lbnldulb
s`juacnm g`eoc hnmnl krbnlog stoaucnl ntnu h`h`rnpn ulsur aogrk
ynlb dohutumgnl tnlnanl.
Dnrnm g`rolb ntnu t`pulb dnrnm a`lbnldulb >6 molbbn >8
p`rs`l lotrkb`l audnm t`rs`don dnl > molbbn 8 p`rs`l nsna iksint.
On a`rupngnl pupug snlbnt e`pnt h`r`ngso dnl `i`gtoi ultug s`aun
j`los tnlna
tnlnanl
nl dnl tnlnm. Ognl g`rolb, t`pulb ntnu s`rhug ognl
a`lbnldulb 0-= % lotrkb`l krbnlog dnl dnro 4-9% nsna iksint. On
e`pnt h`r`ngso dnl hnog ultug s`bncn j`los tnlnanl dnl tnlnm.
h. Vupug V Krbnlog
Uuah`r pupug krbnlog huntnl ynlb gnyn V ndncnm tucnlb ynlb
doprks`s a`ljndo t`pulb. T`pulb tucnlb s`hnbno hnmnl pupug
t`rs`don dncna dun h`ltug: (o) t`pulb tucnlb a`ltnm, dnl (oo) t`pulb
tucnlb r`hus d`lbnl unp. T`pulb tucnlb a`ltnm a`lbnldulb
s`gotnr 4 % lotrkb`l cnahnt h`r`ngso dnl 86-80% nsna iksint todng
cnrut. Tucnlb r`hus a`lbnldulb >-8 % lotrkb`l t`tnpo 80-56 %
nsna iksint.

0=
e. Vupug G Krbnlog
Vupug krbnlog ynlb dop`rgnyn G dnpnt a`anlinntgnl d`hu
aol`rnc brnlot, t`rntno, gucot dnl tnlbgno posnlb. T`rntno nor ndncnm
tnlnanl ynlb gnyn gncoua dnl ulsur-ulsur tnlnanl p`ltolb
cnollyn. Gucot dnl tnlbgno hunm posnlb a`lbnldulb 54-48% gncoua
h`rdnsnr gndnr nhulyn.

0?
 HNH ?
V@LBKAVKUNL

N. Xunlb Colbgup V`lbkapksnl

V`lbkapksnl a`rupngnl prks`s p`rkahngnl hnmnl krbnlog hnog
dnro coahnm m`wnl anupul tuahumnl d`lbnl hnltunl aogrkkrbnlosa`.
A`lurut Hudomnrjk (8669) hnmwn p`lbkapksnl a`rupngnl suntu t`glog
p`lbkcnmnl coahnm pndnt ynlb a`lbnldulb hnmnl krbnlog. V`lbkapksnl
a`rupngnl sncnm sntu upnyn a`lb`ckcn coahnm krbnlog pndnt d`lbnl
tujunl ultug a`lbmnsocgnl gkapks. U`jncnl d`lbnl p`lolbgntnl
p`ldudug, t`ltulyn ngnl dooguto d`lbnl p`lnahnmnl coahnm krbnlog ynlb
s`angol hnlyng dnl s`angol h`rvnronso j`loslyn. Coahnm ynlb angol

hnlyng juacnmlyn jogn todng dog`ckcn d`lbnl hnog ngnl a`loahucgnl

p`le`anrnl colbgulbnl. U`molbbn p`lbkapksnl donlbbnp t`glkckbo ynlb
t`pnt ultug a`lb`ckcn coahnm krbnlog pndnt t`rs`hut.
Mnsoc coahnm krbnlog pndnt ynlb h`rvnronso j`los dnl juacnmlyn
ngnl a`ahutumgnl p`lnlbnlnl ynlb h`rh`dn pucn. A`lurut _ucoproynltk
(86>6) hnmwn p`aocomnl t`glkckbo p`lbkapksnl dodnsnrgnl pndn
h`h`rnpn p`rtoahnlbnl ynotu:
>. Juacnm hnmnl krbnlog. Juacnm hnmnl krbnlog ynlb h`snr, hocn
doh`rognl g` tnlnm dnpnt a`ap`rhnogo guncotns g`suhurnl dnl
a`lolbgntgnl prkdugtovotns tnlnm.
8. Unapnm krbnlog a`ahnwn h`h`rnpn hohot p`lyngot. Vrks`s
k

p`lbkapksnl ngnl a`lbmnsocgnl pnlns snapno sumu 00-96 E.

V`anlnsnl t`rs`hut ngnl anapu a`ahulum pntkb`l, bucan dnl
hojo-hojonl. Vrks`s t`rs`hut ngnl a`lbultulbgnl dncna hudodnyn
p`rtnlonl, gnr`ln p`rtuahumnl dnl p`rg`ahnlbnl mnan dnl
p`lyngot s`rtn bucan dnpnt doe`bnm, s`molbbn p`rtuahumnl tnlnanl
dnpnt kptoanc.
5. Coahnm krbnlog ynlb s`bnr ngnl a`lnrog s`rnlbbn, s`molbbn
h`rdnapng a`lbbnlbbu g`s`mntnl dnl g`lynanlnl colbgulbnl.

96
 Jogn coahnm dogkapksgnl, angn s`rnlbbn todng ngnl t`rtnrog, gnr`ln
sumu tolbbo. Gkldoso olo a`lbngohntgnl colbgulbnl ynlb s`mnt,
t`rntur dnl t`rg`ldnco.
4. V`lbkapksnl ngnl a`lbmnsocgnl hnmnl ynlb audnm mnleur, e`pnt
a`ly`dongnl mnrn, audnm dog`ckcn dnl a`lburnlbo rosogk p`lyngot
jogn doh`lnagnl
doh`lnagnl g` dncna
dncna tnlnm.
0. V`lbkapksnl dnpnt a`lburnlbo dnapng bnlbbunl p`rg`enahnmnl
dohnldolbgnl jogn docngugnl p`lbkapksnl s`enrn ol sotu dncna
tnlnm.
9. V`lbkapksnl dojndognl snrnln p`ah`cnjnrnl dncna prks`s
gkls`rvnso tnlnm dnl nor a`cncuo prks`s dnur ucnlb.

A`lurut _`conlto, `t nc. (866?) hnmwn p`lbkapksnl dnro h`rhnbno

suah`r hnmnl krbnlog ynlb dogkaholnsognl d`lbnl aogrkkrbnlosa`
d`gkapks`r a`lbmnsocgnl guncotns gkapks ynlb h`rh`dn. Guncotns hnmnl
krbnlog ynlb dogkaholnsognl d`lbnl anena krbnlosa` dosnjognl pndn
Tnh`c ?.>.

Tnh`c ?.>. Gnldulbnl Mnrn Vupug Krbnlog pndn H`rhnbno D`gkapks`r

L V G En Ab
V`rcngunl E/L
(%)
Tnldnl gksklb snwot + @A4 >,09 6,>2 >,>= 8,55 6,26 82,06
Tnldnl gksklb snwot + >,95 6,00 >,64 >6,06 4,80 82,54
Troemkd`ran mnrzonlua
Tnldnl gksklb snwot + Eneolb 8,65 >,80 >6,>4 9,56 4,>0 >5,9=
tnlnm
Totklon dov`rsoikcon + @A4 >,=5 6,08 6,20 >,2? 6,52 8>,28
Totklon dov`rsoikcon + Troemkd`ran 8,0> 6,2> >,>9 5,68 >,60 >5,4?
mnrzonlua
Totklon dov`rsoikcon + Eneolb tnlnm 8,68 >,84 2,2> 4,28 5,66 >9,89
J`rnao pndo + @A4 >,?9 6,8> >,60 >,00 6,56 >4,86
J`rnao pndo + Troemkd`ran 8,65 6,95 8,5> >,=5 6,89 >5,99
mnrzonlua
J`rnao pndo + Eneolb tnlnm >,=5 >,80 0,9= 8,4> >,68 >4,48

Uuah`r: _`conltk
_`conltk,, `t nc. (866?)

9>
H. Ingtkr ynlb A`ap`lbnrumo V`lbkapksnl
A`lurut Tncgnm (86>6) hnmwn ingtkr ynlb a`ap`lbnrumo prks`s
p`lbkapksnl ndncnm:
>. Xnsok E-L 7 E/L ynlb `i`gtoi ultug prks`s p`lbkapksnl h`rgosnr
nltnrn 56: > molbbn 46: >. Vndn gkldoso olo krbnlosa` ngnl ngtoi
a`a`enm s`lynwn E s`hnbno suah`r `l`rbo dnl a`lbbulngnl L
ultug a`lyolt`sos prkt`ol. Hocn E/L t`rcncu tolbbo, angn krbnlosa`
ngnl a`lbncnao g`gurnlbnl L s`molbbn d`gkapksoso h`rjncnl
cnahnt. E/L dop`lbnrumo kc`m wngtu p`lbkapksnl (Tnh`c ?.8).

Tnh`c ?.8. V`lbnrum Rngtu V`lbkapksnl t`rmndnp Guncotns Gkapks

Rngtu Vrks`s (mnro) Gndnr E/L

> 8=,44
8 88,4?
5 >=,=0
4 >0,89
0 >4,94
Uuah`r: _ulownto, `t nc. (86>8)

8. Pgurnl Vnrtog`c7 Pgurnl pnrtog`c ngnl a`l`ltugnl cuns

p`raugnnl suntu pnrtog`c. V`lolbgntnl cuns p`raugnnl ngnl
g`e`pntnl prks`s d`gkapksoso (Tnh`c ?.5).

Tnh`c ?.5. V`lbnrum Pgurnl Hnmnl t`rmndnp E/L

Xntn-Xntnn Dona`t`r Hnmnl (ea)

Xntn-Xnt E/L
6,62>> >?,852
6,6065 >=,449
6,6509 >4,965
6,6808 >0,86=
Uuah`r: _ulownto, `t nc. (86>8)

5. N`rnso, V`lbkapksnl ynlb e`pnt dnpnt t`rjndo dncna gkldoso ynlb

eugup kgsob`l (n`rkh). N`rnso dot`ltugnl kc`m pkrksotns dnl
g`c`ahnhnl hnmnl. Vndn gkldoso nln`rkh, prks`s p`lbkapksnl ngnl
a`lbmnsocgnl hnu ynlb todng s`dnp. N`rnso dnpnt dotolbgntgnl
d`lbnl a`cngugnl p`ahncognl ntnu a`lbncorgnl udnrn dotuapugnl.

98
 4. Vkrksotns. Vkrksotns oncnm runlb do nltnrn pnrtog`c. Vkrksotns
domotulb d`lbnl a`lbugur vkcua` rklbbn dohnbo d`lbnl vkcua`
tktnc. Xunlbnl ngnl dooso kc`m nor dnl udnrn. Gkapksoso udnrn dnl
nor ngnl a`l`ltugnl g`e`pntnl d`gkapksoso hnmnl krbnlog.
0. G`c`ahnhnl. G`c`ahnhnl h`rp`rnl p`ltolb dncna prks`s
a`tnhkcosa` krbnlosa`. Ngtovotns krbnlosa` ynlb kptoanc t`rjndo
pndn g`c`ahnhnl 46-96 %.
9. Uumu. Uumu ynlb t`rh`ltug dncna p`lbkapksnl a`rupngnl
dnapng dnro prks`s d`gkapksoso. V`lolbgntnl sumu dnpnt t`rjndo
k
d`lbnl e`pnt pndn tuapugnl gkapks. Vndn Uumu 56-96 E
a`luljuggnl ngtovotns p`lbkapksnl ynlb e`pnt. Uumu ynlb c`hom
k
tolbbo dnro 96 E ngnl a`ahulum s`hnbonl aogrkh, s`molbbn mnlyn
aogrkh t`rakiocog snjn ynlb anapu h`rtnmnl modup. Uumu ynlb
tolbbo ngnl a`ahulum aogrkh-aogrkh pntkb`l tnlnanl dnl h`lom-
h`lom bucan.

Tnh`c ?.4. V`lbnrum Uumu V`lbkapksnl t`rmndnp E/L pndn Mnro g`-4
Uumu (kE) E/L
0 86,?5
86 >?,>9
80 >=,05
56 >2,>4
46 >8,96
96 8=,>2
=6 4>,28
Uuah`r: _ulownto, `t nc. (86>8)

2. X`ngso hnmnl (pM)7 Vrks`s p`lbkapksnl dnpnt t`rjndo pndn gosnrnl

pM ynlb c`hnr. pM ynlb kptoaua ultug prks`s p`lbkapksnl
h`rgosnr nltnrn 9.0 snapno 2.0. pM gktkrnl t`rlng uaualyn h`rgosnr
nltnrn 9.= molbbn 2.4. V`lbkapksnl ngnl a`lbuhnm pM, gnr`ln
p`lbkapksnl ngnl a`c`pnsgnl nsna, s`molbbn a`lurulgnl pM
(p`lbnsnanl). Lnaul dososo cnol p`lbkapksnl ngnl a`aprkdugso
naklon, s`molbbn anapu a`lolbgntgnl pM pndn ins`-ins` nwnc
p`lbkapksnl. G`nsnanl gkapks ynlb sudnm antnlb honsnlyn
a`ld`gnto l`trnc.

95
 =. Gnldulbnl mnrn 7 gnldulbnl mnrn a`a`bnlb p`rnlnl p`ltolb
dncna a`lstoaucnso aogrkkrbnlosa` a`cngugnl p`rkahngnl hnmnl
krbnlog.
?. Gnldulbnl hnmnl h`rhnmnyn7 H`h`rnpn hnmnl krbnlog aulbgol
a`lbnldulb hnmnl ynlb h`rhnmnyn hnbo g`modupnl aogrkh. Hnmnl
ynlb h`rhnmnyn h`rupn ckbna h`rnt s`p`rto Ns, Ab, Eu, Zl, Lo, Er.

Tnh`c ?.0. Gkldoso ynlb Kptoanc ultug A`ap`re`pnt Vrks`s

V`lbkapksnl
Vnrna`t`r Gkldoso tkc`rnlso Gkldoso od`nc
E/L 86-46 80-50
G`c`ahnhnl (%) 46-90 40-98
Gkls`ltrnso K8 t`rs`don (%) <0 <>6
Pgurnl pnrtog`c (oleo) > H`rvnronso
pM 0,0-?,6 9,0-=,6
Uumu (kE) 45-99 04- 96

Xksanrgna dnl _uwklk (8668) a`lyntngnl ingtkr ynlb

a`l`ltugnl g`h`rmnsocnl prks`s p`lbkapksnl hnmnl krbnlog dop`lbnrumo
kc`m:
>. G`c`ahnhnl toahulnl: ngtovotns krbnlosa` pndn hnmnl krbnlog
ynlb t`rhnog a`a`rcugnl g`c`ahnhnl pndn hnmnl ynlb eugup, todng
t`rcncu dncna gkldoso g`rolb dnl t`rcncu hnsnm ntnu t`rb`lnlb.
8. N`rnso toahulnl: n`rnso toahulnl t`rgnot d`lbnl g`t`rs`donnl nor
dncna hnmnl krbnlog. Jogn hnmnl toahulnl t`rcncu hnlyng
a`lbnldulb nor ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl ngtovotns aogrkh n`rkh anto
ntnu t`rmnahnt. U`hncoglyn jogn gnldulbnl norlyn r`ldnm
a`ly`hnhgnl ngtovotns aogrkh nln`rkh ngnl anto ntnu t`rmnahnt.
Vndn gkldoso n`rkh ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl g`mocnlbnl lotrkb`l h`snr
dncna h`ltug LM5.
5. T`ap`rntur: ngtovotns aogrkh snlbnt dot`ltugnl kc`m t`ap`rntur.
k
Ngtovotns aogrkh ngnl t`rmnahnt ntnu anto pndn sumu 96 E,
s`molbbn pndn prks`s p`lbkapksnl dop`rcugnl p`ahncognl ultug
a`ljnbn t`ap`rntur ynlb r`cntoi stnhoc.
4. Uunsnln dnl l`trncosnso g`nsnanl: Vrks`s p`lbkapksnl ngnl
a`lbmnsocgnl nsna-nsna krbnlog ynlb h`rpkt`lso a`lurulgnl pM

94
 hnmnl krbnlog. U`molbbn pndn p`lbkapksnl s`rolb docngugnl
p`lnahnmnl hnmnl p`lbnpurnl.
0. Guncotns gkapks: ultug a`ap`re`pnt dnl a`lolbgntgnl guncotns
gkapks dnpnt dotnahnmgnl hnmnl p`lbnynnl mnrn.

A`lurut Xylg (>??8), gkldoso ynlb kptoanc ultug a`ap`re`pnt

prks`s p`lbkapksnl s`p`rto pndn Tnh`c ?.0.

E. A`tkd` V`lbkap
V`lbkapksnl
ksnl
V`lbkapksnl hnmnl krbnlog dnpnt docngugnl a`cncuo t`glkckbo
ynlb s`d`rmnln snapno d`lbnl t`glkckbo ynlb akd`rl. U`enrn prolsop
p`lbkapksnl a`rupngnl upnyn ultug a`lbngtoignl aogrkh nbnr prks`s
d`gkapksoso hnmnl krbnlog dnpnt h`rjncnl c`hom e`pnt. Aogrkh ynlb
dongtoignl dnpnt h`rupn hngt`ro, iulbso dnl jnsnd r`log cnollyn. H`h`rnpn
hnmnl krbnlog ynlb dnpnt dogkapksgnl t`rdoro ntns coahnm p`rtnlonl,
coahnm ruanm tnlbbn, snapnm gktn, gktkrnl t`rlng, dnl cnol-cnol. Enrn

p`lbkapksnl hnmnl krbnlog dnpnt docngugnl d`lbnl h`h`rnpn a`tkd`,

nltnrn cnol:
>. A`tkd` Oldkkr
A`tkd` olo a`rupngnl p`ahuntnl gkapks d`lbnl enrn doansuggnl
g` dncna cuhnlb gkapks dncna tnlnm. V`ahuntnl cuhnlb gkapks
docngugnl d`lbnl a`aocom ckgnso ynlb nbng tolbbo nbnr todng t`rjndo
p`lb`lnlbnl s`cnan p`lbkapksnl. Cuhnlb gkapks dohunt d`lbnl enrn
dobnco d`lbnl ugurnl g`dncnanl >,8->,0 a, c`hnr >,0-8 a dnl pnljnlb
a`ly`sunognl cnmnl ynlb t`rs`don. Do s`g`cocolb cuhnlb gkapks dohunt
tnlbbuc g`eoc ultug a`lbmndnlb nor mujnl nbnr todng ansug cuhnlb.
A`tkd` olo s`suno dot`rnpgnl pndn wocnynm ynlb a`aocogo eurnm mujnl
ynlb tolbbo.
Hnmnl ynlb dobulngnl dncna a`tkd` olo ndncnm enapurnl r`sodu
tnlnanl, gktkrnl t`rlng, urol` t`rlng, nhu hnmnl hngnr, dnl nor. U`aun
hnmnl ynlb h`rnsnc dnro sosn tnlnanl (dnul, enhnlb, hntnlb, ngnr), sosn
pngnl t`rlng, pupug mojnu doguapucgnl dnl doansuggnl g` cuhnlb
p`lbkapksnl ynlb t`cnm dos`dongnl. Hnmnl dotoahul s`enrn h`rcnpos-cnpos
d`lbnl g`t`hncnl >6->0 ea. U`tonp cnposnl dotnhuro gktkrnl t`rlng dnl
tnlnm ynlb t`rg`ln g`leolb ntnu enapurnl 4,0 gb gktkrnl dotnahnm 5,0 gb
tnlnm ynlb t`rg`ln g`leolb dnl 4,0 gb olkgucnl ynlb donahoc dnro hnmnl

90
gkapks ynlb t`cnm jndo. Cnposnl doh`rognl s`enrn h`rtnmnp a`lurut wngtu
snapno g`t`hncnl >,8->,0 a. V`ahuntnl nltnr cnposnl todng hkc`m c`hom dnro
sntu aolbbu. V`ahuntnl gkapks olo jubn mnrus docngugnl p`lyornanl nor
snapno gkldoso c`ahnp. U`cnan p`lbkapksnl docngugnl p`ahncognl
s`cnan 5 gnco ynotu uaur >0 mnro, 56 mnro dnl 8 hucnl.

V`raugnnl tnlnm >,0-8 a

>,8->,0 a

>6->0 ea

Bnahnr ?.>. Ug`an V`lbkapksnl d`lbnl A`tkd` Oldkkr

8. A`tkd` M`np
A`tkd` m`np a`rupngnl akd`c p`lbkapksnl d`lbnl a`loahul
hnmnl krbnlog do ntns p`raugnnl tnlnm. Toahulnl docngugnl d`lbnl
a`luapug hnmnl s`p`rto akd`c oldkkr. Ncns dohunt c`hnr 8 a dnl pnljnlb
a`ly`sunognl, s`rtn dotoahul snapno tolbbo >,0 a. Toahulnl pndn hnbonl
ntns c`hnrlyn ngnl dogurnlbo 6,0 a. A`tkd` olo s`suno dot`rnpgnl pndn
wocnynm ynlb a`aocogo eurnm mujnl ynlb tolbbo.

V`raugnnl tnlnm

Bnahnr ?.8. V`lbkapksnl d`lbnl A`tkd` M`np

Hnmnl ynlb dobulngnl dncna a`tkd` olo ndncnm enapurnl r`sodu

tnlnanl, gktkrnl t`rlng, urol` t`rlng, nhu hnmnl hngnr, dnl nor. U`aun

99
hnmnl ynlb h`rnsnc dnro sosn tnlnanl (dnul, enhnlb, hntnlb, ngnr), sosn
pngnl t`rlng, pupug mojnu doguapucgnl dnl doansuggnl g` cuhnlb
p`lbkapksnl ynlb t`cnm dos`dongnl. Hnmnl dotoahul s`enrn h`rcnpos-cnpos
d`lbnl g`t`hncnl >6->0 ea. Lnaul p`cnposnl s`hnoglyn docngugnl d`lbnl
cnposnl hnmnl ynlb gnyn gnrhkl dooguto hnmnl ynlb gnyn d`lbnl
gnldulbnl lotrkb`l. Cnposnl doh`rognl s`enrn h`rtnmnp a`lurut wngtu
snapno g`t`hncnl >,0 a. U`t`cnm s`c`sno p`loahulnl dososo cunr dnl ntns
doh`ro cuapur nbnr t`rjnbn g`c`ahnhnl norlyn. U`cnan p`lbkapksnl
docngugnl p`ahncognl s`cnan 8 gnco ynotu uaur 9 dnl >8 aolbbu.
V`lbkapksnl a`tkd` m`np a`lbncnao g`ldncn dncna
p`cngsnlnnllyn, gnr`ln:
 A`ahutumgnl t`lnbn ynlb hnlyng.
 Todng t`rcoldulb dnro t`rpnnl nlbol dnl mujnl.
 A`ahutumgnl nor ynlb r`cntoi hnlyng, s`molbbn todng ekekg
dodn`rnm g`rolb.
 I`ra`ltnso t`rjndo s`enrn n`rkh, s`molbbn h`rpkt`lso g`mocnlbnl
lotrkb`l dnl hnmnl krbnlog c`hom h`snr.

5. A`tkd` Hnlbnckr`
V`lbkapksnl a`tkd` Hnlbnckr` s`hnoglyn dohunt do d`gnt ckgnso
t`rlng ultug a`lbm`ant honyn. A`tkd` olo aorop d`lbnl akd`c a`tkd`
oldkkr ynotu mnrus dos`dongnl cuhnlb/hng p`lnapulb coahnm t`rlng. Hng
p`lnapulbnl ngnl cnlbsulb dobulngnl ultug a`ahunt gkapks. Enrn
a`lbbulngnllyn ndncnm gktkrnl doansuggnl g` hng p`lnapulb hnog
cnlbsulb ntnu a`cncuo pnrot. U`cnan p`lbkapksnl todng docngugnl
p`lyornanl dnl p`ahncognl. Gnr`ln hnmnl gkapks ngnl dotutup d`lbnl
tnlnm snapno s`c`sno p`lbkapksnl. U`t`cnm =->6 mnro prks`s
p`llbkapksnl docngugnl s`enrn n`rkh, s`cnljutlyn p`lbkapksnl ngnl
h`rjncnl s`enrn s`ao n`rkh. Vrks`
Vr ks`ss olo ngnl h`rjncnl s`cnan 4 hucnl
hu cnl snapno
gkapks antnlb.
V`lbbulnnl a`tkd` olo doangsudgnl ultug n) a`lburnlbo
g`mocnlbnl lotrkb`l ynlb a`lbunp, h) todng a`a`rcugnl t`lnbn ynlb
hnlyng e) prks`s p`lbkapksnl h`rjncnl c`hom cnahnt. Lnaul
p`ransncnmnl ynlb ngnl auleuc h`rupn hnu ynlb a`ahusug dnl cncnt
ynlb eugup hnlyng.

92
 4. A`tkd` H`rg`c`y
Hnmnl ynlb dobulngnl a`rupngnl enapurnl hnmnl krbnlog gnyn
s`cucksn (8 hnbonl) dnl hnmnl krbnlog gnyn lotrkb`l (> hnbonl).
V`ahuntnl gkapks d`lbnl a`tkd` olo ndncnm a`loahul hnmnl s`enrn
h`rcnpos d`lbnl ugurnl 8,4 a x 8,8 a x >,0 a. U`t`cnm t`renpno sumu
t`rakiocog (8-5 mnro), angn mnro g``apnt docngugnl p`ahncognl gkapks.
V`ahncognl ngnl docngugnl g`ahnco pndn mnro g` 2 dnl g` >6. G`ulbbucnl
a`tkd` olo ndncnm p`ahuntnl gkapks m`ant wngtu gnr`ln dncna wngtu
ynlb solbgnt ngnl t`rs`don gkapks ynlb dnpnt doanlinntgnl.

D. Grot`ron G`antnlbnl Gkapks

Pltug a`lbmnsocgnl gkapks ynlb hnog a`ahutumgnl p`lbnantnl
s`enrn t`rntur. V`lbnantnl dnpnt docngugnl s`aolbbu s`gnco molbbn
gkapks sonp dobulngnl d`lbnl pnrna`t`r sumu, g`c`ahnhnl, p`lurulnl
vkcua`, dnl g`tnapngnl gkapks. V`lbnantnl dnpnt a`lbbulngnl
p`rncntnl ntnu vosunc. V`lbnantnl docngugnl d`lbnl a`ahugn p`lutup
gkapks dnl rnhn tuapugnl gkapkslyn. Uumu ngnl a`lbncnao g`lnognl
s`t`cnm dogkapksgnl s`cnan >-8 mnro s`t`cnm p`ahuntnl gkapks. Gkapks
ynlb hnog ngnl t`rnsn c`ahnp lnaul todng t`rcncu hnsnm.
Vrks`s p`lbkapksnl ynlb ngtoi ntnu jndo ngnl dooguto d`lbnl
p`lyusutnl vkcua` gkapks. V`lyusutnl vkcua` olo dnpnt a`lenpno
s`t`lbnm dnro vkcua` s`aucn. Gkapks ynlb t`cnm antnlb ngnl t`rjndo
p`ruhnmnl wnrln. Paualyn wnrln hnmnl ngnl h`ruhnm a`ljndo ekgcnt
g`motna-motnanl.
Tolbgnt g`antnlbnl gkapks dnpnt docomnt s`enrn iosog anupul ujo
cnhkrntkroua, lnaul s`enrn s`d`rmnln donanto d`lbnl enrn:
>. Doeoua/dohnuo
Gkapks ynlb sudnm antnlb h`rhnu s`p`rto tnlnm dnl mnrua,
a`sgopul gkapks dnro snapnm gktn. Npnhocn gkapks ansom h`rhnu s`p`rto
hnmnl a`ltnmlyn h`rnrto gkapks ansom h`cua antnlb. Npnhocn gkapks
t`reoua hnu ynlb todng s`dnp, h`rnrto t`rjndo i`ra`ltnso nln`rkhog dnl
a`lbmnsocgnl s`lynwn-s`lynwn h`rhnu ynlb aulbgol h`rhnmnyn hnbo
tnlnanl.

9=
 8. G`g`rnsnl Hnmnl
Gkapks ynlb t`cnm antnlb t`rnsn culng g`togn domnleurgnl.
Gkapks audnm mnleur jogn dor`ans, wncnupul hnmnl ansom utum s`p`rto
nwnclyn.

5. Rnrln Gkapks
V`ruhnmnl wnrln dnro nsnc a`ljndo ekgcnt g`motna-motnanl
a`rupngnl oldogntkr gkapks sudnm antnlb.

4. V`lyusutnl
U`orolb d`lbnl g`antnlbnl gkapks ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl p`lyusutnl
vkcua`. V`lyusutnl gkapks snlbnt dop`lbnrumo gnrngt`rostog hnmnl
a`ltnm dnl tolbgnt g`antnlbnl gkapks. V`lyusutnl ynlb s`angol h`snr
a`luljuggnl tolbgnt g`antnlbnl ynlb a`lolbgnt. V`lyusutnl h`rgosnr
nltnrn 86-46 %.

0. Uumu
V`lolbgntnl sumu a`luljuggnl hnmwn hnmnl gkapks ansom
a`lbncnao prks`s d`gkapksoso. Gkapks ynlb t`cnm antnlb ngnl
a`lbmnsocgnl sumu a`ld`gnto sumu nwnc p`lbkapksnl.

9. T`s V`rg`e
V`rg`enahnmnl
nahnmnl
V`lbujonl g`antnlbnl gkapks docngugnl d`lbnl a`lb`enahnmgnl
h`lom d`lbnl a`don gkapks. V`lbujonl docngugnl d`lbnl cnlbgnm n).
gkapks doc`tnggnl do dncna hng p`lb`enahnmnl, h. h`lom dotnlna
dogkapks, 5. Nanto p`rg`enahnmnl h`lom aucno mnro g` 8 ntnu g` 5.
U`hnbno gkltrkc p`lb`enahnmnl a`lbbulngnl a`don gnpns. Gkapks
ynlb sudnm antnlb ngnl a`luljuggnl p`lb`enahnmnl gkapks dnl gnpns
todng h`rh`dn lyntn.

2. Pjo Cnhkrntkroua Gkapks

U`enrn cnhkrntkros, g`antnlbnl gkapks docomnt dnro oldogntkr E/L.
Gkapks ynlb sudnm antnlb a`aocogo E/L gurnlb dnro 86. Jogn E/L tolbbo
a`luljuggnl hnmwn gkapks h`cua antnlb.

9?
 HNH >6
V@XMOTPLBNL G@HPTPMNL VPVPG

N. G`hutumnl Vupug
V`lbbulnnl pupug s`rolbgnco h`rc`homnl ntnu gurnlb,
V`lbbulnnl gurnlb, ss`molbb
`molbbnn mnsoc
p`rtnlonl todng dnpnt kptoanc. Dncna a`l`ltugnl g`hutumnl pupug suntu
cnmnl mnrus a`ap`rmntognl dksos pupug ynlb doh`rognl, gnldulbnl mnrn
pupug ynlb dobulngnl dnl g`mocnlbnl mnrn dnro cnmnl. V`ah`ronl juacnm
pupug ynlb todng t`pnt ngnl h`rngohnt intnc t`rmndnp tnlnanl dnl tnlnm.
Ngohnt ynlb toahuc dnro p`ah`ronl pupug ynlb todng t`pnt nltnrn cnol:
- G`antonl tnlnanl ynlb dousnmngnl.
- Toahuclyn b`jncn ntnu p`lyngot tnlnanl ynlb hnru.

- G`rusngnl/d`brndnso tnlnm.
- Todng `gklkao.

H`rdnsnrgnl gkldoso t`rs`hut, angn p`ah`ronl pupug p`rcu

dop`rmotulbgnl s`enrn e`rant.

>. G`t`rs`do
G`t`rs`donnl
nnl Mnrn Tnlnm
V`rmotulbnl g`t`rs`donnl mnrn tnlnm dnpnt a`ap`rbulngnl ruaus:

Juacnm mnrn t`rs`don 1 % mnrn tnlnm x h`rnt tnlnm p`r M`gtnr

Ekltkm >:
Mnsoc nlncosos cnhkrntkroua a`luljuggnl suntu tnlnm a`lbnldulb
lotrkb`l s`h`snr 6,0 %. H`rnpn
-5
juacnm lotrkb`l tnlnm s`cuns > mn, jogn
dog`tnmuo HY 1 >,80 b.ea ;

Dog`tnmuo:
-5
HY tnlnm 1 >,80 b.ea
Gnldulbnl L tnlnm 1 6,0 %
= 8
Cuns cnmnl 1 > mn (>6 ea )
Nsuaso cnposnl kcnm 1 80 ea

26
Jnwnh:
H`rnt tnlnm 1 cuns x g`dncnanl x HY
1 >6= ea8 x 80 ea x >,80 b.ea-5
?
1 5,>80 x >6 brna
1 5.>80 tkl
H`rnt tnlnm s`cuns > m`gtnr d`lbnl g`dncnanl 80 ea 1 5.>80 tkl.

Juacnm Lotrkb`l 1 % L tktnc tnlnm x H`rnt Tnlnm p`r mn

1 (6,0/>66) x 5.>80 tkl
1 >0, 980 tkl

8. G`hutum
G`hutumnl
nl Mnr
Mnrnn Tnlnanl
G`hutumnl mnrn tnlnanl dnpnt domotulb d`lbnl ruaus:

Gmt 1 % gndnr mnrn tnlnanl x h`rnt g`rolb tnlnanl p`r mn

Do anln:
Gmt 1 g`hutumnl mnrn tnlnanl

Ekltkm 8:
->
V`lnlnanl pndo a`lbmnsocgnl bnhnm g`rolb bocolb 0,> tkl.mn dnl j`rnao
->
g`rolb >,= tkl.mn .Mnsoc nlncosos jnrolbnl dop`rkc`m gnldulbnl lotrkb`l
bnhnm 1 8,= % dnl j`rnao 1 6,= %. H`rnpn g`hutumnl lotrkb`l ynlb mnrus
dotnahnmgnl g` cnmnl pndo ;

Dog`tnmuo:
H`rnt g`rolb bnhnm 1 0,> tkl/mn
H`rnt j`rnao 1 >,= tkl/mn
tkl/mn
Gnldulbnl L bnhnm 1 8,= %
Gnldulbnl L j`rn
j`rnao
ao 1 6,= %

Jnwnh:
Gmt L 1 % L tnlnanl x h`rnt g`rolb
g`rolb tnln
tnlnanl
anl p`r mn
1 (%L b bnhnm
nhnm x h`rnt bnhnm)+(% L j`rn
j`rnao
ao x h`
h`rnt
rnt j`rnao)
1 (8,= x 0,>)+(6,= x >,=) tkl
1 >0,28 tkl

2>
 5. G`hutumnl Mnrn ynlb Dotnahnmgnl
G`hutumnl mnrn ynlb mnrus dotnahnmgnl a`rupngnl s`cosom mnrn
ynlb dohutumgnl tnlnanl d`lbnl g`t`rs`donnl mnrn dncna tnlnm. U`enrn
p`rsnannl p`lnahnmnl pupug a`lbbulngnl ruaus:

Juacnm Mnrn ynlb doh`rognl 1 Mnrn tnlnanl-mnrn tnlnm

H`rdnsnrgnl ekltkm > dnl ekltkm 8 dnpnt domotulb juacnm pupug
lotrkb`l ynlb mnrus doh`rognl g` cnmnl ndncnm:

Juacnm Lotrkb`l ynlb doh`rognl 1 >0,28->0,

>0,28->0,980
980 tkl
1 6,6?0 tkl
1 ?0 gb lotrkb`l

Kc`m gnr`ln todng >66% pupug ynlb doh`rognl dnpnt dos`rnp

tnlnanl angn pupug ynlb doh`rognl mnrus a`ap`rmntognl `ioso`lso
pupug. @ioso`lso pupug dop`lbnrumo kc`m j`los tnlnm (Tnh`c >6.>)

Tnh`c >6.>. @ioso`lso Vupug LVG

J`los Mnrn Tnlnm @ioso`lso
L Ncioskc l`trnc 96
L Vnsornl d`lbnl HK < 0% 96
L Vnsornl d`lbnl HK 3 0% 06
V Nldkskc d`lbnl HK 3 0 % 86
V Nldkskc d`lbnl HK < 0 % 46
V Ncioskc & Ole`ptoskc c`apulb 46
V Vnsornl 56
G Vnsornl 26
G C`apulbnl =6

G`hutumnl pupug dnpnt domotulb d`lbnl a`lbbulngnl ruaus:

G`hutumnl pupug 1 juacnm pupug *>66/ `ioso`lso pupug

H`rdnsnrgnl p`rmotulbnl 5, angn g`hutumnl pupug lotrkb`l ndncnm:

G`hutumnl pupug lotrkb`l 1 ?0*>66/96

1 8>>,> gb

28
 4. G`hutumnl Vupug
G`hutumnl pupug dncna hudodnyn p`rtnlonl dot`ltugnl kc`m j`los
pupug ynlb dobulngnl dnl gnldulbnl mnrn do dncnalyn. Uncnm sntu j`los
pupug lotrkb`l ndncnm Pr`n. Pr`n a`aocogo gnldulbnl lotrkb`l s`h`snr 49
%. V`rmotulbnl g`hutumnl pupug nlkrbnlog a`lbbulngnl ruaus:

G`hutumnl Vupug p`r m`gtnr 1 g`hutumnl lotrkb`l x >66/gnldulbnl mnrn

U`hnbno ekltkm p`lbbulnnl ur`n dnro p`rmotulbnl pupug lotrkb`l ndncnm:

G`hutumnl Pr`n 1 8>>,> gb x >66/49

1 40=,?2 gb

Pltug a`lb`tnmuo g`h`rmnsocnl p`lbbulnnl pupug dnpnt dougur

d`lbnl p`ld`gntnl `ioso`lso s`rnpnl mnrn. @ioso`lso s`rnpnl mnrn dnpnt
a`lbbulngnl ruaus:

@UL 1 (UV-UG)/ MV * >66 %

Do anln:
@UL 1 @ioso`lso s`rnpnl mnrn
UV 1 U`rnpn
U`rnpnll mnrn pndn tnlnanl ynlb dopupug
UG 1 U`rnpn
U`rnpnll mnrn pndn tnlnanl ynlb todng dopupug
MV 1 gnldulbnl mnrn tnlnanl ynlb dopupug

H. V`rmotulbnl G`hutumnl Vupug Anj`aug

A nj`aug
V`rmotulbnl g`hutumnl pupug rooc do cnpnlbnl kc`m p`tnlo dnpnt
a`lbbulngnl p`ld`gntnl pupug tulbbnc anupul anj`aug. G`hutumnl
pupug tulbbnc ngnl c`hom audnm ultug dogklv`rso, lnaul p`lbbulnnl

pupug anj`aug a`a`rcugnl p`rmotulbnl ynlb c`hom d`tnoc.

V`rmotulbnl juacnm pupug anj`aug docngugnl d`lbnl cnlbgnm:
>. A`l`ltugnl juacnm mnrn ansolb-ansolb suah`r pupug.
8. A`lbmotulb g`hutumnl pupug anj`aug h`rdnsnrgnl juacnm mnrn
ynlb pncolb s`dogot.
5. A`lbmotulb s`cosom mnrn dncna pupug anj`aug d`lbnl pupug
tulbbnc.

25
Ekltkm:
Vndo snwnm a`ahutumgnl pupug lotrkb`l (L) s`h`snr ?8 gb/mn, pupug
iksint (V8K0) s`h`snr 82 gb/mn dnl g`hutumnl Gncoua (G8K) s`h`snr 56
gb/mn. G`hutumnl pupug ur`n, UV-59 dnl GEc pndn pndo snwnm t`rs`hut
ndncnm:
Pr`n 1 >66/49 x ?8 gb/mn 1 866 gb/mn
UV-59 1 >66/59 x 82 gb/mn 1 20 gb/mn
GEc 1 >66/96 x 56 gb/mn 1 06 gb/mn

Jogn p`tnlo ngnl a`lbbulngnl pupug anj`aug LVG >0: >0: >0,
angn p`tnlo ngnl a`lbbulngnl pupug LVG dnl pupug tulbbnc s`hnbno
h`rogut.
>. A`lbmotulb juacnm mnrn ansolb-ansolb j`los pupug!
Mnrn Lotrkb`l pupug ur`n: (49/>66)*866 1 ?8 gb/mn
Mnrn V8K0 pupug UV-59: (59/>66)* 20 1 82 gb/mn
Mnrn G8K pupug GEc: (96/>66)*06 1 56 gb/mn

8. A`lbmotulb g`hutumnl pupug anj`aug h`rdnsnrgnl juacnm mnrn

ynlb pncolb s`dogot!
 Mnrn ynlb pncolb g`eoc ndncnm V8K0 d`lbnl h`rnt 82 gb/Mn,
s`molbbn pupug anj`aug ynlb dohutumgnl ndncnm
(>66/>0)*82 1 >=6 gb.
 Mnrn lotrkb`l ynlb t`rs`don dncna pupug LVG ndncnm
>0/>66 x >=6 1 82 gb
 Mnrn G8K ynlb t`rs`don dncna pupug LVG ndncnm
>0/>66 x >=6 1 82 gb

5. A`lbmotulb s`cosom mnrn dncna pupug anj`aug d`lbnl pupug

tulbbnc!
Vupug tulbbnc ynlb mnrus dotnahnmgnl ndncnm:
Lotrkb`l 1 ?8-82 gb 1 09 gb
G8K 1 56-82 gb 1 5 gb

U`molbbn pupug tulbbnc ynlb mnrus dotnahnm ultug:

Pr`n 1 (>66/49)
(>66/49)*09
*09 1 >8>,2 gb/mn
GEc 1 (>66/96)
(>66/96)*5
*5 1 0 gb/mn

24
H`rdnsnrgnl mnsoc p`rmotulbnl g`hutumnl pupug anj`aug ndncnm:
LVG 1 >=6 gb
Pr`n 1 >8>,2 gb/mn
GEc 1 0 Gb/mn

20
 HNH >>
NVCOGNUO V@APVPGNL

V`aupugnl a`rupngnl upnyn ultug a`a`lumo g`hutumnl mnrn hnbo

tnlnanl, s`molbbn domnrnpgnl prkdugtovotns ynlb kptoanc. U`tonp tnlnanl
a`ahutumgnl mnrn ynlb h`rh`dn hnog juacnm dnl wngtulyn. H`rhoenrn
t`ltnlb p`ah`ronl pupug do cnmnl p`rtnlonl, hnmwn p`aupugnl snlbnt
dop`lbnrumo kc`m j`los tnlnm, j`los tnlnanl, ins` p`rtuahumnl dnl
`ioso`lso pupug.
V`ah`ronl pupug do cnmnl s`rolbgnco todng h`rdnapng pndn
p`lolbgntnl prkdugtovotns. Mnc olo ngnl a`ly`hnhgnl g`rubonl hnbo
p`tnlo. Pltug a`lolbgnt g`h`rmnsocnl p`aupugnl t`rmndnp mnsoc p`rtnlonl

p`rcu a`ap`rmntognl 4 t`pnt p`aupugnl. G``apnt t`pnt p`aupugnl

t`rdoro dnro t`pnt enrn, t`pnt dksos, t`pnt wngtu dnl t`pnt j`los.

N. Enrn V`aupugnl
Enrn p`ah`ronl pupug pndn tnlnanl dos`sunognl d`lbnl h`ltug
pupug dnl j`los tnlnanl ynlb dopupug. V`ah`ronl pupug nbnr h`ranlinnt
hnbo tnlnanl mnrus a`ap`rtoahnlbgnl wngtu dnl enrn p`ah`ronllyn.
V`lbbulnnl pupug domnrnpgnl anapu a`lolbgntgnl prkdugso s`enrn
kptoanc. V`aocomnl enrn p`aupugnl ynlb hnog snlbnt t`rbnltulb pndn
j`los tnlnm, gndnr c`lbns,
c`lbns, dnyn iogsnso tnlnm t`rmndnp mnrn, p`lbkcnmnl,
p`lbkcnmnl,
j`los tnlnanl, sost`a p`rngnrnl,
p `rngnrnl, g`anap
g`anapunl
unl tn
tnlnanl
lnanl a`ly`rnp mnrn dnl

anena pupug ynlb doh`rognl. Ndn h`h`rnpn enrn p`aupugnl ynlb

docngugnl pndn usnmn tnlo ynotu:
>. Enrn Dos`hnr
V`aupugnl olo docngugnl d`lbnl enrn a`ly`hnr pupug s`enrn
a`rntn do s`curum nr`nc cnmnl ynlb dotnlnao. V`ah`ronl pupug enrn s`hnr
dnpnt docngugnl s`h`cua ntnu s`sudnm ndn tnlnanl. V`aupugnl d`lbnl
enrn s`hnr ngnl a`lbm`ant t`lnbn, lnaul dncna p`cngsnlnnllyn mnrus
domoldnro tnlnanl dncna gkldoso hnsnm, t`rutnan p`aupugnl L dnl G.

29
Jogn dncna gkldoso hnsnm dnul dnpnt t`rhngnr. V`aupugnl olo uaualyn
docngugnl pndn pupug dnsnr dnl susucnl, s`p`rto tnlnanl pndo, jnbulb,
g`d`cno dcc.
Vupug ynlb dos`hnrgnl a`rntn pndn tnlnm-tnlnm do s`gotnr
p`rtnlnanl ntnu pndn wngtu p`ahnjngnl/p`lbbnrunl t`rngmor, s`mnro
s`h`cua tnlna, g`audonl dooljng-oljng nbnr pupug ansug g` dncna tnlnm.
V`aupugnl d`lbnl enrn dos`hnr mnrus a`ap`rmntognl h`h`rnpn mnc, ynotu:
- Tnlnanl dotnlna pndn jnrng tnlna ynlb rnpnt, hnog t`rntur dncna
hnrosnl anupul todng t`rntur dncna hnrosnl.
- Tnlnanl a`apulyno ngnr ynlb dnlbgnc ntnu h`rndn pndn d`gnt
d`lbnl p`raugnnl tnlnm.
- Tnlnm a`apulyno g`suhurnl ynlb r`cntoi hnog.
- Vupug ynlb dopngno eugup hnlyng ntnu dksos p`raugnnl tolbbo.
- Dnyn cnrut pupug h`snr, gnr`ln hocn dnyn cnrutlyn r`ldnm angn ynlb
donahoc tnlnanl s`dogot.

Lnaulp`aupugnl.
`i`gtovotns p`aupugnl d`lbnl
U`enrn enrn dos`hnrp`aupugnl
uaua t`ltulyn ngnl a`lburnlbo
enrn dos`hnr
a`ly`hnhgnl g`rubonl ynlb h`rupn:
- V`ly`hnrnl ntnu p`lenapurnl pupug todng a`rntn pndn s`aun
cnposnl kcnm tnlnm.
- A`a`rcugnl juacnm ynlb h`snr, gnr`ln s`hnbonl ngnl a`lbncnao
g`mocnlbnl a`cncuo p`leueonl dnl p`lbunpnl.
- A`a`rcugnl ncnt ntnu tnlbnl dncna a`lbnpcognsognl.
V`aupugnl d`lbnl enrn dos`hnr a`ahutumgnl gkldoso ynlb od`nc
t`rutnan colbgulbnl, gmususlyn g`togn p`aupugnl susucnl. Vndn snnt
p`aupugnl susucnl dousnmngnl dnul dncna gkldoso g`rolb, jogn gkldoso
hnsnm pupug ngnl a`l`ap`c pndn dnul dnl a`ly`hnhgnl pcnsakcosos ntnu
dnul a`lb`rolb t`rhngnr. Hnmnyn dnul t`rhngnr t`rutnan pndn pupug
lotrkb`l dnl gncoua.

8. Enrn Doh`lnagnl
V`aupugnl d`lbnl enrn doh`lna dnpnt docngugnl pndn jncur d`lbnl
a`c`tnggnl pupug pndnt ntnu a`ly`aprktgnl enornl g` dncna tnlnm
s`h`cua tnlna. V`ah`lnanl pupug dnpnt docngugnl d`lbnl

22
a`lbbulngnl ncnt s`d`rmnln (hnjng ntnu bnru). V`ah`lnanl pupug dnpnt
docngugnl d`lbnl 4 enrn ynotu:
- V`ah`lnanl cnposnl hnjng, ynotu d`lbnl enrn pupug doc`tnggnl do
h`gns ncur hnjng, g`audonl dotutup d`lbnl p`ahncognl tnlnm ncur
h`rogutlyn.
- V`ah`lnanl dncna Vupug L, ynotu pupug L dos`hnr do p`raugnnl
tnlnm, g`audonl dohncog pndn wngtu p`ahnjngnl, s`molbbn pupug
pksosolyn h`rndn dncna tnlnm. V`ah`ronl pupug docngugnl s`h`cua
cnmnl donoro.
- V`ah`lnanl U`t`apnt, ynotu pupug doh`rognl pndn ncur ntnu cuhnlb
t`rt`ltu d`gnt tnlnanl ntnu a`ansuggnl pupug g` dncna cuhnlb do
snapolb tnlnanl d`lbnl jnrng t`rt`ltu. V`rcngunl p`aupugnl
akd`c olo uaualyn docngugnl pndn tnlnanl tnmulnl.
- V`ah`lnanl pupug a`cncuo p`lubncnl do s`gotnr tnlnanl.
V`lubncnl honsnlyn docngugnl pndn tnlnanl pncnwojn.

V`aupugnl d`lbnl enrn doh`lnagnl p`rcu a`ap`rtoahnlbgnl

h`h`rnpn mnc, ynotu:
- Vupug ynlb dobulngnl r`cntoi s`dogot.
- Jnrng tnlna nltnrn tnlnanl ynlb dopupug eugup jnrnlb dnl jnrng
nltnrn hnrosnl p`rtnlnanl eugup jnrnlb.
- G`suhurnl tnlnm r`ldnm.
- Tnlnanl d`lbnl p`rg`ahnlbnl ngnrlyn ynlb s`dogot.
- Pltug tnlnm t`bncnl ntnu dnrnt.
- Hocn a`lbgmnwntorgnl ngnl t`rjndo p`lbogntnl ulsur mnrn kc`m tnlnm
dncna juacnm ynlb eugup h`snr.

5. A`cncuo Dnul
V`aupugnl docngugnl d`lbnl enrn a`ly`aprktgnl pupug a`cncuo
dnul. V`aupugnl a`cncuo dnul mnrus c`hom mnto-mnto t`rutnan dncna
a`l`ltugnl dksos cnrutnl ynlb dobulngnl, gnr`ln p`aupugnl a`cncuo
dnul t`rdnpnt h`h`rnpn g`ldncn ynotu:
- Volbbor dnul s`rolb t`rhngnr gnr`ln cnrutnl t`rcncu p`gnt.
- A`a`rcugnl ir`gu`lso ynlb c`hom hnlyng, gnr`ln mnrn ynlb
doh`rognl r`ldnm.
- Honyn p`rsntunl mnrn tolbbo.

2=
 V`lbbulnnl pupug a`cncuo dnul mnrus a`ap`rtoahnlbgnl
h`h`rnpn nsp`g nltnrn cnol:
- Plsur mnrn sucot donahoc tnlnanl a`cncuo ngnr tnlnm, aosnclyn
tnlnanl ynlb tuahum pndn tnlnm h`rpnsor ntnu tnlnm-tnlnm ynlb
h`rhntu.
- Juacnm ulsur mnrn ynlb dohutumgnl tnlnanl snlbnt s`dogot (ulsur
mnrn aogrk).
- Gkldoso dnl soint iosog pupug ynlb hurug.
V`aupugnl c`wnt dnul docngugnl d`lbnl enrn pupug docnrutgnl g`
nor d`lbnl gkls`ltrnso snlbnt r`ldnm g`audonl dos`aprktgnl cnlbsulb
g`pndn dnul. V`ah`ronl pupug a`cncuo dnul mnrus a`ap`rtoahnlbgnl:
- Gkls`ltrnso cnrutnl pupug dohunt snlbnt r`ldnm ntnu a`lboguto
p`tuljug dncna g`ansnl pupug. V`ahuntnl gkls`ltrnso cnrutnl
pupug jnlbnl t`rcncu p`gnt.
- Vupug dnul dos`aprktgnl g` hnbonl dnul ynlb a`lbmndnp g`
hnwnm, gnr`ln stkantn uaualyn a`lbmndnp g` hnwnm.
- V`ly`aprktnl docngugnl pnbo ntnu skr` g`togn antnmnro h`cua
h`botu a`ly`lbnt. Mnc olo h`rtujunl ultug a`lburnlbo p`lbunpnl
mnrn pndn snnt p`ly`aprktnl.
- V`ly`aprktnl pupug dnul jnlbnl docngsnlngnl a`lj`cnlb ausoa
mujnl d`lbnl tujunl ultug a`lbmoldnro p`leueonl kc`m nor mujnl.

4. A`cncuo Pdnrn
Vupug pndnt anupul enor dnpnt doh`rognl c`wnt udnrn d`lbnl enrn
dos`hnr a`cncuo p`snwnt udnrn. V`aupugnl a`cncuo udnrn uaualyn
docngugnl pndn cnmnl ynlb eurna, sugnr doc`wnto, cnmnl cuns ntnu
p`aupugnl do mutnl dnl pndnlb ruaput.

0. A`cncuo Olj`gso g` Dncna Tnlnm

V`aupugnl d`lbnl olj`gso h`rtujunl ultug a`lburnlbo g`mocnlbnl
mnrn ngohnt p`lbunpnl. Vndn uaualyn p`aupugnl d`lbnl olj`gso
docngugnl pndn pupug d`lbnl gndnr L ynlb tolbbo. V`aupugnl docngugnl
d`lbnl pupug doansuggnl olj`gso g`audonl doansuggnl g` tnlnm.

2?
 9. A`cncuo Uprolgc`r Orobntokl
V`aupugnl olo a`rupngnl cnlbgnm `ioso`lso, gnr`ln p`aupugnl
docngugnl d`lbnl a`ansuggnl pupug g` p`lnapulbnl, g`audonl
dopkapn dnl dos`aprktgnl g` udnrn, s`molbbn a`ahnsnmo tnlnanl.
Akd`c olo hnlyng dot`rnpgnl pndn akd`c p`rtnlonl n`rkpklog dnl
p`rg`hulnl gkpo.

A`lurut Ngoc (866?) hnmwn enrn npcognso pupug d`lbnl dos`hnr do

ntns p`raugnnl tnlnm a`ah`rognl mnsoc ynlb t`r`ldnm, gnr`ln pupug ynlb
doh`rognl s`hnbonl ngnl a`lbunp gnr`ln pndn ausoa g`rolb sumu udnrn
snlbnt pnlns s`molbbn pupug ur`n todng s`aun dnpnt dos`rnp kc`m tnlnanl
jnbulb.. Npcognso
jnbulb Npcognso pupug enrn tubnc do cnmnl snwnm tndnm mujnl do D`sn
Njnggnlb, Hnrru mnsoc hojo dnpnt a`lolbgnt snapno 56%, s`dnlb do cnmnl
g`rolb G.V. Hnj`lb, mnlyn a`lolbgnt ?%. Mnc olo a`ahugtognl hnmwn
npcognso pupug d`lbnl enrn tubnc c`hom `i`gtoi dohnldolb ynlb donpcognso
pndn p`raugnnl tnlnm anupul ynlb docnrutgnl s`h`cua npcognso do
s`g`cocolb tnlnanl (Tnh`c >>.>)

Tnh`c >>.>. V`lbnrum Enrn Npcognso Vupug Pr`n do D`sn Njnggnlb,

Hnrru dnl Hnj`lb, Bkwn

Mnsoc Hojo (tkl/mn)

Enrn V`aupugnl
Njnggnlb Hnru Hnj`lb Bkwn
Dos`hnr 0,9? 9,=9
Dotubnc 2,46 2,06
Docnrutgnl 0,2> 2,86

Uuah`r: Ngoc (8669)

Enrn p`aupugnl jnbulb d`lbnl enrn a`colbgnr dnl pndn cnrognl

ngnl a`ah`rognl dnapng p`rtuahumnl dnl mnsoc jnbulb ynlb h`rh`dn.
Juaolo `t nc (86>>) a`cnpkrgnl p`ah`dnnl enrn p`ah`ronl pupug
a`lbngohntgnl p`rh`dnnl mnsoc jnbulb (Tnh`c >>.8.)

=6
 Tnh`c >>.8. Enrn V`aupugnl A`colbgnr dnl Cnrognl t`rmndnp Jnbulb

Enrn V`aupugnl
Vnrna`t`r
A`colbgnr Cnrognl
Vnljnlb tklbgkc (ea) >=,84 >2,=2
Dona`t`r tklbgkc (ea) 4,?6 0,6=
Hkhkt tklbgkc h`rg`ckhk
h`rg`ckhktt p`r tnlnanl (brna) 8>5,84 >09,4=
Hkhkt tklbgkc tnlpn g`ckhkt p`r tnlnanl (brna) 86=,8> >0=,8?
Hkhkt tklbgkc tnlpn g`ckhkt (tkl/mn) 0,0? 9,90
Uuah`r: Juaolo, `t nc. (86>>)

H. Dksos
U`p`rto t`cnm dopnmnao hnmwn g`hutumnl mnrn s`tonp tnlnanl
h`rh`dn h`dn, s`molbbn p`ah`ronl pupug g` tnlnanl todng mnrus snan
juacnmlyn
juacnml yn (dksos). Dksos ndncnm juacnm pupug ynlb doh`rognl dncna cuns
t`rt`ltu. Dksos p`aupugnl ynlb dobulngnl dncna hudodnyn p`rtnlonl
dop`lbnrumo kc`m tolbgnt g`suhurnl tnlnm. G`suhurnl tnlnm dnpnt docomnt
dnro iosog dnl goaon. G`suhurnl goaon a`rupngnl oldogntkr g`t`rs`donnl
mnrn hnbo tnlnanl. V`aupugnl e`ld`rulb a`a`lumo g`suhurnl goaon.
U`molbn p`ah`ronl pupug dncna hudodnyn dop`lbnrumo kc`m tujunl
p`aupugnl, j`los tnlnm dnl g`t`rs`donnl mnrn dncna tnlnm. Vndn tnlnm
ynlb suhur e`ld`rulb a`a`rcugnl dksos ynlb r`ldnm.

Tnh`c >>.5. V`lbnrum dksos LVG t`rmndnp Mnsoc Vndo

V`rcngunl Juacnm Juacnm V`rs`ltns` Hkhkt bnhnm
(% dksos ancno p`r bnhnm p`r bnhnm mnapn g`rolb
LVG) ruapul ancno (%) bocolb(tkl/mn)
6 >?,4> n 02,?9 n 85,92 h 8,>? n
06 8>,24 nh 0=,89 n >=,92 nh 8,28 h

>66
>06 88,26
85,55 h
h 9=,64 nh
28,50 h >4,0?
2,44 n nh 5,62
5,=2 he
e
Uuah`r: U`tonwnl `t nc (86>6)

V`lbbulnnl pupug pndn tnlnm-tnlnm ynlb a`aocogo g`anapunl

iogsnso mnrn ynlb tolbbo e`ld`rulb ngnl a`ahutumgnl dksos ynlb c`hom
tolbbo. J`los tnlnm ynlb a`aocogo g`anapunl a`aiogsnso mnrn ynlb tolbbo
nltnrn cnol bruauskc dnl nldoskc. V`lbbulnnl dksos ynlb h`rh`dn ngnl
a`ap`lbnrumo mnsoc (Tnh`c >>.5).

=>
E. Rngtu
Rngtu p`aupugnl a`aocogo muhulbnl `rnt d`lbnl g`t`rs`donnl
mnrn dnl g`hutumnl mnrn kc`m tnlnanl. V`ah`ronl pupug pndn wngtu ynlb
t`pnt h`rnrto a`ly`dongnl mnrn s`suno d`lbnl g`hutumnllyn. U`enrn uaua
g`hutumnl mnrn tnlnanl ngnl a`lbncnao g`lnognl s`jncnl d`lbnl uaur
tnlnanl. Uk`t`jk dnl Gnrtnsnpk`trn (>?==) a`ly`hutgnl hnmwn wngtu
npcognso jubn a`l`ltugnl p`rtuahumnl tnlnanl. H`rh`dnlyn wngtu
npcognso ngnl a`ah`rognl mnsoc ynlb todng s`suno d`lbnl p`rtuahumnl
tnlnanl.
Rngtu p`ah`ronl pupug h`rmuhulbnl d`lbnl soint g`cnrutnl pupug.
Uoint g`cnrutnl pupug ndn 8 ynotu audnm cnrut dnl sugnr cnrut. Vupug ynlb
sugnr cnrut (V dnl G), uaualyn doh`rognl s`h`cua tnlna. Vupug ynlb
audnm cnrut (L) doh`rognl s`suno d`lbnl g`hutumnl tnlnanl.
V`ah`ronl pupug pndn tnlnanl s`enrn uaua docngugnl pndn ins`
p`rtuahumnl v`b`tntoi dnl b`l`rntoi. V`ah`ronl pupug lotrkb`l uaualyn
doh`rognl pndn wngtu p`rtuahumnl v`b`tntoi, s`dnlbgnl pupug p dnl G
dop`rcugnl snnt p`rtuahumnl b`l`rntoi. V`l`cotonl Uurynto, `t nc. (866?)
a`lyntngnl wngtu p`aupugnl lotrkb`l pndn tnlnanl g`d`cno
a`ah`rognl mnsoc ynlb h`rh`dn lyntn pndn juacnm pkcklb (Tnh`c >8.4).
G`hutumnl lotrkb`l snlbnt vnrontoi s`suno p`rokd` p`rtuahumnllyn.
G`hutumnl Lotrkb`l t`rtolbbo pndn p`rokd` p`lbosonl pkcklb ntnu ins`
aucno h`rhulbn snapno ins` hojo p`lum.

Tnh`c >>.4. V`lbnrum Rngtu V`aupugnl t`rmndnp Juacnm Vkcklb

8 B`lktoi G`d`cno
B`lktoi
Rngtu V`ah`ronl Lotrkb`l
Lotrkb`l
>5 @D Gopns Vutom
Unnt tnlna 05,?6 h 56,66 h
Unnt tnlna + 5 ast 4=,26 h 52,>5 n
Unnt tnlna + 5 ast+nwnc h`rhulbn 25,?5 n 5>,92 h
Unnt tnlna + 5 ast+ngmor h`rhulbn 48,>2 h 5=,=2 n
5 ast + nwnc h`rhulbn 52,=6 h 59,42 n
Uuah`r: Uurynto `t nc (866?)

V`lbnturnl wngtu p`aupugnl domnrnpgnl g`hutumnl mnrn tnlnanl

s`suno d`lbnl g`t`rs`donnl mnrn dncna tnlnm. V`ly`rnpnl mnrn ngnl

=8
a`lboguto pkcn p`rtuahumnl tnlnanl. U`hnbno nct`rlntoi p`a`lumnl mnrn
docngugnl d`lbnl p`ah`ronl pupug h`rtnmnp. V`ah`ronl pupug pndn nwnc
p`rtnlnanl ngnl a`lbngohntgnl p`ahkrksnl ngohnt t`rjndolyn p`leueonl.
Do snapolb otu p`ah`ronl nwnc ngnl a`lbngohnt g`c`homnl mnrn,
s`a`ltnrn tnlnanl h`cua a`ahutumgnl.

D. J`los Vupug
U`p`rto dog`tnmuo hnmwn s`tonp tnlnanl a`ahutumgnl j`los dnl
juacnm mnrn ynlb h`rh`dn. V`rh`dnnl g`hutu
g`hutumnl
mnl mnrn dos`hnhgnl
dos`hnhgnl kc`m
p`rh`dnnl mnsoc ynlb ngnl do pnl`l. Tnlnanl ynlb ngnl dopnl`l dnul
ngnl a`ahutumgnl lotrkb`l ynlb c`hom tolbbo. A`lurut Vromanltkrk
(>???) hnmwn p`aupugnl h`rtujunl ultug a`lolbgntgnl g`t`rs`donnl
ulsur mnrn ynlb dohutumgnl tnlnanl nbnr dnpnt doenpno prkdugso dnl
guncotns mnsoc tnlnanl ynlb tolbbo.
U`tonp pupug a`aocogo gnrngt`r gnldulbnl mnrn ynlb h`rh`dn.
G`t`rs`donnl mnrn snlbnt dot`ltugnl kc`m j`los pupug. J`los pupug tulbbnc
mnlyn a`lbnldulb mnrn sntu j`los, s`dnlb pupug anj`aug a`lbnldulb
mnrn ynlb c`hom dnro sntu. U`a`ltnrn otu pupug krbnlog a`aocogo
gnldulbnl mnrn ynlb c`hom c`lbgnp dohnldolbgnl pupug nlkrbnlog.
V`lbbulnnl j`los pupug ynlb h`rh`dn ngnl h`rp`lbnrum t`rmndnp
p`rtuahumnl, mnsoc dnl guncotns tnlnanl. A`lurut Uusockwnto (8669)
hnmwn p`lbbulnnl j`los pupug krbnlog h`rp`lbnrum t`rmndnp mnsoc
hnwnlb dnul (Tnh`c >>.0).

Tnh`c >>.0. V`lbnrum J`los Vupug Krbnlog t`rmndnp Mnsoc

dnl Guncotns Hnwnlb Dnul

Juacnm G`mojnunl
J`los Vupug Krbnlog Nlngnl dnul Mnsoc (tkl/mn)
Nzzkcn 4,0 4,>2 >6,4=
Vulog 4,0 5,=5 ?,54
Vupug Gnldnlb 4,0 4,92 >5,6=
Uuah`r: Uusockwnto (866?)

=5
 HNH >8
@YNCPNUO G@UPHPXNL TNLNM

U`jncnl d`lbnl p`rg`ahnlbnl p`lb`tnmunl anluson t`ltnlb

g`suhurnl tnlnm a`lultut p`anmnanl ynlb a`ly`curum t`ltnlb
g`suhurnl. G`suhurnl tnlnm hugnlcnm mnrbn anto ynlb a`l`ltugnl
g`h`rmnsocnl p`rtnlonl. Tnlnm ynlb suhur todng a`ljnaol a`a`rognl mnsoc
ynlb tolbbo. G`h`rmnsocnl prkdugtovotns tnlnanl dot`ltugnl kc`m 4 nsp`g
ynotu tnlnm, tnlnanl, ogcoa dnl p`lb`ckcnnl (Bnahnr >8.>).

Bnahnr >8.>. Tnlnm s`hnbno Ingtkr Vrkdugso Tnlnanl

(Uy`gminlo, >??2)

G`suhurnl tnlnm ndncnm g`t`rs`donnl mnrn tnlnanl dncna wngtu

t`rt`ltu. G`suhurnl tnlnm dnro wngtu g` wngtu dnpnt a`lbncnao
p`ruhnmnl. G`t`rs`donnl mnrn ynlb angol tolbbo, angn tnlnm ngnl
dogntngnl s`angol suhur dnl s`hncoglyn. G`suhurnl tnlnm ngnl
a`lbncnao p`ruhnmnl ngohnt p`ruhnmnl ausoa, p`lb`ckcnnl tnlnm dnl
j`los tnlnanl.
tnlnanl.

=4
 G`suhurnl tnlnm dnpnt doh`dngnl a`ljndo dun ynotu: g`suhurnl
pkt`lsonc dnl g`suhurnl ngtunc. G`suhurnl pkt`lsonc ndncnm gkldoso ncnao
tnlnm ynlb h`rmuhulbnl d`lbnl g`suhurnl jnlbgn pnljnlb dnl uaualyn
sucot douhnm, ntnu hocn dnpnt douhnm angn a`a`rcugnl ansugnl tolbbo7
ekltkmlyn: tkpkbrnio, g`dncnanl `i`gtoi, t`gstur, aol`rnc cont, dnl
s`hnbnolyn. U`dnlb g`suhurnl tnlnm ngtunc ndncnm gkldoso g`suhurnl
dncna jnlbgn p`ld`g dnl h`ruhnm-uhnm s`tonp ausoa tnlna, aosnclyn
stntus ulsur mnrn t`rs`don ynlb dnpnt dognotgnl d`lbnl pM, @m, GTG,
gndnr hnmnl krbnlog, p`ah`ronl gnpur, dnl s`hnbnolyn (Uy`gminlo, >??2).
@vncunso g`suhurnl tnlnm dnpnt docngugnl a`cncuo p`lbnantnl
vosunc anupul nlncosos cnhkrntkroua. U`enrn uaua `vncunso g`suhurnl
tnlnm dnpnt docngugnl d`lbnl 5 p`ld`gntnl ynotu:
- V`lbnantnl p`rtuahumnl tnlnanl.
- Nlncosos jnrolbnl tnlnanl.
- Nlncosos tnlnm.

N. V`lbnantnl V`rtuahumnl Tnlnanl

V`rtuahumnl tnlnanl a`rupngnl e`raolnl dnro g`t`rs`donnl mnrn
dncna tnlnm. G`suhurnl tnlnm ynlb tolbbo ngnl a`ah`rognl p`rtuahumnl
ynlb r`cntoi hnog. U`hncoglyn tnlnm ynlb g`gurnlbnl mnrn ngnl
a`luljuggnl b`jncn ynlb sp`soiog. B`jncn g`gurnlbnl mnrn pndn tnlnanl
dnpnt docomnt s`enrn d`tnoc do hnh 5, hnh 4 dnl hnh 0.
G`gurnlbnl ntnu g`c`homnl ulsur t`rt`ltu dnpnt a`ly`hnhgnl eotrn
p`rtuahumnl tnlnanl ynlb nhlkranc. V`lbnantnl b`jncn p`ruhnmnl pndn
tnlnanl ngohnt g`gurnlbnl mnrn dnpnt h`rupn:
>. V`rtuahumnl tnlnanl t`rmnahnt.
8. G`cnolnl wnrln tnlnanl, t`rutnan dnul.
5. Jnrolbnl tnlnanl a`lbncnao l`grksos (antolyn jnrolbnl), aosnclyn
polbbor dnul g`rolb.
4. H`ltug ynlb nhlkranc.

Lnaul p`lbnantnl t`rmndnp b`jncn g`gurnlbnl mnrn pndn tnlnanl

s`rolb a`lbncnao g`sucotnl. Mnc olo dos`hnhgnl kc`m:
>. B`jncn ynlb mnapor snan dnpnt dos`hnhgnl kc`m ulsur ynlb
h`rh`dn.

=0
 8. B`jncn g`gurnlbnl mnrn ngnl tnapng, jogn tnlnanl h`lnr-h`lnr
g`gurnlbnl, s`molbbn a`loahucgnl p`lbnrum ynlb c`hom cnljut.
5. B`jncn g`gurnlbnl mnrn auleuc a`ly`rupno b`jncn ynlb dos`hnhgnl
s`rnlbnl mnan dnl p`lyngot.

H. Nlncosos Jnrolbnl Tnlnanl

G`gurnlbnl ulsur mnrn do dncna tnlnm dnpnt jubn dog`tnmuo dnro
nlncosos jnrolbnl tnlnanl. V`ld`gntnl olo dodnsnrgnl pndn prolsop hnmwn
gkls`ltrnso suntu ulsur mnrn do dncna tnlnanl a`rupngnl mnsoc olt`rngso
dnro s`aun ingtkr ynlb a`ap`lbnrumo p`ly`rnpnl mnrn dnro tnlnm.
Nlncosos tnlnanl dnpnt docngugnl t`rmndnp hnbonl t`rt`ltu anupul s`curum
tnlnanl. G`h`rndnnl mnrn dncna dnul dop`lbnrumo kc`m h`h`rnpn mnc,
ynotu:
- G`ndnnl mnrn tnlnm. G`t`rs`donnl mnrn dncna tnlnm dop`lbnrumo
kc`m j`los tnlnmlyn. Vndn tnlnm ynlb a`aocogo gnldulbnl V tolbbo,
angn tnlnanl ngnl a`ly`rnp V ynlb tolbbo.
- Uoint mnrn dncna tnlnanl. Mnrn dncna tnlnanl dot`ltugnl soint
akhocosnso mnrn. Mn dohnbo a`ljndo 8 hnbonl ynotu mnrn akhoc dnl
oaakhoc. Mnrn akhoc ndncnm mnrn ynlb audnm h`rb`rng dnro jnrolbnl
sntu g` jnrolbnl cnol. U`dnlbgnl mnrn oaakhoc ndncnm mnrn ynlb
sugnr ultug h`rpoldnm ntnu h`rb`rng.
- Anena krbnl. U`tonp krbnl tnlnanl a`aocogo gnldulbnl mnrn ynlb
h`rh`dn pndn s`tonp ulsurlyn. Ekltkm dnul mojnu c`hom hnlyng
a`lbnldulb lotrkb`l dohnldolbgnl d`lbnl hntnlb.
- C`tng krbnl. C`tng krbnl a`rupngnl pksoso hnbonl tnlnanl. Vndn
hnbonl pueug e`ld`rulb a`lbnldulb L c`hom tolbbo dohnldolbgnl
pnlbgnc.

Tnh`c >8.>. Enrn dnl Rngtu V`lbnahocnl Unap`c Tnlnanl

Juacnm
J`los Tnlnanl Unap`c ynlb donahoc Rngtu V`lbnahocnl
V`lbnahocnl snap`c p`r
m`gtnr
Jnbulb U`curum hnbonl do Ins` hohot (gurnlb dnro 56 86-56
ntns tnlnm ea)
Dnul ynlb t`rhugn Ngmor p`rtuahumnl >0-80
s`apurln do hnwnm v`b`tntoi
tklbgkc

=9
 Juacnm
J`los Tnlnanl Unap`c ynlb donahoc Rngtu V`lbnahocnl
V`lbnahocnl snap`c p`r
m`gtnr
Dnul do ntns ntnu do Dnro p`rtuahumnl v`b`tntoi >0->80
hnwnm hugu snapno h`rhulbn
Dnul pndn runs socg Uocgolb >0-80
G`d`cno & U`curum hnbonl do Ins` hohot (gurnlb dnro 56 86-56
gnenlb- ntns tnlnm ea)
gnenlbnl cnol Dun ntnu tobn dnul U`h`cua dnl a`lj`cnlb 86-56
t`rhugn p`lum pndn p`ahulbnnl
hnbonl ntns tnlnanl
Vndo (hojo g`eoc) U`curum
U`cur um hnbonl do Ins` hohot (gurnlb dnro 56 06->66
ntns tnlnm ea)
@apnt dnul t`rntns A`lj`cnlb hulto
hultolb
lb 06->66
T`ahngnu Dnul t`rc`hnr U`h`cua h`rhulbn =->8
t`rhugn s`apurln
T`hu Dnul g`-5 dnl 4 Paur do ntns 4 hucnl >0-80
t`rhugn s`apurln
dnro ntns
Gnpns Dnul t`rhugn U`h`cua dnl pndn snnt 56-46
s`apurln pncolb p`ahulbnnl p`rtnan hocn
audn pndn hntnlb tnapng guleup hulbn
utnan p`rtnan
G`ltnlb Dnul g`-5 molbbn 9 A`lj`cnlb dnl s`cnan 86-56
dnro ntns h`rhulbn
Guhos Dnul p`rtnan A`lj`cnlb v`b`tntoi p`lum >6-86
t`rhugn p`lum dnro
colbgnrnl t`lbnm
Tkant do cnmnl Dnul g`-5 dnl 4 dnro A`lj`cnlb ntnu s`cnan ins` 86-80
ntns h`rhulbn
Tkant do ruanm Tnlnanl audn A`lj`cnlb ntnu s`cnan ins` 86-80
gnen Dnul t`rd`gnt h`rhulbn
d`lbnl g`ckapkg
dnul g` 8 dnl 5
Tnlnanl tun A`lj`cnlb ntnu s`cnan ins` 86-80
Dnul pndn g`ckapkg h`rhulbn
dnul g` 4 dnl 9
Tnlnanl Paho Dnul t`lbnm d`wnsn A`lj`cnlb p`ah`snrnl ngnr 86-56
(wkrt`c, hnwnlb, ntnu suolb
dcc)
U`c`dro Tnlbgno dnul dnro V`rtuahumnl p`rt`lbnmnl >0-56
dnul d`wnsn (tolbbo 56- 50 ea)
t`raudn

=2
 Juacnm
J`los Tnlnanl Unap`c ynlb donahoc Rngtu V`lbnahocnl
V`lbnahocnl snap`c p`r
m`gtnr
A`ckl, Dnul d`wnsn d`gnt Ins` p`rtuahumnl nwnc 86-56
s`anlbgn, toaul pnlbgnc hntnlb snapno p`ah`ltugnl hulbn
utnan
Np`c Dnul pnlbgnc pndn Ausoa p`rt`lbnmnl 06->66
enhnlb-enhnlb
utnan
J`rug c`akl Dnul d`wnsn pndn Ausoa p`rt`lbnmnl 86-56
tulns ynlb auleuc
hulbn pndn
ujulblyn.
J`rug anlos Dnul-dnul Ausoa p`rt`lbnmnl 86-56
a`colbgnr pndn
dnmnl, todng
h`rhulbn h`ruaur 4
snapno 2 hucnl
Tnlnanl mons Dnul d`wnsn t`rhugn Ins` s`pnljnlb tnmul 56->66
pkmkl s`apurln
Tnlnanl mons Dnul d`wnsn t`rhugn Ins` s`pnljnlb tnmul 56->66
s`ang s`apurln
Anwnr Dnul-dnul t`rntns U`cna ins` h`rhulbn 86-56
pndn hntnlb
h`rhulbn
Uuah`r: Inguctns V`rtnlonl PH (>??2)

Guleo utnan nlncosos jnrolbnl tnlnanl ndncnm juacnm dnl enrn

p`lbnahocnl snap`c tnlnanl. Enrn p`lbnahocnl snap`c dop`lbnrumo kc`m
ulsur mnrn ynlb ngnl donlncosos. Enrn dnl wngtu p`lbnahocnl snap`c
tnlnanl h`h`rnpn tnlnanl dosnjognl pndn Tnh`c >8.>.
V`lbbulnnl nlncosos jnrolbnl tnlnanl s`rolbgnco a`lbncnao
g`sucotnl ntnu g`c`anmnl. Ndnpul g`c`anmnl p`lbujonl jnrolbnl tnlnanl
ndncnm:
- Ndnlyn ulsur grotos dncna tnlnanl s`hnbno ngohnt ulsur cnol ynlb
h`rc`homnl: hkrkl a`ljndo grotos dncna tnlnanl hocn t`rdnpnt
hnlyng en.
- Pltug tonp j`los tnlnanl h`rh`dn enrn, wngtu dnl hnbonl tnlnanl
ultug g`p`rcunl nlncosos.

==
E. Nlncosos Tnlnm
Nlncosos tnlnm docngugnl t`rmndnp ekltkm tnlnm ynlb donahoc do
cnpnlbnl d`lbnl a`tkd` t`rt`ltu s`suno tujunl ynlb domnrnpgnl. Nlncosos
tnlnm do cnhkrntkroua docngugnl t`rmndnp vnronh`c-vnronh`c goaon dnl iosog
tnlnm: pM, gnpnsotns tugnr gntokl, Lotrkb`l, gncoua, iksikr, gncsoua,
anbl`soua (mnrn angrk), mnrn aogrk (I`, Eu, Zl, H, Ak, dcc), hnmnl
krbnlog, t`gstur tnlnm dnl s`hnbnolyn.
Vrolsop dnsnr ynlb mnrus dop`rmntognl dncna ujo tnlnm oncnm:
- Anapu a`lb`gstrngso h`ltug ulsur mnrn ynlb t`rs`don snjn, s`enrn
t`pnt. Jndo sointlyn s`c`gtoi nrtolyn todng a`lb`gstrngso h`ltug ynlb
todng dnpnt doanlinntgnl kc`m tnlnanl.
- A`tkd` nlncosos ynlb dopngno do cnhkrntkroua mnrus s`d`rmnln,
e`pnt, audnm docngsnlngnl dnl a`aocogo g`t`pntnl dnl g`t`cotonl
tolbbo.
- Mnsoc nlncosos mnrus dnpnt dor`prkdugso.

Gndnr ulsur mnrn tnlnm ynlb dop`rkc`m dnro dntn nlncosos tnlnm hocn
dohnldolbgnl d`lbnl g`hutumnl ulsur mnrn hnbo ansolb-ansolb j`los
tnlnanl, angn dnpnt dog`tnmuo npngnm stntus/gndnr ulsur mnrn dncna tnlnm
t`rs`hut snlbnt r`ldnm (gurnlb), r`ldnm, s`dnlb, eugup ntnugnm tolbbo,
s`suno grot`ron t`rt`ltu.
V`lbujonl tnlnm a`rupngnl enrn ynlb r`cntoi ngurnt dnl dop`rkc`m
h`h`rnpn g`ultulbnl, ynlb h`rupn:
- V`cngsnlnnl c`hom audnm dnl dnpnt doucnlb.
- V`ahonynnl r`cntoi c`hom aurnm.
- Todng a`a`rcugnl runlbnl ynlb cuns.
- Dnpnt a`lbnlncosos mnrn tktnc dnl t`rs`don ntnu hnmgnl nlncosos c`hom
jnum dnro
dnro g`t`rs`donnl.
g`t`rs`donnl.

Lnaul ujo tnlnm a`aocogo g`c`anmnl ynlb h`rupn:

- A`tkd` ynlb todng dnpnt dopngno ultug s`aun tnlnm.
- V`lbnahocnl ekltkm tnlnm mnrus t`pnt a`wngoco dn`rnm.

D. Pjo Hokckbo
>. V`rekhnnl Cnpnlbnl
V`rekhnnl cnpnlbnl docngugnl ultug a`lb`tnmuo d`ioso`lso dnl
r`spklsohocotns mnrn t`rmndnp mnsoc ntnu prkdugso tnlnanl. V`rekhnnl

=?
cnpnlbnl dnpnt a`lbbulngnl h`rhnbno j`los dnl juacnm pupug t`rt`ltu.
V`rekhnnl olo dnpnt dog`tnmuo g`gurnlbnl ulsur mnrn ynlb p`rcu
dotnahnmgnl g` dncna tnlnm dncna h`ltug pupug ultug a`a`lumo
g`hutumnl ulsur mnrn tnlnanl dncna a`lenpno tolbgnt prkdugso t`rt`ltu.
U`juacnm p`rcngunl p`aupugnl docngugnl d`lbnl h`h`rnpn
ucnlbnl, d`lbnl a`lbbulngnl suntu tnlnanl t`rt`ltu s`hnbno oldogntkr.
V`rekhnnl d`ioso`lso mnrn a`lbbulngnl kaaosokl tronc. Kaaosokl tronc
a`lbbulngnl p`rcngunl sntu ntnu c`hom j`los pupug, ntnu gkaholnso nltnr
j`los pupug. H`rdnsnrgnl p`rekhnnl cnpnlbnl
cnpnlbnl d`lb
d`lbnl
nl oldogntkr
oldogntkr tnlnanl
t`rt`ltu dnpnt doikraucnsognl r`gka`ldnso p`aupugnl.
V`rekhnnl cnpnlbnl s`rolb a`lbncnao g`ldncn p`cngsnlnnl.
G`ldncn p`cngsnlnnl p`rekhnnl cnpnl ynotu:
- V`ruhnmnl ogcoa ntnu eunen ngnl a`ap`lbnrumo mnsoc p`rekhnnl.
- A`ahutumgnl honyn ynlb r`cntoi c`hom h`snr.
- V`cngsnlnnl a`ahutumgnl wngtu ynlb c`hom cnan.
- A`ahutumgnl t`lnbn g`rjn ynlb c`hom hnlyng.

8. V`rekhnnl Xuanm Gnen

V`rekhnnl ruanm gnen uaualyn a`lbbulngnl a`don dncna pkt.
V`lbbulnnl pkt domnrnpgnl gkldoso colbgulbnl c`hom t`rg`ldnco. Vkt ynlb
t`cnm dooso tnlnm dop`rcngugnl d`lbnl h`rhnbno pupug hnog j`los anupul
juacnmlyn.
juacnmly n. H`rd
H`rdnsnrgnl
nsnrgnl p`rekhnnl ruanm gnen dnpnt dog`tnmuo
dog`tnmuo oldognso
oldognso
g`gurnlbnl dnl g`hutumnl mnrn dnro tnlnm dnl tnlnanl t`rs`hut.
V`rekhnnl ruanm gnen d`lbnl a`lbbulngnl oldogntkr tnlnanl
ngnl dop`rkc`m g`ultulbnl ynlb h`rupn:
- Utntus mnrn dncna tnlnm dog`tnmuo r`cntoi c`hom e`pnt.
- X`pcognso c`hom audnm.
- V`ahonynnl ynlb r`cntoi c`hom aurnm.

5. V`rekhnnl Aogrkhokckbo
Tnlnm dogntngnl suhur hocn a`apulyno gnldulbnl dnl g`rnbnanl
hokckbo ynlb tolbbo. G`h`rnbnanl hokckbo dos`hnhgnl s`tonp
aogrkkrbnlosa` a`aocogo tolbgnt s`lsotovotns t`rmndnp ulsur mnrn t`rt`ltu
s`suno d`lbnl g`hutumnllyn. Aogrkkrbnlosa` dncna a`aocogo p`rnlnl
ynlb p`ltolb dncna 4 mnc, ynotu:

?6
 >) h`rp`rnl dncna sogcus `l`rbo.
8) h`rp`rnl dncna sogcus mnrn.
5) h`rp`rnl dncna p`ah`ltugnl nbr`bnt tnlnm.
4) a`l`ltugnl g`s`mntnl tnlnm (suppr`ssov`/ekldueov` t`rmndnp
auleuclyn p`lyngot t`rutnan p`lyngot tucnr tnlnm- skoc hkrl`
pntmkb`l).

V`lbugurnl g`suhurnl tnlnm s`enrn aogrkhokckbo uaualyn

a`lbbulngnl oldogntkr aogrkh. @gstrng tnlnm dotuahumo aogrkh, s`p`rto
nzktkhnet`r sp. G`suhurnl tnlnm dnpnt docomnt dnro p`lbnantnl gkcklo
tnlnm. U`hnbno ekltkm p`lbbulnnl Nsp`rbocus lob`r ultug a`lb`tnmuo
mnrn G. G`t`rs`donnl mnrn G docomnt dnro s`rnpnl G dncna aos`con (Tnh`c
>8.8).

Tnh`c >8.8. Grot`ron D`ioso`lso Mnrn A`lurut H`rnt Aos`con dnl U`rnpnl G
H`rnt Aos`con (b) U`rnpnl G Mnrgnt

3>,4 3>8,0 Unlbnt d`ioso`l

>,4-8,6 >8,0->9,9 Nbng d`ioso`l
<8,6 <>9,9 Todng d`ioso`l
Uuah`r: Xksanrgna dnl _uwklk (8660)

V`lbugurnl g`suhurnl tnlnm s`enrn aogrkhokckbos ngnl dop`rkc`m

g`ultulbnl ynlb h`rupn:
- V`cngsnlnnl c`hom e`pnt.
- V`cngsnlnnl c`hom audnm dnl s`d`rmnln.
- Todng a`ahutumgnl runlbnl ynlb cuns.

?>
 HNH >5
GPNCOTNU TNLNM

N. V`lb`rtonl Guncotns Tnlnm

Guncotns tnlnm ndncnm gnpnsotns tnlnm ultug dnpnt h`riulbso dncna
hntns-hntns `gksost`a ncnao ntnu t`rg`ckcn, a`ap`rtnmnlgnl prkdugtovotns
tnlnanl dnl holntnlb, a`a`comnrn ntnu a`lolbgntgnl guncotns nor dnl
udnrn dnl a`ldugulb g`s`mntnl anluson dnl colbgulbnl (UUUN dncna
Mnludol (86>6). A`lurut Uurondo dnl Lnzna (-) hnmwn g`anapunl tnlnm
ultug a`lolbgntgnl prkdugso dnl tnmnl t`rmndnp `rkso, autu colbgulbnl
ynotu tnlnm domnrnpgnl anapu ultug a`lburnlbo p`le`anrnl nor tnlnm,
udnrn, p`lyngot dnl g`rusngnl s`gotnrlyn dnl g`s`mntnl angmcug modup.

G`todnganapunl tnlnm a`a`lumo iulbsolyn ngnl a`lbbnlbbu guncotns

tnlnm s`molbbn ngnl a`lolbgntgnl cnmnl grotos dnl p`le`anrnl
colbgulbnl dnl a`lurulgnl prkdugtovotns tnlnm.
V`aocomnl oldogntkr guncotns tnlnm mnrus a`ap`rmntognl p`rnl dnl
iulbso tnlnm s`hnbno t`apnt prkdugso dnl p`lbntur colbgulbnl. U`hnbno
iulbso prkdugso,
prkdugso, tn
tnlnm
lnm a`rupngnl
a`rupngnl t`apnt h`rdorolyn ngnr tnlnanl, s`hnbno
cuahulb mnrn ultug a`anskg g`hutumnl tnlnanl, a`anskg kgsob`l
ultug r`spornso ngnr, a`anskg nor s`hnbno p`cnrut mnrn, dnl t`apnt modup
aogrkkrbnlosa`. Iulbso tnlnm ynlb t`rgnot d`lbnl p`lbntur colbgulbnl
ndncnm a`lburnlbo ntnu a`lnapulb hnmnl p`le`anr ntnu hnmnl p`stosodn,
nguaucnso tnldkl nor. H`rdnsnrgnl iulbsolyn tnlnm mnrus anapu ultug:
- A`ly`dongnl colbgulbnl ynlb s`suno hnbo g`modupnl krbnlosa`
tnlnm.
- A`ly`dongnl dugulbnl iosog ultug g`modupnl krbnlosa`.
- A`lyoapnl dnl a`ldnur ucnlb ulsur mnrn dnl ulsur ynlb cnol.
- A`lbntur sogcus modrkckbo.
- A`ldugulb ngtovotns hokckbo dnl dov`rsotns prkdugso tnlnanl dnl
m`wnl.
- Anapu h`rp`rnl s`hnbno p`lynrolb colbgulbnl t`rmndnp hnmnl
krbnlog anupul nlkrbnlog.

?8
H. V`lbugurnl
V`lbugurnl G
Guncotns
uncotns Tnlnm
V`locnonl guncotns tnlnm docngugnl d`lbnl a`lbbulngnl p`ld`gntnl
old`gs guncotns tnlnm, gnldulbnl hnmnl krbnlog dnl g`s`mntnl tnlnm.
V`locnonl guncotns tnlnm ngnl dournognl s`hnbno h`rogut.
>. Old`gs Guncotns Tnlnm (OGT)
V`locnonl oldogntkr guncotns tnlnm domnrnpgnl dnpnt a`ah`rognl
bnahnrnl gkldoso tnlnm dnpnt h`riulbso d`lbnl hnog. Oldogntkr guncotns
tnlnm dnpnt h`rupn g`tnapngnl akrikckbo ntnu vosunc tnlnanl. A`lurut
Mnludol (86>6) hnmwn oldogntkr ynlb hnog ndncnm:
- Audnm p`lbnantnl/p`lbugurnllyn.
- Anapu a`lbugur s`tonp p`ruhnmnl dncna iulbso tnlnm.
- T`rdoro soint iosogn, goaon dnl hokckbo tnlnm.
- Audnm dongs`s dnl dot`rnpgnl do cnpnlbnl.
- V`gn t`rmndnp p`ruhnmnl ogcoa dnl p`lb`ckcnnl.

V`ruhnmnl guncotns tnlnm s`hnbno ngohnt p`lb`ckcnnl dnpnt docomnt

dnro gnpnsotns tnlnm ynlb a`le`raolgnl iulbso tnlnm ultug:

- A`c`stnrognl ngtovotns, dov`rsotns dnl prkdugtovotns hokckbos.
- A`lbntur dnl a`lbnrnmgnl ncornl nor dnl znt t`rcnrutlyn.
- A`lynrolb, a`lynlbbn, a`rkahng, a`ld`tkgsoiognso hnmnl-hnmnl
nlkrbnlog dnl krbnlog.
- A`lyoapnl dnl a`ldnurgnl mnrn dnl ulsur cnol dncna hoksi`r.
- A`ldugulb strugtur sksonc `gklkao dnl a`coldulbo p`lolbbncnl
nrg`kckbos t`rgnot d`lbnl p`raugoanl anluson.

A`lurut Dkrnl dnl Vnrgol dncna Mnludol (86>6) oldogntkr guncotns

tnlnm mnrus a`a`lumo p`rsynrntnl: >). a`luljuggnl prks`s-prks`s ynlb
t`rjndo dncna `gksost`a, 8). a`andugnl soint iosogn tnlnm, goaon tnlnm dnl
prks`s hokckbo tnlnm, 5). dnpnt dot`roan kc`m p`lbbuln dnl dnpnt
dot`rnpgnl do h`rhnbno gkldoso cnmnl, 4). p`gn t`rmndnp h`rhnbno
g`rnbnanl p`lb`ckcnnl tnlnm dnl p`ruhnmnl ogcoa, dnl 0) gkapkl`l ynlb
honsn donanto s`hnbno dntn dnsnr tnlnm.
A`lurut Vnrtkyk (8660) oldogntkr guncotns tnlnm mnrus
a`le`raolgnl iulbso >. a`c`stnrognl ngtovotns hokckbo, 8. p`lbnturnl dnl
p`lyncurnl nor, dnl 5. ioct`r dnl huii`rolb. Guncotns tnlnm dougur
h`rdnsnrgnl p`lbnantnl pndn oldogntkr soint iosogn, goaon dnl hokckbo

?5
tnlnm. Oldogntkr t`rs`hut a`rupngnl e`raolnl dnro soint, gnrngt`rostog
iosogn, goaon dnl hokckbos tnlnm ynlb a`lbbnahnrgnl gkldoso tnlnm.
A`lurut Mnludol (86>6) hnmwn p`ruhnmnl guncotns tnlnm dnpnt
docomnt dnro oldogntkr soint iosog, soint goaonwo dnl soint hokckbo. Oldogntkr
soint iosog tnlnm dnpnt docomnt dnro pnrna`t`r ugurnl, stnhocotns, p`lbnturnl
pnrtog`c tnlnm dnl runlb pkro tnlnm. Oldogntkr soint iosog h`rp`lbnrum
cnlbsulb t`rmndnp gkapksoso nor dnl bns, g`tnmnlnl t`rmndnp d`brndnso
dnl p`rtuahumnl ngnr. Oldogntkr soint goaon docngugnl d`lbnl nlncosos
rutol ynlb t`rdoro dnro g`t`rs`donnl mnrn, gnldulbnl hnmnl krbnlog, r`ngso
tnlnm (pM), sncolotns dnl gnpnsotns p`rtugnrnl gntokl (GVG). Oldogntkr
hokckbo t`rdoro dnro j`los dnl juacnm aogrkh dnl angrkinuln. Aogrkh ynlb
t`rdnpnt do tnlnm t`rdoro hngt`ro, netoloaoe`t`r, aogkrozn, bnlbbnlb horu,
dcc. Aogrkinuln ynlb s`rolb dojuapno pndn tnlnm t`rdoro dnro eneolb tnlnm,
krklb-krklb, rnynp dcc. Uoint hokckbo ngnl h`rp`lbnrum t`rmndnp
gnldulbnl hnmnl krbnlog. Hnmnl krbnlog h`rp`rnl dncna a`lolbgntgnl
ngtovotns dnl juacnm aogrkkrbnlosa` tnlnm s`molbbn r`spornso tnlnm ngnl

a`lolbgnt. X`spornso tnlnm ynlb tolbbo a`luljuggnl tolbgnt d`gkapksoso

dnl kgsodnso hnmnl krbnlog ynlb hnog (Nroiol, 86>>).
A`lurut Vnrtkyk (8660) hnmwn guncotns tnlnm dougur h`rdnsnrgnl
p`lbnantnl gkldoso dolnaos oldogntkr-oldogntkr tnlnm. V`lbugurnl
oldogntkr guncotns tnlnm a`lbmnsocgnl old`gs guncotns tnlnm. Old`gs
guncotns tnlnm a`rupngnl old`gs ynlb domotulb h`rdnsnrgnl locno dnl
hkhkt tonp oldogntkr guncotns tnlnm. Oldogntkr guncotns tnlnm a`ldnsnrgnl
pndn soint, iosogn, goaon dnl hokckbos tnlnm. Vnrna`t`r ynlb dobulngnl
ndncnm j`cug p`rngnrnl, h`rnt vkcua`, pkrksotns, d`hu dnl c`apulb, E-
krbnlog,, pM, V-t`rs`don, G-t`rtugnr, L-t`rs`don
krbnlog L-t`rs`don dnl L-t
L-tktnc
ktnc (Tnh`c >5.>).
V`lbmotulbnl old`gs guncotns tnlnm dodnsnrgnl oldogntkr ynlb
t`renltua pndn Tnh`c >5.>. Cnlbgnm p`rmotulbnl old`gs guncotns tnlnm
ndncnm:
- Old`gs hkhkt domotulb d`lbnl a`lbncognl hkhkt iulbso tnlnm ynotu
hkhkt > (lkakr 8) d`lbnl hkhkt 8 (lkakr 4) d`lbnl hkhkt 5
(lkakr 0).
- Ugkr domotulb d`lbnl a`ahnldolbgnl dntn p`lbnantnl dnro
oldogntkr tnlnm dnl iulbso p`locnonl ((lkakr 2->6).
- Old`gs guncotns tnlnm domotulb d`lbnl a`lbncognl old`gs hkhkt
(lkakr 9) dnl sgkr (lkakr 8) dnro oldogntkr.

?4
 Tnh`c >5.>. Grot`ron V`locnonl Old`gs Guncotns Tnlnm
Iulbso V`locnonl
Old`gs
Hntns
Iulbso Tnlnm Oldogntkr Tnlnm Hkhkt Hntns ntns
hnwnm
> 8 5 4 0 9 2 = ? >6
H> H8 H5 ]> _> ]8 _8
A`c`stnrognl 6,4 A`doua p`rngnrnl 6,55
ngtovotns - J`cug p`rngnrnl (ea) 6,9 6,6=6 >0 6 96 >
hokckbo - H`rnt vkcua` 6,4 6,605 8,> 6 >,5 >
(b.ea-5) 6,55
6,8 6,682 >6 6 06 >
G`c`lbnsnl
6,4 6,605 6,8 6 5,0 >
- Vkrksotns (%)
6,4 6,605 6 6 >0 >
- E-krbnlog (%)
6,55
- D`hu+c`apulb (%)
6,> 6,6>5 9 6 = >
G`mnrnnl 6,8 6,682 8,0 6 >06 >
- pM 6,8 6,682 8,88 6 50,0 >
- V-t`rs`don(ppa) 6,5 6,646 6,8 6 5,0 >
- G-t`rs`don (ab.gb->) 6,8 6,682 6,68 6 6,> >
- E-krbnlog (%)
- L-t`rs`don (ab.gb->)
V`lbnturnl 6,5 D`hu+c`apulb (%) 6,9 6,>=6 6 6 >0 >
dnl p`lyn- Vkrksotns (%) 6,8 6,696 >6 6 06 >
curnl nor H`rnt vkcua` (b.ea-5) 6,8 6,696 8,> 6 >,5 >
Ioct`r dnl 6,5 D`hu+c`apulb (%) 6,9 6,>=6 6 6 >0 >
Huii`rolb Vkrksotns (%) 6,> 6,656 >6 6 06 >
Vrks`s aogrkhokckbos 6,5
- E-krbnlog (%) 6,>0 6,640 6,8 6 5,0 >
- Tktnc L (%) 6,>0 6,640 6,64 6 6,62 >
Tktnc >,6 >,6

G`t`rnlbnl:
H> 1 hkhkt >, H8 1 Hkhkt 8, H 5 1 hkhkt 5

V`lbmotulbnl old`gs guncotns tnlnm dodnsnrgnl oldogntkr ynlb

t`renltua
ndncnm: pndn Tnh`c >5.>. Cnlbgnm p`rmotulbnl old`gs guncotns tnlnm
- Old`gs hkhkt domotulb d`lbnl a`lbncognl hkhkt iulbso tnlnm ynotu
hkhkt > (lkakr 8) d`lbnl hkhkt 8 (lkakr 4) d`lbnl hkhkt 5
(lkakr 0).
- Ugkr domotulb d`lbnl a`ahnldolbgnl dntn p`lbnantnl dnro
oldogntkr tnlnm dnl iulbso p`locnonl ((lkakr 2->6).
- Old`gs guncotns tnlnm domotulb d`lbnl a`lbncognl old`gs hkhkt
(lkakr 9) dnl sgkr (lkakr 8) dnro oldogntkr.

?0
 H`rdnsnrgnl p`rmotulbnl old`gs guncotns tnlnm, guncotns tnlnm dnpnt
dog`ckapkggnl a`ljndo 0 g`cns. Grot`ron g`cns guncotns tnlnm dosnjognl
pndn Tnh`c >5.8.

Tnh`c >5.8. Grot`ron Guncotns Tnlnm h`rdnsnrgnl Old`gs Guncotns Tnlnm

Lk G`cns Grot`ron (%)

>. Unlbnt X`ldnm 6->?
8. X`ldnm 86-46
5. U`dnlb 46-96
4. Tolbbo 96-=6
0. Unlbnt Tolbbo =6->66
Uuah`r: Vnrtkyk (8660)

8. Hnmnl Krbnlog
Uncnm sntu oldogntkr guncotns tnlnm ndngnm gnldulbnl hnmnl krbnlog
tnlnm. U`p`rto dog`tnmuo hnmnl krbnlog a`aocogo soint ynlb snlbnt cnhoc dnl
audnm h`ruhnm t`rbnltulb anlnj`a`l p`lb`ckcnnl tnlnm. Rncnupul
gnldulbnl hnmnl krbnlog tnlnm snlbnt s`dogot ynotu >-0% dnro h`rnt tktnc
tnlnm aol`rnc, lnaul p`lbnrumlyn t`rmndnp soint iosog, goaon dnl hokckbo
tnlnm snlbnt h`snr.

Tnh`c >5.5. Grot`ron Guncotns Tnlnm H`rdnsnrgnl Hnmnl Krbnlog

Lk Gnldulbnl Hnmnl Krbnlog (%) Mnrgnt

>. 3> Unlbnt r`ldnm
8. >-8 X`ldnm
5. 8,>-5 U`dnlb
4. 5,>-0 Tolbbo
0. <0 Unlbnt tolbbo

Hnmnl krbnlog tnlnm t`cnm t`rhugto a`lb`ldncognl guncotns tnlnm

hnog s`enrn iosog, goaon anupul hokckbo. U`enrn iosog, hnmnl krbnlog
a`lurulgnl h`rnt vkcua` tnlnm, a`lolbgntgnl p`ra`nhocotns,
a`lbb`ahurgnl tnlnm, a`ap`rhnogo n`rnso tnlnm, a`lolbgntgnl stnhocotns
nbr`bnt, a`lolbgntgnl g`anapunl tnlnm a`a`bnlb nor, a`ljnbn
g`c`ahnhnl dnl sumu tnlnm, a`lburnlbo `l`rbo gol`tog cnlbsulb nor mujnl,
a`lburnlbo ncornl p`raugnnl dnl `rkso tnlnm (Knd`s, >?=?7 Vub`t, `t nc.,
>??07 Jnstrkw, `t nc., >??9). U`enrn goaon, hnmnl krbnlog a`lurulgnl pM

?9
tnlnm, dnpnt a`lbognt ckbna h`rneul d`lbnl a`ah`ltug g`cnt gkapc`gs,
a`lolbgntgnl gnpnsotns p`rtugnrnl gntokl dnl s`hnbno suah`r mnrn hnbo
tnlnanl (Ut`v`lskl, >??4). U`enrn hokckbo tnlnm, hnmnl krbnlog tnlnm
anapu a`lbognt hutor-hutor pnrtog`c a`ah`ltug nbr`bnt dnro h`lnlb
mypmn` t`rutnan dnro jnaur ayekrrmozn dnl mnsoc `gsgr`so tuahumnl dnl
m`wnl cnollyn (Uk`boanl, >?=87 Nddosektt, 8666).
V`locnonl guncotns tnlnm h`rdnsnrgnl gnldulbnl hnmnl krbnlog
r`cntoi s`d`rmnln. V`locnonl dodnsnrgnl nlncosos gnldulbnl hnmnl krbnlog
do cnhkrntkroua. Locno hnmnl krbnlog g`audonl doansuggnl dncna 0
gnt`bkro
gnt`bk ro (T
(Tnh`c
nh`c >5.5).

5. G`s`mntnl Tnlnm
G`s`mntnl
G`s`mntnl tnlnm oncnm olt`brnso dnl kptoanso soint-soint tnlnm ynlb
h`rtujunl ultug a`lolbgntgnl prkdugtovotns dnl guncotns tnlnm, tnlnanl,
dnl colbgulbnl (Bubolk, dgg., 8662). G`s`mntnl tnlnm todng dnpnt dougur
cnlbsulb, t`tnpo dougur d`lbnl a`lbbulngnl oldogntkr gol`rjn tnlnm.
Oldogntkr gol`rjn tnlnm oncnm soint tnlnm ynlb t`rugur dnl dnpnt
a`luljuggnl tnldn hnmwn tnlnm a`ljncnlgnl iulbsolyn ntnu todng.
V`ruhnmnl oldogntkr gol`rjn a`le`raolgnl g`h`rmnsocnl p`a`comnrnnl dnl
toldngnl gkls`rvnso tnlnm. G`s`mntnl tnlnm dnpnt t`rjnaol hocn iulbso
tnlnm dnpnt h`rjncnl cnlenr. Tnlnm a`aocogo iulbso ultug t`apnt prkdugso
p`rtnlonl, p`lbntur nsupnl dnl guncotns nor, t`apnt modup nl`gn-rnbna-
mnynto, a`ldnur-ucnlb hnmnl krbnlog dnl ulsur mnrn, dnl ioct`r hnmnl
p`le`anr (Xownldo, 86>6).
G`s`mntnl tnlnm dnpnt a`lbbulngnl oldogntkr g`h`rnbnannl
aogrkkrbnlosa` do dncna tnlnm, hnog s`hnbno d`gkapks`r ntnu trnlsikra`r
s`lynwn krbnlog a`ljndo nlkrbnlog, nltnbklos pntkb`l, anupul s`hnbno
soahokl hnbo tnlnanl, s`p`rto ayekrrmozn (_uconlto, 86>6). U`angol
hnlyng juacnm dnl j`loslyn, s`angol s`mnt gkldoso tnlnm t`rs`hut. Psnmn
p`lolbgntnl g`s`mntnl tnlnm docngugnl d`lbnl p`lnahnmnl hnmnl krbnlog
s`enrn t`rntur, s`molbbn ngnl h`rdnapng pndn p`lolbgntnl pkpucnso dnl
ngtovotns aogrkkrbnlosa` do dncna tnlnm.
V`rmotulbnl g`s`mntnl tnlnm docngugnl d`lbnl a`ah`rognl locno
pndn s`tonp oldogntkr gol`rjn tnlnm do cnpnlb d`lbnl a`ah`rognl locno >
g`pndn oldogntkr gol`rjn tnlnm ynlb todng s`mnt, dnl locno 0 doh`rognl

?2
g`pndn ynlb snlbnt s`mnt. Locno ansolb-ansolb oldogntkr gol`rjn tnlnm
dojuacnmgnl s`molbbn dop`rkc`m tktnc locno. V`rs`ltns` locno dop`rkc`m dnro
tktnc locno ynlb dop`rkc`m dogncognl >66 dohnbo d`lbnl tktnc locno t`rtolbbo.
Grot`ron p`locnonl g`s`mntnl tnlnm h`rdnsnrgnl oldogntkr gol`rjn tnlnm do
cnpnlb dosnjognl pndn Tnh`c >5.4.

Tnh`c >5.4. Grot`ron V`locnonl Oldogntkr Gol`rjn Tnlnm do Cnpnlbnl

Grot`ron/sgkr
Oldogntkr Todng Gurnlb
Eugup U`mnt Unlbnt U`mnt
Gol`rjn Tnlnm s`mnt s`mnt
(5) (4) (4)
(>) (8)
Rnrln tnlnm A`rnm Gulolb Mojnu Ekgcnt Motna
Gndnr c`lbns <20 380 20 06 80-06
G`c`r`lbnl <56 >0-56 =->0 5-= 6-5
T`gstur tnlnm Vnsor/cont Vnsor Vnsor cont C`apulb C`apulb
d`hunl d`hunl
G`antnlbnl Iohros - M`aos - Unpros
bnahut
Utrugtur tnlnm Unlbnt G`rns Gurnlb X`anm Unlbnt
g`rns r`anm r`anm
Hnmnl krbnlog Todng ndn U`dogot Eugup Hnlyng A`coapnm
pM (M8K) 34,0 4,0-0,0 2,9-=,0 0,0-9,6 9,>-2,0
Vkpucnso eneolb Todng ndn U`dogot Eugup hnlyng A`coapnm
gktkrnl gktkrnl gktkrnl dnl gktkrnl dnl
dnl cuhnlb dnl cuhnlb cuhnlb eneolb cuhnlb
eneolb eneolb eneolb
C`bua` Ekv`r 340 % 49-94 % 90-24 % 20-?? % >66%
Erkp (CEE)
@rkso Buc`y Buc`y Ncur C`ahnr H`hns
h`snr g`eoc
G`pndntnl Tnlnm Tnlnm Tnlnm Tnlnm c`pns- V`ltrnso ngnr
tnlnm g`rns, g`rns, t`bus, c`pns h`hns
pndnt, pndnt p`l`trnso
p`l`trnso ngnr

ngnr
snlbnt t`rhntns
hurug
Gol`rjn Dnul G`rdoc, Tuahum Dnul mojnu, Dnul mojnu,
tnlnanl putom, t`re`gna s`dnlb, h`hns tuahum
g`rdoc, ulsur mnrn s`dogot e`gnlnanl lkranc,
t`re`gna e`gnanl ulsur mnrn h`hns
ulsur mnrn ulsur mnrn e`gnanl
mnrn

Uuah`r: Xownldo (86>>)

?=
 Oldogntkr-oldogntkr g`s`mntnl tnlnm dnpnt dog`lnco hnog s`enrn
guncotntoi (e`pnt, aurnm t`tnpo gurnlb ngurnt) anupul gunltotntoi (a`cncuo
p`lbugurnl). V`locnonl g`s`mntnl tnlnm a`lbbulngnl pnrna`t`r cnpnlbnl
anupul mnsoc nlncosos cnhkrntkroua. Vnrna`t`r ynlb donanto do cnpnlbnl
ndncnm wnrln tnlnm, gndnr c`lbns, g`aorolbnl c`r`lb, t`gstur/g`antnlbnl
tnlnm, strugtur tnlnm, hnmnl krbnlog tnlnm, pM (M 8K), eneolb tnlnm,
C`bua` Ekv`r Erkp (CEE), pndntnl tnlnm, dnl gol`rjn tnlnanl.
U`dnlbgnl mnsoc nlncosos cnhkrntkroua a`coputo pM(M 8K), Dnyn Mnltnr
Costrog (DMC), Enrhkl (E), Lotrkb`l (L), loshnm E/L, V 8K0, Hnsn t`rtugnr
(G-, En-, Ab-dd), Nc-dd, M-dd, Gnpnsotns V`rtugnrnl Gntokl (GVG),
G`j`lumnl Hnsn (Gj-Hnsn), dnl G`j`lumnl Ncuaoloua (Gj-Nc) (Xownldo,
86>6).

Tnh`c >5.0. Grot`ron V`locnonl Mnsoc Nlncosos Tnlnm do Cnhkrntkroua

Grot`ron/sgkr
Unlbnt Unlbnt
Uoint tnlnm X`ldnm U`dnlb Tolbbo
r`ldnm (8) (5) (4) Tolbbo
(>) (4)
E(%) 3> >-8 8-5 5-0 <0
L (%) 3 6,> 6,>-6,8 6,8>-6,06 6,0>-6,20 <6,20
V8)0 Hrny (ppa) 34 0-2 =->6 >>->0 <>0
(+ ->
GTG (eakc gb ) 30 0->9 >2-84 80-46 <46
(+ ->
En (eakc gb ) 38 8-0 9->6 >>-86 <86
Ab (eakc(+ gb->) 3 6,5 6,4-> >,>-8,6 8,>-=6 <=,6
G (eakc(+)gb->) 3 6,> 6,>-6,5 6,4-6,0 6,9->,6 <>,6
G`j`lumnl hnsn (%) 3 86 86-46 4>-96 9>-=6 <=6
G`j`lumnlNc (%) 30 0->6 >>-86 8>-46 <46
->
DMC (dUa ) 3> >-8 8-5 5-4 <4
Uuah`r: Hncottnlnm (8660)

G`s`mntnl tnlnm dnpnt a`ap`rbulngnl mnsoc nlncosos tnlnm. Grot`ron

p`locnonl mnsoc nlncosos tnlnm docomnt pndn Tnh`c >5.0. V`l`ltunl g`cns
g`s`mntnl tnlnm ntns dnsnr locno p`rs`ltns` ynlb dop`rkc`m s`tonp totog
p`lbnantnl. Locno p`rs`ltns` s`tonp totog p`lbnantnl dog`cnsgnl a`ljndo
tnlnm snlbnt s`mnt, tnlnm s`mnt, tnlnm eugup s`mnt, tnlnm gurnlb s`mnt, dnl
tnlnm todng s`mnt (Tnh`c >5.9).

??
 Tnh`c >5.9. Grot`ron V`locnonl G`s`mntnl Tnlnm H`rdnsnrgnl
Oldogntkrr Gol`
Oldogntk Gol`rjn
rjn

Lk G`cns Grot`ron (%)

>. Todng s`mnt 386
8. Gurnlb U`mnt 86-46
5. Eugup U`mnt 46-96
4. U`mnt 96-=6
0. Unlbnt U`mnt <=6

Tnh`c >5.2. Mnsoc V`l`tnpnl G`cns G`s`mntnl Tnlnm do Cnmnl Vnsor

V`lbbulnnl Cnmnl
Lk Vnrna`t`r
Gkls`rvnso Hunm Vnlbnl Unyur Gkltrkc
> Rnrln tnlnm 8,6 8,6 8,6 5,6 >,6
8 Gndnr c`lbns 8,6 8,6 8,6 8,6 8,6
5 G`c`r`lbnl 8,6 4,6 0,6 0,6 8,6
4 T`gstur tnlnm >,6 >,6 >,6 >,6 >,6
0 Utrugtur tnlnm 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6
9 Hnmnl krbnlog >,6 >,6 >,6 >,6 >,6
2 pM (M8K) 4,8 0,6 0,6 4,9 4,6
= Vkpucnso eneolb >,6 >,6 >,6 >,6 >,6
? C`bua` Ekv`r Erkp >,6 >,6 >,6 >,6 >,6
(CEE)
>6 @rkso 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6
>> G`pndntnl tnlnm 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6
>8 V`lnapocnl 4,6 4,6 5,6 0,6 >,6
Tnlnanl
Tktnc Ugkr 5>,8 54,6 54,6 59,9 82,6
V`rs`ltns` Ugkr 08,6 09,2 09,2 9>,6 40,6
G`cns G`s`mntnl Eugup Eugup Eugup U`mnt Eugup
Uuah`r: Xnjoanl (86>4)

Do hnwnm olo dosnjognl ekltkm p`rmotulbnl g`s`mntnl tnlnm

h`rdnsnrgnl gkldoso cnpnlbnl dnl nlncosos cnhkrntkroua. Mnsoc p`locnonl
g`s`mntnl tnlnm dosnjognl pndn Tnh`c >5.2, Tnh`c >5.= dnl Tnh`c >5.?.

>66
 Tnh`c >5.=. V`locnonl G`s`mntnl Tnlnm do Vndnlb H`tunm,
H`lbgucu T`lbnm

Uuah`r: Xownldo (86>6)

Tnh`c >5.?. Locno Nlncosos Uoint Tnlnm do Vndnlb H`tunm,

H`lbgucu T`lbnm

Uuah`r: Xownldo (86>6)

>6>
 HNH >4
V@LBNVPXNL

N. V`lb`rtonl Gnpur
Gnpur ndncnm s`tonp hnmnl ynlb a`lbnldulb En anupul Ab ynlb
dnpnt doh`rognl g`pndn tnlnm ultug a`lnognl pM. V`lbnpurnl ndncnm
upnyn ynlb docngugnl ultug a`lolbgntgnl pM tnlnm d`lbnl
a`lnahnmgnl gnpur g`dncna tnlnm. Tujunl utnan dnro p`lbnpurnl olo
oncnm ultug a`lolbgntgnl pM dnro pM ansna a`ljndo pM l`trnc. Vndn pM
tnlnm ynlb ansna, hnlyng ulsur mnrn (aosnclyn: L, V, G, En, Ab) ynlb
todng t`rs`don hnbo tnlnanl gnr`ln pndn pM r`ldnm ulsur t`rs`hut rusng.
Mnlyn ulsur I` dnl Nc (ulsur aogrk) ynlb t`rs`don pndn tnlnm ansna.

Angn domnrnpgnl, d`lbnl p`lbnpurnl ngnl a`lolbgntgnl pM a`ljndo

l`trnc, do anln pndn pM l`trnc hnlyng ulsur mnrn ynlb dnpnt t`rs`don hnbo
tnlnanl.
Vkt`lso cuns tnlnm ansna do Oldkl`son snlbnt h`snr d`lbnl do
dodkaolnso kc`m krdk tnlnm uctoskc (pkdskcog a`rnm gulolb) d`lbnl pM 4-
0. Tnlnm uctoskc do Oldkl`son a`apulyno cuns molbbn 5=,452 jutn Mn.
Tnlnm uctoskc a`rupngnl tnlnm ynlb uaualyn dousnmngnl s`hnbno cnmnl
p`rtnlonl hnog otu p`rtnlonl cnmnl hnsnm anupul p`rtnlonl cnmnl g`rolb.
Vndn tnlnm ansna a`aocogo h`h`rnpn g`ldncn dncna p`lb`ckcnnllyn,
s`molbbn h`rdnapng pndn p`rtuahumnl tnlnanl. V`ransncnmnl ynlb
s`rolb auleuc pndn tnlnm ansna nltnrn cnol:
+

>. T`rnguaucnsolyn okl M pndn tnlnm s`molbbn a`lbmnahnt

p`rtuahumnl tnlnanl.
5+
8. Tolbbolyn gnldulbnl Nc s`molbbn a`rneul hnbo tnlnanl.
5. G`gurnlbnl ulsur mnrn En dnl Ab.
5+
4. G`gurnlbnl ulsur mnrn V gnr`ln t`rognt kc`m Nc .
0. H`rgurnlblyn ulsur Ak s`molbbn prks`s iktksolt`sos t`rbnlbbu.
9. G`rneulnl ulsur aogrk ynlb a`aocogo g`cnrutnl ynlb tolbbo pndn
rnlnm ansna.

>68
 V`lbnpurnl pndn cnmnl p`rtnlonl ngnl a`ah`rognl anlinnt ynlb
h`rupn:
>. A`lurulgnl pM tnlnm.
8. A`lurulgnl g`cnrutnl Nc.
5. A`lolbgntgnl gnldulbnl ulsur mnrn En dnl Ab.
4. A`ap`rhnogo t`gstur, strugtur dnl a`anltnpgnl nbr`bnt tnlnm.
0. A`lurulgnl tolbgnt hnmnyn `rkso gnr`ln nbr`bnt tnlnm ynlb anltnp.
9. A`ap`rhnogo soint hokckbo tnlnm s`p`rto ngtovotns aogrk krbnlosa`.

H. Uuah`r Gnpur
U`juacnm znt ynlb h`rh`dn dobulngnl s`hnbno hnmnl p`lbnpurnl,
hnmnl goaon ynlb dobulngnl ultug p`lbnpurnl tnlnm dnl nor ndncnm
kgsodn, modrkgsodn dnl gncsoua socognt ntnu anbl`soua, gnr`ln olo ynlb
anapu a`lburnlbo g`ansnanl. Ndn h`rhnbno j`los gnpur ynlb dnpnt
dobulngnl ultug p`lbnpurnl cnmnl p`rtnlonl, nltnrn cnol:
>. Gnpur bocolb 1 gnpur Uup`r, gncsot g`cns > (EnEK5)
Gnpur bocolb a`ldudugo g`cns utnan dncna p`lbnpurnl cnmnl
p`rtnlonl. Hnmnl nscolyn t`rutnan a`lbnldulb EnEK 5 ntnu AbEK5 ynlb
dnpnt a`lbuhnm g`nsnanl tnlnm.

8. Gnpur tkmkr 1 gnpur modup, gncsot g`cns 8 (^uoegcoa`)

Gnpur bocolb ntnu hnmnl cnol ynlb gnyn EnEK 5 dopnlnso d`lbnl sumu
tolbbo, t`rh`ltug EK 8 dnl gnpur modup. Gnpur modup olo t`rutnan t`rdoro
dnro EnK jogn ynlb dobulngnl hnmnl h`rgndnr En tolbbo. Gndnlb-gndnlb
gnpur modup jubn ansom a`lbnldulb AbK h`ltug gnpur olo honsnlyn
t`pulb mncus, tnpo dnpnt jubn a`lbnldulb h`h`rnpn buapncnl `apug ( skit
cuaps). Hocn doenapur nor, a`ah`ltug gnpur anto. Hocn t`rs`ltum udnrn,
gnpur modup cnahnt a`ly`rnp nor dnl EK 8 ultug a`ah`ltug enapurnl
gnpur anto dnl EnEK5 ynlb dos`hut gnpur anto udnrn.

5. Gnpur dkckaot EnAb(EK5)8

Gnpur ynlb a`lbnldulb AbEK5 gorn-gorn snan d`lbnl gnldulbnl
EnEK5 dos`hut dkckaot. T`gstur dnl g`g`rnsnl gnpur dkckaot h`rvnronso,
t`tnpo s`t`cnm dobocolb s`apurln dnpnt h`g`rjn (h`r`ngso) hnog d`lbnl tnlnm
hocn todng t`rcncu hnlyng a`lbnldulb ulsur cnol. Dkckaot sudnm uaua

>65
dop`rdnbnlbgnl s`hnbno pupug, gnr`ln gnldulbnl Ab do snapolb En. Do
snapolb p`lnahnm ulsur mnrn, dkckaot ngnl anapu a`lnahnm dnyn
buln cnmnl.

4. Gnpur anto 1 scng`d coa`, Mydrnt`d coa` En(KM) 8

Hnmnl olo dop`rkc`m d`lbnl a`lyornagnl nor pndn gnpur a`ltnm
(gnpur modup) ynlb g`audonl honsn dop`rdnbnlbgnl s`hnbno gnpur ultug
a`lbnpur t`ahkg. Gnpur anto cnahnt a`lbnahoc dnro EK 8 udnrn.
V`ly`rnpnl EK8 dnl nor kc`m gnpur modup dnl EK8 kc`m gnpur anto todng
a`lburnlbo locno hnmnl ultug p`lbnpurnl, mnlyn snjn ultug a`ldnpntgnl
h`rnt t`rt`ltu EnK dop`rcugnl gnpur anto dncna juacnm h`snr.

0. Gnpur cont 1 Lnpnc, Anrc

Anrc ndncnm hutornl ntnu hutor c`pns, s`rolbgnco tng aurlo, EnEK 5
ynlb h`rnsnc dnro enlbgnlb holntnlb cnut ntnu t`rh`ltug dnro pr`sopotnso
EnEK5 dnro p`rnornl dnlnu g`eoc ntnu gkcna. U`enrn uaua anrc donrtognl
s`hnbno EnEK5 ynlb culng dnl todng tnmnl cnpug dnl honsnlyn t`renapur
d`lbnl c`apulb dnl gktkrnl cnol. Ostocnm olo jubn dopngno ultug mnapor
s`aun hnmnl ynlb tolbbo gndnr gnpurlyn s`p`rto h`h`rnpn tnlnm cont
h`rgnpur. Anrc honsnlyn mnapor s`aunlyn EnEK5 aurlo, tnpo gndnlb-
gndnlb a`lbnldulb tnlnm cont, d`hu ntnu hnmnl krbnlog ynlb tolbbo. Anrc
s`rolb dobnco dncna g`ndnnl hnsnm dnl sugnr domnapnr do ntns tnlnm,
g`eunco s`h`cualyn dohonrgnl g`rolb. V`ly`hnrnl anrc todng s`cuns gnpur
bocolb, dnl p`loahulnllyn jnum gurnlb `gst`lsoi tnpo t`rdnpnt do hnlyng
pnltno.
V`lbbnconl anrc s`d`rmnln. Anrc s`rolb t`rdnpnt do hnwnm tnlnm
h`rnt ynlb mnrus dosolbgorgnl dnmucu a`lbbulngnl ncnt h`rnt s`p`rto
hucdks`r. G`audonl p`raugnnl h`d`lb dop`enm d`lbnl hnjng engrna ntnu
trngtkr, cncu dog`rolbgnl ntnu cnlbsulb doaunt g` dncna trug. V`ahnjngnl
gndnlb-gndnlb docngugnl ultug a`lbn`rnso cnposnl p`raugnnl s`molbbn
e`pnt g`rolb. Honsnlyn anrc todng dobocolb ntnu dotnpos.

9. Gnpur tucos 1 gnpur mncus, Tncg, Emncg, En(MEK5)8

Hntunl olo a`rupngnl hnmnl EnEK5 ynlb culng dnl hnog ultug
p`lbnpurnl. Do Olbbros, hnmnl olo hnlyng dobulngnl lnaul do Oldkl`son,

>64
h`cua cnzoa. Gnpur tucos mnrus dobocolb s`h`cua dobulngnl, tnpo gnr`ln
audnm p`enm, mnlyn dohutumgnl s`dogot t`lnbn.

2. Gnpur hnrn 1 scnb

Mnsoc snapolb oldustro h`so olo dobulngnl s`hnbno hnmnl p`lbnpurnl
do dn`rnm d`gnt udnrn pnlns s`t`apnt. Gnpur hnrn olo h`rh`dn d`lbnl
g`hnlyngnl j`los gnpur cnol dncna mnc gnldulbnl En dnl Ab, dnl jubn
a`lbnldulb socognt aosnclyn h`rh`dn pucn d`lbnl EK 5 ntnu kgsodn s`p`rto
gnpur bocolb ntnu gnpur tkmkr. V`angnonllyn snan `i`gtoilyn d`lbnl
gnpur bocolb ynlb s`ugurnl.
Gnpur hnrn domnsocgnl dncna dun h`ltug ynotu ynlb doudnrn-
dolbolgnl, s`molbbn mnrus dobocolb s`h`cua dopngno dnl h`rhutor ynlb
mnapor s`aun p`lbmncusnl pnrtog`c p`ltolb dos`apurlngnl pndn prks`s
brnlucnso (p`ahutornl). H`ltug g`dun olo honsnlyn c`hom e`pnt h`rngso
d`lbnl tnlnm. U`p`rto mnclyn gnpur dkckaot, gnpur hnrn a`lbnldulb Ab
dnl a`ljndognl Ab t`rs`don hnbo tnlnanl. Gnpur hnrn dnsnr ( hnsoe scnb)
ynlb jubn mnsoc snapolb oldustro h`so dnl ckbna t`rutnan dobulngnl ultug
a`lnahnm ulsur V pndn tnlnanl, t`tnpo jubn h`rbuln s`hnbno hnmnl
p`lbnpurnl. Gnpur hnrn ynlb a`lbnldulb EnUo 8K0, dnpnt jubn dojndognl
hnmnl p`lbnpurnl. Gnldulbnl Ab-lyn nant s`dogot dnl V-lyn jubn
r`ldnm.

=. Gucot holntnlb dnl cnol-cnol

Gucot g`rnlb bocolb dnl enlbgnlb mnsoc cnut cnollyn gnyn ngnl
EnEK5. Hocn dobocolb mncus, gucot holntnlb otu ngnl h`ruhnm a`ljndo hnmnl
nb`l p`lbnpurnl ynlb `i`gtoi.

E. V`rtoahnlbnl
V`rtoahnlbnl V`lbnpur
V`lbnpurnl
nl
Psnmn p`rhnognl tnlnm d`lbnl p`lbnpurnl todng s`antn-antn
h`rtujunl ultug a`lolbgntgnl pM tnlnm, lnaul jubn mnrus
a`ap`rmntognl tujunl prkdugso. U`molbbn p`lbnpurnl mnrus
a`ap`rtoahnlbgnl h`h`rnpn mnc, nltnrn cnol:
>. G`ansnanl (pM) tnlnm ynlb dohutumgnl kc`m tnlnanl.
U`p`rto t`cnm dopnmnao, hnmwn s`tonp j`los tnlnanl a`a`rcugnl
g`s`sunonl cnmnl, t`rutnan pM ynlb h`rh`dn-h`dn. G`ansnanl tnlnm ngnl

>60
a`ap`lbnrumo tolbgnt g`t`rs`donnl mnrn dncna tnlnm ynlb dnpnt
doanlinntgnl kc`m tnlnanl.

8. H`ltug gnpur dnl g`mncusnllyn.

H`ltug dnl g`mncusnl gnpur snlbnt h`rp`lbnrum t`rmndnp
g`anapunl hnmnl gnpur ultug h`r`ngso d`lbnl tnlnm. Hnmnl gnpur
d`lbnl g`mncusnl ynlb tolbbo ngnl a`aocogo g`anapunl a`c`pnsgnl mnrn
ynlb c`hom tolbbo dnl s`hncoglyn. U`molbbn H`ltug dnl g`mncusnl hnmnl
gnpur p`rcu dop`rtoahnlbgnl dncna p`lbbulnnllyn, t`rutnan t`rgnot
d`lbnl:
n. Jnaolnl gnldulbnl goaon dnro gnpur ynlb h`rsnlbgutnl.
h. Mnrbn tonp tkl ynlb doh`rognl pndn tnlnm.
e. G`e`pntnl h`r`ngso d`lbnl tnlnm.
d. G`mncusnl hntu gnpur.
`. V`lyoapnlnl, p`ldostrohusonl, p`lbbulnnl gnrulb ntnu eurnmnl.

D. Juacnm Gnpur ynlb Doh`rognl

V`ah`ronl gnpur dop`lbnrumo kc`m tujunl g`lnognl pM ynlb
doolbolgnl, t`gstur, strugtur dnl gnldulbnl hnmnl krbnlog tnlnm cnposnl
kcnm. T`gstur tnlnm ynlb s`angol h`rnt ngnl a`a`rcugnl juacnm gnpur
ynlb s`angol hnlyng. Utrugtur tnlnm cnposnl kcnm ynlb doh`ltug d`lbnl
p`lbkcnmnl tnlnm todng s`cncu s`rnbna hnbo ansolb-ansolb j`los tnlnm,
Angol mncus hutornl nbr`bnt tnlnm, angol hnlyng gnpur ynlb dohutumgnl.
D`aogonl pucn pM, t`gstur dnl strugtur cnposnl hnwnm tnlnm ( suhskoc),
gnr`ln pM ynlb r`ldnm ntnu c`hom tolbbo dnro pM cnposnl kcnm a`ljndo
p`rtoahnlbnl h`rnpn juacnm gnpur ynlb mnrus doh`rognl. Juacnm gnpur
ynlb mnrus doh`rognl g` tnlnm h`rmuhulbnl d`lbnl g`anapunl hnmnl
gnpur ultug a`l`trncgnl tnlnm (Tnh`c >4.>).

Tnh`c >4.>. Locno L`trncosnso H`h`rnpn Hnmnl Gnpur

Lk Hnmnl Locno L`trncosnso (%)
>. Gncsoua Gnrhklnt
Gnrhklnt (EnEK5) >66
8. Gnpur Tkmkr (EnK) >2?
5. Gnpur hnlbulnl (En(KM)8 >54
4. AbEK5 >>?
0. Dkckaot (EnAb(EK5)8 >6?

>69
@. Enrn V`ah`ronl Gnpur
V`ah`ronl hnmnl gnpur do cnmnl p`rtnlonl docngugnl >-8 aolbbu
s`h`cua tnlna h`rsnannl d`lbnl p`lbkcnmnl g`dun. V`lbkcnmnl tnlnm
g`dun ngnl a`lenapur hnmnl goaon dncna tnlnm. Ndn h`h`rnpn enrn
p`ah`ronl hnmnl gnpur ynotu dos`hnr, dokcnm dnl doh`rognl p`r ruapul
(t`rutnan tnlnanl tnmulnl). Enrn p`lbnpurnl d`lbnl enrn doenapur ngnl
a`ah`rognl dnapng ynlb c`hom hnog dohnldolb dos`hnrgnl.

I. V`lnahnmnl Hnmnl Cnollyn

V`lbnpurnl do cnmnl p`rtnlonl, s`rolb gnco dooguto d`lbnl p`ah`ronl
hnmnl krbnlog tnlnm ntnu p`lb`ahnconl sosn pnl`l g` dncna tnlnm. Mnc olo
snlbnt p`ltolb ultug a`lbmoldnro p`andntnl tnlnm dnl p`leueonl, s`rtn
a`lolbgntgnl `i`g p`aupugnl. V`lbnpurnl akd`c olo mnrus
a`ap`rmntognl pM hnmnl krbnlog ynlb doh`rognl.

B. V`rmotulbnl G`hutumnl Gnpur

Hnmnl gnpur ynlb doh`rognl g` dncna tnlnm snlbnt t`rbnltulb pndn
pM, t`gstur, hnmnl krbnlog, autu gnpur, dnl j`los tnlnanl. Pltug
a`l`ltugnl g`hutumnl gnpur do cnpnlbnl dnpnt dobulngnl 8 enrn ynotu:
>. A`tkd` UAV (Uemk`a
(Uemk`ang`r,
ng`r, Ae C`nl dnl V
Vrntt)
rntt)
V`rmotulbnl g`hutumnl gnpur a`cncuo a`tkd` UAV h`rdnsnrgnl
+ 8+
pnrna`t`r juacnm M dncna Nc ynlb dnpnt dop`rtugnrgnl ynlb cnrut
d`lbnl a`lbbulngnl cnrutnl UAV huii`r. V`rmotulbnl g`hutumnl gnpur
docngugnl d`lbnl cnlbgnm-cnlbgnm: A`lbugur pM tnlnm, jogn pM t`ransug
ansna, docnljutgnl p`lnahnmnl cnrutnl UAV huii`r pndn cnrutnl
p`lbugurnl pM, g`audonl ugur pM-lyn. U`cnljutlyn g`hutumnl gnpur
docomnt h`rdnsnrgnl Tnh`c >4.8.

Tnh`c >4.8. Gnpur ynlb Mnrus Dotnahnmgnl ultug A`ljndo pM T`rt`ltu

Tnlnm aol`rnc Tnlnm Krbnlog
pM UAV Nbnr a`ljndo pM
2 9,0 9,6 0,8
9.= 5.> 8.2 8.8 >.9
9.2 0.4 4.2 5.= 8.?
9.9 2.9 9.0 0.4 4.6
9.0 >6.> =.0 9.? 0.4
9.4 >8.5 >6.0 =.0 9.0

>62
 8. A`tkd` gndnr
gndnr Nc dd
V`rmotulbnl gnpur dodnsnrgnl gndnr Nc dd ynlb dougur do
cnhkrntkroua d`lbnl a`lbbulngnl `gstrngso GEc > L. Mnsoc Nc dd
dogncognl d`lbnl ingtkr >7 >,0 7 8 dst. V`rmotulbnl olo h`rdnsnrgnl okl En
ultug a`l`ltugnl. Ingtkr olo dot`ltugnl kc`m gndnr hnmnl krbnlog,
s`angol tolbbo hnmnl krbnlog ingtkr p`lbncolyn angol tolbbo.

G`hutumnl gnpur 1 Ingtkr p`lbnco x Nc dd

Ekltkm tnlnm s`dncna 86 ea a`lbnldulb Nc dd > a`/>66 brna, HY >,8

br/ea5. Hocn g`hutumnl gnpur dogncognl >,0 x Nc dd h`rnpn g`hutumnl
EnEK5. En 1 46, E 1 >8, K 1 >9 EnEK5 1 >66

Jnwnh:

H`rnt tnlnm > mn

8
>mn 1 >66 a x >66 a 1 >6.666 a
8
1 >666.666 ea

Ykcua` tnlnm 1 cuns x dncna

5
1 >.666.666 x 86 ea
5
1 86.666.666 ea

H`rnt tnlnm 1 vkcua` x HY

5 5
1 86.666.666 ea x >,8 br/ea
1 84.666.666 brna
1 84 tkl

G`hutumnl gnpur 1 >,0 x Nc dd

1 >,0 x > a`/>66 brna

Dopocom En 1 >,0 x (46/8) ab

ab/>66
/>66 b tnlnm.
1 56 ab/>66 brna tnlnm
1 566 ab/>.666.666 brna
1 286 gb/mn

Jndo g`hutumnl EnEK5 1 (>66/46) x 286 gb 1>,= tkl/mn

Pltug ingtkr p`lbnco 8 dodnpnt g`hutumnl EnEK5 1 8,2 tkl/mn.

>6=
 Enrn ultug a`lbmotulb g`hutumnl gnpur honsnlyn d`lbnl
a`lbncohrnsognl d`lbnl gnldulbnl Nc-dd.

Ekltkm:
Jogn dog`tnmuo g`hutumnl gnpur 1 > x Nc-dd nrtolyn > a` En/>66b tnlnm

ultug a`l`trncgnl > a` Nc/>66 b tnlnm.

> a`
a` En/>66 br tnlnm 1 H`rnt Ntka En/Ync`lso
En/Ync` lso x a` En/>66 b tnlnm
> a` En/>66 b
brr tnlnm 1 46/8 x > a` En/>66 b tnlnm
1 86 ab En/>66 b tnlnm
9
1 866 ab En/> gb tnlnm x 8 x >6
(nsuaso g`dncnanl tnlnm 86 ea,
5
HY 1 > br/ea )
1 466 gb En/mn

Pltug a`lbmotulb g`hutumnl gnpur p`rtnlonl:

G`hutumnl gnpur 1 H`rnt Ntka Tktnc/H`rnt Ntka En x G`hutumnl En

Pltug a`lbmotulb g`hutumnl EnEK 5 (> x Nc-dd):

G`hutumnl EnEK5 1 >66/46 x 466 Gb En/mn
1 > tkl EnEK 5/mn
Pltug EnK (> x Nc-dd) 1 09/46 x 466 Gb En/mn
1 6.09 tkl EnK/mn
Pltug En(KM)8 (> x Nc-dd) 1 24/46 x 466 Gb En/mn
1 6,24 tkl En(KM) 8/mn

Ekltkm p`rmotulbnl g`hutumnl gnpur:

Tnlnm s`cuns 2.066 a8, s`t`cnm donlncosos d`lbnl a`lbbulngnl cnrutnl
huii`r UAV pM tnlnmlyn s`h`snr 9,0. Hocn tnlnm t`rs`hut pM lyn olbol
dolnoggnl a`ljndo 2,6. H`rnpn Gnpur Gncsot (Gnpur bocolb) ynlb
dohutumgnl;

Jnwnh:
EnEK5 ynlb dohutumgnl 1 >6,> tkl/mn (comnt Tnh`c)
1 >6,> x (2.066 aa8/
8/ >6.666 a8)
1 >6,> x 6,20
1 2,020 tkl / 2.066 a8

>6?
M. V`lbnrum V`lbnpurnl t`rmndnp Mnsoc dnl Guncotns Tnlnm
Psnmn p`lolbgntnl prkdugso docngugnl d`lbnl p`rhnognl guncotns
cnmnl. Uncnm sntu usnmn p`rhnognl guncotns cnmnl docngugnl d`lbnl
p`lbnpurnl. V`lbnpurnl do tnlnm uctoskc d`lbnl dksos 566 gb/ mn anapu
a`lolbgntgnl mnsoc uaho uho gnyu s`enrn lyntn. A`lurut Ospnldo dnl
Aulop (8660) hnmwn p`ah`ronl gnpur do wocnynm A`trk dnl
Tucnlbhnwnlb, pndn AT 8665 anupul AT 8664 anapu a`lolbgntgnl
mnsoc uaho >0-86%. Do snapolb otu, p`lbnpurnl snapno dksos 566gb/mn
dnpnt a`lolbgntgnl s`rnpnl mnrn V, G, En ansolb-ansolb 9=%7 >6%7
>>5%. Lnaul jogn dotolbgntgnl a`ljndo 966 gb/mn mnlyn anapu
a`lolbgntgnl s`rnpnl mnrn En s`h`snr 88% pndn uho gnyu.
V`lolbgntnl p`ah`ronl gnpur s`h`snr 566 gb/mn lyntn
a`lolbgntgnl juacnm uaho p`rtnlnanl, hnog do ckgnso A`trk anupul
Tucnlbhnwnlb, hnog AT 8665 anupul 8664. Lnaul jogn dksoslyn
dotolbgntgnl a`ljndo 966 gb/mn sudnm todng anapu a`lolbgntgnl rntn-
rntn juacnm uaho p`r tnlnanl uho gnyu.

Tnh`c >4.5. V`lbnrum Dksos Gnpur t`rmndnp Mnsoc dnl Juacnm Pho Gnyu
A`trk Tucnlbhnwnlb
8665 8664 8665 8664
V`rcngunl
Mnsoc Mnsoc Mnsoc Mnsoc
(Gb/Mn) Juacnm Juacnm Juacnm Juacnm
Paho Paho Paho Paho
Paho Paho Paho Paho
(t/mn) (t/mn) (t/mn) (t/mn)
6 58,=4 h 9,92 h >0,8> h 2,5= h 89,0? h 9,06 h >0,59 h =,59 h
566 5?,09 n 2,>? n >2,9= n =,0= n 56,=2 n 2,92 n >2,
>2,9>
9> n ?,28 n
966 5?,44 n 2,55 n >2,6= nh =,86 nh 82,=0 nh 2,4? n >2,86 nh =,99 nh

Uuah`r: Ospnldo dnl Aulop (8660)

V`lbnpurnl a`rupngnl sncnm sntu enrn ultug a`lolbgntgnl

g`t`rs`donnl mnrn V dncna tnlnm. Okl En ynlb h`rnsnc dnro gnpur ynlb
doh`rognl do dn`rnm p`rngnrnl tnlnanl dnpnt a`ld`sng I` dnro s`lynwn
i`rkiksint molbbn t`rh`ltug gncsoua iksint (En5VK4) ynlb c`hom audnm
t`rs`don hnbo tnlnanl. V`lbnpurnl pndn tnlnm ansna anapu
a`lolbgntgnl g`t`rs`donnl mnrn dncna tnlnm s`p`rto V, G, Ab, U dnl cnol-
cnol, s`molbbn h`rdnapng pndn p`lolbgntnl s`rnpnl V kc`m tnlnanl.
V`lolbgntnl g`t`rs`donnl mnrn V pndn tnlnanl ngnl a`lolbgntgnl

>>6
g`anapunl tnlnanl a`ah`ltug ngnr hnru. V`ah`ltugnl ngnr hnru pndn
tnlnanl uho gnyu h`rpkt`lso ultug a`lolbgntgnl juacnm uaho p`r
tnlnanl uho gnyu.

>>>
 HNH >0
V@LB@LNCNL UNTPNL DNL H@XNT NTKA
PLUPX GOAON

Pltug a`lb`lnc dnl a`ap`raudnm dncna p`l`rnpnl p`aupugnl

dop`rcugnl p`anmnanl t`ltnlb sntunl dnl ulsur goaon. Untunl t`rdoro ntns
sntunl pnljnlb, h`rnt, cuns dnl vkcua`. Plsur goaon t`rdoro ntns h`rnt ntka
ulsur-ulsur goaon.

N. Untunl
ga 1 Gock A`t`r
ma 1 M`gtk A`t`r
dna 1 D`gn A`t`r
a 1 A`t`r
da 1 D`so A`t`r
ea 1 E`lto A`t`r
aa 1 Aoco A`t`r

>. Gklv`rso Untunl Pgurnl Vnljnlb

Pltug sntunl ugurnl pnljnlb gklv`rso dnro suntu tolbgnt a`ljndo
sntu tolbgnt do hnwnmlyn ndncnm dogncognl d`lbnl >6 s`dnlbgnl ultug
gklv`rso sntu tolbgnt do ntnslyn dohnbo d`lbnl nlbgn >6.
Ekltkm:
- > ga snan d`lbnl >6 ma
- > ga snan d`lbnl >.666 a
- > ga snan d`lbnl >66.666 ea
- > ga snan d`lbnl >.666.666 aa
- > a snan d`lbnl 6,> dna
- > a snan d`lbnl 6,66> ga
- > a snan d`lbnl >6 da
- > a snan d`lbnl >.666 aa

>>8
 Do snapolb otu dog`lnc jubn d`lbnl sntunl pnljnlb ynlb cnol.
Untunl pnljnlb cnollyn ndncnm:
- > olem / olemo / ole / oleo 1 snan d`lbnl 1 80,4 aa
- > i``t / it / gngo 1 snan d`lbnl 1 >8 olem 1 6,564= a
- > aoc` / aoc 1 snan d`lbnl 1 0.8=6 i``t 1 >,96?5 a
- > aoc cnut 1 snan d`lbnl 1 9.6=6 i``t 1 >,=08 ga
- > aogrkl 1 6,66666> a
- > `ck cnan 1 6,9=2 a
- > pnc jnwn 1 >.069,?45 a
- > pnc suant`rn 1 >.=0>,=0 a
- > ner` 1 4.=46 ynrds8
- > eoe`rk 1 >8 pult
- > eoe`rk 1 4,=>6= aa
- > m`gtnr 1 8,42> ner`s
- > olemo 1 8,40 ea

8. Gklv`rso Untunl Pgurnl H`rnt ntnu Anssn

Pltug sntunl ugurnl h`rnt gklv`rsolyn aorop d`lbnl ugurnl
pnljnlb lnaul sntunl a`t`r dobnlto a`ljndo brna. Pltug sntunl h`rnt
todng a`aocogo turulnl brna p`rs`bo anupul brna guhog.
Ekltkmlyn:
- > gb snan d`lbnl >6 mb
- > gb snan d`lbnl >.666 b
- > gb snan d`lbnl >66.666 eb
- > gb snan d`lbnl >.666.666 ab
- > b snan d`lbnl 6,> dnb
- > b snan d`lbnl 6,66> gb
- > b snan d`lbnl >6 db
- > b snan d`lbnl >.666 ab

Untunl Pgurnl H`rnt / Anssn ynlb cnol ndncnm:

- > guoltnc / guoltnc 1 snan d`lbnl 1 >66 gb
- > tkl 1 snan d`lbnl 1 >.666 gb
- > gb 1 snan d`lbnl 1 >6 kls
- > gb 1 snan d`lbnl 1 8 pkuld.

>>5
 - > hnrr`c 1 >0=,?? cot`r
- > cot`r 1 6.6698? hnrr`c

5. Gklv`rso Untunl Pgurnl Cuns

Untunl ugurnl cuns snan d`lbnl ugurnl pnljnlb lnaul ultug
a`jndo sntu tolbgnt do hnwnm dogncognl d`lbnl >66. H`botu pucn d`lbnl
g`lnognl sntu tolbgnt do ntnslyn dohnbo d`lbnl nlbgn >66. Untunl ugurnl
cuns todng cnbo a`t`r, ngnl t`tnpo a`t`r p`rs`bo (a8 1 a pnlbgnt 8).
- > ga8 snan d`lbnl >66 ma8
- > ga8 snan d`lbnl >.666.666 a8
- > ga8 snan d`lbnl >6.666.666.666 ea8
- > ga8 snan d`lbnl >.666.666.666.666 aa8
- > a8 snan d`lbnl 6,6> dna8
- > a8 snan d`lbnl 6,66666> ga8
- > a8 snan d`lbnl >66 da8
- > a8 snan d`lbnl >.666.666 aa8

Untunl Pgurnl Cuns ynlb cnol:

- > m`gtnr / mn / m`gtk nr` 1 snan d`lbnl 1 >6.666 a8
- > nr` 1 snan d`lbnl 1 > da8
- > ga8 1 snan d`lbnl 1 >66 m`gtnr

4. Gklv`rso Untunl Pgurnl Oso ntnu Ykcua`

Untunl ugurnl cuns snan d`lbnl ugurnl pnljnlb lnaul ultug
a`jndo sntu tolbgnt do hnwnm dogncognl d`lbnl >666. H`botu pucn d`lbnl
g`lnognl sntu tolbgnt do ntnslyn dohnbo d`lbnl nlbgn >666. Untunl ugurnl
cuns todng cnbo a`t`r, ngnl t`tnpo a`t`r guhog (a5 1 a pnlbgnt 5).
- > ga5 snan d`lbnl >.666 ma5
- > ga5 snan d`lbnl >.666.666.666 a5
- > ga5 snan d`lbnl >.666.666.666.666.666 ea5
- > ga5 snan d`lbnl >.666.666.666.666.666.666 aa5
- > a5 snan d`lbnl 6,66> dna5
- > a5 snan d`lbnl 6,66666666> ga5
- > a5 snan d`lbnl >.666 da5
- > a5 snan d`lbnl >.666.666.666 aa5
- > cot`r / cotr` 1 > da5 1 6,66> a5

>>4
H. H`rnt Ntka Plsur Goaon

Lk. V`rokd`,
Lnan Cnahnlb H`rnt Ntka
ntka Bkcklbnl
> Modrkb`l M >7 > >

8 M`coua M` >7 >= 4

5 Cotoua Co 87 > 2
4 H`rocoua H` 87 8 ?
0 Hkrkl H 87 >5 >>
9 Gnrhkl E 87 >4 >8
2 Lotrkb`l L 87 >0 >4
= Kgsob`l K 87 >9 >9
? Icukr I 87 >2 >2
>6 L`kl L` 87 >= 86
>> Lntroua Ln 57 > 85
>8 Anbl`soua Ab 57 8 84
>5 Ncuauloua Nc 57 >5 82
>4 Uocogkl Uo 57 >4 8=
>0 Iksikr V 57 >0 5>
>9 H`c`rnlb U 57 >9 58
>2 Gckr Ec 57 >2 50
>= Nrbkl Nr 57 >= 46
>? Gncoua G 47 > 5?
86 Gncsoua En 47 8 46
8> Ugnldoua Ue 47 5 40
88 Totnloua To 47 4 4=
85 Ynlndoua Y 47 0 0>
84 Grka Er 47 9 08
80 Anlbnl Al 47 2 00
89 H`so I` 47 = 09
82 Gkhnct Ek 47 ? 0?
8= Log`c Lo 47 >6 0?
8? T`ahnbn Eu 47 >> 94
56 U`lb Zl 47 >8 90
5> Bncoua Bn 47 >5 26
58 B`ranloua B` 47 >4 25

>>0
 Lk. V`rokd`,
Lnan Cnahnlb H`rnt Ntka
ntka Bkcklbnl
55 Nrs`l Ns 47 >0 20
54 U`c`loua U` 47 >9 2?
50 Hrka Hr 47 >2 =6
59 Groptkl Gr 47 >= =4
52 Xuhodoua Xh 07 > =0
5= Utrkltoua Ur 07 8 ==
5? Otroua _ 07 5 =?
46 Zorgkloua Zr 07 4 ?>
4> Lokhoua Lh 07 0 ?5
48 Akcohd`l Ak 07 9 ?9
45 T`gl`toua Te 07 2 ??
44 Xut`loua Xu 07 = >6>
40 Xkdoua Xm 07 ? >65
49 Vncndoua Vd 07 >6 >69
42 V`rng Nb 07 >> >6=
4= Gndaoua Ed 07 >8 >>8
4? Oldoua Ol 07 >5 >>0
06 Toanm Ul 07 >4 >>?
0> Nltoakl Uh 07 >0 >88
08 T`curoua T` 07 >9 >8=
05 _kdoua O 07 >2 >82
04 ]`lkl ]` 07 >= >5>
00 U`soua Es 97 > >55
09 Hnroua Hn 97 8 >52
02 Cnltnlua Cn 9 >5?

0= U`roua E` 9 >46
0? Vrns`kdoaoua Vr 9 >4>
96 L`kdoaoua Ld 9 >44
9> Vrka`toua Va 9 >42
98 Unanroua Ua 9 >06
95 @urkpoua @u 9 >08
94 Bndkcoloua Bd 9 >02
90 T`rhoua Th 9 >0?

>>9
 Lk. V`rokd`,
Lnan Cnahnlb H`rnt Ntka
ntka Bkcklbnl
99 Dosprksoua Dy 9 >95
92 Mkcaoua Mk 9 >90
9= @rhoua @r 9 >92
9? Tucoua Ta 9 >9?
26 Ot`rhoua _h 9 >25
2> Cut`toua Cu 97 5 >20
28 Mniloua Mi 97 4 >2=
25 Tnltncua Tn 97 0 >=>
24 Tulbst`l R 97 9 >=4
20 X`loua X` 97 2 >=9
29 Ksaoua Ks 97 = >?6
22 Orodoua Or 97 ? >?8
2= Vcntoln Vt 97 >6 >?0
2? @ans Nu 97 >> >?2
=6 Xngsn Mb 97 >8 86>
=> Tncoua Tc 97 >5 864
=8 Toahnc Vh 97 >4 862
=5 Hosaut Ho 97 >0 86?
=4 Vkckloua Vk 97 >9 86?
=0 Nstntol Nt 97 >2 8>6
=9 Xndkl Xl 97 >= 888
=2 Irnlsoua Ir 27 > 885
== Xndoua Xn 27 8 889
=? Ngtoloua Ne 2 882
?6 Tkroua Tm 2 858

?> Vrktngtoloua Vn 2 85>

?8 Prnloua P 2 85=
?5 L`ptuloua Lp 2 852
?4 Vcutkloua Vu 2 844
?0 Na`rosoua Na 2 845
?9 Euroua Ea 2 842
?2 H`rg`coua Hg 2 842
?= Gncoikrloua Ei 2 80>

>>2
 Lk. V`rokd`,
Lnan Cnahnlb H`rnt Ntka
ntka Bkcklbnl
?? @olst`oloua @s 2 808
>66 I`raoua Ia 2 802
>6> A`ld`c`voua Ad 2 80=
>68 Lkh`coua Lk 2 80?
>65 Cnwr`lsoua Cr 27 5 896
>64 Xutm`rikrdoua Xi 27 4 89>
>60 Duhloua Dh 27 0 898
>69 U`nhkrboua Ub 27 9 895
>62 Hkmroua Hm 27 2 898
>6= Mnssoua Ms 27 = 890
>6? A`otl`roua At 27 ? 899
>>6 Dnrastndtoua Ds 27 >6 89?
>>> Xk`ltb`loua Xb 27 >> 828
>>8 Gkp`rlosoua El 27 >8 8=0
>>5 Plultroua Put 27 >5 8=4
>>4 Plulqundoua Puq 27 >4 8=?
>>0 Plulp`ltoua Pup 27 >0 8==
>>9 Plulm`xoua Pum 27 >9 8?8

>>=
 DNITNX VPUTNGN
V PUTNGN

Nhnwo, B.U. 8662. Ekrl`cc Ukoc M`nctm Nss`ssa`lt Trnololb Anlunc.

@dotokl >.8. Ekrl`cc Plov`rsoty, B`l`vn, L._.
Nddosektt, T.A. 8666. Toccnb`, aol`rncozntokl nld c`nemolb. Ukoc nld
Toccnb` X`s`nrem. 05:>95->90.
Ngoc, A. 866?. Npcognso Vupug Pr`n pndn Tnlnan Tnlnanl l Jnbulb. Vrksodolb
U`aolnr Lnsoklnc U`r`ncon OUHL ?2=-?2?-=?46-8?-?.
mttp:/hncots`r`nc.cothnlb.d`ptnl.bk.od/ dongs`s >> Julo 86>5.
Nroiol, Z. 86>>. Nlncosos Locno Old`gs Guncotns Tnlnm @ltoskc Vndn
V`lbbulnnl Cnmnl _nlb H`rh`dn . Nbrkt`gsks. 8> (>):42-0
(>):42-04.
4.

Nsrko, 866=. Gkapks. Ant`ro dosnapnognl pndn nenrn Utudy X`s`nrem

Uoswn UAP L`b`ro => Jngnrtn, do HVHVO Hkbkr, >-8. I`hrunro
866= V`l`coto pndn Hncno V`l`cotonl Hokt`glkckbo V`rg`hulnl
Oldkl`son.
Hncno V`l`cotonl Tnlnm. 8660. Nlncosos Goaon Tnlnm, Tnlnanl, Nor dnl
Vupug. Hndnl V`l`cotonl dnl V`lb`ahnlbnl V`rtnlonl,
D`pnrt`a`l V`rtnlonl. Hkbkr.
D` voss`r, E. O. A. >??=. @ii`et ki spcot nppcoentokl ki lotrkb`l kl yo`cd
nld lotrkb`l r`ekv`ry ki sprolb-skwl klokls nld kl r`sodunc
skure`. Jkurlnc ki Mkrtoeuctur
Mkrtoeucturnc
nc Ueo`le` nld Hokt`emlkckby.
Hokt`emlkckby.
25:465-4>>.
@pst`ol, @. >?28. Aol`rnc Lutrotokl Ki Vcnlts: Vroleopc`s nld V`rsp`etov`s.
JkmlRoc`y nld Ukls, Ole. L`w _krg, Ckldkl, Uydl`y, Tkrkltk.
Bubolk, H.G., Odkwu,K.J., Uemold`ch`eg, X.X., vnl @s, M.A., Rkci`,
D.R., Tmo`s, J.@. nld Nhnwo B.U. (8662). Ekrl`cc Ukoc M`nctm
Nss`ssa`lt Trnololb Anlunc, @dotokl >.8, Ekrl`cc Plov`rsoty,
B`l`vn, L._ 0? pp.
Mncn, As. @c Hnssokuly, A @. Bkhnrnm nld N.N. Xnandnl. 8660. @ii`et ki
Nltokxodnlts kl Brkwtm, _o`cd nld Invosa Enusntov` Nb`lts ol

>>?
 U``ds ki Yoeon inhn C Vcnlts Brkwl uld`r X`ecnoa`d Unld Ukoc.
Nbrklkay 4 (4): 8=>-8=2.
Mnlnionm, G, N. 8660. Dnsnr-Dnsn
Dnsnr-Dnsnrr Ocau Tnlnm. Jngnrtn: VT Xnjn
B`nioldk V`rsndn.
Mnludol, @gk. 86>6.Ukoc ^uncoty U`hnbno Olstrua`l Aklotkrolb dnl
V`lb`ckcnnl Cnmnl V`rtnlonl H`rg`cnljutnl. Vrksodolb U`aolnr
Lnsokln V`rtnlonl Oldkl`son A`luju Aocc`loua D`v`ckpa`lt
Bkncs (ADBs) tnmul 86>0 G`rjnsnan Inguctns V`rtnlonl PA_
dnl V`rmoapulnl @gklkao V`rtnlonl Oldkl`son (V@XM@VO) do
_kbyngnrtn Tnlbbnc >8 Julo 86>6.
Mnynsmo, _., nld X. Mntnlk. >???. Nllunc Lotrkb`l c`nemolb tk Uuhsurine`
Rnt`r irka Ecny`y Nquoe Ukoc Euctovnt`d wotm Klokls ol
Mkggnodk, Jnpnl. Ukoc seo`le` nld Vcnlt Lutrotokl. 40: 40>-40?.
Mkw`c`r, X.M. >?=>. Aol`rnc Lutrotokl nld I`rtocozntokl ki Enssnvn.
EONT. Ekcuahon. 06p.
Ospnldo, Nlwnr, N dnl Aulop, N. 8660. @i`gtoiotns V`lbnpurnl t`rmndnp

U`rnpnl Mnrn Dnl Vrkdugso H`h`rnpn Gckl Phognyu do Cnmnl

G`rolb Ansna. Ocau V`rtnlonl
V`rtnlonl. >8 (8): >80->5?
Jnstrkw, J.D., Hkuttkl T.R., nld Aocc`r X.A.. >??9. Enrhkl dylnaoes ki
nbbr`bnt`-nsskeont`d krbnloe antt`r `stoant`d hy enrhkl->5
lnturnc nhuldnle`. Ukoc Ueo`le` Ukeo`ty ki Na`roen Jkurlnc.
96:=6>-=62
Juaolo, Lurmnynto dnl Aurznlo. 86>>. @i`g Gkaholnso Dksos Vupug L V
G Dnl Enrn V`aupugnl T`rmndnp V`rtuahumnl Dnl Mnsoc Jnbulb
Anlos. Jurlnc Ickrnt`g
Ickrnt`g 9: >90->26.
Gultynstuto, M, Nhduccnm Tnuioq, Lkvotn Lubrnmn`lo, dnl Nldy
Rojnlnrgk. 86>8. V`lbnrum Vupug LVG dnl Vupug Gnldnlb
T`rmndnp Mnsoc G`d`cno Ynro`tns B`an. Vrksodolb U`aolnr Mnsoc
V`l`cotonl Tnlnanl Nl`gn Gnenlb dnl Paho
Guswnldo. 8660. V`lbnpurnl Tnlnm V`rtnlonl. @doso X`voso. _kbyngnrtn:
Gnlosous.
Aulo, A. >???. V`anlinntnl Coahnm Krbnlog ultug Vupug Hkgmnso
dncna A`luljnlb V`rtnlonl H`rg`cnljutnl. OVUN. Jngnrtn.
Austnin, A7 Nmand N, Nlsnr A, Uyniouddol A. 86>8. Dnsnr Dnsnr Ocau
Tnlnm. Vrkbrna Utudo Nbrkt`glkckbo Jurusnl Ocau Tnlnm,
Inguctns V`rtnlonl Plov`rsotns Mnsnluddol, Angnssnr.

>86
Lkvoznl. 8660. V`tuljug V`aupugnl ynlb @i`gtoi . Jngnrtn: Nbrka`don
Vustngn.
Knd`s, J.A. >?=?. Nl Oltrkduetokl tk krbnloe antt`r ol skocs pp =?->0?. ol
Aol`rncs ol Ukocs @lvorkla`lts
@lvorkla`lts (@ds. Doxkl J.H. nld R``d U.H.)
(UUUN, A`doskl, Roseklsol, P.U.N.)
Vnrtkyk. 8660. Nlncosos Old`gs Guncotns Tnlnm V`rtnlonl Do Cnmnl Vnsor
Vnltno Unans _kby ngnrtn. Jurlnc Ocau V`rtnlonl >8 (8): >46->0>.
_kbyngnrtn.
V`rnturnl A`lt`ro V`rtnlonl Lkakr 26/V`ra`ltnl/UX.>46/>6/86>>
t`ltnlb Vupug Krbnlog, pupug Mnynto dnl V`ah`lnm Tnlnm.
G`a`lt`ronl V`rtnlonl.
V`rnturnl V`a`roltnm Lkakr 6= Tnmul 866> t`ltnlb Vupug Hudodnyn
Tnlnanl.
Vromanltkrk, M. >???. A`aupu
A`aupugg Tnlnanl Unyurnl. Jngnrtn: V`l`hnr
Uwndnyn.
Vub`t V., Em`lu E., nld Hnc`sd`lt J. >??0. Tktnc nld ykulb krbnloe antt`r
dostrohutokls ol nbbr`bnt` ki socty euctovnt`d skocs. @urkp`nl
Ukoc Ueo`le`. 49:44?-40?.
Jkurlnc ki Ukoc
Xnjoanl. 866>4. Xnui N. 86>4. Tnlnm V`rtnlonl Gotn U`dnlb Ungot .
Inguctns V`rtnlonl PUP A`dnl.
Xownldo. 86>6. Od`ltoiognso Dnl Olt`rpr`tns
Olt`rpr`tnsoo Oldogntkr
Oldogntkr G`s`mntnl Tnlnm .
Angncnm U`aolnr Lnsoklnc dnl Gklbr`s Ansynrngnt Gkls`rvnso
Tnlnm dnl Nor Oldkl`son (AGTO) tnlbbnc 84-80 Lkp`ah`r 86>6 do
Xntu Eklv`ltokl E`lt`r Jc. Ucna`t Lk 84 T`cnlnopurn, Jnaho.
Xksanrgna, @ dnl _uwklk, L. R. 8668. Ocau G`suhurnl Tnlnm.
_kbyngnrtn:
_kbyng nrtn: Gnlo
Gnlosous.
sous.
Xylg, X. >??8. Kl-Inra Ekapkstolb Mnldhkkg. LXN@U Vuh.
Unculdog. 8669. A`lolbgn
A`lolbgntgnl
tgnl Guncotns Gkapks. Jngnrtn: Nbrka`don
Vustngn..
U`tonwnl, J7 Ak`lnldor dnl N Lubrkmk. 86>6 . V`lbnrum V`aupugnl L, V,
G pndn V`rtuahumnl dnl Mnsoc Vndo (Kryzn Untovn C.) G`prns.
Plov`rsotns Hrnwojnyn.
Uk`boanl >?=8. Ocau Tnlnm (T`rj`anmnl).
(T`rj`anmnl). Jngnrtn: Hmrntnrn Gnryn
Ngsnrn.
Ut`v`lskl I.J. >??4. Muaus Em`aostry: B`l`sos, Ekapk
Ekapksotokl,
sotokl, X`netokl.
L`w _krg: Jkml Roc`y & Ukls.

>8>
Uurondo N dnl Lnzna A. (-). V`locnonl Guncotns Tnlnm H`rdnsnrgnl
Gnldulbnl Hnmnl Krbnlog (Gnsus do Gnhupnt`l Hoan). Hncno
V`lbgnjonl T`glkckbo V`rtnlonl LTH.
Uurondognrtn, N.N. dnl U`tykrolo, D. 86>8. Hngu Autu Vupug Krbnlog.
mttp:/hncottnlnm.cothnlb.d`ptnl.bk.od. Dongs`s tnlbbnc 0 D`s`ah`r
86>8.
Uurynto, D7 Uusnlto L dnl Mnsnludol. 866?. Rngtu Npcognso Vupug
Lotrkb`l T`rhnog ultug V`rtuahumnl dnl Mnsoc G`d`cno Ynro`tns
Gopns dnl Bncur >5 @D. Jurlnc Ngtn Nbrkson
Nbrkson >8 (8):864-8>8.
Uusockwnto, _ @. 8669. V`lbnrum Anena Vupug Krbnlog dnl Nlkrbnlog
T`rmndnp V`rtuahumnl, Mnsoc, dnl Guncotns Hnwnlb Dnul. Jurlnc
V`rtnlonl 89 (8): 8908-899.
Ocau V`rtnlonl
Uut`djk, A.A., NB. Gnrtnsnpk`trn dnl X.D.U. Unstrkntakjk. >??>.
Aogrkhokckboo Tnlnm. Jngnrtn: Xol`gn Eoptn.
Aogrkhokckb
Uy`gminlo. >??2. Utrnt`bo V`lnlbbucnlbnl Ansncnm G`suhurnl Tnlnm
dncna Xnlbgn V`lbnanlnl Vrkdugso Tnlnanl V`rtnlonl. Vodntk
V`lbugumnl Jnhntnl Buru H`snr dncna Ocau Goaon Tnlnm pndn
Inguctns V`rtnlonl, Plov`rsotns Hrnwojnyn Ancnlb, tnlbbnc 86
D`s`ah`r >??2. 58m.
Toldnkl, I dnl Uoanrantn, T. 86>>. V`re`pntnl V`aucomnl G`s`mntnl
Cnmnl Pltug A`lolbgntgnl Vrkdugtovotns Tnlnm Dnl A`ahnlbul
G`anldoronl Vnlbnl Do Oldkl`son. Jurlnc Yoso
Yoso >? (8): 085-058.
Trondonto, Nghnr Ndjo` Vrntnan, Unrcnl Nhducrnemanl. 86>8. V`rtuahumnl
dnl @ioso`lso V`lbbulnnl Lotrkb`l pndn Vndo ( Kryzn sntovn C.)
D`lbnl V`ah`ronl Vupug Pr`n ynlb H`rh`dn. Huc`tol Nlntkao
dnl Iosokckbo Ykcua` ]], Lkakr 8, Kgtkh`r86>8
_`conlto, P7 Gnsco7 A Gnsoa dnl I I Musol. 866?. Guncotns Vupug Krbnlog
Mnsoc D`gkapksoso H`h`rnpn Hnmnl Krbnlog d`lbnl
D`gkapks`rlyn. Jurlnc Ngtn
Ngtn Nbrkson. >8 (>): >-2.
_uconlto, T. 86>6. Hnmnl Krbnlog: V`rnllyn dncna V`lb`ckcnnl G`s`mntnl
Tnlnm dnl V`lb`ldnconl Vntkb`l Tucnr Tnlnm A`luju V`rtnlonl
T`ahngnu Krbnlog. Huc`tol Tnlnanl T`ahngnu
T`ahngnu,, U`rnt & Aolyng
Oldustro 8(>): 89-58.
_ucoproynltk, Mo`rklyaus. 86>6. Hokckbo Tnlnm dnl Utrnt`bo
V`lb`ckcnnllyn. _kbyngnrtn: Brnmn Ocau.

>88
_ulownto, A7 Ir`ldy O dnl Ndololbsom V. 86>8. Kptoanso Gkldoso Vrks`s
V`ahuntnl Gkapks dnro Unapnm Krbnlog d`lbnl Enrn I`ra`ltnso
A`lbbulngnl @A4. Jurlnc T`glkckbo
T`glkckbo 0 (8) >28->=>.

>85
 OLD@GU
N D
Nbr`bnso, 5
Nor, 8, 4, 2, ?, >>, >8, >0, >=, 86,
84, 80, 89, 8=, 8?, 56, 5>, 58, 55,
50, 5?, 46, 44, 40, 49, 42, 4=, 04,
00, 02, 0?, 9>, 95, 94, 90, 99, 92,
2?, ?8, ?5, ?4, ?0, ?9, ?2, >65,
>64, >>?, >8>, >82
Ngtoi, >6, >9, 98, 9=
Nlncosos jnrolbnl, >9, 2>, =0, =9, ==
H
Hnmnl krbnlog, 5, 4, ?, >8, >5, >4,
>0, >9, 86, 84, 45, 44, 40, 49, 06,
0>, 08, 00, 09, 02, 0=, 96, 9>, 95,
94, 90, 99, 92, 9=, =0, =?, ?8, ?5,
?4, ?9, ?2, ?=, ??, >66, >64, >69,
>62, >6=, >88
Hngu autu, 42, 4=, 4?, >88
Hnlbnckr`, 92
H`rg`c`y, 9=
H`so, 9, 2, 86, 55, >60, >>0
Hkrkl, 9, 2, 8>, ==, >>0
E
Enrn, >>, >4, 86, 8=, 8?, 56, 50, 90,
92, 9=, 29, 22, 2=, 2?, =6, =>, =9,
==, =?, >62, >6?, >>6, >86, >85
>84
Dnyn cnrut, 5=, 5?, 46, 22
D`ioso`lso, 0, 8>, 82, 06, =?, ?6, ?>
Dkckaot, >=, >65, >60, >69
Dksos,
Dksos, 49, 26, 29, 22, 2=, =>, >>6,
>86
@
@i`gtoi, 8>, 0=, 98, =6, =0, >60, >8>
@ioso`l, 8, 02
@ioso`lso, 8, 5, 28, 25, 29, =6, >88
@rkso, 5, >8, >5, >4, ?8, ?9, ?=, >66,
>65
@vncunso, v, =4, =0
I
Iksikr, 9, 2, 8?, 5>, 02, =?, >>0
M
Mnan, 8, >2, 02, 96, =9
Mnrn, v, >, 8, 5, 4, 0, 9, 2, =, ?, >6,
>>, >8, >5, >4, >0, >9, >2, >=, 86,
8>, 88, 84, 82, 8=, 8?, 5>, 58, 55,
54, 50, 59, 5=, 5?, 4>, 48, 45, 44,
40, 49, 42, 4=, 4?, 06, 05, 04, 00,
09, 02, 0=, 9>, 94, 90, 26, 2>, 28,
25, 24, 29, 2=, 2?, =>, =8, =5, =4,
=0, =9, ==, =?, ?6, ?>, ?8, ?5, ?4,
 ?2, ?=, >68, >65, >64, >69, >>6,
>86
Mnsoc, v, >, 8, 4, >8, >2, >=, 84, 80,
82, 58, 48, 49, 06, 09, 02, 96, 26,
2>, 20, 29, =6, =>, =8, =5, =4, =9,
=?, ?6, ?2, ??, >66, >60, >6=,
>>6, >86, >8>, >88
M`np, 99, 92
Mobrksgkpos, 59, 5=, 5?, 48
O G`s`mntnl tnlnm, 5, ?>, ?5, ?2, ??,
Old`gs bnrna, 5=, 4>, 48
Oldkkr, 90, 99, 92
Olioctrnso, 8
Orobnso, 4, >=, 86, 04
J Gol`rjn tnlnm, ?2, ?=
Jnrolbnl, ?, >0, >2, 88, 89, 4>, 44,
=0, =9, ==
Jnrolbnl tnlnanl, ?, >0, 89, 44, =0,
==
J`los, 9, 2, >8, >5, >4, 82, 8?, 5>,
58, 54, 50, 59, 5=, 5?, 46, 4>, 48,
45, 4=, 06, 0>, 08, 05, 09, 02, 0=,
96, 28, 25, 24, 29, =>, =5, =4, =9,
==, =?, ?6, ?4, >65, >60, >69,
>62
J`los pupug, 8?, 58, 54, 59, 5=, 5?,
46, 4>, 48, 06, 02, 25, 24, =5, ?6
G >>0
Gncoua, 9, 2, >2, >=, 8?, 58, 55, 54,
50, 46, 48, 06, 0?, 24, 22, =?,
>>0
Gncsoua, 2, >=, 8?, 46, 4>, =?, >65,
>69, >>6, >>0
Gnpnsotns tugnr gntokl, 5, =?
Gnpur, >?, 86, 8>, 8=, 56, 5>, 59,
46, 4>, =0, >68, >65, >64, >60,
>69, >62, >6=, >6?, >>6
G`hutumnl pupug, v, 8, 4=, 26, 28,
25, 24, 20
G`c`ahnhnl udnrn, 5?, 09
G`ansnanl tnlnm, >60
>66, >6>, >8>, >88
G`suhurnl tnlnm, v, 5, 9, =, >5, 54,
40, 49, 06, 00, 09, 02, 0=, 2=, =>,
=4, =0, ?>, >8>, >88
G`t`rs`donnl nor, 5, 94
Gcnsoiognso pupug, v, 82
Gkhnc, 9, 88
Gkapks, 5, 44, 0>, 08, 05, 00, 96,
9>, 98, 95, 90, 99, 92, 9=, 9?,
>>?, >8>, >85
Guncotns cnmnl, v, 05, >>6
C
Coahnm krbnlog, 45, 0>, 05, 96, >86
Coapnsnl p`raugnnl, 4
A
Anbl`soua, 9, 2, >=, 54, =?, >65,
Anj`aug, 82, 58, 54, 50, 25, 24,
20, =5
Angrk, v, 8, 9, 2, >0, 86, 84, 8?, 54,
5=, 44, 40, 42, 4=, 4?, 05, =?
>80
Aogrk, v, 5, 9, 2, >4, 86, 84, 82, 8?,
54, 5=, 44, 40, 42, 4=, 4?, 0>, 05,
0=, 2?, =?, >68, >65
Aosgol mnrn, >
L 48, 45, 44, 40, 49, 42, 4=, 4?, 06,
Lotrkb`l, 4, 9, 2, >0, >9, 88, 80, 8?,
5>, 58, 54, 50, 5=, 46, 45, 06, 0>,
08, 09, 02, 0=, 94, 92, 9=, 26, 2>,
28, 25, 24, 22, =8, =5, =9, =?, ??,
>>0, >>?, >86, >88
V Vupug mojnu, 00, 09, 02, 0=, 90, 92
Vnl`l, >, 8, 5, 4, =, >8, >5, 49, =5,
>62
V`coldonl,
V`aupugnl, >8,v,58, 025, 0, =, >>, 82,
>, 8,
5>, 55, 46, 4>, 29, 22, 2=, 2?, =6,
=>, =8, =5, ?6, >62, >>8, >86,
>8>
V`leueonl mnrn, 8, >8
V`lbnpurnl, v, 90, >68, >65, >64,
>60, >62, >>6, >86
V`lb`ckcnnl, 8, 5, 40, =4, ?5, ?9,
>86, >88, >82
V`lbkapksnl, v, 44, 06, 0>, 00, 96,
9>, 98, 95, 94, 90, 99, 92, 9=, 9?
V`luljnlb, v, 84
V`lyngot, 8, >0, >2, 80, 49, 02, 96,
9>, 26, =9, ?>, ?8
V`rtuahumnl, >, 8, 4, 0, 9, =, ?, >0,
>9, >2, >=, >?, 8>, 88, 80, 50, 44,
49, 02, 96, 29, =6, =8, =5, =0, =9,
=2, ==, ?4, >68, >86, >8>, >88
Vkrksotns, 98, 95, ?4, ?0
>89
Vrkdugtovotns, 5, =, ?, >8, 00, 96,
29, =4, ?8, ?5, ?2, >88
Vupug, v, >, 8, 5, 4, >9, >2, >=, >?,
86, 8>, 84, 80, 82, 8=, 8?, 56, 5>,
58, 55, 54, 50, 59, 5=, 5?, 46, 4>,
05, 04, 00, 09, 02, 0=, 0?, 9>, 90,
92, 26, 28, 25, 24, 29, 22, 2=, 2?,
=6, =>, =8, =5, ?6, >64, >>?, >86,
>8>, >88
Vupug huntnl, v, >9, >2, >=, >?, 82,
8=, 5=, 48, 05, 04
Vupug gnldnlb, 5, 8=, 59, 44, 04,
=5, >86
Vupug krbnlog, v, 8=, 45, 44, 40,
49, 42, 4=, 4?, 06, 05, 04, 0=, 0?,
9>, =5, >8>, >88
U
Unap`c, 06, =9, ==
U`lb, 9, 2, 88, >>0
U`rnpnl, ?, 80, 89, 25, ?>, >>6, >86
Uoint hokckbo, 05, ?4, >65
Uoint iosogn, 8, 82, 06, ?5
Uoint goaon, 5, 82, ?4
Uprolgc`r, =6
Utrugtur, 8, 5, 84, 5>, 40, 49, 08,
05, ?5, ?=, ??, >66, >65, >69
Uumu, 5, 89, 44, 96, 9>, 95, 94, 9=,
9?, =6, ?9, >65
T
Tnlnanl, v, >, 8, 5, 4, 0, 9, 2, =, ?,
>6, >>, >8, >5, >4, >0, >9, >2, >=,
 >?, 86, 8>, 88, 84, 80, 89, 82, 8=,
8?, 56, 5>, 58, 55, 54, 50, 59, 5?,
4>, 48, 45, 44, 40, 49, 4=, 06, 05,
04, 00, 09, 02, 0=, 0?, 96, 95, 90,
99, 9=, 26, 2>, 28, 25, 29, 22, 2=,
2?, =6, =>, =8, =5, =4, =0, =9, =2,
==, =?, ?6, ?8, ?5, ?2, ?=, ??,
>66, >68, >60, >62, >>6, >>?,
>86, >8>, >88
T`gstur, 8, >8, 56, =0, =?, ?=, ??,
>66, >65, >69, >62
T`ahnbn, 9, 2, 8>, >>0
Tulbbnc, 82, 8?, 50, 5=, 25, 24, =5

Pjo hokckbo, =?

Rngtu, 8, 50, 04, 00, 09, 98, 99, 92,

9=, 29, 22, 2=, =8, =4, =9, ==, ?6,
>88

>82
 HOKDNTN V@LPCOU

Xnjoanl cnmor do Gututsnro, Gnt`gnl, Bnltownrlk,

Gcnt`l, > U`pt`ah`r >?2> dnro pnsnlbnl X`hk
Mnrlktoyk dnl Vnol`a. V`lucos a`ly`c`snognl
p`ldodognl do UDL Gnt`gnl > tnmul >?=0, UAVL
Vrnahnlnl tnmul >?==, UANL Gncnsnl tnmul >??>,
dnl U-> A`t`krkckbo V`rtnlonl do Plov`rsotns Bndjnm
Andn tnmul >??9. G`audonl, p`lucos a`cnljutgnl
g` j`ljnlb p`ldodognl anbost`r do Plov`rsotns
Hrnwojnyn, Jurusnl V`lb`ckcnnl Tnlnm dnl Nor tnmul >??= ntns honyn
PXB@. Ndnpul prkbrna dkgtkrnc dos`c`snognl do Plov`rsotns Bndjnm
Andn tnmul 86>6. V`lucos a`aocogo `lna nlng dnro ostro h`rlnan
Rolnrsom, U.Vd., ynotu Aumnaand Osanoc Nqoauddol, Aumnaand
Mozhurrnmanl, Umkcomntus Un‟ndnm, Aumnaand Auicom
Unoiuddol Mozhurrnmanl,
Aolnccnm, Lo‟anm ^urrntn N‟yul, dnl Nlossn Gmkoruzumrui. V`lucos
h`g`rjn do Vkcot`glog V`ahnlbulnl V`rtnlonl _kbyngnrtn Anb`cnlb.

>8=