OCMOJL

Yrlfnjo`

>. Bn m`jtrocn y bns lvomlcjons

7. Bn lxostlcjo
lxostlcjonn ml Mo`s
:. J`cjlpt`s lrrúcl`s njlrjn ml Mo`s
=. Lb lv`bujo`cosh`
lv`bujo`co sh`
<. Lb soblcjo` ml Mo`s
6. Bn rlvlbnjoúc ml Mo`s nb e`hgrl
4. Bn rnzúc mlb e`hgrl y bn rlvlbnjoúc
5. Klsujro
Klsujrost`;
st`; bn lvomlcjon suprlhn
?. Bn lvomlcjo
lvomlcjonn ml b`s hobndr`s
>9. B`s hobndr`s mlb Culv` ]lstnhlct`
>>. Bn rlsurrlj
rlsurrljjoúc
joúc ml Klsûs
>7. Bn lvomlcjo
lvomlcjonn ml bn pr`fljèn
>:. B`s lsjrot`rls mlb Nctodu` ]lstnhlct
]lstnhlct``
>=. B`s lsjrot`rls mlb Culv` ]lstnhlct`
><. Bn j`cvlrsoú
j`cvlrsoúcc ml Znub`
>6. Bn lvomlcjo
lvomlcjonn ml bn eost`ron
>4. Nbducns mofojubtnml
mofojubtnmlss gègbojns
>5. Bn lvomlcjo
lvomlcjonn ml bn lxplrolcj
lxplrolcjon
on
 

YWLFNJO@

Lc lb Lstumo` ml bns Lvomlcjons Jrostoncns, huje` mlplcml ml bn

njtotum hlctnb y lsporotunb mlb lstumonctl. Lc > Ylmr` :;>< sl c`s
mojl qul mlglh`s lstnr solhprl prlpnrnm`s pnrn prlslctnr
mlflcsn j`c hncslmuhgrl y rlvlrlcjon nctl t`m` lb qul mlhncml
rnzúc ml bn lsplrnczn qul eny lc c`s`tr`s. Mlglh`s rlj`rmnr
solhprl qul c` eny rnzúc ml tlclr tlh`r ml culstr`s `p`sot`rls,
soc` qul mlglh`s tlhlr tnc súb` n Mo`s, y hnctlclr uc lspèrotu
euhobml, tlhlr`s` ml frnjnsnr lc lxpbojnr j`c fomlbomnm bns
vlrmnmls qul ïb c`s en lcj`hlcmnm`.
Lb Zlþ`r Klsujrost` LZ BN VLWMNM1 nsè qul jjuncm`uncm` engbnh`s
ml mlflcmlr bns m`jtrocns jrostoncns, lbb` sodcofojn mlflcmlrbl n ïb,
plblnr p`r ïb, y slr gulc`s s`bmnm`s ml ïb. Lc tnb bujen c`  eny
budnr pnrn bn tohomlz, soc` qul solhprl mlglh`s hnctlclr bns
vlrmnmls ml bn Gogbon j`c vnb`r octrïpom`. Lb drnc prlmojnm`r
ocdbïs, Jnrb`s Zpurdl`c, mok` uc mèn n sus mosjèpub`s; "C` trntïos
ml mosjubpnr n bn Ynbngrn ml Mo`s. Ls j`h` uc blúc; s`btnmb`, y sl
mlflcmlrî n :È hosh`.‖ Lstngn pr`fltoznm` qul Jrost` slrèn uc
gbncj` ml j`ctrnmojjoúc (Bujns 7;:=1 Foboplcsls >;4, >61 Kumns :).
Lb rlsuhlc ml bn njtotum mlb lstumonctl ml bns lvomlcjons
jrostoncns sl enbbn lc bns pnbngrns ml Yngb`; “_@ LZ]@_
Y\LZ]@ YNWN BN MLFLCZNMLFLCZN MLB LVNCDLBO@.‖ Lb engbn

tnhgoïc ml bn j`cforhnjoúc
`grlr` jrostonc`   mlbbujencm`
snbl j`c vnb`r lvncdlbo`1p`r
y soc mumn, juncm`
bn mlflcsn lb
ml su fl,
enbbnrî solhprl n su bnm` nb Lspèrotu ml Mo`s mncm` bn
j`cforhnjoúc p`r hlmo` ml bns slþnbls qul nj`hpnþnc (Hnrj`s
>6;79).
 

JNYÈ]\B@ >
BN M@J]WOCN _ BNZ
LVOMLCJONZ

Lb jrostonc` vlrmnmlr` quolrl `glmljlr lb hncmnt` ml su

Znbvnm`r,
Znbvnm` r, quolc mok`; “Lsjumroþnm bns Lsjroturns.‖ Ls uc mlblotl
gusjnr lc t`mns pnrtls ml bn Gogbon bns lcslþnczns movocns, bns
qul, pulstns lc f`rhn sostlhîtojn, sl bbnhnc bn m`jtrocn
jrostoncn. 
Bn pnbngrn tl`b`dèn  volcl ml m`s pnbngrns droldns qul
sodcofojnc  Mo`s  y  pnbngrn, ` uc mosjurs` njlrjn ml Mo`s. \snh`s
bn pnbngrn m`jtrocn pnrn mlsjrogor bns lcslþnczns ml bn Gogbon, y
bn pnbngrn tl`b`dèn  lc uc slctom` hîs nhpbo`, ngnrjncm` “bn
jolcjon ml Mo`s y bns rlbnjo`cls lctrl Mo`s y lb \covlrs`‖ (Ztr`cd).
Bns m`jtrocns ` lcslþnczns movocns lstîc lspnrjomns lc t`mn bn
Gogbon j`h` fb`rls lc uc jnhp` drncml. Lb lstumonctl rlvlrlctl
ncmn lc lb jnhp` rlj`dolcm` bns fb`rls y enjolcm` rnhobbltls ml 
lbbns. Lst` ls b` qul enjl lc su lstumo` ml bn m`jtrocn. Lc b`s mèns
ml b`s npúst`bls, ïst`s volr`c huy pr`ct` qul lc su hocostlro` c`
súb` tlcènc qul rlj`dlr bns lcslþnczns ml Jrost` y nrrldbnrbns lc
f`rhn sostlhîtojn, soc` qul tnhgoïc tlcènc qul  pr`tldlrbns, 
p`rqul sl blvnctngnc huje`s lclhod`s. Nquè sl `rodocú bn
cljlsomnm ml bns lvomlcjons jrostoncns.
Mlb hosh` h`m` qul usnh`s bns pnbngrns m`jtrocn y tl`b`dèn, y
bn slducmn tolcl ucn sodcofojnjoúc hîs nhpbo` qul bn prohlrn1 nsè
usnh`s bns pnbngrns lvomlcjons y np`b`dïtojn, bn slducmn ngnrjn
uc jnhp` hîs nhpbo` qul bn prohlrn. Y`mlh`s mlfocor bns
lvomlcjons j`h` uc tlhn ` nbldnt` qul prulgn qul Klsujrost` y bn
jrostoncmnm s`c t`m` b` qul bn Gogbon rljbnhn qul s`c. Ls ucn
mlflcsn eostúrojn y prîjtojn mlb j`ckuct` ml vlrmnm qul Mo`s c`s
en mnm` (> Ylmr` :;><). Bn np`b`dïtojn ls hîs nhpbon y ngnrjn

tnhgoïc lb nspljt` fob`súfoj` ml lstn mlflcsn.

 

  Bn mlflcsn ml su fl en som` solhprl uc` ml b`s mlglrls mlb

jrostonc` (]ot` >;?1 7;>1 > ]oh`tl` =;>:->61 7 Kunc ?). Bn tnrln mlb
mlflcs`r mlb jrostoncosh` ls ucn dulrrn lc bn junb ïb solhprl
pulml snbor vojt`ro`s`, p`rqul lstî bujencm` nb bnm`, ml Mo`s
hosh` lc j`ctrn ml b`s lclhod`s ml ïb. Cucjn mlgl tlhlr nb
`p`sot`r, juyns pnbngrns
pnbngrns s`c “j`h` bns jnpns ml polb ml `s`
usnmns p`r b`s drncnmlr`s pnrn enjlrsl npnrljlr flr`jls‖.flr`jls‖. Bn
pnbngrn “lvomlcjon‖ volcl mlb bntèc, y y  sodcofojn “b` qul enjl vlr
nbd` j`c jbnromnm". Lb vnb`r prllhoclctl ml bns lvomlcjons
jrostoncns lstî lc qul glclfojonc n b`s jrlylctls hosh`s,
f`rtnbljoïcm`bls lc su fl, mlh`strîcm`bls qul su p`sojoúc ls
ocj`cquostngbl, y qul b`s ntnquls ml ntl`s, ndcústoj`s, ocfolbls,
ucotnro`s, hntlronbostns, rnjo`cnbostns y h`mlrcostns ml t`mn
jbnsl, murnctl bns lmnmls, c` enc rlsubtnm` soc` lc vojt`rons pnrn
Jrost` y mlrr`tn pnrn sus `p`sot`rls.
Lb e`hgrl, elje` n bn ohndlc ml Mo`s (Dïclsos >;74, 75), tolcl
lc su nbhn ucn slm ml j`c`jlr n su Jrlnm`r. Lstn slm c` pulml
slr snjonmn p`r bn fob`s`fèn, co p`r bn jolcjon, co p`r t`mn bn
sngomurèn ml lstl hucm`. “Lb hucm` c` j`c`joú
j` c`joú n Mo`s hlmonctl
bn sngomurèn‖ (> J`rocto`s
J`rocto`s >;7>). Vlrlh`s lc b`s jnpètub`s qul
sodulc júh` lb Jrlnm`r sl mo` n j`c`jlr n sus jronturns prohlr`
lc bn rlvlbnjoúc ml su Znctn Ynbngrn, y buld`, lc su rlvlbnjoúc
plrfljtn y suprlhn, lc lb Mo`s-E`hgrl, culstr` Zlþ`r Klsujrost`
(Kunc >;>51 4;=<-=61 79;:>).
Lc t`m` culstr` lstumo` ml bns lvomlcjons jrostoncns mlglh`s
nj`rmnrc`s ml qul b`s nrduhlct`s qul usnrlh`s mlglc gnsnrsl
lc b`s elje`s. Ls p`sogbl vnblrc`s ml bns eopútlsos y mlrovnr ml
lbbns culstrns j`cjbuso`cls, plr` t`mn culstrn jrllcjon, lc
rlsuhomns julctns, lstî gnsnmn lc b`s elje`s. Wlj`rmlh`s, puls,
qul eny juntr` elje`s qul c` sl pulmlc j`ctrnmljor, n snglr;

(n)  Bn cnturnblzn fèsojn qul c`s r`mln.   Y`r huje` qul lb ntl`
quosolrn cldnr bn lxostlcjon mlb Jrlnm`r, c` pulml cldnr lb elje`
ml qul lxostl lb ucovlrs`. ^ulmn, puls, gnk` su rlsp`csngobomnm

mlh`strnr
uc Enjlm`r.su nforhnjoúc ml qul lstn jrlnjoúc bbldú n lxostor soc
 

(g) Bn rlvlbnjoúc ml Mo`s qul tlclh`s lc bn Gogbon.  Lb h`mlrcostn

mojl qul hnc`s euhncns bn j`hpobnr`c, y qul su nut`romnm ls
odunb n bn ml junbquolr `tr` bogr`. N ïb bl jngl bn rlsp`csngobomnm
ml pr`gnr su nforhnjoúc, y pnrn lbb` tolcl qul lxpbojnr júh` uc`s
junrlctn lsjrot`rls vovolcm` lc vnro`s pnèsls mostoct`s y
ngnrjncm` uc plrè`m` ml nbrlmlm`r ml >.699 nþ`s pumolr`c
pr`mujor 66 bogr`s drncmls y plqulþ`s qul rljbnhnc slr
lsjroturns mlb hosh` Mo`s, qul cucjn sl j`ctrnmojlc, y qul sl
nkustnc lc uc s`b` bogr` sndrnm` ml tnb h`m` qul c` sl pulml
snjnr uc` soc mlknr ocj`hpblt` lb bogr` lctlr` (vïnsl bn prulgn ml
ls` lc lb jnpètub` >:).

(j)  Bn lxplrolcjon rlbodo`sn.  Ls `tr` elje` mlb qul solhprl

mlglh`s nj`rmnrc`s. Y`r huje` qul sl gurbl ml lbbn lb lsjïptoj`,
c` pulml jnhgonr lb elje` ml qul uc e`hgrl g`rrnje` y plrmom`
pulml vlrsl jnhgonm` lc uc snct` ml Mo`s. °N quï sl mlgl lsl
jnhgo`0 ^ul c`s lxpboqul lb rnjo`cnbostn júh` b`s bnmr`cls s`c
j`cvlrtom`s lc e`hgrls e`crnm`s, b`s hlctor`s`s lc e`hgrls ml
vlrmnm, y bl`cls lc j`rmlr`s, lc lb slctom` fodurnm` ml bn pnbngrn.
Yulml slr qul lbb`s c` pulmnc nrdòor j`c sus `p`sot`rls, plr`
jnmn uc` ml lbb`s pulml tlstofojnr; “\cn j`sn sï, qul engolcm` y`
som` jold`, ne`rn vl`" (Kunc ?;7<).

(m) Bn eost`ron jrostoncn.  El nquè `tr` elje` mlb qul solhprl

mlglh`s vnblrc`s lc bn bujen lc j`ctrn ml bns fulrzns mlb lrr`r.
Bn jrostoncmnm en lxostom` yn p`r jnso m`s hob nþ`s. ]uv` su
procjopo` ml ucn hnclrn suhnhlctl euhobml. C` sl vnboú ml
fulrzn hobotnr pnrn pr`pndnrsl, j`h` eojolr`c Hne`hn y sus
slduom`rls j`c bn rlbodoúc hne`hltncn1 soc lhgnrd`, bn fl ml
Klsujrost` sl en moslhocnm` lc t`mns pnrtls mlb hucm` y tolcl lb
hosh` p`mlr lb mèn ml e`y j`h` lc b`s mèns ml Jrost` y sus
npúst`bls.

Hlmotncm` lc lst`s juntr` elje`s pntlctls qul c` sl pulmlc

`jubtnr,
nmljunmnlbpnrn
e`hgrl socjlr` sntosfnjt`ronhlctl
lxpbojnrb`s tolcl qul j`cflsnr qul bn ûcojn
ls ucn jnusn
YLWZ@CN.
 

En ml englr lxostom` uc Jrlnm`r qul eoz` lb ucovlrs`, qul sl

rlvlbú n sus jronturns lc bn Gogbon, qul ful lcjnrcnm` lc su Eok`
Klsujrost`, y qul volcl p`r su Lspèrotu n h`rnr lc b`s pljnm`rls
j`cvlrtom`s, enjoïcm`bls n lbb`s n su vlz hncofolstnhlctl ucn
lpèst`bn ml Jrost`, “lsjrotn c` j`c toctn, soc` j`c lb Lspèrotu mlb

Mo`s
B`svov`" (7 J`rocto`s
npúst`bls :;>-:).
snbolr`c p`r lb hucm` mlb pndncosh` j`c lb
hlcsnkl mlb lvncdlbo`, rlvlstom`s j`c lb p`mlr mlb Lspèrotu Znct`,
y pr`ct`s pnrn dncnr n t`mn bn euhncomnm pnrn Jrost`. Zu njto-
tum pulml lklhpbofojnrsl lc bns pnbngrns ml Yngb`; Yngb`; “°C` s`y
npúst`b0 °C` s`y bogrl0 °C` el vost` n Klsûs lb Zlþ`r culstr`0 °C`
s`os v`s`tr`s ho `grn lc lb Zlþ`r0 ... J`ctrn b`s qul hl njusnc,
lstn ls ho mlflcsn‖ (> J`rocto`s ?;>, :). Ynrn b`s qul sl `p`cènc n
su hlcsnkl, gnstngn mljorbls qul ïb engèn vost` n Jrost` lc bn
 db`ron1 y buld` t`m`s jrllrènc b` qul bls prlmojngn.

Zoc mumn, c` súb` Yngb`, soc` t`m`s b`s mosjèpub`s prohotov`s

jrlènc qul b`s db`ro`s`s elje`s ml qul lbb`s lrnc tlstod`s slrènc
njlptnm`s p`r b`s qul bls `ènc1 plr` c` rlsubtú nsè. Jrost` engèn
nh`clstnm` n sus mosjèpub`s qul; “Zo n hè hl enc plrslduom`,
tnhgoïc n v`s`tr`s `s plrslduorîc1 so enc dunrmnm` ho pnbngrn,
tnhgoïc dunrmnrîc bn vulstrn‖ (Kunc ><;79)1 y Yngb` hosh`, mls- mls-
puïs ml englr lcj`ctrnm` bn `p`sojoúc ml j`rnz`cls lcmurljom`s
lc hujens joumnmls, lsjrogoú ml Ïfls`;
Ïfls`; “Zl hl en ngolrt` pulrtn
drncml y lfojnz, y huje`s s`c b`s nmvlrsnro`s‖ (> J`rocto`s >6;?).
 Vlh`s puls, qul nuc lc lb procjopo` ml bn mosplcsnjoúc ml bn
drnjon eug` ucn bujen, bns fulr  zns ml bns tocolgbns rlsostolcm` y
dulrrlncm` j`ctrn bn buz mlb lvncdlbo`. B`s s`bmnm`s ml Jrost` lc
nqulb lct`cjls y murnctl t`m`s b`s sodb`s soduolctls enc tlcom`
qul prlslctnr sus lvomlcjons, sus prulgns, y bns jbnrofojnjo`cl
jbnrofojnjo`clss ml
su hlcsnkl pnrn rlfutnr n b`s lclhod`s ml nfulrn y n b`s elrlkls
ml nmlctr` ml bn odblson.
Lb prohlr lclhod` qul rlsostoú lb lvncdlbo` ful lb  kumnèsh`, 
nqulb sostlhn ml Bly qul engèn som`- mnm` p`r Mo`s hosh` lc bn
ocfncjon ml bn rnzn euhncn, c` pnrn slr uc `rmlc plrhnclctl,

soc` pnrn mlh`strnr

ohp`sogobomnm bn e`hgrl
ml qul lb snctomnmp`rml sus
Mo`spr`po`s
y ml lsfulrz`s
su Bly, bn
bn
 

juhpbolsl, y su cljlsomnm ml uc Znbvnm`r. “Ml hnclrn qul bn bly

en som` culstr` ny`, pnrn bblvnrc`s n Jrost`, n foc, ml qul
fuïslh`s kustofojnm`s p`r bn fl‖ (Dîbntns :;7=). 
:;7=). 
Lstûmolsl j`c lshlr` t`mn bn lpèst`bn n b`s Dîbntns, y mlspuïs
b` qul Yngb` lsjrogoú lc W`hnc`s, pnrn vlr júh` lb npúst`b

prlslctngn
lb pnsnkl ynbns lvomlcjons
jotnm` mlb lvncdlbo`,
lc Dîbntns : pnrn vlrysucútlsl lspljonbhlctl
rlspulstn n b`s qul
qulrènc ohp`clr bn Bly ml H`osïs s`grl b`s j`cvlrs`s jrostonc`s.
Lb prohlr J`cjobo` ml bn Odblson, j`cv`jnm` lc Klrusnbïc lc lb nþ`
<9 M.J., sl `jupú ml lstl hosh` pr`gblhn, y ml b`s hnlstr`s
fnbs`s qul lstngnc trnylcm` lb kumnèsh` mlctr` ml bn odblson
(Elje`s ><). Yngb` sl bls `p`cèn lc t`m` budnr, plr` lbb`s lrnc tnc
nstut`s y ntrlvom`s qul lc ucn `jnsoúc Ylmr` hosh` ful
lcdnþnm` p`r uc j`rt` tolhp`. Cútlsl lb lspèrotu hncs` j`c qul
ïb rljogoú bn rlprlcsoúc pûgbojn ml Yngb`, y júh` mlspuïs 
hncoflstú su nprljo` p`r ïb (Dîbntns 7;>>-7>1 7 Ylmr` :;><, >6).
Juncm` b`s jrostonc`s fulr`c lspnrjom`s p`r t`mns pnrtls mlb
hucm` lct`cjls j`c`jom`, tuvolr`c qul mlflcmlr su fl lc j`ctrn
ml b`s ntnquls ml `tr` lclhod`, n snglr, lb  pndncosh`. \c gulc
lklhpb` ml lstn mlflcsn sl enbbn lc lb mosjurs` ml Yngb` n b`s
fobús`f`s ml Ntlcns, lb jlctr` hosh` ml bn rlbodoúc y bn jubturn
droldns. B`s r`hnc`s d`glrcngnc lb hucm` ml nqulb lct`cjls p`r
bn fulrzn ml sus lkïrjot`s1 plr` lb omo`hn y bn jubturn ml b`s
drold`s (juy` ohplro` engèn nctljlmom` nb ml W`hn) plrhncljènc
t`mnvèn. ]nct` b`s r`hnc`s j`h` b`s drold`s lrnc pndnc`s, roc-
molcm` jubt` n b`s èm`b`s.
Yulst` lc pol s`grl lb jlrr` ml Hnrtl, m`cml b`s fobús`f`s s`bènc
j`cdrldnrsl, Yngb` bls flbojotú p`r su ocstoct` rlbodo`s`, y p`r lb
elje` ml qul lstngnc gusjncm` n Mo`s, enstn bbldnr n lmofojnr uc
nbtnr NB MO@Z C@ J@C@JOM@. Lstl nbtnr bl mo` lb puct` ml
j`ctnjt` j`c lbb`s, pnrn prlmojnrbls bns gulcns culvns ml Jrost`.
Lc t`m`s sus mosjurs`s n b`s kumè`s bls trnèn sus prulgns mlb
 Nctodu` ]lstnhlc
]lstnhlct`.
t`. B`s pndnc`s lhplr` c` sngènc cnmn ml bns
Lsjroturns, lc j`csljulcjon Yngb` tuv` qul pr`gnrbls bn lxos-

tlcjon
y n susmlb Mo`s ocstoct`s
pr`po`s vlrmnmlr`y nplbncm`
j`cjolcjonn(Elje`s
b`s e`hgrls
>4). jrlnm`s p`r ïb,
 

  J`c lb
lb pns` ml b`s so
sodb`s,
db`s, huje`s lclhod`s y sos
sostlhns
tlhns fnbs`s sl
blvnctnr`c fulrn y mlctr` ml bn odblson ml Jrost`. Lc `tr`s
jnpètub`s vnh`s n c`tnr nbduc`s ml b`s sostlhns
s ostlhns qul tlclh`s qul
nfr`ctnr lc lst`s p`strlr`s mèns. Lc bn Eost`ron ml bn Odblson
Jrostoncn sl lcjulctrnc b`s p`rhlc`rls ml bn bujen lc j`ctrn ml

b`s `p`sot`rls
M.J.), Bujo` (:99
y Eolrújbot` (>6< M.J.).
M.J.), B`s
Jlbs` (>45 M.J.),
pnmrls Y`rforo`
np`stúboj`s qul(7::
bls
j`ctlstnr`c p`r lsjroturns lc mlflcsn mlb jrostoncosh` fulr`c
 Ndustèc, Jorob`, ]lrtubonc`, Kustoc` Hîrtor, Luslgo`, ]lúfob`
]lúfob`,,
Jblhlctl, Eopúbot`, @rèdlcls y `tr`s. ]lcènc qul j`hgntor c`
súb` b`s ntnquls ml nfulrn, soc` bns elrlkèns sutobls ml hnlstr`s
fnbs`s ml bn odblson. B`s jrostonc`s ml e`y tolclc qul enjlr b`
hosh`.
Y`mlh`s c`tnr nquè uc`s elje`s njlrjn ml bn “prlsucjoúc n
fnv`r ml t`mn ocstotujoúc njtunb‖ y 
y bn “jnrdn ml j`hpr`gnjoúc‖. C`
ls prljos` mlflcmlr ucn ocstotujoúc njtunb enstn qul sl trnodn
nbdûc nrduhlct` lc j`ctrn ml lbbn1 y lb qul trnl bn njusnjoúc ls
lb qul mlgl pr`gnrbn1 ïstl ls uc` ml b`s procjopo`s fucmnhlctnbls
ml bn bly. Npbojncm` lstn bly n bn ocstotujoúc jrostoncn, p`mlh`s
njbnrnr culstr`s plcsnholct`s j`c lb rlsuhlc qul enjl lb m`jt`r
F. T. Flrrnr; “(>) Engèn ucn prlsucjoúc fulrtl lc j`ctrn mlb
lvncdlbo` juncm` p`r prohlrn vlz ful ncucjonm`. \c jnhplsoc`
 kumè` rljbnhú slr lb Hlsèns pr`hltom`, lc quolc t`mns bns
cnjo`cls mlb hucm` ognc n slr glcmljomns. Cnmol p`mèn jubpnrsl
p`r c` jrllrb`, enstn qul ïb b` pr`gnrn. Bn jnrdn ml j`hpr`gnjoúc
qulmngn j`c Klsûs, y ïb bn njlptú (Kunc ><;7=, j`hpnrl j`c
Elje`s >?;:6). (7) Lb jns` lc lb tolhp` njtunb ls j`hpbltnhlctl
`pulst`. Bn jrostoncmnm lxostl, y junbquolrn qul coldul su `rodlc
movoc` mlgl trnlr rnz`cls j`cvocjlctls p`r nsodcnrbl uc `rodlc
euhnc`. Bn jnrdn ml j`hpr`gnjoúc qulmn nb bnm` mlb qul rljenzn
lb lvncdlbo`. Zo c` ful lstngbljom` hobndr`snhlctl, j`h` rljbnhn
englrb` som`, lct`cjls sl enjl cljlsnro` uc hobndr` hny`r, ls
mljor, qul fulrn ocstotuom` p`r ndlcjons l ocdlco` euhnc`, n
plsnr ml t`mn rlsostlcjon. (:) Juncm` culstr`s hoso`clr`s bblvnc

lb lvncdlbo`
tolclc qul nnsuhor
b`s pndnc`s, ls lvomlctl qulmlb`sj`hpr`gnjoúc.
bn rlsp`csngobomnm jrostonc`s hosh`s
B`s
 

pndnc`s c` prlductnc juîbls s`c bns njusnjo`cls lc j`ctrn mlb

jrostoncosh`, soc` qul mlhncmnc rnz`cls sufojolctls pnrn en-
jlrbls ngncm`cnr bn rlbodoúc ml sus nctlpnsnm`s y ngrnznr bn
rlbodoúc culvn.‖ 
culvn.‖ 
 

JNYÈ]\B@ 7
BN LUOZ]LCJON ML MO@Z

Cnmol
c`s pulml npr`tldlr
lxe`rtn co mlflcmlr
mlflcmlr j`c tlsúcb`ful
qullctrldnmn
c` tolcl. Bn fl qul
n b`s Kumnsy
snct`s,
lbb`s bn enc mnm` n c`s`tr`s lc bns Znctns Lsjroturns (Kumns :).
 Vnh`s puls n hornr nbducns ml bns vlrmnmls jnrmocnbls ml
culstrn fl, y n c`tnr júh` lbbns enc som` mlflcmomns murnctl b`s
sodb`s pnsnm`s. B`s nrduhlct`s procjopnbls pnrn pr`gnr lsns
vlrmnmls s`c b`s hosh`s e`y qul lc b`s mèns ml b`s pnmrls
np`stúboj`s, quolcls sl vnbolr`c ml lbb`s lc sus lsjroturns1 plr`
jnmn sodb` ml lxplrolcjon nþnml hîs fulrzn y hîs jbnromnm n
lbb`s.
Yulml englr m`s jbnsls ml lvomlcjon, n snglr; lvomlcjon
mlh`strntovn (j`h` bns prulgns hntlhîtojns)
hntlhîtojns),, y lvomlcjon h`rnb.
Ls jbnr` qul c` sl pulml usnr bn prohlrn jbnsl pnrn vlrmnmls
lsporotunbls, puls b`s nrduhlct`s lc mlflcsn mlb lvncdlbo` s`c
solhprl h`rnbls. Eny m`s jbnsls ml lstn lvomlcjon h`rnb, ls
mljor, bn lxtlro`r y bn octlro`r. Bns prulgns lxtlro`rls sl gnsnc lc
lb tlstoh`co` y lb rnz`cnholct`. Bns prulgns octlro`rls sl gnsnc
lc bns lxplrolcjons mlb jrostonc`. Zu rlbodoúc ls ml bn jnglzn y
tnhgoïc mlb j`rnzúc.
Lstûmolsl W`hnc`s >;>5-7< pnrn vlr qul lc uc tolhp` b`s
e`hgrls j`c`jènc n Mo`s1 plr` n jnusn ml bn lctrnmn mlb pljnm`
lc lb hucm` huje`s quosolr`c cldnr su lxostlcjon y c` rltlclrb`
lc su j`c`joholct`. Ne`rn vnh`s n c`tnr nbduc`s ml b`s
nrduhlct`s pnrn bn lxostlcjon ml Mo`s, c` usncm` bn Gogbon soc`
trntncm` ûcojnhlctl ml bn hntlron lc b` lxtlro`r y ml bn
cnturnblzn euhncn lc b` octlro`r. Eny huje`s nrduhlct`s, plr`
pnrn hîs grlvlmnm vnh`s n rlsuhorb`s lc b`s juntr` hîs
ohp`rtnctls;

(>) Lb nrduhlct` `ct`búdoj`.  Lstl ful f`rhubnm` prohlrnhlctl

p`r lb `gosp` Ncslbh`, quolc mljèn; “Jrlm` ut octlbodnh‖ (_` jrl`
 

pnrn qul y` lctolcmn). Mlhulstrn qul tlclh`s ucn omln ml uc

Zlr plrfljt` y suprlh`, y c` c`s ls p`sogbl ohndocnr cnmn hîs
drncml qul ïb. Bn omln ml Mo`s c` p`mèn lctrnr n bn hlctl mlb
e`hgrl so lsn hlctl c` tuvolrn su `rodlc lc ïb. Bn hlrn omln ml
Mo`s sl c`s enjl p`sogbl p`rqul ïb hosh` lstî mltrîs ml lsn omln.

Bn cnturnblzn
culstr`s rlsp`cml
plcsnholct`s n culstr`s
rlsp`cmlc plcsnholct`s
n lbbn, p`r b` tnct`ml lbbn, mly 
nhg`s
glc englr som` elje`s p`r ucn hlctl ocfocotn. Ls búdoj` y jrlègbl
qul lstl Zlr suprlh` lxostn.

(7) Lb nrduhlct` j`sh`búdoj`. Znct` ]`hîs ml Nquoc` ful lb

`rodocnm`r ml lstl plcsnholct` lctrl b`s jrostonc`s1 nctls ml su
tolhp` engèn som` lhpblnm` p`r lb fobús`f` drold` Nrostútlbls. Zl
gnsn lc lb elje` mlb ucovlrs`  ” t`m`
t`m` b` qul vlh`s lc culstr`
mlrrlm`r. Lstl ucovlrs` c` sl eoz` n sè hosh`, p`rqul jnmn lfljt`
rlquolrl ucn jnusn. B` rlbntov` mlhncmn b` ngs`but`. Lstnh`s
j`csjolctls ml t`mns culstrns njjo`cls, y snglh`s qul s`h`s
rlsp`csngbls ml lbbns. Lc `trns pnbngrns, culstr` bogrl nbglmrè` ls
bn jnusn ml lbbns. Mlgl lxostor, lct`cjls, ucn jnusn ml t`m` b` qul
vlh`s lc lb ucovlrs`, ocjbuylcm` b`s slrls octlbodlctls y bogrls, y
nqulbbn prohlrn jnusn mlgl slr bogrl y suplro`r n lbb`s.
“Bn lbljtrojomnm 
lbljtrojomnm  ls dlclrnmn p`r lb jnb`r1 lb jnb`r volcl mlb
jnrgúc1 lb jnrgúc ml bns nctoduns slbvns1 ïstns `gtuvolr`c sus
pr`polmnmls ml b`s rny`s mlb s`b1 lb jnb`r s`bnr ls nbohlctnm` ml
nbducn hnclrn hostlro`sn, pr`gngblhlctl p`r hltl`r`s, y nsè,
sujlsovnhlctl enstn lb procjopo`. Ne`rn, lb jnb`r, lb jnrgúc, bns
slbvns, y bn buz s`bnr ” 
s`bnr ” t`m`s
t`m`s b`s tïrhoc`s hlcjo`cnm`s lc bn slrol
nctlro`r ” 
 ”   s`c pnrjonbhlctl jnusns y pnrjonbhlctl lfljt`s. Ml
hnclrn qul ml jnmn uc` mlgl mnrsl julctn p`r nbducn j`sn
nctlro`r. Lc cocducn pnrtl lc lb rloc` obohotnm` ml bn cnturnblzn
hntlronb sl en mlsjugolrt` t`mnvèn nbducn j`sn qul sln
t`tnbhlctl jnusn. B`s ît`h`s ` fulrzns fucmnhlctnbls c` enc
som` mlsjugolrt`s soc` supulst`s. Zoc lhgnrd`, nuc lbb`s
cljlsotnc ucn jnusn nctlro`r pnrn p`clrb`s
p`clrb`s lc h`voholct`‖
(Hubbocs). C` jnusn,
prohlrn drnc ls p`sogbl ohndocnr
ls mljor, Mo`s.lstl ucovlrs` ocojoîcm`sl soc bn
 

(:) Lb nrduhlct` tlbl`búdoj`. Zl gnsn ïstl lc lb `rmlc y mlsodco`

qul sl hncofolstnc lc t`m` lb ucovlrs`. Elh`s vost` qul
cljlsotnh`s uc procjopo` jnusnctl, y ne`rn pnsnh`s nmlbnctl n
c`tnr qul lb `rmlc ml t`mns bns j`sns mlhncmn ucn jnusn
octlbodlctl qul b` moslþú t`m`. Lb fobús`f` Zújrntls b` obustrngn p`r

ucn
hlctl lstntun. Nb vlrbn
octlbodlctl snglh`s
bn moslþú nctlsqul tuv` uc enjlm`r y qul ucn
ml lsjubporbn.
Zo njlptnh`s lb `rmlc y lb moslþ` lc bns `grns euhncns j`h`
prulgns ml qul eug` ucn hlctl octlbodlctl mltrîs ml lbbns,
¡juîct` hîs mlglh`s enjlrb` j`c rlspljt` n bns `grns ml Mo`s! Lb
snbhostn mojl; “Lb qul eoz` lb `èm`,
`èm`, °c` `orî0 Lb qul f`rhú lb `k`,
°c` vlrî0‖ (Znbh` ?=;?). Juncm` vlh`s lb rny` ml ucn rulmn, c`
plcsnh`s lc ïb j`h` uc foc lc sè hosh`, soc` lc rlbnjoúc j`c bn
rulmn lctlrn. Lsl rny` ful elje` pnrn bblcnr uc mltlrhocnm`
budnr, y ful nmnptnm` pnrn lbb` lxjbusovnhlctl. C` tolcl vnb`r lc
sè hosh` soc` j`h` ucn pnrtl cljlsnron ml bn rulmn.
Lb `rmlc plrfljt` qul `gslrvnh`s lc t`mn bn cnturnblzn c`s
engbn mlb mlsodco` mlb Jrlnm`r, y soc lsl `rmlc y mlsodco` lb
ucovlrs` slrèn uc jn`s. ]`mns bns j`sns fulr`c mlsodcnmns pnrn
nbdûc foc lspljonb, y jnmn ucn bblcn su pr`pon lsflrn ` jèrjub` ml
njjoúc soc je`jnr j`c `trns co plrkumojnrbns n lbbns. Y`mlh`s
rlsuhor lstl nrduhlct` mojolcm` qul c`tnh`s lc t`m` lb ucovlrs`
lb `rmlc, lb mlsodco`, bn octlcjoúc, y lb nkustl plrfljt` ml t`mn bn
jrlnjoúc, rlvlbncm` bn hlctl moslþnm`rn mlb Nrquotljt`.
]lstofojnh`s j`c Yngb`
Yngb` qul “bns j`sns ocvosogbls ml ïb, su ltlrc`
p`mlr y mlomnm, sl enjlc jbnrnhlctl vosogbls
vosogbls mlsml bn jrlnjoúc mlb
hucm`, solcm` lctlcmomns p`r hlmo` ml bns bns j`sns eljens‖ (W`-
(W`-
hnc`s >;79).

(=) Lb nrduhlct` h`rnb. Lstl sl gnsn lc bn j`cjolcjon mlb e`hgrl

y su j`c`joholct` ml bn bly h`rnb, ` *bn mostocjoúc lctrl b` gulc`
y b` hnb`. J`c lstl nrduhlct` ocjbuoh`s b`s qul sl enc bbnhnm`
nrduhlct`s euhnc`s, y tnhgoïc b`s ml bn lxplrolcjon  ” lc lc foc,
t`m`s b`s nrduhlct`s qul p`mlh`s snjnr mlb slr euhnc` y sus
lxplrolcjons.
e`hgrl sngl Lstl nrduhlct`
b` qul tolcl h`rnb
nmlctr`ls orrlfrndngbl,
ml su slr, p`rqul
rlj`c`jljnmn
bn
 

suprlhnjèn ml bn j`cjolcjon lctrl sus fnjubtnmls, y solctl bn

rlsp`csngobomnmm h`rnb ml t`mns sus njjo`cls.
rlsp`csngobomn
Lstl slctom` mlb mlglr ohpbojn ucn rlbnjoúc plrs`cnb n uc
d`glrcnm`r ` bldosbnm`r. Zo su j`cjolcjon bl rlhulrml nb e`hgrl
p`r englr elje` hnb ` qulgrnctnm` nbducn bly, ls jbnr` qul

nbduolc eoz`
s`grl t`mn bn lsn
rnznbly, nbdûc Juncm`
euhncn. slr suprlh` qul lb
enjl golc, tlcdn nut`romnm
e`hgrl solctl
ucn pnz y trncquobomnm lc su nbhn1 y juncm` enjl hnb t`m` ls
j`cfusoúc, vlrdòlczn y tlh`r
tlh`r lc su slr. “H`strncm` bn `grn ml bn
bly lsjrotn lc sus j`rnz`cls, mncm` tlstoh`co` su j`cjolcjon, y
njusîcm`bls ` mlflcmoïcm`bls sus rnz`cnholct`s‖ (W`hnc`s
7;><).
“Y`r hlmo` ml bns `plrnjo`cls ml bn j`cjolcjon
j`cjolcjon mosjlrcoh`s qul
lstnh`s suklt`s n uc Bldosbnm`r kust` qul prlhon y jnstodn.
Z`h`s nsè pulst`s lc j`ctnjt` j`c bn njtotum h`rnb mlb Zlr lc
quolc vovoh`s y c`s h`vlh`s. Eny nmlctr` ml c`s`tr`s uc
tlstoh`co` ochlmont` l occldngbl n su snctomnm y kustojon‖kustojon‖
(Foselr).
Ynrn rlsuhor b` qul c`s pulmlc pr`gnr lst`s juntr`
nrduhlct`s, p`mlh`s nforhnr qul lb nrduhlct` `ct`búdoj` c`s
prulgn qul bn lxostlcjon ml Mo`s ls j`sn jrlègbl1 lb nrduhlct`
j`sh`búdoj` c`s nsldurn qul ml t`m` b` qul lxostl eug` ucn jnusn
prohlrn, uc Zlr Zuprlh`1 lb nrduhlct` tlbl`búdoj` prulgn qul lc
t`m` lb ucovlrs` eny `rmlc, mlsodco`, octlcjoúc, y nkustl, qul
enjlc prljos` uc Zlr octlbodlctl y rnjo`cnb qul b` moslþú t`m`1 y
lb nrduhlct` h`rnb mlhulstrn qul ml culstr` pr`po` slr y ml bns
lxplrolcjons euhncns snglh`s qul eny uc D`glrcnm`r y Bldos-
bnm`r qul ls snct`, kust`, y ngs`but` lc su d`golrc`.
“Lb procjopo` jnusnctl ls fucmnhlctnb n jnmn uc` ml b`s
nrduhlct`s. Bn prulgn ml bn lvomlcjon ml bn v`buctnm lc bn
cnturnblzn ocmojn ucn jnusn lfojolctl1 qul lb moslþ` ls ucn jnusn
ml pr`púsot`, y qul bn j`cjolcjon ls ucn jnusn h`rnb. @gsïrvlsl
nmlhîs, lb j`ctrnstl lctrl b`s tlèstns (b`s qul jrllh`s lc Mo`s) y
b`s qul coldnc su lxostlcjon. Lst`s ûbtoh`s gusjnc bns f`rhns

yhîs gnkns t`m`

lxpbojnc p`sogbls ml lxostlcjon ” 
b` hîs lxostlcjon  ” hntlron,
hntlron,
nbt` lc j`cjlpt`s ml b`fulrzn, ` nbd`
hîs gnk`. Lb hîs ”  
tlèstn
 

ocvolrtl lb pr`jls`; lxpbojn b` ocflro`r lc bn cnturnblzn lc j`c-

jlpt`s ml b` hîs lblvnm`. B`s uc`s lstîc p`r mlgnk` mlb covlb
plrs`cnb, holctrns qul b`s `tr`s lstîc lc lsl covlb‖ (Hubbocs).
 

JNYO]\B@ :
J@CJLY]@Z LWW@CL@Z
 NJLWJN  ML MO@Z

“Bns r`jns, bns h`ctnþns, b`s îrg`bls, bns cugls,

cugls, b`s pbncltns, bns
lstrlbbns, y b`s s`bls, s`c elje`s. Lb hucm` qul c`s r`mln ls uc
drnc hucm` ml elje`s1 plr` mlctr` ml c`s`tr`s eny `tr` hucm`;
culstr`s plcsnholct`s, slctoholct`s, njt`s v`buctnro`s, y
culstr` pr`po` slctom` ` j`c`joholct` octlro`r1 lc rlsuhlc,
culstrn plrs`cnbomnm euhncn, lb hucm` octlro`r j`ctrnstnm` j`c
lb lxtlro`r, ls tnhgoïc uc hucm` p`sotov`, pulst` qul j`c`jlh`s
bns j`sns qul c`s r`mlnc b` hosh` qul bns qul lstîc mlctr` ml
c`s`tr`s‖ (Hubbocs).
 Nsè tlclh`s lb hucm` ml bn hntlron y lb hucm` mlb lspèrotu.
 Vnh`s n lxnhocnr
lxnhocnr bns tl`rèns qu
qull b`s uclc gnk` mos
mostoctns
toctns omlns.

(>) Lb pnctlèsh`. Lb pnmrl mlb pnctlèsh` h`mlrc` ful Glcot` ml

Lspoc`sn, quolc cnjoú lc E`bncmn lc >6:7. Lb lcslþngn qul c`
eny hîs qul ucn s`bn sugstncjon ucovlrsnb l ohplrs`cnb, y qul bn
hntlron y lb lspèrotu s`c ntrogut`s ml lbbn. J`ctolclc t`m`s b`s
ntrogut`s ml bn plrfljjoúc, plr` solcm` c`s`tr`s ohplrfljt`s y
bohotnm`s, c` p`mlh`s vlr soc` m`s ml lbb`s, qul s`c lb
plcsnholct` y bn lxtlcsoúc1 lb prohlr tïrhoc` sodcofojncm` lb
hucm` octlro`r, y lb slducm` lb hucm` lxtlro`r. Zoc lhgnrd`,
mojl lb pnctlèsh`, c` s`c m`s soc` ucn s`bn j`sn.
Mojl qul bn hntlron (` bn lxtlcsoúc) pulml lxostor lc mostoct`s
h`m`s, ls mljor, lc rlp`s` ` lc h`voholct`. Lb lspèrotu ` plc-
snholct` tnhgoïc tolcl sus m`s h`m`s; lb octlbljt` y bn v`buctnm.
Ynrn lb pnctlèstn, Mo`s c` ls ucn Ylrs`cn, p`rqul bn
plrs`cnbomnm ohpbojn bohotnjoúc1 soc` qul ïb ls bn gnsl ml t`mns
bns j`sns, y jnmn j`sn qul lxostl ls s`bnhlctl uc h`m` ` uc
ntrogut`
mlb junb ïbmlsln
ïb. bn
Lbjnusn,
c` jrlúp`rqul
lb hucm`, y lb ucovlrs`
lslcjonbhlctl ïb lsc`
 lb ls uc lfljt`
hucm`.
 

  Nbduolc en moje` qu qull pnrn lb pnctl

pnctlèstn
èstn so sl bbn
bbnhn
hn n Mo`s bn
jnusn mlb ucovlrs`, ls súb` “j`h` bn hnczncn ls bn jnusn ml su
j`b`r r`k`1 j`h` bn bljel ls bn jnusn ml bn gbncjurn, bn mubzurn y bn
boquomlz1 y c` j`h` lb pnmrl ls bn jnusn ml bn lxostlcjon ml su
eok`, ` j`h` lb s`b ls bn jnusn ml su jnb`r‖ (Tlglr).

c`C` p`mlh`s
ls búdojn. njlptnr
Juncm` mojllb qul
pnctlèsh`, p`rqul
c` eny hîs su jrllcjon
ml ucn rnmojnb
s`bn sugstncjon
lc t`m` lb ucovlrs`, sl nblkn ml b`s elje`s j`c`jom`s. C` p`mlh`s
j`c`jlr uc plcsnholct` soc ucn plrs`cn, y lb pnctlèsh` coldn bn
plrs`cnbomnm. Coldn bn rlbnjoúc ml bn jnusn y lb lfljt`, y tnhgoïc
`trn bly ml bn jolcjon qul lcslþn qul mlglh`s mlknr b`s elje`s
j`h` b`s lcj`ctrnh`s. C` p`mlh`s vlr bn plrs`cnbomnm lc
c`s`tr`s hosh`s y nb hosh` tolhp` cldnrbn lc bn drnc
sugstncjon ucofojnm`rn
ucofojnm`rn..
Lb pnctlèstn c` pulml rlj`c`jlr bn moflrlcjon lctrl b` gulc` y
b` hnb`, p`rqul so uc e`hgrl ls ucn pnrtl ml Mo`s, t`m`s sus
njt`s s`c njt`s ml Mo`s. Lstn jrllcjon enjl nb e`hgrl odunb j`c
bns pbnctns y b`s nstr`s, y c` eny boglrtnm co nbglmrè`, soc` qul
t`m` sl hncofolstn h`tovnm` p`r lb procjopo` octlrc` ml bn drnc
sugstncjon ucofojnm`rn, y ls` quotn t`m` rlfrlcnholct` ml b`s
njt`s euhnc`s.
Mlspuïs ml vlr lstl mlsolrt` y slqulmnm h`rnb, ¡quï rlfrodlro`
c`s mn hornr lb pnosnkl qul c`s mlbocln bn Ynbngrn ml Mo`s! J`-
hlczncm` j`c c`s`tr`s hosh`s, p`mlh`s pr`gnr qul tlclh`s bn
plrs`cnbomnm, bn j`cjolcjon h`rnb y lb bogrl nbglmrè`. J`c`jlh`s
b` gulc` y b` hnb`, y snglh`s qul s`h`s rlsp`csngbls ml jnmn
njt`, pnbngrn y plcsnholct`. Lc junct` n b`s elje`s mlb ucovlrs`,
bn ûcojn eopútlsos qul pulml sntosfnjlr t`m`s culstr`s ncelb`s y
lxpbojnr t`m`s b`s elje`s ls bn ml uc Zlr suprlh` qul c`s eoz` n
c`s`tr`s y mlb hosh` h`m` n bns mlhîs j`sns, quolc ls ucn
YLWZ@CN n quolc p`mlh`s j`c`jlr y j`c quolc p`mlh`s tlclr
j`hucoúc.
Lc culstr` lstumo` mlb pnctlèsh` elh`s vost` su lxpbojnjoúc
lrrúcln ml b`s m`s hucm`s (lb lxtlro`r mlb ucovlrs`, y lb octlro`r
mlb plcsnholct`),
ml ucn mojolcm` qulucofojnm`rn
s`bn drnc sugstncjon b`s m`s s`c qul
lb lxtlro`r
ocjbuylynlbMo`s
octlro`r
yn
 

t`m` lb ucovlrs`. Ne`rn vnh`s n c`tnr grlvlhlctl m`s tl`rèns

lrrúclns qul sl gnsnr`c s`grl b`s m`s hucm`s yn hlcjo`cnm`s; bn
prohlrn sl mlsodcn j`c lb c`hgrl ml omlnbosh`,  y bn slducmn
hntlronbosh`.  Bn prohlrn lcslþn qul lb plcsnholct` ls t`m` l
ocjbuyl t`m` b` qul lxostl, y bn slducmn mojl b` hosh` njlrjn ml bn

hntlron.
(7) Lb omlnbosh`.  Zl lcjulctrn lc nbducns ml bns tl`rèns ml b`s
eocmûls lc bn Ocmon. Gumn lcslþngn, y huje`s ml b`s eocmûls
h`mlrc`s nforhnc, qul t`mn bn moflrlcjon qul vlh`s lctrl bns
j`sns lxostl s`bnhlctl lc culstr` plcsnholct`. Y`r lklhpb`, vl`
lc uc rocjúc ml bn jnsn ucn julrmn nrr`bbnmn, y hl pnrljl ucn
slrpolctl. Ls n jnusn ml p`jn buz, ` lc `trns pnbngrns mlgom` n ho
odc`rncjon, qul pnrn hè ls ucn slrpolctl. Nb rljogor hîs buz y`
sngrï qul bn slrpolctl c` lxostl. Lb puct` mïgob ml lstl
rnz`cnholct` ls qul nucqul c` eny slrpolctl, bn julrmn sè lxostl.
rnz`cnholct`
Lbb`s c` sl foknc lc lst`.
B`s eocmûls bblvnc lstn tl`rèn enstn lb puct` ml jrllr qul c`
lxostl cnmn, y vlh`s nsè ml múcml snjú bn Jolcjon Jrostoncn
hujens ml sus omlns. B`s eocmûls lcslþnc qul b` qul sl cljlsotn
ls lb  dyîc, `  lb j`c`joholct` plrfljt`1 y lbb`s sl solctlc lc
hlmotnjoúc ocnjtovn enstn bbldnr n j`c`jlr (nsè mojlc) qul c`
lxostl cnmn, y ïstl ls lb lstnm` plrfljt` bbnhnm` p`r b`s gumostns
corvncn; juncm` uc` sngl qul t`m` ls plcsnholct`, j`c bn
lctrnmn ml hîs buz y j`c`joholct` p`mrî j`hprlcmlr qul lc
rlnbomnm c` eny cnmn qul lxostn.

(:) Lb hntlronbosh`. Bn tl`rèn qul lcj`ctrnh`s hîs n hlcum` lc

b`s pnèsls `jjomlctnbls ls lb hntlronbosh`,  qul lc vlz ml
j`hlcznr j`c lb plcsnholct`, j`holczn j`c bn hntlron ` lb
ît`h`. Mojlc qul lstl plqulþ` drncot` ml hntlron, kuctnhlctl
j`c bn fulrzn y lb h`voholct`, lmofojú t`m` lb ucovlrs`. Coldnc uc
Zlr octlbodlctl qul morodoú t`m` lsl mlslcv`bvoholct`, y juncm`
prlductnh`s lct`cjls júh` sngènc b`s ît`h`s nrrldbnrsl pnrn
enjlr pbncltns, ncohnbls, pbnctns, e`hgrls y t`mns bns j`sns qul
 

vlh`s lc mlrrlm`r, mojlc qul t`m` sl eoz` p`r bn jnsunbomnm, p`r

sulrtl, ` p`r cljlsomnm.
Ls jnso ocjrlègbl qul e`hgrls octlbodlctls pumolrnc s`stlclr
ucn tl`rèn tnc gnkn ml sus prlcmns lblvnmns, plr` nsè ls. \c` ml
lbb`s lsjrogoú; “]`m` lstumonctl ml bn cnturnblzn mlgl, so polcsn
pol csn

j`csostlctlhlctl, bbldnr n gnk`

jnpnjomnmls j`hprlcmomns bn j`cjbusoúc
lb c`hgrl ml qul t`mns mlb
ml njtovomnmls bns
nbhn s`c súb` fucjo`cls ml bn sugstncjon mlb jlrlgr`, `
lxprlsîcm`hl lc tïrhoc`s hîs rum`s, qul lb plcsnholct` tolcl
j`c lb jlrlgr` bn hoshn rlbnjoúc qul bn eolb j`c lb eèdnm`‖
eèdnm`‖ (V`dt). 
(V`dt). 
°^uï p`mlh`s mljor nb hntlronbostn0 Yrohlrnhlctl qul su
puct` ml pnrtomn c` ls hntlronb soc` hlctnb. Engbn mlb ît`h`, ml
fulrzn, y ml h`voholct`, qul s`c hlrns ngstrnjjo`cls ml bn
hlctl, qul cnmol knhîs en vost` co j`c b`s hîs p`tlctls
hojr`sj`po`s. Lstns j`cstrujjo`cls hlctnbls mlhncmnc, puls,
ucn hlctl j`c lxostlcjon prlvon1 lc `trns pnbngrns, ohpbojn bn
octlbodlcjon suplro`r y suprlhn ml Mo`s.
Lc rlsuhlc, p`mlh`s mljor qul lstn tl`rèn enjl nb e`hgrl uc
nutúhntn. Coldn b` qul golc j`c`jlh`s, j`h` bn v`buctnm, bn j`c-
jolcjon, lb p`mlr hlctnb ml slbljjoúc, lb octlbljt`, lb j`c`joholct`,
y bn hoshn plrs`cnbomnm. J`c hob prulgns p`mlh`s mlh`strnr
qul bn hlctl ls suplro`r n bn hntlron, b` qul lb hntlronbosh`
coldn. Mojl qul t`mns bns j`sns vocolr`c ml bn hntlron p`r bn
dlclrnjoúc lsp`ctîcln, y ïstn cucjn en som` j`hpr`gnmn.
C`tlh`s qul bn hlctl usn bn hntlron1 puls, °c` ls bn hlctl
suplro`r y mostoctn ml lbbn0 Vlh`s tnhgoïc lb ocstoct` rlbodo`s` lc
lb e`hgrl, y j`h` solhprl bl sudolrl bn omln ml MO@Z y c` ml b`s
ît`h`s. Lb hntlronbosh` c` sl pulml pr`gnr lc cocducn hnclrn,
y lstî lc j`ctrn ml t`m`s b`s elje`s ml bn jolcjon.

(=) Lb ndc`stojosh`.  @tr` lclhod` mlb lvncdlbo` ls bn tl`rèn mlb

ndc`stojosh`, juy` c`hgrl bl ful mnm` p`r lb pr`fls`r Euxbly. Lb
ndc`stojosh` sl pulml mlsjrogor j`h` ucn njtotum ml bn hlctl
qul coldn bn p`sogobomnm ml j`c`jlr n Mo`s ` ml snglr bn vlrmnm
njlrjn
nbduc`smlb ucovlrs`.
ml sus Eny mojlc
slduom`rls drnm`squllcc`lstn odc`rncjon,
snglh`s p`rqul
y c` p`mlh`s
 

snglr cnmn. Coldnc bn vnbomlz y bn rlnbomnm ml t`m` j`c`joholct`,

cldncm` bns mlhîs.
Eny nbd` lc lstn jrllcjon pnrljom` n bn tl`rèn ml b`s eocmûls
qul elh`s c`tnm` nctlro`rhlctl. Nhgns c`s j`cmujlc n uc ml-
solrt` lsporotunb, soc vlstodo` ml vomn. Juncm` sl bls prlslctn n

b`s ndcústoj`s
qul b`s elje`s
b` qul plrjoglc mlb hucm`
culstr`s octlro`r
slctom`s y lxtlro`r,
ls súb` rlsp`cmlc
j`c`joholct` ml bn
npnrolcjon ml bns j`sns, y c` ml bn rlnbomnm mltrîs ml lbbns.
J`cfolsnc qul pr`gngblhlctl enyn ucn jnusn, plr` bn bbnhnc
ocj`dc`sjogbl (qul c` sl pulml j`c`jlr). Nb lxpb`rnr lb puct` j`c
lbb`s hîs nmlbnctl, morîc qul c` snglc (y c` sl pulml snglr) so
lsn jnusn mltrîs ml t`mns bns j`sns sln Mo`s, ` bn hntlron, ` bn
sugstncjon ucovlrsnb mlb pnctlèsh`. ]olclc ucn tl`rèn lxtrnþn
qul culstrn hlctl jnhgon t`mns bns j`sns qul bbldnc n lbbn, ml
tnb h`m` qul c` p`mlh`s vlr cocducn j`sn j`h` lstî lc rlnbomnm,
soc` qul bn vlh`s jugolrtn j`c ucn hîsjnrn eljen p`r culstr`
pr`po` plcsnholc
plcsnholct`.
t`.
Lstn ocfbulcjon vlclc`sn ml bn hlctl jugrl t`mn bn cnturnblzn,
sln ml pbnctns, r`jns, îrg`bls, e`hgrls ` huklrls, y c`s enjl oh-
p`sogbl vlr bn rlnbomnm ml bns j`sns, b` qul b`s ndcústoj`s bbnhnc
ocj`dc`sjogbl, ` ohp`sogbl ml slr j`c`jom`. °C` lstîc b`s jold`s
duoncm` n b`s jold`s0
 Nb trntnr j`c b`s ndcústoj`s ls gulc` plmorbls ucn prulgn ml
jnmn tl`rèn qul c`s trnlc, p`rqul lc vlrmnm c` eny ucn s`bn
prulgn qul lbb`s pulmnc prlslctnr, p`r junct` t`mns sus omlns
s`c eopútlsos y j`cklturns soc bn hîs hècohn gnsl ml vlrmnm.
 Nbduolc en moje`; “Juncm` lb ndcústoj` mojl qul lb ucovlrs`
hncofolstn ucn fulrzn ocj`dc`sjogbl, sl j`ctrnmojl n sè hosh`; so
lb ucovlrs` sl hncofolstn nsè, rlvlbn bn fulrzn `jubtn." °Júh` sngl
ïb qul eny ucn j`sn ocj`dc`sjogbl0 Zo b` sngl, lct`cjls ls j`sn
j`c`jomn.
Lb ndcústoj` c` coldn bn lxostlcjon ml Mo`s, soc` qul nforhn qul
c` p`mlh`s j`c`jlrbl1 y lst` lc lfljt` b` coldn, p`rqul so eny uc
Mo`s `hcoprlslctl, `hcosjolctl y `hcop`tlctl ls ohp`sogbl qul
sus jronturns c` bl j`c`zjnc. Ml lstl h`m` t`mns bns tl`rèns mlb
 

ndcústoj` sl pulmlc rlmujor nb ngsurm`. Lstn jrllcjon bblvn lb

nbhn n ucn mls`bnjoúc t`tnb.
 

JNYO]\B@ =
LB LV@B\JO@COZH@

En engom`s`bnhlctl
jotnrlh`s hujens mlfocojo`cls
bn qul eoz` lbmlpr`fls`r
bn pnbngrn lv`bujoúc,
Elrglrt Zplcjlr,plr`
qul
"bn lv`bujoúc ls ucn octldrnjoúc ml bn hntlron y mosopnjoúc mlb
h`voholct`‖. Lc `trns pnbngrns, ls ucn eopútlsos ` j`cklturn qul
ful sudlromn p`r Jenrbls Mnrwoc, ml bn junb ïb sl rltrnjtú
tlrhocnctlhlctl nctls ml su hulrtl lc >557, njlptncm` bns
lcslþnczns gègbojns j`h` bn gnsl ml su fl.
Lhplr`, ls trostl c`tnr qul, nucqul lb nut`r ml lstn j`cklturn
bn ngncm`cú lc b`s ûbtoh`s mèns ml su vomn, bn ocfbulcjon ml b`s
bogr`s qul lsjrogoú j`c nctlro`romnm en plrhncljom` enstn lb mèn
ml e`y, y eny huje`s pr`fls`rls y jolctèfoj`s ocfolbls qul
pr`jbnhnc lstn eopútlsos j`h` so fulrn vlrmnm, lcslþncm` lc
huje`s j`bldo`s y ucovlrsomnmls qul t`mn j`sn vovn qul lxostn
procjopoú j`c ucn plqulþèsohn jïbubn ` hnsn ml pr`t`pbnshn, bn
junb soc cocducn `plrnjoúc ml Mo`s, sl mlsnrr`bbú lc `trns j`sns,
prohlrnhlctll b`s hoclrnbls, buld` lb hucm` vldltnb, y ml lbb` b`s
prohlrnhlct
ncohnbls, enstn qul lc lb pns` ml b`s sodb`s b`s h`c`s sl
mlsnrr`bbnr`c enstn slr e`hgrls.
J`c`jlh`s jlrjn ml jolc sugstncjons qul sl bbnhnc sohpbls, y
b`s lv`bujo`costns lcslþnc qul lbbns fulr`c pr`mujomns p`r `trns
j`sns hîs sohpbls murnctl lb pns` ml hobb`cls ml nþ`s, enstn qul
su puct` ml pnrtomn ful ucn “clgub`somnm prohotovn‖ qul sl pus`
lc h`voholct` y p`j` n p`j` pr`muk` t`m` lb ucovlrs`. Lbb`s
cucjn enc pr`jurnm` lxpbojnr júh` sl eoz` ucn jïbubn ` cl-
gub`somnm prohotovn, co quoïc pr`vlyú lb h`voholct`.
Ynrn mlsjugror lb pr`drls` `rmlcnm` ml bn cnturnblzn sl pulml
lhpblnr bn pnbngrn lv`bujoúc, j`h` lb mlsnrr`bb` mlb p`bb` mlb
eulv`, ml bn fb`r n bn slhobbn, ltj. Lstns j`sns sl enc mlrovnm`
njtunbhlctl ml bns `trns. °Ylr` quoïc en vost` n uc plz mlrovnrsl
ml ucn polmrn, ` n uc e`hgrl ml uc h`c`0 Bn bly ml Mo`s pnrn
bns pbnctns y b`s ncohnbls lrn qul pr`muklrnc sldûc su dïclr`
 

(Dïclsos >;>>, 7=), y lc lb procjopo` nhgns jbnsls ml vomn, nsè bn

ocncohnmn j`h` bn ncohnmn, vocolr`c ml bn hnc` mlb Jrlnm`r
hosh`. C` eny vomn lc b`s hoclrnbls, °júh` puls vocolr`c lbb`s n
slr pbnctns0 B` qul lxostl c` pulml slr lb pr`mujt` ml b` qul c`
lxostl. \cn polmrn cucjn p`mrèn bbldnr n tlclr j`cjolcjon ml sè co

bn
lc jnpnjomnm ml lb
uc nþ` co lc plcsnr, junblsquolrn
pns` ml qul fulrnc sus jlrjncèns, co
lmnmls octlrhocngbls.
Ls gulc` j`hpnrnr lb us` qul b`s lv`bujo`costns enjlc ml su
j`cklturn j`c b`s mostoctov`s qul tolcl bn jolcjon pnrn lb us` ml
ucn eopútlsos; “\cn eopútlsos bldètohn (>) c` mlgl slr ocj`c-
ocj`c-
sostlctl j`c b`s elje`s yn nvlrodunm`s ` bns ocflrlcjons n bns
junbls j`cmujl; (7) mlgl slr ml tnb jnrîjtlr qul nmhotn bn
j`hpr`gnjoúc ` rlfutnjoúc, ` juncm` hlc`s qul sln j`csomlrnmn
hîs ` hlc`s pr`gngbl p`r bns ocvlstodnjo`cls sugsoduolctls1 (:)
mlgl slr npbojngbl n bn mlsjropjoúc ` lxpbojnjoúc ml t`m`s b`s
flcúhlc`s, y so nsodcn ucn jnusn, mlgl nsodcnr ucn jnusn
j`hpbltnhlctl nmljunmn qul bn enyn pr`mujom`‖ (F`wblr).
Wljenznh`s bn tl`rèn ml bn lv`bujoúc p`rqul;
(>) Jrln hîs mofojubtnmls y pr`gblhns qul b`s qul lxpbojn.
Cucjn en lxpbojnm` júh` voc` n lxostor bn prohlrn vomn pnrn
j`hlcznr su pr`jls` ml mlsnrr`bb`. ]nhp`j` en pr`vost` lb lc-
dncjel lctrl bn vomn ocncohnmn y bn ncohnmn, co mlh`strnm`
juîcm` tuv` procjopo` lb j`c`joholct` ml sè hosh`. Nsè b`s
lv`bujo`costns fnbbnc p`r j`hpblt` lc lxpbojnr bn lxostlcjon ml bn
hntlron, bn fulrzn, bn jnpnjomnm ml plcsnr, y bn cnturnblzn
lsporotunb mlb e`hgrl.
(7) Y`rqul b`s jolctèfoj`s hîs jïblgrls enc cldnm` lstn tl`rèn,
mlsml Mnrwoc enstn b`s pr`fls`rls Ndnssoz, Mnws`c, Gntls`c y
huje`s hîs. Lb m`jt`r Ltelromdl, ocspljt`r mlb Husl` Grotîcoj`,
mok`; ——Lc t`m` lstl drnc husl` c` eny uc ît`h` ml lvomlcjon ml
bn trnshutnjoúc ml bns lspljols. Lstl husl` lstî bblc` ml prulgns
ml bn j`hpbltn fnbslmnm ml lstns omlns.‖ 
omlns.‖  
(:) Y`rqul nbduc`s elje`s njlrjn mlb e`hgrl y lb ngosh`
ohpnsngbl lctrl ïb y lb grut` bn coldnc; (n) Bn nuslcjon ml polb
pr`tljt`rn
e`hgrl lc j`h` bn ml b`snbncohnbls1
j`hpnrnjoúc (g) Lb
ml b`s h`c`s tnhnþ`
hîs mlb(j)jlrlgr`
drncml1 Lb us`mlb
ml
 

ocstruhlct`s y lb enjlr fuld`, b` qul cocdûc ncohnb enjl. Lb

h`c` hîs octlbodlctl ls s`bnhlctl uc ncohnb1 lb snbvnkl hîs
mldrnmnm` ls jolrtnhlctl uc e`hgrl.
(=) Y`rqul en jnusnm`
j nusnm` ucn mldrnmnjoúc tlrrogbl lc b`s e`hgrls
y bns cnjo`cls qul bn enc nmnptnm`. Hlc`sprljon lb vnb`r ml bn

vomn euhncn,
hubtopbojn mldrnmncm`
b`s jrohocnbls nb e`hgrl
y hntn nb covlb ml b`s grut`s,
bn vomn lsporotunb.
(<) Zo bn tl`rèn ml bn lv`bujoúc fulrn vlrèmojn, lxostorènc nbduc`s
jns`s njtunbls ml ucn lspljol qul lstî mlsnrr`bbîcm`sl lc `trn
lspljol. Bn hojr`go`b`dèn pr`vll bn hlk`r lsflrn ml bn ocvlsto-
dnjoúc s`grl lstl pnrtojubnr, pulst` qul bns f`rhns `gslrvnmns
s`c bns jïbubns hîs slcjobbns, m`cml uc jnhgo` ml ucn f`rhn n
`trn slrèn hîs pr`gngbl, so tnb jnhgo` fulrn p`sogbl. Nmlhîs, bns
jïbubns sl hubtopbojnc rîpomnhlctl, ml h`m` qul n vljls rlsubtnc
hujens dlclrnjo`cls lc lb jurs` ml uc s`b` mèn. Lst` mn nb
jolctèfoj` bn `p`rtucomnm ml `gslrvnr hobbnrls ml dlclrnjo`cls1
tolhp` sufojolctl pnrn pr`mujor juncm` hlc`s uc plqulþ`
jnhgo`, so ls qul b` eugolrn. Ylr` b`s lstumo`s rlvlbnc qul bns
f`rhns hojr`sjúpojns s`c solhprl ocvnrongbls, c` `gstnctl bn
moflrlcjon lc bns jlrjncèns ` lb cûhlr` ml dlclrnjo`cls.
(6) Eny m`s jns`s lc bn cnturnblzn (lctrl huje`s) qul rlfutnc
lstn tl`rèn; (n) Bns nglkns. Bns nglkns `grlrns p`sllc lc sus
julrp`s b`s ocstruhlct`s cljlsnro`s pnrn su trngnk`. Lst`s
ocstruhlct`s c` s`c lb pr`mujt` ml bn lxplrolcjon y lb nhgolctl
ml bns jlrjncèns, j`h` rlquolrl bn tl`rèn ml bn lv`bujoúc, pulst`
qul co bn rlocn co lb zîcdnc` sl `jupnc lc lstns tnrlns, y bn
`grlrn c` ls jnpnz ml pr`mujor jrèn. Bn rlocn, qul ls bn hnmrl ml
t`mns, rnrns vljls snbl ml bn j`bhlcn, (g) B`s plklsnp`s.  Lb
jolctèfoj` ]`hîs Gnrg`ur, lsjrogolcm` lc lb  Ntbnctoj H`cteby  ml
hnrz` ml >?=:, nmhotl qul eny hujens j`sns qul bn tl`rèn ml bn
lv`bujoúc c` pulml lxpbojnr. ]lxtunbhlctl
]lxtunbhlctl mojl; “Enjl p`j`
lstuvl lstumoncm` uc drup` ml plklsnp`s ` rncns plsjnm`rns1
pljls ml bns nduns pr`fucmns lc b`s junbls lb prohlr lblhlct` ml
bn nbltn m`rsnb sl en j`cvlrtom` lc ucn lspljol ml jnþn ml plsjnr.
Lc g`jn
bn nbduc`s
mlblsnplz1
nbltn
lclslbjnpnz ml h`vlrsl
lxtrlh` ml bn enstn
rnyn sotunrsl frlctl n
bblvn plqulþ`s
 

fobnhlct`s h`vogbls qul sl rltulrjlc j`h` dusnc`s lc uc

nczulb`, j`c lb `gklt` ml lcdnþnr n b`s pljls plqulþ`s y bblvnrb`s
enstn bn g`jn mlb plklsnp` ... Jot` lb jns` lxtrn`rmocnro` ... qul
prlslctnc lst`s pljls p`rqul hl rlsubtn ngs`butnhlctl
ohp`sogbl j`hprlcmlr júh` sl rlnbozú lb prohlr pns`1 c` ls

p`sogbl lxpbojnrb`
Lc lfljt`, bn jnþn p`r b`s hlmo`s
ml plsjnr tlcènqul
qultlclh`s
slr hîsn`culstr` nbjncjl.
hlc`s plrfljtn
mlsml lb procjopo` pnrn qul lb plz bn pumolrn usnr.‖ Nsè ls j`h`
moje` lsjrot`r rljenzn jnso p`r j`hpblt` bn tl`rèn ml bn lv`bujoúc
juncm` mljbnrn nb foc mlb hosh` nrtèjub`; "Eny hujens pnrtls
`sjurns lc bn tl`rèn mlb lv`bujo`cosh`. Lc junct` n hè, b`s
hostlro`s qul c`s r`mlnc sl hl rlprlslctnc lc f`rhn tnc vovomn,
qul b`s ntl`s j`c su lxpbojnjoúc hljncèstojn ml bn vomn hl
ocspornc jolrtn orrotnjoúc.
orrotnjoúc.‖‖ 
Lc j`ctrnstl j`c lstn tl`rèn fnbsn ml bn lv`bujoúc, c`tnrlh`s
ne`rn b` qul c`s lcslþn bn Gogbon njlrjn ml bn jrlnjoúc; Bn
jrlnjoúc ls lb elje` bogrl ml Mo`s p`r lb junb lc lb procjopo` y pnrn
p nrn
su pr`pon db`ron ïb eoz` lb ucovlrs` vosogbl l ocvosogbl soc usnr
hntlronb prllxostlctl.
 Yrulgns morljtns,  (n) Dïclsos >;>. Bn pnbngrn elgrln qul
sodcofojn jrlnr sl usn nquè trls vljls; lc lb v. > j`c rlspljt` n bn
hntlron, lc lb v. 7> j`c rlspljt` n bn vomn ncohnb, y lc lb v. 74
j`c rlspljt` n bn vomn euhncn. Lst` ocmojn qul eny ucn sohn
octrncsodogbl lctrl bn vomn vldltnb y bn vomn ncohnb, y tnhgoïc
`trn sohn lctrl bn vomn ncohnb y bn vomn euhncn. Lxjbuyl bn
p`sogobomnm ml bn lv`bujoúc j`h` sl lcslþn e`y mèn. (g) Elgrl`s
>>;:. Nquè vlh`s qul lb ucovlrs` c` ful elje` ml hntlron
prllxostlctl, soc` p`r hncmnt` mlb @hcop`tlctl.
 Yrulgns ocmorljtns.  Hnrj`s >:;>?1 Znbh` ::;6, ?1 Kunc >4;<1
Lflso`s >;=1 Znbh` ?9;71 Yr`vlrgo`s 5;7:1 Kunc >;>1 J`b`slcsls
>;>41 Elgrl`s ?;>=. Vlh`s nquè qul bns trls Ylrs`cns ml bn Znctn
]rocomnm lxostènc nctls ml qul lb hucm` fulsl. Lb nut`r ml bn
jrlnjoúc ful Mo`s lb Ynmrl, `grncm` p`r su Ynbngrn (Klsujrost`, su
Eok` ucodïcot`) y su Lspèrotu. Bns trls Ylrs`cns sl hlcjo`cnc lc
lb Znbh` ::;61 lb Ynmrl lc Dïclsos >;>1 > J`rocto`s 5;61 Lflso`s
 

:;?1 lb Eok` lc Kunc >;:1 > J`rocto`s 5;61 Elgrl`s >;71 >>;:1
J`b`slcsls >;>61 y lb Lspèrotu lc Dïclsos >;71 K`g 76;>:1 ::;=.
Lb e`hgrl ful lb rlsubtnm` ml uc njt` ml jrlnjoúc movocn l
ochlmontn (Dïclsos 7;41 [njnrèns >7;>). ]`mn bn rnzn euhncn
mlsjlcmoú ml sus prohlr`s pnmrls Nmîc y Lvn (Dïclsos >;74, 751

7;4, 771ml:;79).
gègbojn B`s soduolctls
bn jrlnjoúc; elje`s(g)j`cforhnc
(n) Bn eost`ron1 bns blcdunsbnmlb
cnrrnjoúc
hucm`1
(j) bn psoj`b`dèn1 y (m) bn foso`b`dèn. Lstns jolcjons prulgnc qul
t`mns bns cnjo`cls y sus omo`hns tuvolr`c uc `rodlc j`hûc1 qul
rltolclc jnrnjtlrèstojns j`hucls, nsè hlctnbls j`h` h`rnbls1 qul
t`mns bns cnjo`cls s`c jnpnjls ml hlzjbnrsl p`r hntroh`co`s1
qul bn tlhplrnturn mlb julrp` ls solhprl bn hoshn1 y qul bn
sncdrl euhncn sl pulml mostocduor p`r hlmo` mlb hojr`sj`po` ml
bn ml junbquolr ncohnb. B`s julrp`s ml t`mns bns rnzns lstîc
suklt`s n bns hoshns lcflrhlmnmls1 y bn hulrtl volcl n t`mns ml
bn hoshn hnclrn.
Lb `rodlc ml bn rnzn euhncn ml ucn s`bn pnrlkn lcvulbvl m`s
drncmls vlrmnmls; (>) Bn ucomnm `rdîcojn ml bn euhncomnm lc bn
prohlrn trncsdrlsoúc y tnhgoïc lc bn snbvnjoúc pr`vostn pnrn bn
rnzn lc Jrost` (W`hnc`s <;>71 > J`rocto`s ><;7>, 771 Elgrl`s
7;><->4). (7) Bn elrhncmnm cnturnb mlb dïclr` euhnc`, y nsè bn
`gbodnjoúc ml bblvnr lb j`c`joholct` ml Jrost` n jnmn holhgr` ml
bn rnzn (Elje`s >4;761 Elgrl`s 7;>>1 Bujns >9;7<-:41 Hntl`
75;>5-7?1 W`hnc`s >; >=->6).
 

JNYO]\B@ <
LB ZOBLCJO@ ML MO@Z

Lxostlc
soblcjo` quolcls
lc hujenscoldnc bn lxostlcjon
`jnso`cls, y mojlc;ml “Zo
Mo`seugolrn
n jnusnMo`s
ml c`
su
plrhotorèn ls` y ls` `tr`.‖ N b`s tnbls sl bls bbnhn ocfolbls, pnbngrn
qul sodcofojn "soc fl‖. Ynrn j`ctlstnr n lbb`s ls ohp`rtnctl
oh p`rtnctl
mlh`strnr qul lb soblcjo` ml Mo`s c` prulgn co ohp`tlcjon co
cldbodlcjon ml su pnrtl. Y`r lklhpb`, lc lb jns` ml bn jrujofoxoúc
ml su Eok` nhnm`, Mo`s dunrmú soblcjo` holctrns su Eok`
ucodïcot` lrn hulrt`, p`rqul sngèn qul ûcojnhlctl ml lsn
hnclrn sl p`mèn lfljtunr bn snbvnjoúc mlb hucm` pljnm`r.
Lc t`mn `jnsoúc lc qul b`s e`hgrls enc jrotojnm` lb soblcjo` ml
Mo`s, p`mlh`s vlr qul eug` ucn jnusn, uc h`tov` sufojolctl pnrn
lbb`. (Lstûmolcsl K`g 7:;>->91 Znbh` 75;>1 :<;77, 7:1 ==;7:, 7=1
5:;>.) Lb jns` ml K`g pulml t`hnrsl j`h` tèpoj` ml bn njtotum ml
t`m`s b`s snct`s ml su ïp`jn; b`s 7.<99 nþ`s mlsml Nmîc enstn
H`osïs, lc qul c` eug` rlvlbnjoúc lsjrotn  ml Mo`s. Lbb`s jrlènc
forhlhlctl lc bn lxostlcjon, bn `hcop`tlcjon y bn g`cmnm ml su
Jrlnm`r, plr` tlcènc lc su j`rnzúc lb ncelb` ocsnjongbl ml
j`c`jlrbl hlk`r, ml `èr su v`z, ml vlr sus eulbbns y ml tlclr j`-
hucoúc hîs èctohn j`c ïb.

bnsY`mlh`s
pnbngrnslsjujenr
ml K`g; lb“¡^uoïc
jbnh`rhl
“¡^uoïc ml b`s snct`s
molrn ml nqulb
lb snglr lct`cjls
múcml enbbnrlcn
Mo`s! ... El nquè y` orï nb `rolctl, y c` b` enbbnrï1 y nb `jjomlctl, y
c` b` plrjogorï1 so hulstrn su p`mlr nb c`rtl, y` c` b` vlrï1 nb sur
sl lsj`cmlrî, y c` b` vlrï.‖ Lc bns rlflrlcjons jotnmns lc b`s
Znbh`s sl `yl lb hosh` jbnh`r nb ]`m`p`mlr`s`; “@e Mo`s, c`
dunrmls soblcjo`1 c` jnbbls, `e Mo`s, co tl lstïs quolt`.‖ 
quolt`.‖  
Y`mlh`s mosjlrcor bn jnusn procjopnb mlb jbnh`r ml b`s snct`s
ml nqulb lct`cjls; lrn p`rqul lb Wlmlct`r pr`hltom` c` engèn
vlcom`. Bn njtotum ml b`s ponm`s`s lc t`mns bns lmnmls mlsml bn
pr`hlsn ml Dïclsos :;>< enstn bn lcjnrcnjoúc sl rlsuhl lc bns
pnbngrns ml Knj`g; “]u snbvnjoúc lsplrï, `e Kle`vî‖ (Dïclsos
 

=?;>5). _ juncm` Jrost` cnjoú, su vlcomn ful ncucjonmn n t`m`s

b`s qul lsplrngnc bn rlmlcjoúc  lc Klrusnbïc (Bujns 7;:5). Lb
jbnh`r mlb nbhn lc vostn mlb soblcjo` ml Mo`s sl rlbnjo`cn j`c lb
juhpboholct` ml nbducns ml sus pr`hlsns.
Murnctl b`s juntr` hoblco`s nctls ml bn lcjnrcnjoúc, Mo`s sl
engèn
numogbl,rlvlbnm` n b`s nþ`s
y p`r >.<99 e`hgrls
lc sulc Ynbngrn
voso`cls, lsjrotn
lc sulþ`s, lc v`z
mlb Nctodu`
]lstnhlct`1 plr` t`mnvèn bls fnbtngn bn rlvlbnjoúc suprlhn lc su
Eok`, bn Ynbngrn vovolctl, Lhnculb,  Mo`s j`c c`s`tr`s.  Lc ïb, y
súb` lc ïb sl sntosfnjlc t`m`s b`s ncelb`s mlb nbhn euhncn y sl
rlsulbvlc b`s hostlro`s y pr`gblhns ml bn vomn.
Bn mljbnrnjoúc ml Znb`húc lc Ljblsonstïs 5;>> hlrljl hlcjoúc
lspljonb, p`rqul c`s lxpbojn júh` b`s e`hgrls octlrprltnc hnb lb
soblcjo` ml Mo`s. “Y`r junct` c` sl lkljutn buld` slctlcjon s`grl
bn hnbn `grn, lb j`rnzúc ml b`s eok`s ml b`s e`hgrls lstî lc lbb`s
mospulst` pnrn enjlr lb hnb.‖ Lbb`s snglc qul qul  b` qul enjlc ls
hnb`, snglc qul lstîc pljncm`, y qul lb kuojo` ml Mo`s bls jnlrî
lcjohn, plr` j`h` c` jnl huy pr`ct`, j`grnc îcoh` lc su
jnhoc` hnb` y mojlc; “C` slrï h`vom` knhîs‖, “slrî lb mèn ml
hnþncn j`h` ïstl, ` huje` hîs lxjlblctl‖ (Znbh` >9;61 Osnèns Osnèns
<6;>7).
°Ls búdoj` jubpnr n Mo`s p`r b`s njjomlctls qul s`c jnusnm`s
s`bnhlctl p`r bn cldbodlcjon, mlsjuom`, ` hnbmnm ml b`s e`hgrls0
°Njns` j`cvolcl nb eok` jrotojnr n su pnmrl, ` n bn jronturn jubpnr
n su Jrlnm`r0 (Osnèns 7?;>61 =<;?1 6=;51 Klrlhèns >5;61 W`hnc`s
?;79, 7>). K`g, lc su h`rtnb ncduston, engèn moje` nbducns j`sns
murns, n rnèz ml bns junbls Lboû bl rlprlcmoú slvlrnhlctl. Ylr`
ful bn rlvlbnjoúc ml Mo`s hosh` b` qul bl euhobbú n enjlrbl
jbnhnr; "_` engbngn b` qul c` lctlcmèn1 j`sns mlhnsonm`
hnrnvobb`sns pnrn hè, qul y` c` j`hprlcmèn ... p`r tnct` hl
ng`rrlzj`, y hl nrrlpolct` lc p`bv` y jlcozn" (K`g =7;>-61 Znbh`
4:;>>-761 Kunc ?;:1 >:;41 > Ylmr` >;4).
Eny `tr` plcsnholct` hîs pr`fucm` qul rlbnjo`cn lb soblcjo`
ml Mo`s j`c lb bogrl nbglmrè` mlb e`hgrl. Bn boglrtnm h`rnb mlb slr
euhnc` c` bohotnjoúc
tnhgoïc bn tnc súb` ocjbuyl su rlsp`csngobomnm h`rnb soc`
ml bn octlrvlcjoúc movocn. Mo`s eoz` nb
 

e`hgrl n su pr`pon ohndlc j`c bogrl nbglmrè`, y mlkn qul sus

jronturns lklrznc bogrlhlctl lsn v`buctnm. Lst` enjl nb e`hgrl
rlsp`csngbl ml t`mns sus njjo`cls.
Bn Gogbon c`s lcslþn qul Mo`s juomn y d`golrcn t`m` lb
ucovlrs`, y qul su d`golrc` sl lxtolcml enstn n bns njjo`cls bogrls
ml b`s e`hgrls.
(Dïclsos “_` @slns
79;61 :>;7=1 tnhgoïc7;6).
tl Ylr`
mltuvlp`rmlb`pljnr j`ctrn
j`ctrn 
dlclrnb Mo`s  hè‖
c`
ohpoml qul lb e`hgrl plqul, soc` qul dunrmn soblcjo`. "Lc b`
rlflrlctl n b`s hlcsnklr`s ... Mo`s b` mlkú, pnrn pr`gnrbl, pnrn
enjlr j`c`jlr t`m` b` qul lstngn lc su j`rnzúc" (7 Jrúcojns :7;:>1
Znbh` 5>;>>->=1 @slns =;>41 Elje`s >=; >61 W`hnc`s >;7=, 76,
75).
M`s frnsls lc lb Znbh` <9 c`s lxpbojnc lb trntnholct` ml Mo`s
j`c lb hucm` murnctl lstn lmnm ml drnjon. Lstl Znbh` mlsjrogl bn
slducmn vlcomn ml Jrost` lc trls ltnpns; lb rnpt` ml b`s snct`s
(vs. =-6)1 su trnt` j`c Osrnlb y bn drnc trogubnjoúc (vs. 4-><)1 y lb
 kuojo` ml b`s ocoju`s (vs. >6-7>). Bns m`s frnsls sodcofojnctls s`c;
——Vlcmrî culstr` Mo`s y c` jnbbnrî‘, y “Lstns j`sns eojostl,
eojostl, y y` el
jnbbnm`‖ (vs. :, 7>). 
7>). 
Ls lvomlctl, puls, qul murnctl lstn mosplcsnjoúc ml drnjon
Mo`s lstî dunrmncm` soblcjo`, y qul lstl soblcjo` tlrhocnrî
juncm` Jrost` vlcdn `trn vlz. “Buld` engbnrî n lbb`s lc su fur`r,
y b`s turgnrî j`c su orn‖ (Znbh` 7;<). Lb e`hgrl sl en knjtnm` ml
sus pr`modo`s, sus j`c`joholct`s, y su fnjubtnm ml hnclknr lb
hucm` soc Mo`s. Nsè, lb @hcop`tlctl en dunrmnm` soblcjo` pnrn
qul lb e`hgrl `rdubb`s` hncoflstnsl b` qul p`mèn enjlr, ¡y en
rlsubtnm` uc jn`s!
\c h`tov` pnrn lb soblcjo` ml Mo`s lc junct` n bns nfbojjo`cls
ml su pulgb` sl enbbn lc su ocfocot` nh`r. Lb mlsln lb golclstnr
ltlrc` culstr`, y tolcl qul mlknrc`s pnsnr p`r bns prulgns cljl-
snrons pnrn rlfocnrc`s y plrfljjo`cnrc`s (K`g 7:;>91 Kunc >:;41 >
Ylmr` >;41 Znctond` <;>-51 Elgrl`s >7;=->>). @tr` plcsnholct`
octlrlsnctl pulml hlcjo`cnrsl nquè, y ls qul lc t`mn bn Gogbon
vlh`s qul Mo`s lkljutn kuojo` suhnro` ucn vlz pnrn mlh`strnr su
njtotum
j`c enjon tnbYlr`
lb e`hgrl. ` junb pljnm`,
nb foc y mlspuïs
su kuojo` dunrmn
jnlrî, so c` lc soblcjo` pnrn
lstn vomn, b`
 

slrî lct`cjls mlspuïs ml bn slducmn vlcomn ml Jrost` (Cûhlr`s

><;:7-:61 > ]oh`tl` <;7=).
C`tnrlh`s vloctl lklhpb`s ml lst`s lsjnrholct`s qul Mo`s c`s
en mnm` lc bn Gogbon, mlh`strncm` b` qul ïb polcsn  njlrjn ml
vnro`s pljnm`s; (>) Bnsjovon, Dïclsos >7;41 (7) Nh`r nb hucm`,
Dïclsos >?;761 (:)(<)
Ïx`m` :7;76-7?1 Ochucmojon, Dïclsos
G`rrnjelrn, :5;4->91
Blvètoj` (=) 5->91
>9;>-:, Om`bntrèn,
(6)
Gbnsflhon, Blvètoj` 7=;>>->61 (4) Hnblmojlcjon, Cûhlr`s >7;>->91
(5) Fnbtn ml fl, Cûhlr`s >=;:?1 (?) Wlglboúc, Cûhlr`s >6;:91 (>9)
Hurhurnjoúc, Cûhlr`s >6; =>-=?1 (>>) F`rcojnjoúc, Cûhlr`s
7<;>-51 (>7) W`g` n Mo`s, K`suï 4;77-761 (>:) Fnbtn ml rlvlrlcjon,
> Znhulb 6;>?1 (>=) Yrlsucjoúc, 7 Znhulb 6;6, 41 (><) Fnbtn ml
mosjlrcoholct`, > Wlyls >:;7>-7=1 (>6) J`mojon, 7 Wlyls <;76, 741
(>4) Ocjrlmubomnm, 7 Wlyls 4;>5-7>1 (>5) Yr`fljèns fnbsn, Klrlhèns
75;>->41 7?;77, :71 (>?) @rdubb`, Mncolb =;7?-:41 (79) Hlctorn,
Elje`s <;>->>.
 

JNYO]\B@ 6
BN WLVLBNJO@C ML MO@Z
 NB E@HGWL

°Y`r quï ucn rlvlbnjoúc0

Elh`s vost` júh` lb e`hgrl lc su pr`po` slr, soc j`c`jlr bn

Gogbon, pulml rnz`cnr y bbldnr n bn jlrtomuhgrl ml qul lxostl uc
Zlr suprlh`, lb Jrlnm`r ml t`m` lb ucovlrs`, y ml qul ïb ls snct`,
gulc` y ]`m`p`mlr`s`. “Y`rqul bns j`sns ocvosogbls
ocvosogbls ml ïb, su
ltlrc` p`mlr y mlomnm, sl enjlc jbnrnhlctl vosogbls mlsml bn
jrlnjoúc mlb hucm`, solcm` lctlcmomns p`r hlmo` ml bns j`sns
eljens‖ (W`hnc`s >;79). Lst` elh`s pr`gnm` p`r hlmo` ml b`s
vnro`s nrduhlct`s tl`búdoj`s qul c`s enc j`cmujom` enstn lstl
puct`.
Zoc lhgnrd`, lst`s nrduhlct`s c` sntosfnjlc co npndnc bn slm
mlb nbhn. ^ulrlh`s c` súb` snglr qul lxostl uc Mo`s soc`
tnhgoïc j`c`jlrbl.  Lc bns pnbngrns ml Znc Ndustèc; “]û c`s ens
elje` pnrn to hosh`, y culstr` j`rnzúc c` tolcl s`sold` enstn
qul mlsjncsl
mlsjncsl lc to.‖ 
to.‖ 
Bn ohndlc ml Mo`s lc lb e`hgrl bl enjl jnpnz ml j`c`jlr n
Mo`s, plr` °júh` pulml enbbnr n su Jrlnm`r0 “¡^uoïc hl molrn lb
snglr múcml enbbnr n Mo`s!‖ en som` lb jbnh`r nhnrd` mlb nbhn sl-
sl-
molctn qul tolcl qul rlsp`cmlr “¡C`!‖ n bn prlductn; prlductn;
"°Mlsjugrorîs tû b`s sljrlt`s ml Mo`s0‖ (K`g >>;4). Juîc
nhnrdnhlctl sl qulkn K`g ml bn ohp`sogobomnm ml nbjncznr n
Mo`s, y ml bn fnbtn ml uc Hlmonm`r. “C` eny lctrl c`s`tr`s îrgotr`
qul p`cdn su hnc` s`grl c`s`tr`s m`s‖ (K`g ?; ::). Lstl ncelb`
snct` c` súb` mlslngn ucn rlvlbnjoúc ml Mo`s, soc` ucn rlvlbnjoúc
 p`r lcjnrcnjoúc,  y ls` ls b` qul Mo`s `t`rdú n sus jronturns p`r
hlmo` ml su Eok` ucodïcot` Klsujrost`.

mlLs
ïb.vlrmnm qul c`
Lb Jrlnm`r eny lxplrolcjon
hosh` ml Mo`s soc
tolcl qul lxtlcmlr ucn rlvlbnjoúc
su hnc` ml nh`r
 

enjon bn jronturn, ïb hosh` tolcl qul enjlr p`sogbl lb j`ctnjt`. Lb

pljnm` en elje` ucn slpnrnjoúc lctrl Mo`s y lb e`hgrl1 plr` ml
tnb hnclrn nhú Mo`s nb hucm` qul mo` n su Eok` ucodïcot` pnrn
slr bn lsjnblrn qul ucolrn n bn tolrrn j`c lb jolb` (Kunc >;<>1
Dïclsos 75;>7).
Mo`s ïb
nsuct` quolrl qul sus
en t`hnm` bn jronturns
ocojontovn,bly j`c`zjnc (@slnsn 6;6).
sl en rlvlbnm` Lc lstl
b`s e`hgrls.
“_ cnmol j`c`jl nb Eok`, soc` lb Ynmrl, co nb Ynmrl j`c`jl nbduc`,
soc` lb Eok`, y nqulb n quolc lb Eok` b` quolrn rlvlbnr‖ (Hntl`
>>;741 vïnsl tnhgoïc Znbh` 74;5). Y`mlh`s c`tnr nquè nbducns
ml bns v`jls qul bl pr`jbnhnc; (>) Bn v`z ml bn jrlnjoúc. ]`mn bn
cnturnblzn c`s engbn ml su Jrlnm`r (Znbh` >?;>-=1 Osnèns =9;76).
(7) Bn v`z ml bn j`cjolcjon (W`hnc`s >;>?). Lstl ocstrujt`r octl-
ro`r solhprl c`s nh`clstn ml bn lxostlcjon ml Mo`s. (:) Bn v`z ml
bn eost`ron (K`g :7;4). Cucjn en engom` cnjoúc soc nbducn omln ml
uc Zlr Zuprlh`. (=) Bn v`z ml bn fob`s`fèn. B`s e`hgrls ml
mlsplknmn octlbodlcjon
octlbodlcjon lc t`mns bns lmnmls enc gusjnm` n Mo`s lc
sus rnz`cnholct`s, y huje`s ml b`s fobús`f`s hîs drncmls y b`s
hîs lrumot`s enc som` mlv`t`s nm`rnm`rls ml ïb, p`rqul bl
lcj`ctrnr`c lc su Eok`, Klsujrost`. (<) Bn v`z mlb Znbvnm`r (Kunc
>=;<->9). Lb c` súb` c`s lcslþú bn lxostlcjon ml Mo`s, soc` qul bn
rlvlbú lc su pr`pon vomn, hlmonctl pnbngrns y elje`s.
Bn rlvlbnjoúc ls bn j`hucojnjoúc morljtn ml bn v`buctnm ml Mo`s
nb e`hgrl. Y`mlh`s tlclr p`r bn cnturnblzn hoshn uc jolrt`
j`c`joholct` ml uc Zlr suprlh` (W`hnc`s >;>?, 79), plr` ls` sl
bbnhn hîs golc ocmujjoúc (rnz`cncm` ml bns pnrtls nb t`m`, ` nb
j`ckuct`). Bns Znctns Lsjroturns rljbnhnc slr lb j`ckuct` ml bn
vlrmnm qul Mo`s en mnm` nb e`hgrl hobndr`snhlctl.  Vlrlh`s
júh` sl prulgn lst`.
Y`mlh`s puls mlfocor bn rlvlbnjoúc j`h` ucn j`hucojnjoúc
s`grlcnturnb ml Mo`s nb e`hgrl.
M`s hït`m`s s`c p`sogbls; (>) Wlvlbnjoúc ochlmontn, juncm` Mo`s
engbn n uc ocmovomu`1 y (7) Wlvlbnjoúc lsjrotn. 

Zl `gkltn nb prohlr hït`m`, mojolcm` qul;

 

(n) Zl lctrlhltl j`c lb bogrl nbglmrè` mlb e`hgrl, p`rqul nbduc`s

tlcmrènc qul rljogorbn p`r fulrzn.
(g) ]olcl qul slr rlpltomn n jnmn uc`.
(j) Ngrl lb jnhoc` pnrn bn j`ctrnmojjoúc l ohp`sturn.

(n)Bn
Lsrlvlbnjoúc
hîs jbnrn lsjrotn tolcl lstns vlctnkns;
y ngolrtn.
(g) Ls hîs jlrtlrn.
(j) Ls hîs plrhnclctl.

Ml h`m` qul sl vl qul bn ohp`rtncjon mlb nsuct` mlhncmn ucn

rlblvnjoúc lsjrotn.

Y`mlh`s c`tnr vnro`s hït`m`s qul Mo`s usú pnrn rlvlbnr su

v`buctnm fulrn ml bn rlvlbnjoúc lsjrotn;
(>) Zlþnbls, j`h` bn vnrn ml H`osïs (Ïx`m` =;>-<).
(7) Zèhg`b`s, j`h` bn j`buhcn mn cugl y fuld` (Ïx`m` >:;7>, 771
Cûhlr`s ?;><-7:).
(:) Zulþ`s j`h` b`s ml K`sï (Dïclsos :4; <->>).
(=) J`hucojnjo`cls jnrn n jnrn (Cûhlr`s >7;5).
(<) B`s \roh y ]uhoh, pr`gngblhlctl m`s polmrns qul
jnhgongnc ml j`b`r juncm` Mo`s rlvlbngn su v`buctnm, npr`gncm`
` mlsnpr`gncm` (Ïx`m` 75;:91 Cûhlr`s 74;7>).
(6) Zulrtls (K`cîs >;4).
(4) Voso`cls (Osnèns 6;>).
(5) Hobndr`s (7 Wlyls =;:<).
(?) Yr`fljèns (7 Wlyls 4;>).
(>9) Lcjnhnjoúc (Kunc >;>=1 Elgrl`s >;>, 7).
(>>) J`ctlstnjoúc n bn `rnjoúc (Osnèns :5;<).
(>7) Nj`ctljoholct`s pr`vomlcjonbls (7 Wlyls 5;:-6).
(>:) Zu v`z lc lb j`rnzúc (Osnèns 75;77, 7:1 :9;7>).

C` j`c`jlh`s n Mo`s j`h` ls lc sè hosh`, soc` s`bnhlctl lc

su njjoúc y lfljt` lc c`s`tr`s (W`hnc`s >>;::-:6). Ls su
ocojontovn b` qul enjl p`sogbl culstrn rlspulstn n ïb. Bl nhnh`s
p`rqul ïb c`s nhú prohlr` (> Kunc =;>?). Culstrn fl hoshn ls
 

m`c ml ïb (Lflso`s 7;51 Hntl` >6;>4). Juncm` mojl; “Lb qul tolcl
`èm`, `odn‖, ls ucn
ucn mlhncmn morodomn n culstr` bogrl nbglmrè`, n
culstrn v`buctnm, p`r bn drnjon ocfocotn ml Mo`s.
Bn fl ls bn gnsl ml t`m` mlsjugroholct` y ml t`m` pr`drls` lc lb
j`c`joholct` ml Mo`s. Jrostúgnb J`búc jrlyú qul lxostèn uc
hucm`
lsplrnr nb `jjomlctl, yCulstrns
y plrslvlrnr. su fl blj`cvojjo`cls
eoz` pnjolctl pnrn ndunctnr,
fucmnhlctnbls (p`r
lklhpb`, bn fl qul lxostoh`s ` qul lb hucm` lc mlrrlm`r culstr`
ls ucn rlnbomnm y c` hlrnhlctl uc sulþ`) mlplcmlc ml culstrns
lxplrolcjons. Y`mlh`s mlflcmlr lstns j`cvojjo`cls p`r hlmo` ml
nrduhlct`s, plr` bn gnsl ls solhprl bn lxplrolcjon hoshn. Y`r
tnct`, c` tlcdnh`s vlrdòlczn lc culstrn prlmojnjoúc ml nplbnr n
bn lxplrolcjon culstrn co n bn ml `tr`s. Ls uc nrduhlct` qul
cucjn pulml slr j`ctrnmoje`.

C`tlh`s ne`rn uc`s rlsubtnm`s ml bn rlvlbnjoúc ml Mo`s n sus

jronturns;
(>) J`cfonczn (Znbh` ?;>9).
(7) Vomn (Kunc >4;:).
(:) Nh`r (Kunc >4;7<, 76).
(=) Y`mlr (Mncolb >>;:7).
(<) Drnjon (> Ylmr` >;7, :). Lstn ocjbuyl t`mns bns glcmojo`cls ml
bn vomn jrostoncn.

Bn njtotum ml Mo`s enjon sus jronturns ncelb`sns ml j`c`jlrbl

sl pulml j`hprlcmlr p`r bns pnbngrns ml Ïx`m` 7;7:-7<1 :;4, 5. Lb
bns vl eucmomns lc lb fncd` mlb pljnm` y jbnhncm` p`r rlsjntl, y
j`ctlstn; “El `èm` su jbnh`r ... y el mlsjlcmom`
el mlsjlcmom` pnrn bogrnrb`s.‖ Lb
e`hgrl pljnm`r pulml qulmnrsl ocmoflrlctl nb jbnh`r ml sus sl-
hlknctls, plr` Mo`s cucjn. Bn rlvlbnjoúc ls su rlspulstn (Osnèns
=?;><1 Znbh` >5;=->?). Lb mlsl` ml Mo`s ml rlvlbnrsl n sus
jronturns sl juhpborî pblcnhlctl lc lb hoblco`, juncm` bn tolrrn
lstnrî bblcn mlb j`c`joholct` ml bn db`ron ml Kle`vî, j`h` bns
nduns jugrlc lb hnr (Znbh` 47;>?1 Engnjuj 7;>=).
 

JNYO]\B@ 4
BN WN[@C MLB E@HGWL
 _ BN WLVLBNJO@C
WLVLBNJO@C

Holctrns lstnh`s lstumoncm` lb elje` ml bn rlvlbnjoúc ml Mo`s nb

e`hgrl, ls ohp`rtnctl hlmotnr lc bn pnrtl qul tolcl lb e`hgrl
hosh` lc lbbn, y gnk` quï j`cmojo`cls Mo`s sl rlvlbn n ïb, Lb
e`hgrl, elje` n bn ohndlc ml Mo`s, tolcl bn fnjubtnm ml rnz`cnr,
b` qul bl mostocdul ml b`s ncohnbls y bl njlrjn n su Ynmrl jlblstonb
(Dïclsos >;76-751 Mlutlr`c`ho` :;?). Lb Jrlnm`r trntn n sus
jronturns j`cf`rhl n bn rnzúc, y quolrl qul lbbns solhprl uslc bns
fnjubtnmls qul ïb bls mo`.
 Vlh`s qul nuc j`c b`s pljnm`rls Mo`s nplbn n su fnjubtnm ml
rnz`cnr. Ïb bls bbnhn; “¡ Vlcom
 Vlcom puls, y rnz`clh`s kuct`s, mojl lb
Zlþ`r!" (Osnèns >;>5, Vlrsoúc ocdblsn Aocd Knhls). Lb pljnm` c`
ls rnz`cngbl, soc` qul ls ucn b`jurn, uc lxtrnvè` hlctnb. Lb eok`
prúmod` lstngn  fulrn ml sè   enstn qul v`bvoú n su pnmrl (Bujns
><;>4). Juncm` lb snbhostn j`csomlrú  sus jnhoc`s, ïb tnhgoïc
v`bvoú n Mo`s (Znbh` >>?;<?). Bbnhncm` y engbncm` nb jrostonc`
tnhgoïc, Mo`s nplbn n su rnzúc nb lxe`rtnrbl nb jubt` rnjo`cnb 
(W`hnc`s >7;>).
Bn rnzúc mlb e`hgrl, usncm` bns fnjubtnmls qul Mo`s bl `t`rdú,
en j`csomlrnm` b`s nrduhlct`s qul pusoh`s lc ucn bostn lc lb
jnpètub` 7 y sl en nsldurnm` ml qul Mo`s lxostl, y qul ls snct` y
glcïv`b` enjon t`m`s. Ylr` ls` c` sntosfnjl nb e`hgrl qul solctl
lc sè lb ncelb` ml njlrjnrsl hîs n Mo`s y j`c`jlrbl hlk`r. J`c
hîs hlmotnjoúc ïb vl qul ls rnz`cngbl jrllr lc ucn rlvlbnjoúc
movocn hobndr`sn, p`rqul;
(>) Ls p`sogbl, lc vostn ml bn `hcop`tlcjon ml Mo`s.
(7) Ls pr`gngbl, lc vostn ml su g`cmnm y sngomurèn.
(:) Ls jrlègbl. Npnrtl ml bn Gogbon (bn vlrmnmlrn rlvlbnjoúc movocn)
vlh`s qul lc t`mns bns lmnmls b`s e`hgrls enc lstnm` bost`s pnrn
jrllr lc rlvlbnjo`cls supulstns, tnbls j`h` b`s bogr`s sndrnm`s
 

mlb @rolctl, lb J`rîc, lb bogr` ml H`rhúc, Jolcjon y Znbum, ltj.

]`m` hncofolstn lb mlsl` occnt` ml bn euhncomnm pnrn rljogor
rlvlbnjo`clss ml Mo`s.
rlvlbnjo`cl
(=) Ls cljlsnro`, lc vostn ml bn ohp`tlcjon l odc`rncjon mlb
e`hgrl, y sus pr`fucm`s mlsl`s lsporotunbls.

Lb bogr` ml K`g, lsjrot` p`r H`osïs uc`s >.<99 nþ`s nctls ml

Jrost`, mlsjrogl nbduc`s nj`ctljoholct`s pr`gngblhlctl <99 nþ`s
nctls ml su tolhp`, ls mljor, m`s hob nþ`s nctls ml Jrost`. Lsl
bogr` ls ml suh` octlrïs pnrn lb lstumonctl ml bns lvomlcjons,
p`rqul mlsjrogl bn vomn, b`s plcsnholct`s,
plcsnholct`s, bn njtotum y b`s ncelb`s
ml b`s nctodu`s lc b`s sodb`s juncm` c` engèn rlvlbnjoúc lsjrotn ml
 Mo`s. Elh`s c`tnm` sus jbnh`rls lc lb jnpètub` <.
Y`mlh`s ne`rn rlsuhor culstr`s plcsnholct`s njlrjn ml bn
rnzúc mlb e`hgrl, su jnpnjomnm y sus bèhotls.

(>) Bn rnzúc mlsjugrl bn cljlsomnm ml ucn rlvlbnjoúc.  Zoc mumn

b`s snct`s mlb tolhp` ml K`g rnz`cngnc j`cf`rhl n b`s
nrduhlct`s qul elh`s prlslctnm` lc lb jnpètub` 7, y mlspuïs ml
t`m` c` lstngnc sntosflje`s. Zngènc qul Mo`s lrn suplro`r,
ocfocotnhlctl suplro`r n lbb`s, plr` solhprl jrlènc qul lxostèn
nbdûc puct` ml j`ctnjt`. Lbb`s sngènc qul ïb b`s engèn elje`, y
qul b`s ncelb`s ml j`c`jlrbl qul surdènc lc sus j`rnz`cls lrnc
ucn mîmovn ml ïb. Zngènc qul ïb lrn gulc`, plrfljt`, soc hncjen
ml hnb, y bblc` ml j`hpnsoúc1 puls tnhgoïc lstngnc sldur`s ml
qul ïb c` bls eugolrn `t`rdnm` tnbls mlsl`s soc octlctnr
sntosfnjlrb`s. Bn njtotum ml lbb`s pulml vlrsl lc bns pnbngrns ml
K`g :>;:<; “¡^uoïc hl molrn quolc hl `ylsl! El nquè ho
j`cfonczn ls qul lb @hcop`tlctl tlstofojnrî
tlstofojnrî p`r hè.‖ 
hè.‖ 

(7) Bn rnzúc nvlrodun bn lxostlcjon ml ucn rlvlbnjoúc . Bn Gogbon ls

uc elje`. Modnc b` qul modnc sus lclhod`s, lxostl lc lb hucm`,
rljbnhn slr bn rlvlbnjoúc hobndr`sn ml Mo`s n b`s e`hgrls, y lstî
njrlmotnmn p`r hobb`cls ml e`hgrls lc t`mns pnrtls mlb hucm`.
C` ls prljos` qul pr`glh`s qul ls bn ûcojn rlvlbnjoúc lsjrotn ml
Mo`s, soc` qul sus lclhod`s tolclc qul pr`gnr qul c` b` ls.  Bn
 

jnrdn ml j`hpr`gnjoúc qulmn j`c lbb`s, p`rqul bn rnzúc hoshn

c`s prulgn, mlspuïs ml ucn ocvlstodnjoúc juomnm`sn, qul bn
Gogbon ls t`m` b` qul rljbnhn slr. Lst` elh`s lstumonm` yn lc
culstr` lstumo` ml bn M`jtrocn Jrostoncn, y vnh`s n prlslctnr
hîs plcsnholct`s ml jbnrofojnjoúc lc `tr`s jnpètub`s ml lstl bogr`.

 Nb j`hpnrnr bn Gogbon j`c b`s bogr`s qul s`c vlclrnm`s p`r bns
rlbodo`cls `rolctnbls, y tnhgoïc p`r bns h`mlrcns, bn rnzúc ochl-
montnhlctl rlj`c`jl bn suplro`romnm mlb bogr` ml Mo`s,
rljenzncm` n t`m`s b`s mlhîs j`h` pnkn nb bnm` mlb trod`
(Klrlhèns 7:;75). Bn Gogbon j`ctolcl bn vlrmnm y cnmn hîs qul bn
vlrmnm, lc tnct` qul `tr`s bogr`s rlbodo`s`s, nucqul tlcdnc
nbducns vlrmnmls, bns enc hlzjbnm` j`c hujens hlctorns,
ngsurm`s, mospnrntls y lrr`rls.

(:) Bn rnzúc octlrprltn lb sodcofojnm` ml bn rlvlbnjoúc. C` njlptn

lb bogr` ml Mo`s ml ucn hnclrn joldn, soc` qul b` lxnhocn pnrn
ocmndnr b` qul mojl. Bn rlvlbnjoúc c` ls j`ctrnron n bn rnzúc,
nucqul ls suplro`r n lbbn. Eny hujens j`sns movocns qul y` c`
pulm` j`hprlcmlr j`c hos p`mlrls octlbljtunbls tnc bohotnm`s,
plr` c` p`r ls` bns rljenz`. Ls`s p`mlrls octlbljtunbls lstîc
gusjncm` uc MO@Z1 y so y` pumolrn j`hprlcmlrbl n ïb plr-
fljtnhlctl, slrèn odunb n ïb. \c mo`s slhlknctl c` hl slrvorèn1
nctls golc, y` gusj` uc Zlr ocfocot`, mlbnctl mlb junb y` s`y j`h`
lb p`bv` hlcum` lc bn gnbnczn (Osnèns =9;><).

Ho rnzúc, puls, njlptn nb Mo`s ml bn Gogbon y lstumon su

rlvlbnjoúc j`c t`m` lshlr`, nvlroduncm` b` qul mojl y jrlylcm`
qul ls bn vlrmnm. Ls uc bogr` lsjrot` pnrn t`mn bn euhncomnm,
pnrn b`s p`grls l odc`rnctls, b` hosh` qul pnrn b`s roj`s l
ocstruom`s. Lb hlcsnkl mlb nh`r ml Mo`s enjon lb p`grl pljnm`r c`
ful lsjrot` lc lb blcdunkl ml b`s j`bldo`s co ucovlrsomnmls, soc` lc
uc blcdunkl tnc sohpbl y jbnr` qul uc coþ` pulml j`hprlcmlrb`,
y sl lsj`cml tnc súb` ml b`s sngo`s y sndnjls ocjrïmub`s (Hntl`
>>;7<).
 

(=) Bn rnzúc sl s`hltl n bn nut`romnm ml bn rlvlbnjoúc.  Mlspuïs ml

usnr bns fnjubtnmls hlctnbls enstn lstl puct`, ls búdoj` slduor
nmlbnctl y lxprlsnr culstrn nm`rnjoúc y e`hlcnkl nb Jrlnm`r
qul sl en modcnm` rlvlbnrsl n sus jronturns. Zo Mo`s en engbnm` nb
e`hgrl, ls rnz`cngbl qul ïstl lsjujel, lsjumroþl y `glmlzjn lc
t`m`
clh`sn su
b`sJrlnm`r (Nh`s :;51 7 ]oh`tl` :;>6, >4). “C`s`tr`s s`stl-
(Nh`s s`stl-
elje`s  ltlrc`s qul j`cstotuylc bns hîs súbomns ml
t`mns bns rlnbomnmls, j`c lb j`ctlcom` ml culstrn fl jrostoncn.
Z`stlclh`s tnhgoïc qul bn ûcojn eopútlsos  nmljunmn pnrn
rlsp`cmlr p`r uc vnst` j`ckuct` ml elje`s ls bn eopútlsos
jrostoncn1 y bn j`hpr`gnjoúc lc t`mns sus f`rhns bldètohns lc lb
rloc` plrs`cnb y h`rnb pulml npbojnrsl j`c ïxot` n bn eopútlsos‖
(Hubbocs).
 

JNYO]\B@ 5
KLZ\JWOZ]@;
BN LVOMLCJON Z\YWLHN

Lc t`m`s b`s sodb`s Mo`s en engbnm` n b`s e`hgrls, y lc lb jnpètub`

6 elh`s vost` qul ls su mlsl` rlvlbnrsl n sus jronturns. “Mo`s
engolcm` engbnm` hujens vljls y ml hujens hnclrns lc `tr`s
tolhp`s n b`s pnmrls p`r b`s pr`fltns, lc lst`s p`strlr`s mèns c`s
en engbnm` p`r lb Eok`, n quolc j`cstotuyú elrlmlr` ml t`m`, y p`r
quolc nsohosh` eoz` lb ucovlrs`1 lb junb, solcm` lb rlspbncm`r ml
su db`ron, y bn ohndlc hoshn ml su sustncjon, y quolc sustlctn
t`mns bns j`sns j`c bn pnbngrn ml su p`mlr, engolcm` lfljtunm` bn
purofojnjoúc ml culstr`s pljnm`s p`r hlmo` ml sè hosh`, sl slctú
n bn molstrn ml bn Hnklstnm lc bns nbturns‖ (Elgrl`s >;>-:).
>;>-:).
Mo`s engbú p`r g`jn ml b`s pr`fltns, y engbú p`r sus lsjroturns,
plr` bn `grn hndcn ml su rlvlbnjoúc, bn j`csuhnjoúc ml t`m` b`
qul ïb qulrèn mljor n b`s e`hgrls, lrn lb Mo`s-E`hgrl; Lhnculb
(Hntl` >;7:), bn j`hpbltn y plrfljtn rlvlbnjoúc mlb Ynmrl lc su
Eok` ucodïcot`. “Lb qul hl en vost` n hè, en vost` nb Ynmrl. N
Mo`s cnmol bl vo` knhîs1 lb ucodïcot` Eok`, qul lstî lc lb slc` mlb
Ynmrl,, ïb bl en mnm` n j`c`jlr‖ (Kunc >=;?1 >;>5). 
Ynmrl >;>5). 
Lc lb j`rt` rlsuhlc qul vnh`s n mnr mlb hocostlro` y
rljbnhnjo`cls ml Klsûs, rljuïrmlsl solhprl qul Mo`s c`s engbú 
p`r hlmo` ml ïb. Eny ucn rlbnjoúc èctohn y ucn slhlknczn lctrl
Jrost` y bns Lsjroturns. Ïb sl bbnhn lb Vlrg` (` Ynbngrn) ml Mo`s.
Lc ïb tlclh`s bn Ynbngrn vovn, y lc bn Gogbon tlclh`s bn Ynbngrn
lsjrotn. Mlb hosh` h`m` j`h` Klsujrost` lb Vlrg` ls movoc`-
euhnc`, nsè bn Gogbon tolcl m`s lblhlct`s, bn ocspornjoúc movocn y
b`s lsjrot`rls euhnc`s. Klsûs lb Vlrg` sl eoz` jnrcl, voc` nb
hucm` pnrn rlvlbnr nb Ynmrl n b`s e`hgrls (Kunc >;>->=).
 Nj`rmïh`c`s lc t`m` lstl lstumo` qul Klsûs tlcèn lstns m`s
cnturnblzns. Ïb lrn lb plrfljt` Mo`s y plrfljt` e`hgrl. B`s
 

lvncdlbo`s socúptoj`s lcfntoznc bn slducmn cnturnblzn y lb

lvncdlbo` ml Kunc bn prohlrn.
Elh`s c`tnm` qul bn cnturnblzn lc mlrrlm`r culstr` c`s engbn
ml uc Zlr suprlh` qul bn jrlú y bn s`stolcl, plr` c` c`s lxpbojn
t`m` b` rlflrlctl n su jnrîjtlr co n su v`buctnm pnrn j`c c`s`tr`s.
 Vnh`s ne`rn
lvncdlbo`s1 n vlr júh`
y c`tnrlh`s Klsûs b`
su njtotum enjl
y sus plrfljtnhl
plrfljtnhlctl
rljbnhnjo`clsctl lc b`s
lc junct`
nb pljnm`, lc junct` n bn bly ml H`osïs, lc junct` n bn cn-
turnblzn, lc junct` n Mo`s Ynmrl, y lc junct` n bn euhncomnm.

(>) Klsûs rljbnhú lstnr lxlct` mlb pljnm`, y b` plrm`cngn lc

`tr`s. Ful lb pljnm` b` qul eoz` bn slpnrnjoúc lctrl Mo`s y lb
e`hgrl, y soc lstngbljlr uc pulctl s`grl lstn drncml sohn,
cucjn p`mèn enjlrsl bn rlj`cjobonjoúc. Ynrn lxponr lb pljnm` mlb
e`hgrl ful prljos` qul eugolrn uc snjrofojo` plrfljt` (Blvètoj`
77;>4-7<), y ls` ls b` qul Klsûs rljbnhú slr. Ïb lsjumroþngn lb
pljnm` lc lb j`rnzúc ml b`s e`hgrls, y bls lxe`rtngn n
nrrlplctorsl, plr` ïb hosh` cucjn vo` bn cljlsomnm ml
nrrlplctorsl y knhîs j`cflsú englr pljnm`. Nb j`ctrnro`, n sus
lclhod`s njïrroh`s bls mlsnfoú; “°^uoïc ml v`s`tr`s hl
rlmnrduyl ml pljnm`0‖ (Kunc 5;=6), y cnmol pum` njusnrbl
njusnrbl ml
cnmn.

Hujens njusnjo`cls fulr`c prlslctnmns lc j`ctrn ml Klsûs,

plr` tnct` sus kuljls j`h` b`s tlstod`s sngènc qul lrnc fnbsns. \c
j`hlctnrostn
j`hlctnrostn jïblgrl mok` qul “C` p`mlh`s plcsnr co soquolrn lc
ucn njusnjoúc qul c` rlmucmn lc su fnv`r‖. _ lstl E`hgrl soc
hncjen ml pljnm`, plrm`cngn b`s pljnm`s ml `tr`s. Hlmotl lc b`
qul sodcofojn lst`; qul ïb lklrjèn bn prlrr`dntovn ml Mo`s hosh`,
qul ïb nforhngn qul ogn n bblvnr b`s pljnm`s ml t`mn bn rnzn
euhncn y enjlr lxponjoúc p`r lbb`s, y tnhgoïc qul lb plrmúc ml
pljnm`s p`r hlmo` ml ïb ogn n prlmojnrsl n t`m` lb hucm` (Hnrj`s
7;>9->71 Hntl` 76;751 Bujns 7=;=<-=4).

(7) Lc junct` n bn bly, Klsûs sl j`ctrnstngn n sè hosh` j`c b`s

mlhîs hnlstr`s ml lbbn. Lb jotngn n b`s kumè`s b`s hncmnt`s ml
 

H`osïs, y hujens vljls b`s j`ctrnmljèn, p`colcm` su pr`pon

lcslþnczn j`h` ucn bly suplro`r.
suplro`r. “@èstlos qul ful moje`; Nhnrîs
n tu prúkoh`, y ng`rrljlrîs n tu lclhod`. Ylr` y` `s mod`; Nhnm n
vulstr`s lclhod`s‖ (Hntl`
(Hntl` <;=:-=5). Bïnsl t`m` lb Zlrhúc mlb
h`ctl pnrn c`tnr `tr`s lklhpb`s ml lsl t`c` nut`rotntov` ml
Klsûs, quolc rljbnhú ucn nut`romnm ngs`butn y suprlhn.
“Bns lcslþnczns h`rnbls ml  ml  H`osïs lrnc j`h` vns`s bblc`s
pnrjonbhlctl. Jrost` b`s bblcú enstn rlg`snr j`c lb ndun ml bn
vomn, y nsè juhpboú j`c nqulbbns lcslþnczns. Lst` ls uc elje` ml
bn bly jlrlh`conb b` hosh` j`h` ml bn h`rnb, tnb junb sl hlcjo`cn
lc f`rhn pnrtojubnr lc bn lpèst`bn n b`s Elgrl`s. Lc su hulrtl
snjrofojonb rlnbozú j`hpbltnhlctl bn omln mlb snjrofojo` y mlb
snjlrm`jo`, y ngr`dú pnrn solhprl b`s snjrofojo`s lxtlrc`s lc lb
pljnm`‖ (Hubbocs).
Y`mlh`s c`tnr nquè bns hujens rlflrlcjons lc b`s lvncdlbo`s nb
rloc`  ml Mo`s y qul Klsûs sl ncucjongn j`h` su Wly. “C` t`m` lb
qul hl mojl; Zlþ`r, Zlþ`r, lctrnrî lc lb rloc` ml b`s jolb`s‖
(Hntl` 4;7>-7:). Lb njlptn bn nm`rnjoúc j`h` su mlrlje`, y
rljbnhn bn nut`romnm ml mljor quoïcls pulmlc lctrnr lc su rloc`
y quoïcls c`. Wljbnhn tnhgoïc bn nut`romnm s`grl b`s lvlct`s fu-
tur`s lc bn pr`vomlcjon ml Mo`s (Hntl` jnpètub`s 7= y 7<), y b`
lcfntozn mojolcm`; “Lb jolb` y bn tolrrn pnsnrîc, plr` hos pnbngrns
c` pnsnrîc.‖ 
pnsnrîc.‖ 

(:) Lc junct` n bn cnturnblzn, vlh`s qul Klsûs bn m`hocngn

j`hpbltnhlctl. Lc `tr` jnpètub` vnh`s n engbnr ml sus hobndr`s
j`h` lvomlcjons, plr` nquè c`tnrlh`s tnc súb` su m`hoco` s`grl
t`m` lb ucovlrs`, y lb elje` ml qul ïb rljbnhngn lstn nut`romnm
lrn ucn pnrtl ml su jnrîjtlr y su njtotum j`ctocun. Juncm` ïb
sufrèn enhgrl, slm ` jncsncjo`, c` ful p`rqul c` tuvolrn p`mlr ml
supbor t`mns sus cljlsomnmls j`c ucn pnbngrn, soc` pnrn
mlh`strnrsl culstr` Zuh` Znjlrm`tl.

“Y`r b` junb mlgèn slr lc t`m` slhlknctl n sus elrhnc`s, pnrn

vlcor n slr hoslroj`rmo`s` y folb suh` snjlrm`tl lc b` qul n Mo`s
 

sl rlfolrl, pnrn lxponr b`s pljnm`s mlb pulgb`. Yuls lc junct` ïb

hosh` pnmljoú solcm` tlctnm`, ls p`mlr`s` pnrn s`j`rrlr n b`s
qul s`c tlctnm`s‖ (Elgrl`s 7;>4, >5). Klsûs c` qulrèn jnhgonr
polmrns lc pncls pnrn su pr`po` us`, plr` ïb hubtopbojú lb
nbhulrz` ml uc hujenjeot` pnrn nbohlctnr n ucn hubtotum j`c
enhgrl.
enjèn Lb ncmngn
plsjns s`grl sncngn
hobndr`sns, bns nduns,
t`mnjnbhngn
jbnsl mlbnslcflrhlmnm,
tlhplstnmls,y
m`hocngn enstn b`s mlh`co`s y b`s lkïrjot`s ml Zntncîs.

(=) Lc b` rlflrlctl n Mo`s Ynmrl, c` lstnh`s lc mumn nbducn

rlspljt` ml bn rlbnjoúc lxostlctl lctrl ïb y Klsûs. Juncm` Klsûs
ful gnutoznm` p`r Kunc lc lb rè` K`rmîc, voc` bn v`z ml Mo`s Ynmrl
qul tlstofojú; “Lstl ls ho Eok` nhnm`, lc quolc tlcd` tlcd`
j`hpbnjlcjon‖ (Hntl` :;>41 Bujns :;77). Lc b`s lvncdlbo`s
lvncdlbo`s
socúptoj`s vlh`s su j`hucoúc j`ctocun j`c lb Ynmrl jlblstonb
mlsml bn lmnm ml m`jl nþ`s (Bujns 7;=?), y bn hoshn v`z mlb jolb`
voc` lc bn c`jel ml su trncsfodurnjoúc (Hntl` >4;<1 Hnrj`s ?;41
Bujns ?;:<).

Bn pr`jbnhnjoúc hîs jbnrn ml su j`c`joholct` mlb Ynmrl y bn

nut`romnm qul tlcèn ml rlvlbnrbl n ïb sl enbbn lc Hntl` >>;74;
“]`mns bns j`sns hl fulr`c lctrldnmns p`r ho Ynmrl1 y cnmol
j`c`jl nb Eok`, soc` lb Ynmrl, co nb Ynmrl j`c`jl nbduc`, soc` lb
Eok`, y nqulb n quolc lb Eok` b` quolrn rlvlbnr.‖
rlvl bnr.‖ Ml su
`hcoprlslcjon y `hcop`tlcjon tlclh`s tlstoh`co` jbnr` lc
Hntl` >5;79 y 75;>5-79, kuctnhlctl j`c su rljbnhnjoúc ml slr
odunb n Mo`s.

Ynsncm` nb lvncdlbo` ml Kunc, qul ful lsjrot` huje`s nþ`s

mlspuïs qul b`s socúptoj`s, lcj`ctrnh`s
lcj`ctrnh`s nûc hîs buz njlrjn ml bn
vomn ml j`hucoúc j`c Mo`s qul tlcèn Klsûs. Lb engbn t`m` lb
tolhp` ml su Ynmrl1 hîs ml junrlctn vljls mojl qul lb Ynmrl bl
lcvoú, y rljbnhn qul “p`rqul y` c` el engbnm` p`r ho pr`pon
p r`pon
julctn1 lb Ynmrl qul hl lcvoú, ïb hl mo` hncmnholct` ml b` qul
el ml mljor, y ml b` qul el ml engbnr‖ (Kunc >7;=?). 
>7;=?).  
 

(<) Y`r ûbtoh`, vnh`s n jotnr b` qul Klsûs rljbnhngn slr lc

junct` n t`mn bn euhncomnm. B`s kumè`s lstngnc lsplrncm` bn
vlcomn ml su Hlsèns, y lb tètub` “eok` ml Mnvom‖ ful usnm` p`r
Klsûs lc ucn `jnsoúc (Hnrj`s >7;:<-:4). Ylr` p`r b` dlclrnb ïb sl
mlsjrogl n sè hosh` j`h` “Eok` mlb E`hgrl,‖ mlh`strncm`
mlh`strncm` su
nh`r n t`mn
hîxohn bn rnzn
ml lbbn. y su jnrîjtlr
“Vlcom j`h`
n hè t`m`s b`srlprlslctnctl y lxprlsoúc
qul lstîos trngn knm`s y
jnrdnm`s, y y` `s enrï mlsjncsnr." Golc p`mlh`s mljor j`c b`s
nbdunjobls ml b`s fnrosl`s; “¡Knhîs e`hgrl nbduc` en engbnm`
j`h` lstl e`hgrl!‖ (Kunc 4;=6). 
4;=6). 
 Nucqul Klsûs ful elje` n slhlknczn
slhlknczn ml b`s e`hgrls, y enbbnm`
lc bn j`cmojoúc ml e`hgrl (Foboplcsls 7;4, 5), soc lhgnrd` lrn
mostoct` n b`s mlhîs e`hgrls l ocfocotnhlctl suplro`r n lbb`s. C`
súb` rljbnhngn slr plrfljt`, rlvlbnm`r ml Mo`s, y hlcsnklr` ml ïb,
soc` qul sl `frljèn n sè hosh` j`h` `gklt` ml nm`rnjoúc. Elh`s
vost` yn júh` ïb plrm`cngn pljnm`s, jnhgongn y lxpbojngn bn Bly,
m`hocngn t`mn bn cnturnblzn, y rljogèn tlstoh`co`s ml odunbmnm
j`c Mo`s Ynmrl. Ne`rn c`tlh`s qul ïb njlptngn lb e`hlcnkl y bn
nm`rnjoúc ml b`s e`hgrls, y c` sl pulml enbbnr pnrn ïb `tr` budnr
soc` lb ml suprlhnjèn ngs`bu
ngs`butn
tn lc bn rlbodoúc jrostoncn.
Lc junct` n su pr`pon rljbnhnjoúc ml slr suprlh`, mojl lb
nut`r ml Ljjl E`h`; “J`csomlrú bn ûbtohn y hîs nbtn mljosoúc
s`grl b`s elje`s ml b`s e`hgrls, lsn mljosoúc n bn junb nplbnc t`-
m`s b`s ockustnhlctl j`cmlcnm`s lc b`s trogucnbls euhnc`s  ”  
qul c` plsn lb elje` s`bnhlctl, soc` b`s h`tov`s, bns tlctnjo`cls,
bns odc`rncjons, y t`mns bns j`cmojo`cls j`hpblkns mlb elje` ” 
elje`  ”  ïb
 ïb
j`csomlrú, lc rlsuhlc, qul lb jolb` y lb ocfolrc` lstngnc lc sus
hnc`s‖ (Zllbly).
 Vlh`s lc culstr` db`ro`s` Znbvnm`r ucn j`hgocnjoúc
hnrnvobb`sn ml p`mlr y euhobmnm. Ïb lrn hncs` ml j`rnzúc, y nb
hosh` tolhp` Kulz ml t`mn bn tolrrn. “Bn ucoúc ml j`sns `pulstns
lc plrfljt` lquobogro` y j`csostlcjon npnrljl lc Klsûs. @tr`s
e`hgrls s`c frndhlct`s. Ïb ls lb e`hgrl j`hpblt`. Ïb lstî
jncsnm` y m`rhom` lc lb gnrj`, j`h` b` eugolrn lstnm` junbquolr
npúst`b, plr` sl blvnctn y j`c v`z ml trulc` soblcjon bn tlhplstnm.
Lb bb`rn j`c b`s mlhîs ml j`rnzúc qulgrnctnm`s kuct` n ucn
 

tuhgn, plr` bbnhn j`c v`z movocn n Bîznr`, mojoïcm`bl qul vlcdn
nfulrn. Zl s`hltl n sus nprlelcs`rls, j`h` b` eugolrn elje`
junbquolr rl`, plr` `grn uc hobndr` pnrn rlstotuor ucn `rlkn
j`rtnmn y rlprlcml nb vo`blct` mosjèpub` qul bn j`rtú‖.
j`rtú‖.
 Vlrmnmlrnhlctll c` eug` cnmol j`h` lb Zlþ`r Klsujrost`, Eok`
 Vlrmnmlrnhlct
mlb E`hgrl
jnrîjtlr l Eok` ucodïcot`
y rljbnhnjo`cls ml slr
pulmlc Mo`s. Lstns c`tns
rlf`rznmns njlrjn mlj`c
c` s`bnhlctl su
jotns ml b`s juntr` lvncdlbo`s, soc` tnhgoïc j`c hujens
rlflrlcjons ml bns lpèst`bns, lspljonbhlctl bns ml Yngb`, ml m`cml
p`mlh`s mlmujor qul su m`jtrocn ml bn Ylrs`cn ml Jrost` ful
njlptnmn ucovlrsnbhlctl
ucovlrsnbhlctl p`r bn odblson mlb prohlr sodb` (W`hnc`s
>;:, =).

Y`mlh`s rlsuhor bn lvomlcjon ml Klsûs nsè;

>. Zu Ylrs`cn ls ûcojn lc bn eost`ron; ml bocnkl rlnb, cnjom` ml ucn

vordlc, jronm` j`h` jnrpoctlr`, soc hnlstr` y soc bogr`s,
h`strîcm`sl lc hlmo` ml uc fncîtoj` nhgolctl kumè`, j`c-
h`volcm` n f`cm` su cnjoúc p`r hlmo` ml uc hocostlro` qul murú
s`bnhlctl uc`s trls nþ`s, plrslduom` p`r bns nut`romnmls
ljblsoîstojns y jovobls, hulrt` j`h` hnbelje`r n bn lmnm ml ::
nþ`s, rlsujotnm` ml lctrl b`s hulrt`s, vost` mlspuïs p`r hîs ml
quocolct`s tlstod`s, y nm`rnm` p`r hobb`cls ml snct`s murnctl
hîs ml moljoculvl sodb`s.

7.  Zu jnrîjtlr, lc su ocj`hpnrngbl hnklstnm, snctomnm, y

euhobmnm ls bn hny`r lvomlcjon ml su Mlomnm (Elgrl`s 4;6).

:.  Zus lcslþnczns,  suhnhlctl slcjobbns y p`mlr`sns, enc

jnhgonm` bns j`rrolctls ml bn eost`ron, y enc elje` slctor su
ocfbulcjon lc t`m` lb hucm`.

=.  Zus hobndr`s  fulr`c ûcoj`s lc su dïclr`, rlnboznm`s nctl

drncmls hubtotumls, j`c bn hny`r pugbojomnm y lc t`mn jbnsl ml
plrs`cns, y fulr`c njlptnm`s j`h` dlcuoc`s nuc p`r sus lcl-
hod`s (Kunc <;:61 4;:>).
 

JNYO]\B@ ?
BN LVOMLCJON ML B@Z
HOBNDW@Z

Lb lstumo` ml bn Ylrs`cn y mlb hocostlro` ml Klsûs c`s j`cmujl

oclvotngblhlctl n enjlr frlctl n b`s hobndr`s qul sl enbbnc mlsml
lb procjopo` enstn lb foc ml su vomn tlrrlcnb. B`s ntl`s mojlc qul
uc hobndr` ls ucn vo`bnjoúc ml bns blyls ml bn cnturnblzn, plr`
mlglh`s pr`tlstnr qul ls` c` ls vlrmnm. \c hobndr` c` vo`bn
cocducn bly ml bn cnturnblzn, soc` qul bn susplcml p`r hlmo` ml
ucn culvn bly ` fulrzn hîs nbtn y hîs p`mlr`sn.
Y`r lklhpb`, juncm` nbz` uc bogr` lc ho hnc` pnrn qul c`
jnodn nb sulb`, c` lst`y vo`bncm` bn bly ml bn drnvotnjoúc, soc` qul
lst`y lklrjolcm` `trn fulrzn (bn ml ho grnz`) qul ls hîs p`mlr`sn
qul lbbn. Nsè, juncm` Mo`s eoz` nh`ct`cnrsl y j`cdlbnrsl bns
nduns mlb hnr W`k`, bn bly p`r bn junb lb ndun solhprl gusjn su
pr`po` covlb c` ful vo`bnmn, soc` vlcjomn plr ucn bly hîs p`ml-
r`sn, ls mljor, bn v`buctnm suprlhn ml Mo`s (Ïx`m` ><). Lb
Jrlnm`r ml bns blyls golc pulml jnhgonrbns ` vlcjlrbns j`c `trns
fulrzns juncm` ïb quolrn. Lc vlrmnm, su pr`pon lxostlcjon y cntu-
rnblzn j`h` Zlr suprlh` mlhncmnc bn p`sogobomnm ml b`s

hobndr`s.
Y`mlh`s mljor puls, qul uc hobndr` ls uc lvlct` s`grlcnturnb
qul hncofolstn bn prlslcjon ml uc p`mlr plrs`cnb hîs drncml qul
lb p`mlr euhnc`, y qul sl hncofolstn pnrn nbdûc foc h`rnb. B`
lxprlsnh`s nsè p`rqul ls vlrmnm qul eny hobndr`s gulc`s y
hnb`s, y ïst`s pulmlc slr elje`s p`r lb p`mlr ml Zntncîs, lb drnc
lclhod` ml Mo`s (Ïx`m` 4;>9->71 7 ]oh`tl` :;5, ?). Nquè vnh`s n
engbnr s`bnhlctl ml b`s hobndr`s ml Mo`s, bns hncoflstnjo`cls ml
su drnc p`mlr, solhprl pnrn focls gulc`s, `rn slnc ml glcmojoúc `
ml jnstod`.
\cn pnbngrn ml nh`clstnjoúc slrî gulcn nquè; y ls qul lc
culstr` lstumo` ml b`s hobndr`s cucjn mlglh`s snjnrb`s ml su
 

lcdnstl, ` sln, ml bn lstrujturn h`rnb y lsporotunb lc qul sl

lcjulctrnc. ]nhp`j` mlglh`s usnrb`s pnrn pr`gnr bn vlrnjomnm
ml ucn m`jtrocn, p`rqul j`h` yn elh`s moje`, lb hobndr` pulml
pr`jlmlr mlb jolb` ` mlb ocfolrc`. Ls cljlsnro` ocmndnr prohlr` so
ucn m`jtrocn ls gulcn, y súb` lct`cjls b`s hobndr`s pulmlc np`-
ynrbn y771slbbnrbn
>5;7>, Hnrj`sj`h`
6;>=1 movocn. Lstûmolcsl
>6;791 Kunc Mlutlr`c`ho`
7;>>1 <;:61 >:;>-<1
4;7>1 >9;7<, :7, :51
>=;>>, >71 ><;7=1 Elje`s >9;:51 >=;:1 >?;>>1 Elgrl`s 7;=1
 Np`jnbopsos >:;>:,>=
>:;>:,>=..
Elh`s vost` yn qul lb e`hgrl en hlclstlr ml ucn rlvlbnjoúc
movocn, y lct`cjls b`s hobndr`s s`c tnhgoïc cljlsnro`s, p`rqul lb
Zlr suprlh` mlgl slr suplro`r n bns blyls ml bn cnturnblzn.
°Júh` p`mrèn lb e`hgrl jrllr lc uc Znbvnm`r qul c` fulrn jnpnz
ml rlvlbnrsl n sè hosh` y ml hncoflstnr su pbnc ml snbvnjoúc p`r
hlmo` ml b`s hobndr`s0 N plsnr ml lstn búdojn gîsojn, lc t`mns bns
lmnmls en engom` lclhod`s mlb lvncdlbo` qul enc cldnm` bn
p`sogobomnm ml hobndr`s.
Lspoc`sn, lb pnctlèstn, lcslþngn qul ïst`s c` lrnc p`sogbls
p`rqul Mo`s y bn cnturnblzn s`c omïctoj`s, b` qul snglh`s slr
fnbs` ml Dïclsos >;> y Kunc >;>-:. Huje`s ml b`s lv`bujo`costns ml
e`y mèn usnc b`s hosh`s nrduhlct`s ocslcsnt`s, cldncm` bn
plrs`cnbomnm ml Mo`s y rlbldîcm`bl nsè nb covlb ml sus pr`pons
`grns. Elh`s pr`gnm` yn p`r huje`s nrduhlct`s qul lb Zlr
suprlh` lxostl npnrtl ml bns `grns ml sus hnc`s, y qul ïb ls

]`m`p`mlr`s`.
Lb fobús`f` Euhl mljbnrngn qul b`s hobndr`s lrnc ohp`sogbls l
ocjrlègbls, y qul cocducn jnctomnm ml tlstoh`co`s b`s p`mènc
pr`gnr. Bn fnbslmnm ml lstn nslvlrnjoúc pulml j`hpr`gnrsl fî-
jobhlctl, p`rqul t`m`s j`cvolclc qul uc cûhlr` sufojolctl ml
tlstod`s j`hpltlctls enjlc qul uc elje` sln modc` ml j`cfonczn.
 Nb lcslþnr qul cocdûc lvlct` j`ctrnro` n bn cnturnblzn ls
jrlègbl, ïb rlmujl lb nrduhlct` nb ngsurm`, p`rqul lct`cjls
junbquolrn j`sn qul `jurrolrn p`r prohlrn vlz slrèn ocjnpnz ml
pr`gnrsl.
 N t`m`s b`s qul coldnc b`s hobndr`s nbldncm` qul ïst`s vo`bnc
bns blyls ml bn cnturnblzn, p`mlh`s mljor qul lb Jrlnm`r qul eoz`
 

mojens blyls tolcl lb mlrlje` y lb p`mlr ml jnhgonrbns ` sus-

plcmlrbns, ` ml ohp`clr s`grl lbbns `trns blyls suplro`rls.
 N b`s qul sl bbnhnc jolctèfoj`s y pr`jurnc lxpbojnr t`m`s b`s
hobndr`s ml Mo`s p`r bn `plrnjoúc ml bns blyls ml bn cnturnblzn,
p`mlh`s plmor qul pnslc uc p`j` hîs nmlbnctl lc sus pr`po`s
rnz`cnholct`s.
Klrojú, Y`ruclklhpb`,
lst` c` lrn hobndr`mojlc
soc` lbqul juncm` cnturnb
rlsubtnm` jnyú lb mlb
hur` ml
ruom`
qul engènc elje` b`s soltl snjlrm`tls j`c bns tr`hpltns. Ls jolrt`
qul, j`cf`rhl n bns blyls ml bn cnturnblzn, uc ruom` drncml y
pr`b`cdnm` nfb`kn bn hnhp`stlrèn, y lb Mo`s qul eoz` lsn bly bn
pulml lhpblnr juncm` quolrn. Ylr`, °júh` nj`ctljoú qul t`m` lb
hur` sl nfb`knsl y jnylsl n pb`h` nb hosh` tolhp`0 °^uoïc bls
mok` n b`s osrnlbotns lb h`hlct` lxnjt` qul lbb`s tlcènc qul
pnrnrsl lc mlrrlm`r ml Klrojú y blvnctnr lb drot` ml vojt`ron0 Zo c`
ful uc hobndr` ml Mo`s, lct`cjls °quoïc b` eoz`0
Lstl plcsnholct` c`s trnl n bn jlrtomuhgrl ml qul lc lb
hobndr` npnrljl ucn fulrzn lxtlro`r, nbd` ` nbduolc qul
octlrruhpl ` vlcjl bn `plrnjoúc ml bns blyls cnturnbls. Zl pulml
vlr lstn vlrmnm j`c nûc hîs jbnromnm qul cucjn lc b`s hobndr`s
lsporotunbls. Enstn b`s lclhod`s mlb jrostoncosh` j`cjlmlc qul
lxostl lb pljnm`, y c` sl pulml cldnr qul ls uc mls`rmlc j`ctrn
bns blyls ml Mo`s. Zl cljlsotn nquè ucn fulrzn ml nfulrn, uc p`mlr
s`grlcnturnb pnrn b`drnr bn snbvnjoúc mlb pljnm`r, p`rqul lb
pljnm`r, p`r huje` qul sl lsfulrjl, cucjn en p`mom` snbvnrsl n

sè hosh`.
Drnjons n Mo`s qul p`mlh`s vlr lb p`mlr ml nrrogn, bn drnjon
snbvnm`rn ml Mo`s, lklrjoïcm`sl n fnv`r mlb pljnm`r mlslsplrnm`.
Zo c` ls lb p`mlr hobndr`s` ml Mo`s, lct`cjls °quï ls b` qul
jnhgon lb hîs vob pljnm`r ml rlplctl lc uc e`hgrl snct`,
euhobml, e`crnm` y trngnknm`r0 Lst`s hobndr`s h`rnbls qul sl
enc vost` yn lc hobb`cls ml slrls euhnc`s, s`c slþnbls y prulgns
orrlfutngbls ml uc Znbvnm`r `hcop`tlctl.
 Nquè tlclh`s bn prulgn ml qul b`s hobndr`s c` s`c ucn
octlrrupjoúc mlb `rmlc prlsjrot` p`r Mo`s, tlcmolcm` n jnhgonr lb
j`sh`s (hucm`) lc jn`s, j`h` mojlc b`s lclhod`s. Nb j`ctrnro`, ls
lb pljnm` mlb e`hgrl, lb ngus` ml su bogrl nbglmrè`, b` qul en
 

pr`mujom` lb jn`s y mlhncmn lb p`mlr hobndr`s` mlb Znbvnm`r.

Y`mlh`s vlr qul b`s hobndr`s lsporotunbls y tnhgoïc huje`s ml
b`s fèsoj`s s`c rlstnurnm`rls lc su jnrîjtlr. Vlh`s qul bns
lcflrhlmnmls,
lcflrhlmnml s, bn hulrtl, bn trostlzn y lb pljnm` s`c occnturnbls y
nc`rhnbls, y b`s hobndr`s ml sncomnm y snbvnjoúc lstngbljlc `trn
vlz"C`
lb gulc `rmlc. nforhnr qul b`s hobndr`s fulr`c lb hït`m` ml
ls mlhnsonm`
fobnctr`pèn ml Jrost`1 fulr`c bn njjoúc ml nqulbb` pnrn b` junb lb
lvncdlbo` lrn bn lxprlsoúc. Fulr`c lhpblnm`s j`h` hlmo` pnrn
glcmljor n b`s e`hgrls lc cljlsomnm1 fulr`c bn lxprlsoúc mlb
nh`r. Blk`s ml slr hlrns hnrnvobbns y cnmn hîs, Klsûs `rmlcú
rlpltomns vljls n b`s rljopolctls ml bns glcmojo`cls qul sl bls
j`cflrènc, qul dunrmnrnc soblcjo` njlrjn ml lbbns. Lstns lstngnc
lct`cjls lstrljenhlctl j`cljtnmns j`c bn rlc`vnjoúc h`rnb. Lb
plrmúc ml b`s pljnm`s y bn sncomnm ml bns lcflrhlmnmls lstngnc
ucom`s lc lb hosh` njt`‖ (Hubbocs).
\c ncjonc` j`csndrnm` mljèn qul b`s hobndr`s lrnc flcúhlc`s
ml bn plrs`cn ml Jrost`, sus j`stuhgrls
j`stuhgrls monrons. “C` ls qul b`s
hobndr`s prulgnc bn m`jtrocn, co qul bn m`jtrocn endn jrlègbl lb
hobndr`, soc` qul ls hîs golc qul j`h` pnrtls ml uc t`m`, lbb`s
j`cvolclc j`h` lb nbhn y lb julrp`.‖ 
julrp`.‖ 
B`s kumè`s lc lb tolhp` ml Jrost` jrlènc forhlhlctl lc t`m`s
b`s hobndr`s rlbntnm`s lc lb Nctodu` ]lstnhlct` j`h` `grns ml
Mo`s hosh`. Lbb`s c` p`mènc cldnr bn rlnbomnm ml b`s hobndr`s ml

Klsûs, p`rb` huje`

pntlctls, qulblsmlslnrnc
ûcoj` qul qulmngn enjlrb`.
p`r enjlrNblrn
vlrntroguorb`s
b`s elje`snb
p`mlr ml Zntncîs (Hntl` ?;:7-:=1 >7;77-751 Kunc >9;>?-7>).
Lc sodb`s p`stlro`rls nbduc`s ml b`s lsjrot`rls kumè`s ntroguènc b`s
hobndr`s ml Klsûs n frnuml, c` lc lb slctom` qul c` lrnc rlnbls,
soc` qul ïb engèn j`cslduom` hlmonctl frnuml lb C`hgrl sljrlt`
ml Kle`vî y nsè p`mèn usnr su p`mlr j`h` uc ohp`st`r. Jlbs`, lb
drnc `p`sot`r mlb jrostoncosh`, cucjn cldú bn rlnbomnm ml b`s
hobndr`s jrostonc`s, soc` qul b`s ntroguèn n bn hndon.
 Nb lstumonr bn eost`ron ml bn odblson jrostoncn murnctl sus
prohlr`s trls sodb`s, cnmol pulml odc`rnr qul sus lclhod`s knhîs
pumolr`c cldnr b`s hobndr`s. Lrnc y s`c enstn lb mèn ml e`y
 

elje`s occldngbls. Ml h`m` qul j`c t`mn j`cfonczn p`mlh`s

mljor qul b`s hobndr`s mlglc slr njlptnm`s j`h` junbquolr `tr`
elje` eostúroj`, y qul pulmlc slr j`hpr`gnm`s p`r bns prulgns
eostúrojns.
 

JNYO]\B@ >9
B@Z HOBNDW@Z MLB C\LV@
]LZ]NHLC]@

Mlspuïs ml j`csomlrnr bn lvomlcjon ml b`s hobndr`s lc dlclrnb,

vnh`s n hlmotnr lspljonbhlctl lc b`s mlb Culv` ]lstnhlct` y
júh` b`s lsjrot`rls ml bns lpèst`bns lstîc ml njulrm` j`c b`s
juntr` lvncdlbo`s lc junct` nb hocostlro` hobndr`s` ml Klsûs.
Cútlsl bn pr`hlsn qul ïb mo` n Ylmr`; “]û lrls Ylmr`, y s`grl
lstn r`jn lmofojnrï ho odblson1 y bns pulrtns mlb Enmls c`
prlvnbljlrîc j`ctrn lbbn‖ (Hntl` >6;>5). Nquè lb Znbvnm`r
`hcop`tlctl pr`hltl qul ïb hosh` vn n lmofojnr bn odblson, b` qul
mlhncmn su prlslcjon y su `plrnjoúc p`r hlmo` ml su Lspèrotu
murnctl t`m`s b`s sodb`s mlspuïs ml su nsjlcsoúc.
B`s juntr` lvncdlbo`s c`s poctnc bn vomn, lb jnrîjtlr, b`s
omlnbls, y bns `grns ml Klsûs, lsjrot` t`m` gnk` bn ocspornjoúc
morljtn l ocfnbogbl mlb Lspèrotu Znct`, p`r e`hgrls qul engènc
lstnm` j`c ïb (j`h` Hntl` y Kunc) ` nj`hpnþnm` n b`s npúst`bls,
j`h` Hnrj`s y Bujns. Jrost` hosh` pr`hltoú lstn `grn ml su
Lspèrotu, y p`mlh`s mljor qul b`s lvncdlbo`s s`c bn `grn hncunb
ml Klsûs y qul ïb ls su Jrlnm`r (Kunc >=;>6, >4,7<, 761 ><;79, 7>1

>6;>7, ><). Jnsosocúptoj`s

b`s lvncdlbo`s t`m`s b`sfulr`c
j`hlctnm`rls
lsjrot`s j`cvolclc lc jrllr
lctrl b`s nþ`s 69 yqul
49
M.J.
 Nuc b`s qul coldnc bn p`sogobomn
p`sogobomnmm ml hobndr`s j`cvolclc lc
jrllr qul lb npúst`b Yngb` lsjrogoú bns Lpèst`bns n b`s W`hnc`s,
J`rocto`s, y Dîbntns, y qul lbbns fulr`c lsjrotns nctls ml b`s
lvncdlbo`s socúptoj`s.  Yuls nquè tlclh`s uc jnhp` j`hûc j`c
lbb`s. Lc W`hnc`s ><;>5, >? Yngb` mojl qul b` qul ïb prlmojú
engèn som` np`ynm` p`r sus hobndr`s, y ïb nvlcturn t`m` su
sostlhn rlbodo`s` s`grl lb elje` ml sus hobndr`s. Lc 7 J`rocto`s
>7;>7 ïb bbnhn n b`s j`rocto`s lc jnbomnm ml tlstod`s ml qul ïb
`grngn hobndr`s lctrl lbb`s. Lc Dîbntns :;>-< `trn vlz engbn ml bn
 

prlmojnjoúc mlb lvncdlbo` nj`hpnþnmn p`r bn `plrnjoúc ml ho-

bndr`s.
Lc lstns trls odblsons eug` huje`s e`hgrls ml octlbodlcjon,
j`h` s`bmnm`s, j`hlrjonctls, fobús`f`s, ltj. B`s tnbls c` sl
lcdnþnc pr`ct`, y so b`s hobndr`s ml Yngb` c` eugolrnc som`
nutïctoj`s y golc rlflrom`s, engrènc som` j`ctrnmoje`s y rlfutnm`s
murnctl su hoshn vomn.
Lb hosh` nrduhlct` pulml rlflrorsl n b`s hobndr`s ml Klsûs.
Cocduc` ml sus j`ctlhp`rîcl`s knhîs pr`jurú cldnr bn rlnbomnm
ml sus hobndr`s, nucqul b`s ntroguènc nb p`mlr ml Zntncîs. Zo b`s
fnrosl`s y snmujl`s, lc su rngon furo`sn, eugolrnc p`mom` cldnr `
j`ctrnmljor bn rlnbomnm ml uc` s`b` lctrl b`s hobls ml hobndr`s
elje`s p`r Klsûs, °c` b` engrènc elje` j`c pr`ctotum0
Y`mlh`s c`tnr nquè, j`h` gnsl ml culstrn fl lc b`s hobndr`s
ml Yngb`, qul sus lsjroturns slhlknc lc huje`s puct`s n bns
lcslþnczns ml Klsûs mnmns lc b`s lvncdlbo`s. J`hpîrlcsl lb
Zlrhúc mlb h`ctl j`c W`hnc`s >7, >:, y >=1 bns pr`fljèns y
pr`hlsns ml Klsûs njlrjn mlb Lspèrotu Znct` j`c t`mns bns
lcslþnczns njlrjn ml ïb lc bns lpèst`bns1 bn mljbnrnjoúc qul Klsûs
ogn n lmofojnr su odblson j`c b` qul Yngb` mojl njlrjn ml lbbn lc >
J`rocto`s :;>6, >41 >7;>>-751 7 J`rocto`s :;:1 Bujns >9;4 j`c >
J`rocto`s ?;>=1 Hnrj`s >9;? j`c > J`rocto`s 4;>9. Y`mlh`s vlr bn
hoshn slhlknczn lc b`s rlbnt`s ml bn Jlcn mlb Zlþ`r (Hntl`
76;76-7?1 Hnrj`s >=;77-7<1 Bujns 77;>?-:91 > J`rocto`s >>;7:-:=).

 Vlh`s
sus jbnrnhlctl
mosjèpub`s lc b`s juntr`
qul mlspuïs ml sulvncdlbo`s
nsjlcsoúcqul
n Klsûs hncmú
bn db`ron lbb`sn
snbolslc n t`mns pnrtls mlb hucm` n pr`jbnhnr bns gulcns culvns
ml su snbvnjoúc. Zu hlcsnkl lrn ucovlrsnb lc jnrîjtlr y nmnptnm`
n bns cljlsomnmls ml t`mn bn rnzn euhncn. Zl cljlsotngn c` súb`
b`s lsfulrz`s ml b`s npúst`bls hosh`s, soc` uc bèmlr lspljonb lctrl
b`s  dlctobls  qul bblvnsl su hlcsnkl n t`mns pnrtls mlb hucm`
lct`cjls j`c`jom`. Lsl bèmlr ful Yngb`, qul ogn prlmojncm` bn
snbvnjoúc p`r bn jruz y bn sncdrl ml Jrost` enstn b`s ûbtoh`s
j`cfocls mlb hucm` ml nqulb lct`cjls.
Lb lspnjo` c`s fnbtnrèn pnrn c`tnr nuc grlvlhlctl lb
tlstoh`co` ml Yngb` njlrjn ml bn plrs`cn ml Jrost` y tnhgoïc sus
 

pr`pons lxplrolcjons. ]lcmrlh`s qul jotnr súb` ucns rlflrlcjons,

pnrn qul lb lstumonctl bns rlj`rrn j`c huje` lshlr` y `rnjoúc;
W`hnc`s >;>-41 ?;<1 > J`rocto`s 5;<, 61 ><;7:-7<1 7 J`rocto`s <;7>1
5;?1 Dîbntns >;><, >61 7;79. Lc rlsuhlc, mlb tlstoh`co` n b`s
hobndr`s mnm` p`r Yngb` p`mlh`s c`tnr qul (>) Jrost` engèn
elje` lb hîs drncml hobndr` lc bn plrs`cn ml Yngb`. (7) Bn
Ohndlc ml Jrost` hosh` npnrljl lc bns lcslþnczns ml sus
npúst`bls. (:) B`s hosh`s hobndr`s lsporotunbls npnrljolr`c lc
b`s jnrnjtlrls y vomns ml sus j`cvlrs`s. Lst` c`s trnl n bn
j`csomlrnjoúc ml

B`s Hobndr`s H`rnbls

"Juncm` nbduolc hl prlductn p`r quï jrl` lc b`s hobndr`s, bl

j`ctlst`; ¡Y`rqul b`s el vost`!‖
vost`!‖ 
“°Juîcm`0‖ ” hl
hl prlductn.
"Nylr hosh`‖ ” blbl j`ctlst`.
"°Múcml0‖  
"°Múcml0‖
 ” Lc
Lc tnb ` junb budnr j`c`jè n uc e`hgrl qul lrn uc g`rrnje`
j`csultumocnro`, y qul ful rlmohom` y rldlclrnm` p`r lb p`mlr ml
uc Jrost` ocvosogbl. Ls` lrn uc hobndr` vlrmnmlr`.
“Lb hlk`r nrduhlct`
nrduhlct` mlb jrostoncosh` ls uc jrostonc`, nucqul
huje`s c` sl foknc lc lstl elje`. Zl nmujlc hîs ml jocjulctn
nrduhlct`s lc fnv`r ml b`s hobndr`s, plr` cocduc` ls tnc j`c-

vocjlctl j`h`
nrduhlct`s. ïstl. ^uozî
Huïstrlsl ustlm
mlbnctl mlbhosh`,
hucm`bljt`r, ls uc`
ocj`cvlrs` ml ml ls`s
hnclrn
qul j`c su lklhpb` s`bnhlctl pulmn j`cvlcjlr n bns plrs`cns
hîs ocjrïmubns" (Lspnþn Lvncdïbojn).
\c ntl` lstngn mncm` uc mosjurs` bnrd` lc j`ctrn ml bn
lxostlcjon ml Mo`s, cldncm` t`mns bns vlrmnmls mlb lvncdlbo` y
npnrlctlhlctl bblvncm` n sus `ylctls j`csod`. N tlrhocnr,
`frljoú j`ctlstnr junbquolr prlductn. Zl blvnctú ucn ncjoncotn
j`c trnkl huy euhobml, y sugolcm` n bn pbntnf`rhn j`c bn Gogbon
lc su hnc`, bl mok`; "Zlþ`r, y` fuo mlknmn voumn j`c `je` coþ`s pl-
qulþ`s, y tuvl ucn bujen trlhlcmn pnrn s`stlclrb`s. Lc t`mns
hos nfbojjo`cls murnctl huje`s nþ`s lstl Bogr` ml Mo`s y lb
 

Znbvnm`r qul rlvlbn, hl enc sustlctnm` y hl enc j`cs`bnm`.

^uolr` prlductnr, °hl pulml ustlm mnr nbd` lc sus m`jtrocns qul
pulmn t`hnr lblb budnr ml ho Gogbon y ml ho Znbvnm`r Klsujrost`0‖
Lb ntl` c` sngèn quï mljor, puls c` tlcèn cnmn qul `frljlr n bn
ncjoncotn, y t`m` lb numot`ro` bn npbnumoú.
Lb jrostoncosh` pr`flsn slr ucn rlbodoúc snbvnm`rn. Lc `trns
rlbodo`cls c` lxostlc tnbls tlstoh`co`s ml hobndr`s h`rnbls y
lsporotunbls, y lc lstl jnhp` tlclh`s bns lvomlcjons hîs fulrtls
ml qul Jrost` ls lb ûcoj` Znbvnm`r, y qul lc sus lcslþnczns eny
bn ûcojn lsplrnczn mlb hucm` plrmom`. "_ lc cocdûc `tr` eny
snbvnjoúc1 p`rqul c` eny `tr` c`hgrl gnk` lb jolb`, mnm` n b`s
e`hgrls, lc qul p`mnh`s slr snbv`s‖ (Elje`s =;>7). 
=;>7). 
 Vnh`s ne`rn n prlslctnr lc grlvl bns m`jtrocns jnrmocnbls ml
lstn fl hobndr`sn;

(>)  Bn rlvlbnjoúc ml Mo`s lc t`m`s sus ntrogut`s, j`h` lb Zlr

suprlh`, npnrtl ml sus jronturns, plr` juomncm` ml lbbns y
rlvlbncm` lc Klsujrost` su Ynbngrn vovolctl y lc bn Gogbon su
Ynbngrn lsjrotn.

(7)  Lb e`hgrl, elje` n bn ohndlc ml Mo`s, lsj`doú lb jnhoc` ml

Zntncîs, y su pljnm` bl en slpnrnm` ml Mo`s.

(:)  Lb pbnc ml snbvnjoúc ful elje` lc b`s j`cjobo`s movoc`s ml bn

ltlrcomnm,
ucodïcot` mly Mo`s.
hncoflstnm` nb e`hgrl lc bn lcjnrcnjoúc mlb Eok`

(=)  Zu lxponjoúc rlnboznmn lc bn jruz mlb Jnbvnro` ls lb ûcoj`

hlmo` ml Znbvnjoúc pnrn lb e`hgrl.

(<)  Ml pnrtl mlb pljnm`r sl cljlsotn lb nrrlplctoholct` y bn fl1

y lb Lspèrotu ml Mo`s bl npbojn bn sncdrl prljo`sn ml Klsûs,
bohponcm` su pljnm` y enjolcm` lc ïb lb hobndr` mlb culv`
cnjoholct`.
 

  Y`mlh`s rlsuhor nsè bns lvomlcjons jro jrostoncns

stoncns tnb j`h`
npnrljlc lc bns vomns ml b`s pljnm`rls rldlclrnm`s;

(>)  Bn trncsf`rhnjoúc lfljtunmn lc bns vomns vojo`sns.

(7)  Bn ocfbulcjon jovoboznm`rn ml b`s jrostonc`s vlrmnmlr`s lc

t`mns bns cnjo`cls.

(:)  Lb j`csulb` y np`y` qul mn lb jrostoncosh` n b`s nfbodom`s.

(=)  Bn vojt`ron s`grl bn hulrtl qul c` sl lcjulctrn lc cocducn

`trn rlbodoúc. Ynrn t`mns bns mlhîs bn hulrtl ls uc lclhod`
tlrrogbl, ucn `gsjuromnm mlcsn l ohplcltrngbl, holctrn
holctrnss qul pnrn
lb jrostonc` ls uc pulctl qul j`cmujl nb eok` rlmohom` n bn jnsn
ml su Ynmrl.
 

JNYÈ]\B@ >>
BN WLZ\WWLJJOÚ
WLZ\WWLJJOÚC
C
ML KLZ\Z

 Vnh`s ne`rn n j`csomlrnr lb hobndr` ml hobndr`s, lb puct`

jlctrnb ml t`mn bn prlmojnjoúc ml b`s npúst`bls, y nquè p`mlh`s
nvlcturnr t`m`s culstr`s nrduhlct`s, mojolcm` j`c Yngb` qul "so
Jrost` c` rlsujotú, vncn ls lct`cjls culstrn prlmojnjoúc, vncn ls
tnhgoïc vulstrn fl‖ (> J`rocto`s
J`rocto`s ><;>=). C` súb` b`s nhod`s, soc`
tnhgoïc b`s lclhod`s ml Klsûs lc t`m`s b`s sodb`s, enc rlj`c`jom`
qul su rlsurrljjoúc ml lctrl b`s hulrt`s ful lb elje` ml hny`r
ohp`rtncjon lc su eost`ron1 y p`r ls` b` enc ntnjnm` j`c furon
ocmljogbl. Lb mlstr`znr bn fl lc su rlsurrljjoúc ls mlstruor bn fl lc
t`m`s sus hobndr`s.
Yrohlrnhlctl, c`tlh`s b` qul mojl bn Gogbon njlrjn ml bn
rlsurrljjoúc ml julrp`s hulrt`s;

(n) Lrn bn lsplrnczn ml b`s snct`s lc lb Nctodu`   ]lstnhlct` qul

mlspuïs ml bn hulrtl sus julrp`s slrènc rlsujotnm`s n ucn vomn
ltlrcn j`c Mo`s. Bn lxprlsoúc qul “ful rlj`dom` n su pulgb`‖ `
“ful rlucom` j`c sus pnmrls‖ usnmn tnc n hlcum` pnrn mlsjrogor

bn hulrtl,
b`s ocjbuyl lsplrncm`
kust`s lstngnc lc sè bn fl lc
ml lb
ucn rlsurrljjoúc
budnr focnb qul
ml b`s lspèrotus, t`m`s
bbnhnm`
Zl`b lc elgrl`, y lc drold` Enmls. 
 Ngrnenh ls lb prohlr` ml quolc sl rlbntn j`c jbnromnm bn fl ml
rlsurrljjoúc (Dïclsos 77;<1 Elgrl`s >>;>4->?), nucqul lsn fl lstî
ohpbèjotn lc b`s c`hgrls mnm`s p`r Nmîc n su lsp`sn y p`r Bnhlj
n su eok` (Dïclsos :;791 <;7?). B`s snct`s mlb Nctodu` ]lstnhlct`
c` tlcènc bn jbnromnm qul c`s`tr`s elh`s tlcom` mlsml bn
rlsurrljjoúc ml Jrost`1 y soc lhgnrd`, lbb`s dunrmngnc ucn fl
forhl lc `trn vomn mlspuïs ml bn hulrtl (Elgrl`s >>;?1 Dïclsos
=?;>51 K`g >=;>=1 >?;7:-741 Osnèns 76;>?1 Mncolb >7;7, >:1 Osnèns
>:;>=).
 

(g) Eug` uc`s p`j`s lklhpb`s ml bn rlsurrljjoúc ml hulrt`s n bn

vomn tlrrlcnb, plr` jnmn uc` ml lbb`s tuv` qul h`ror `trn vlz (>
Wlyls >4;>4-7=1 7 Wlyls =;>5-:41 >:;7>1 Hntl` ?;7<1 Bujns 4;><1
Kunc >>;=:, ==). ]`m`s ïst`s nj`ctljolr`c nctls ml bn rlsurrljjoúc
ml Klsûs, y engrî engom` huje`s hîs murnctl su hocostlro`
tlrrlcnb (Hntl` >>;<). Mlspuïs ml su nsjlcsoúc en engom`
tnhgoïc enstn lb mèn ml e`y lklhpb`s ml rlsurrljjoúc ml hulrt`s
(Elje`s ?;=>1 79;?->71 Elgrl`s >>;:<).

Ynsncm` ne`rn n bn rlsurrljjoúc ml Klsûs, p`mlh`s enjlr jocj`

nforhnjo`cls qul mlsjroglc bn fl jrostoncn;
(>)  ^ul ïb huroú lc vlrmnm, y c` ful vèjtohn ml sècj`pl, ml uc
trncjl, ml lcdnþ`, co ml frnuml.
(7)  ^ul su julrp` hulrt` ful slpubtnm` lc ucn tuhgn lc bn
prlslcjon ml huje`s tlstod`s.
(:)  ^ul nb tlrjlr mèn ïb sl blvnctú, y bn tuhgn qulmú vnjèn.
(=)  ^ul ïb npnrljoú n b` hlc`s `cjl vljls n b`s suy`s, jocj`
vljls lb hosh` mèn ml su rlsurrljjoúc.
(<)  ^ul mlspuïs ml junrlctn mèns ïb nsjlcmoú nb jolb`, n bn vostn
ml sus mosjèpub`s.

Eny soltl puct`s ohp`rtnctls qul p`mlh`s hlcjo`cnr j`h`

j`cjbuso`cls ochlmont
ochlmontns;
ns;
(>)  Bn rlsurrljjoúc ml Klsûs sl hlcjo`cn hîs ml jolc vljls lc

lb Culv` ]lstnhlct`
npúst`bls (Elje`s >;771y ful
7;7=,bn7?-:71
vlrmnm:;><,
jlctrnb mlb tlstoh`co`
761 =;>9, ml b`s
::1 <;:>1 >4;>51
7:;61 W`hnc`s >9;?1 > J`rocto`s ><;>-751 7 ]oh`tl` 7;51
 Np`jnbopsos >;>5).
>;>5).
(7)  Lb Jrost` rlsujotnm` p`mèn j`hlr y glglr, y tlcèn hnc`s,
pols, jnrcl, euls`s, y t`mn bn npnrolcjon ml uc e`hgrl (Kunc
79;>6, >4, 79, 741 Bujns 7=;><, >5, :?-=:1 Elje`s >9;=9, =>).
(:) Zoc lhgnrd`, lrn tnc moflrlctl qul c` sl rlj`c`jèn huy
pr`ct` (Kunc 79;>=, ><1 7>;=, >71 Bujns 7=;>6).
(=) Zu julrp` db`rofojnm` p`mèn trncsp`rtnrsl lc uc h`hlct`,
sldûc su v`buctnm, y pnsnr n trnvïs ml pnrlmls ` pulrtns
 

jlrrnmns. C` lstngn suklt` n bns bohotnjo`cls qul tolclc b`s

julrp`s tlrrlstrls (Kunc 79;>?, 761 Bujns 7=;:>1 Elje`s >;?).
(<) Culstr`s julrp`s slrîc rlsujotnm`s lc bn slhlknczn ml su
julrp` db`rofojnm` (Foboplcsls :;7>1 > J`rocto`s ><;=7-<91 7
J`rocto`s =;>=1 > ]lsnb`cojlcsls =;>=).
(6) Y`r hlmo` ml su rlsurrljjoúc rljogoh`s su vomn ltlrcn, y
ïstn ocjbuyl bn jurnjoúc ml culstrns lcflrhlmnmls (> Ylmr` >;:,
=1 Kunc >=;>?1 W`hnc`s 5;>>).
(4) Zu rlsurrljjoúc ls bn drnc prulgn ml su Mlomnm (W`hnc`
(W`hnc`ss
>;=1 =;7<). Zo ïb c` eugolrn rlsujotnm`, c` engrènh`s sngom` so su
snjrofojo` ful njlptnm` ` c`, y nsè c` engrèn lxostom` prulgn
j`cvocjlctl ml bn lxponjoúc ml culstr`s pljnm`s.

 Ne`rn, lc mlflcsn ml lstn fl culstrn, vnh`s n prlslctnr trls

elje`s gîsoj`s, qul s`c; (n) Lb rlbnt` jbnr` qul enjl lb Culv`
]lstnhlct` ml qul Klsûs ful blvnctnm` ml lctrl b`s hulrt`s, (g)
Bn trncsf`rhnjoúc h`rnb ml b`s mosjèpub`s qul lstngnc
bnhlctîcm`sl y bb`rncm` (Hnrj`s >6;>9). (j) B`s elje`s ml bn
eost`ron ml bn odblson jrostoncn. Murnctl b`s sodb`s sugsoduolctls,
hobb`cls enc jrlèm` lc bn rlsurrljjoúc y enc som` mlb hosh` h`m`
trncsf`rhnm`s (W`hnc`s >9;?1 >7;>, 7).
 Njlptncm` lst`s trls elje`s, qul cnmol pulml cldnr, vnh`s n
usnr bn eopútlsos ml qul b`s lsjrot`rls mlb Culv` ]lstnhlct` lrnc
e`hgrls j`hpltlctls y modc`s ml jrïmot`, y qul su rlbnt` ml bn

rlsurrljjoúc ml Klsûsnjlrjn
pnsnr n bn lvomlcjon ls vlrnz. Ynrn
ml b`s j`hpr`gnrb`,
elje`s tlclh`s qul
slcjobb`s; prohlr`, qul
su julrp` lstngn hulrt`, y buld`, qul nb tlrjlr mèn lstngn vov`.
 Nj`rmïh`c`s ml qul bn prohlrn jbnsl ml lvomlcjon ls bn ml
tlstod`s `jubnrls, y bn ml slducm` drnm` sl pulml `gtlclr ml b`s
qul bn rljogolr`c ml b`s tlstod`s `jubnrls. Mlglh`s njlptnr lb
tlstoh`co` ml lsjrot`s j`ctlhp`rîcl`s modc`s ml j`cfonczn, y
c`tnr tnhgoïc bn fulrzn njuhubntovn ml lvomlcjon.
J`hpîrlcsl bns juntr` cnrrnjo`cls ml b`s lvncdlbo`s. Lb elje`
ml qul Klsûs huroú  ful njlptnm` p`r t`m`s b`s eost`ronm`rls ml
nqulb lct`cjls, lctrl b`s junbls p`mlh`s hlcjo`cnr n K`slf` lb
 kumè`, y ]îjot` lb pndnc`. K`sï ml Nrohntln (tè` ml bn hnmrl ml
 

Klsûs) y Coj`mlh`, nhg`s holhgr`s mlb Znclmrèc kumè`,

prlpnrnr`c lb julrp` pnrn bn slpubturn, y lrnc tlstod`s `jubnrls
ml qul sl trntngn ml uc julrp` hulrt`. \c` ml b`s s`bmnm`s
r`hnc`s (qul tlcènc bn rlsp`csngobomnm ml jlrtofojnr qul b`s
jrohocnbls jrujofojnm`s hurolrnc lfljtovnhlctl) pnrn lstnr
sldur`, trnspnsú su j`stnm` j`c ucn bnczn, y lc lb njt` snboú
sncdrl y ndun ml bn jnvomnm mlb j`rnzúc.
@tr`s elje`s occldngbls s`c qul ucn drnc polmrn ful j`b`jnmn
n bn lctrnmn ml bn julvn qul sorvoú ml slpubturn1 qul bn polmrn ful
slbbnmn p`r b`s r`hnc`s1 qul ucn dunrmon ml s`bmnm`s r`hnc`s
ful pulstn mèn y c`jel p`r b`s fnrosl`s, j`c lb j`cslctoholct` ml
Yobnt`1 y qul huy ml hnþncn, lb tlrjlr mèn b`s dunrmns nsustnm`s
j`rrolr`c n b`s suh`s snjlrm`tls, mojolcm` qul Klsûs engèn snbom`
ml bn tuhgn. Lstl slpubjr` ngolrt` y vnjè` ls uc tlstod` lb`julctl
enstn lb mèn ml e`y.
Huy ml hnþncn lb prohlr mèn ml bn slhncn uc drup` ml
huklrls bbldú n bn tuhgn j`c lspljons pnrn lhgnbsnhnr lb julrp`
ml su nhnm` Znbvnm`r. Ynrljl qul Hnrèn Hndmnblcn j`rroú nml-
bnctl y volcm` bn tuhgn ngolrtn sl ful n nvosnr n b`s npúst`bls.
Lctrl tnct`, bns mlhîs huklrls bbldnr`c, jrlylr`c lb hlcsnkl ml
b`s îcdlbls y snbolr`c. Ylmr` y Kunc vocolr`c mlspuïs, y snbolr`c,
mlkncm` n Hnrèn Hndmnblcn bb`rncm` jlrjn ml bn tuhgn. Klsûs
npnrljoú n lbbn lct`cjls, mlspuïs n bns mlhîs huklrls lc su
jnhoc`, lc slduomn n Ylmr`, n b`s m`s lc lb jnhoc` n Lhnûs y n

b`s molzrlvlbnjo`cls
jocj` npúst`bls lc mlb
lb np`slct` nbt` lclc
Zlþ`r Klsûs bn c`jel. Lstnsmèn
lb hosh` fulr`c
ml bns
su
rlsurrljjoúc.
 Nctls ml j`csomlrnr `trns jocj` npnrojo`cls hîs ml bns qul sl
rlbntnc j`h` sujlmomns murnctl b`s junrlctn mèns, slrî gulc`
lcfntoznr lb tlstoh`co` ml bns lcv`bturns mlb julrp` ml Klsûs. Ful
lhgnbsnhnm` nprlsurnmnhlctl p`r K`sï y Coj`mlh`, nctls ml
j`hlcznr su sîgnm` n bns 6 p.h. lb volrcls, j`c jocjulctn aob`s ml
horrn y îb`ls. Hlmètlsl lc lb drnc pls` y ngucmncjon ml lspljons,
t`mns lcvulbtns p`r bolcz`s lc t`m` lb julrp`,
j ulrp`, hlc`s lc bn jnglzn,
bn qul lstngn lcvulbtn p`r slpnrnm` lc uc sumnro`. Juncm` Ylmr`
y Kunc vocolr`c n bn tuhgn, volr`c b`s bolcz`s tlcmom`s (bn
 

pnbngrn droldn lhpblnmn sodcofojn lcr`bbnm`s) lc lb hosh` budnr

m`cml lstngn lb julrp`, y lb sumnro` ml bn jnglzn lc su budnr rls-
pljtov`. Klsûs engèn snbom` ml bn lcv`bturn soc mlsenjlrbn, y nbbè
qulmngnc lc bn julvn b`s bolcz`s j`c b`s jocjulctn aob`s ml
lspljons, soc lb julrp` nmlctr`.
Mlspuïs ml lsl db`ro`s` mèn, Klsûs npnrljoú hujens vljls n b`s
suy`s, jocj` rlbntnmns nctls ml su nsjlcsoúc; n b`s `cjl npúst`bls
mlspuïs ml ucn slhncn, n soltl ml lbb`s lc lb bnd` ml ]oglrons, n
hîs ml quocolct`s lc uc h`ctl ml Dnbobln, n Znctond` s`b`, y n
t`m`s b`s mosjèpub`s nb tolhp` ml su nsjlcsoúc1 y ucn npnrojoúc
hîs, uc`s nþ`s mlspuïs, qul rlsubtú lc bn j`cvlrsoúc ml Znub` lb
fnrosl`. Nquè tlclh`s hujens prulgns j`cvocjlctls ml bn
rlsurrljjoúc ml Klsûs qul cocdûc e`hgrl socjlr` pulml cldnr
(Elje`s >;>- :). Bn rlsurrljjoúc ml Klsûs ls lb lvlct` hîs golc
nutlctojnm` ml bn eost`ron nctodun.
C`tlh`s ne`rn nbducns ml bns tl`rèns qul b`s lclhod`s ml
Jrost` enc fngrojnm` pnrn cldnr bn rlsurrljjoúc j`rp`rnb;

(>) Bn tl`rèn mlb frnuml. B`s klfls ml b`s snjlrm`tls molr`c huje`

moclr` n b`s s`bmnm`s ml bn dunrmon pnrn pr`pndnr bn tl`rèn ml qul
sus mosjèpub`s engbnc eurtnm` nb julrp` ml Klsûs y pr`jbnhnm`
qul ïb engèn rlsujotnm`, sngolcm` t`m` lb tolhp` qul lstngn
hulrt`.
]`m`s j`cjulrmnc lc lb elje` ml qul b`s mosjèpub`s lstngnc

j`hpbltnhlctl
j`hpbltnh
enjènc lctl
cnmn mlslsplrnm`s
soc` mlspuïs ml
bb`rnr y bnhlctnrsl. Cobnsoquolrn
hulrtl tlcènc
ml Klsûs, y c`
bn omln
ml qul ïb sl blvnctnrn ml bn tuhgn (j`c bns p`sogbls lxjlpjo`cls
ml Hnrèn su hnmrl y Hnrèn ml Gltncon). C` lrnc, p`r
j`csoduolctl, jnpnjls ml lkljutnr tnb frnuml, nuc lc lb jns` ml
englr som` e`hgrls hnbvnm`s qul quosolrnc lcdnþnr n `tr`s. °Ls
p`sogbl, njns`, qul hobls ml plrs`cns slcjobbns, e`crnmns y
vlrnjls fulslc lcdnþnmns ml lstn hnclrn y molrnc sus vomns lc
np`y` ml uc frnuml slhlknctl0 ¡C`! B` qul sujlmoú j`c lbb`s ls
qul sus bnhlct`s fulr`c jnhgonm`s lc rld`jok` y su
mlslsplrnjoúc lc ucn fl ocmúhotn p`rqul bl volr`c vov`. 
 

(7) Bn tl`rèn mlb mlshny`.  @tr`s ocjrïmub`s mojlc qul Klsûs c`

huroú soc` qul sl mlshnyú lc bn tuhgn, lc ucn j`cmojoúc ml
socj`pl, enstn qul ful rlvovofojnm` p`r lb `b`r ml bns lspljons y lb
norl bogrl lc lb octlro`r mlb slpubjr`. Elh`s pr`gnm` yn qul Klsûs
huroú lc vlrmnm, y b`s kumè`s mojlc qul lc b`s ucdòlct`s qul
usngnc pnrn lhgnbsnhnr b`s julrp`s engèn vlclc` fulrtl1 p`r
j`csoduolctl, ml lbb` engrèn hulrt` Klsûs huy pr`ct`, nuc
juncm` bn bnczn mlb s`bmnm` r`hnc` c` bl eugolsl trnspnsnm`.
Juncm` ïb snboú troucfnctl mlb slpubjr`, c` lstngn mïgob co
mlsfnbbljolctl, soc` snc` y fulrtl, j`c su julrp` db`rofojnm`, bns
elromns sncnmns, y bns jojntrojls j`h` slþnbls ml bn ngs`butn
omlctomnm mlb julrp` j`c lb qul ful j`bdnm` ml bn jruz.

(:)  Bn tl`rèn ml bn nbujocnjoúc.  B`s qul bn s`stolclc, jrllc qul

Klsûs huroú y qulmú hulrt`, plr` qul Hnrèn Hndmnblcn ohndocú 
qul engèn `èm` su v`z, y nsè bn fl ml t`m`s b`s jrostonc`s sl fucmú
s`grl ucn obusoúc. Lb jnrîjtlr ml b`s hobls ml e`hgrls
octlbodlctls y prîjtoj`s qul fulr`c j`cvlcjom`s ml qul Klsûs
rlsujotú j`cstotuyl ucn j`ctlstnjoúc y rlfutnjoúc ml lsn tl`rèn.

(=)  Bn tl`rèn mlb lspljtr`.   Lstn jrllcjon fnbsn lstî lc bn rnèz mlb
Wuslbosh`, qul lcslþn qul lc vlrmnm Klsûs huroú, y qul su
julrp` ful “mosulbt` lc dnsls", holctrns qul su lspljtr` 
lspljtr`  (y c`
`trn j`sn) ful b` qul sl npnrljoú n b`s mosjèpub`s. Cútlsl qul su

julrp` db`rofojnm`
sus mosjèpub`s tlcèn
(Bujns jnrcl
7=;:9, y euls`s,
:4-=:1 Elje`sy >9;=>).
qul j`hèn y glgèn j`c

(<) Bn tl`rèn mlb hot`. B`s qul bn np`ync jrllc qul Klsûs huroú y
qulmú hulrt`, plr` qul sl susjotnr`c hot`s lctrl b`s qul bl
nhngnc, julct`s ml qul engèn rlsujotnm`, lc b`s junbls c` eug`
vlrmnm nbducn. Ynrn j`ctrnmljor lstn fnbslmnm, p`mlh`s
mlh`strnr qul b`s mosjèpub`s c` lsplrngnc su rlsurrljjoúc, soc`
qul lstngnc lc suhn trostlzn y mlslsplrnjoúc. B` qul bls
j`cvlcjoú y bls quotú t`mn mumn, ful bn vostn mlb hosh` Klsûs lc
su julrp` db`rofojnm` (Kunc 79;7=-7?1 7 Ylmr` >;>6).
 

  °^uï nj`ctljoú
nj`ctljoú j`c lb julrp` ml KKlsûs0
lsûs0 Ls jbnr` qul, `rn fful
ul
rltlcom` p`r b`s mosjèpub`s ` ful lctrldnm` n b`s kumè`s, so ls qul
sl coldn qul sl blvnctú vov` ml lctrl b`s hulrt`s. Zo b`s mos-
jèpub`s b` rltuvolr`c lc sljrlt`, nb hosh` tolhp` qul
pr`jbnhngnc qul engèn rlsujotnm`, lrnc ohp`st`rls1 mlmujjoúc
qul qulmn rlfutnmn p`r t`mn bn eost`ron. Zo b` rltuvolr`c b`s
 kumè`s, °p`r quï c` b` lxeogolr`c j`h` lvomlcjon lc j`ctrn ml bn
pr`jbnhnjoúc ml b`s jrostonc`s ml qul ïb engèn rlsujotnm`0
 

JNYÈ]\B@ >7
BN LVOMLCJON ML BN
YW@FLJÈN

Bn pr`fljèn, lc su slctom` ml prlmojjoúc, ls uc hobndr` ml

blcdunkl, y j`csostl lc pr`jbnhnr ml nctlhnc` b`s
nj`ctljoholct`s
nj`ctljoholct`s vlcomlr`s p`r ucn j`hucojnjoúc morljtn ml Mo`s.
Mlb hosh` h`m` qul b`s hobndr`s np`ync bn rlvlbnjoúc p`r
mlh`strnr bn `hcop`tlcjon ml Mo`s, nsè bn pr`fljèn juhpbomn bn
np`yn p`r mlh`strn
mlh`strnrr su `hcosjolcjon
`hcosjolcjon..

Wlquosot`s pnrn bn pr`fljèn.

(>) Mlgl slr ucn rlvlbnjoúc tnb mlb p`rvlcor qul cocducn
sngomurèn co prlvosoúc euhncn eugolrn p`mom` njlrtnr. (7) Mlgl
slr tnc mltnbbnmn qul lxjbuyl bn p`sogobomnm ml bn j`cklturn. (:)
Mlgl slr jbnrn y bogrl ml vndulmnm. (=) Mlgl englr gnstnctl
tolhp` lctrl bn prlmojjoúc y su juhpboholct`, pnrn lxjbuor bn
p`sogobomnm ml ohp`sturn.
]`m`s lst`s rlquosot`s s`c juhpbom`s lc bns pr`fljèns ml bn
Gogbon. ]úhlsl p`r lklhpb` bn pr`fljèn ml Osnèns ==;75; “^ul mojl

ml Jor`; LsZlrîs
Klrusnbïc; ho pnst`r, y juhpborî
lmofojnmn1 t`m`
pb`;b`Zlrîs
y nb tlhpb`;
tlh qul y` quolr`, nb mljor n
fucmnm`.‖
fucmnm`.‖ 
Mlglh`s nj`rmnrc`s ml qul lstns pnbngrns fulr`c lsjrotns p`r
lb pr`fltn Osnèns, qul vovèn lc Klrusnbïc lc lb tolhp` juncm`
 Nsoron, y c` Gngob`con
Gngob`con,, m`hocngn lb hucm`. Gngob`c
Gngob`con
on lrn lc
nqulb lct`cjls ucn pr`vocjon mlb ohplro` ml Nsoron1 y lc lb
tolhp` ml Osnèns lb rloc` ml Osrnlb ful bblvnm` jnutov` p`r Nsoron.
Zoc lhgnrd`, Osnèns prlmojn lc hujens pnrtls lb nsjlcs` ml
Gngob`con nb m`hoco` hucmonb, y lb elje` ml qul lb rloc` ml Kumî
ogn n slr jnutov`, c` lc Nsoron soc` lc Gngob`con. Lstûmolsl golc
lb j`ctlxt` mlb vlrs` qul elh`s jotnm`, y t`m` lb jnpètub` =5.
 

  Zl vlrî qul lstn pr`fljèn juhpbl j`c lb rlquosot` (>) p`rqul

Osnèns c` engrèn p`mom` nmovocnr qul Nsoron slrèn slduomn lc su
m`hoco` p`r Gngob`con, qul ïstn bblvnrèn jnutov`s n b`s kumè`s, qul
Gngob`con slrèn n su turc` j`cquostnmn p`r b`s plrsns, juy` rly
Jor` pr`jbnhnrèn boglrtnm n b`s jnutov`s kumè`s, co qul lbb`s
rllmofojnrènc su tlhpb` y su joumnm. Juhpbl j`c lb rlquosot` (7)
p`rqul sus mltnbbls s`c tnc jbnr`s qul c` mlknc budnr n mumns, y
tnc s`rprlcmlctls qul cocdûc kumè` b`s pumolrn ocvlctnr. Juhpbl
tnhgoïc j`c lb rlquosot` (:) p`rqul c` eny cnmn ml vndulmnm. N
ucn cnjoúc j`ctlctn gnk` lb d`golrc` mlb ponm`s` rly Lzlquèns,
prlmojl qul orî lc jnutovlro`, c` n Nsoron soc` n Gngob`con, qul su
tlhpb` y su joumnm jnpotnb slrîc mlstruom`s, y qul uc drnc rly,
qul m`hocnrî n Gngob`con, pr`jbnhnrî boglrtnm n b`s kumè`s.
Juhpbl bn pr`fljèn j`c lb rlquosot` (=) p`rqul pnsnr`c jolct`
jocjulctn nþ`s nctls mlb juhpboholct`. C` fulr`c b`s kumè`s n b`s
junbls engbngn Osnèns, soc` sus eok`s y sus colt`s b`s qul volr`c
j`c sus pr`po`s `k`s t`m`s b`s nj`ctljoholct`s pr`fltoznm`s. ]`m`
ful lsjrot` p`r bn ocspornjoúc mlb Lspèrotu ml Mo`s, y t`m` sl
juhpboú nb pol ml bn bltrn. J`cf`rhl n bn trnmojoúc kumèn, lb
pr`fltn Osnèns ful nslrrnm` p`r Hncnsïs, lb eok` ml Lzlquèns
(Elgrl`s >>;:4), y ls` nj`ctljoú juncm` Gngob`con lstngn
blvnctîcm`sl nb budnr ml m`hoco` ucovlrsnb. Nsè ful j`h` lb pr`-
fltn hosh`, n plsnr ml vlr juhpborsl hujens ml sus pr`fljèns,
huroú nctls ml bn j`cquostn y mlstrujjoúc ml Klrusnbïc, y cucjn

vo`Lbbn vnb`r
vulbtnml
mlbbnjnutovlro`.
pr`fljèn lc bns lvomlcjons suplrn nb ml b`s
hobndr`s p`r trls rnz`cls; (>) C` sl mlrovn lb tlstoh`co` ml b`s
qul lc `tr`s mèns volr`c lb hobndr`, soc` qul p`mlh`s vlr lb
juhpboholct` ml bn pr`fljèn j`c culstr`s pr`po`s `k`s. (7) Lb
tlstoh`co` ml b`s hobndr`s c` sl pulml nuhlctnr lc fulrzn,
holctrns lb ml bn pr`fljèn sl nuhlctn t`m` lb tolhp` j`c culv`s
juhpboholct`s. (:) Eny hobndr`s (p`r lklhpb`, bn j`cvlrsoúc ml
uc nbhn) qul tnc súb` pulmlc slr nprljonm`s p`r uc jrostonc`,
holctrns qul lb juhpboholct` ml bn pr`fljèn ls j`hprlcmom`
tnct` p`r b`s ocjrïmub`s j`h` p`r b`s jrlylctls.
 

  Mlglh`s ne`rn j`csomlrnr lb j`c j`ckuct`

kuct` mmll bns pr`fljèns lc lb
 Nctodu` ]lstnhlct
]lstnhlct`,`, su juhpboholct` lc bns m`s vlcomns ml
Jrost`, y bn eost`ron ml b`s kumè`s. Lb kumè` ls lb hobndr` ml bn eos-
t`ron, y súb` p`r lb juhpboholct` ml bns pr`fljèns njlrjn ml su
cnjoúc sl pulml lxpbojnr su prlslcjon y su j`cmojoúc lc lb hucm`
ml e`y. Juncm` uc drnc rly ml Lur`pn prlductú n su jnplbbîc;
“°Yulmls mnrhl lc ucn pnbngrn ucn prulgn ml ml bn rlbodoúc
jrostoncn0‖, lstl ûbtoh` rlsp`cmoú; "Lb kumè` ls bn prulgn.‖
 Nbduolc en moje` qul "b`s kumè`s s`c bn lcjnrcnjoú
lcjnrcnjoúcc vovn ml uc
pr`púsot` movoc` y lb juhpboholct` ml bn pr`fljèn, plr` enjlc
hîs; njlctûnc y socdubnroznc b` s`grlcnturnb y bn cnturnblzn
ncto-kumèn y ncto-lv`bujo`cnrèn ml bn fulrzn j`c qul lbb`s je`jnr`c
j e`jnr`c
lc lb jrostoncosh` prohotov`‖
prohotov`‖.. 
Zo ustlm lstumon t`mns bns pr`fljèns mlb Jrost` vlcomlr` lc lb
 Nctodu` ]lstnhlct`,
]lstnhlct`, vlrî qul bn hny`r pnrtl ful juhpbomn nb pol
ml bn bltrn juncm` ïb voc` nb hucm` bn prohlrn vlz. B`s mltnbbls
ml su cnjoholct` vordocnb, su hncoflstnjoúc n b`s dlctobls, su
hocostlro` tlrrlcnb, su hulrtl lxpont`ron, su rlsurrljjoúc y
nsjlcsoúc lc db`ron1 t`m` ful prlmoje` ml ucn hnclrn tnc jbnrn
qul lb e`hgrl rlvlrlctl c` pulml mumnr lb vnb`r ml bn pr`fljèn
j`h` lvomlcjon jrostoncn.
Ls prljos` trnznr lb mlsnrr`bb` ml bn pr`fljèn j`h` ucn pnrtl
mlb trntnholct` ml Mo`s j`c b`s kumè`s, y vlr júh` ïb bns lstngn
lmujncm` y lcslþncm` lc prlpnrnjoúc pnrn bn bbldnmn mlb Hlsèns

pr`hltom`. “Bn bly

(Dîbntns :;7=). en c`
Klsûs som`ful
culstr` ny`, pnrn
lb rlsubtnm` ml bblvnrc`s n Jrost`‖
ucn lv`bujoúc mlb
sostlhn kumnoj`, soc` qul voc` p`r lcjohn ml ïb mlsml nrrogn, y b`
trostl ls qul b`s kumè`s, n quolcls Mo`s Ynmrl engèn lstnm`
lmujncm` p`r tnct`s sodb`s, c` rlj`c`jolr`c n su Hlsèns, soc` qul
b` rljenznr`c y jrujofojnr`c.
Ylr` lb `k` ml fl pulml vlr lc Klsûs lb juhpboholct` suprlh`
ml bns pr`fljèns y mlb pbnc ml Mo`s pnrn bn snbvnjoúc mlb e`hgrl
pljnm`r. Ïb ls bn j`r`cn ml t`m`.
“Nbd` ml Mo`s lstî hncoflstnm` lc bns blyls hljîcojns ml bns
lstrujturns oc`rdîcojns1 nbd` hîs lc lb jrljoholct` y fblxogobomn
fblxogobomnmm
 

ml bns f`rhns votnbls ml bn pbnctn y lb ncohnb1 nbd` hîs t`mnvèn

lc bn rnzúc, bn j`cjolcjon, lb nh`r y bn plrs`cnbomnm mlb e`hgrl.
“Ne`rn mlsml lb puct` ml vostn jrostonc`, bn rlvlbnjoúc ml Mo`s,
bn hncoflstnjoúc ml bns junbomnmls movocns, bbldn n su jbèhnx lc
Jrost`. Mo`s en lxprlsnm` lc bn cnturnblzn oc`rdîcojn su oc-
hlcsomnm, su p`mlr, y su sngomurèn1 lc bn cnturnblzn `rdîcojn en
hncoflstnm` tnhgoïc qul lstî vov`1 y lc bn cnturnblzn euhncn
en mnm` ucn vosbuhgrl ml su hlctl y su jnrîjtlr. Cocducn ml
lstns prohlrns rlvlbnjo`cls lstî ngr`dnmn lc Jrost`1 c`. nb
j`ctrnro`, lstîc rlf`rznmns y rlnforhnmns1 plr` bbldnc n su
j`hpblhlct` lc bn lxp`sojoúc hîs pblcn mlb jnrîjtlr movoc`, bn
plrs`cnbomnm
plrs`cn bomnm movocn, lb nh`r movoc`‖ (D`rl). 
(D`rl). 
 

JNYÈ]\B@ >:
B@Z LZJWO]@WLZ
MLB NC]OD\@ ]LZ]NHLC]@

Y`mlh`s ne`rn j`csomlrnr b`s rlbnt`s ml b`s huje`s lvlct`s qul

elh`s pulst` lc bostn j`h` lvomlcjons jrostoncns. Mlsml lb
tolhp` ml H`osïs (><99 N.J.) en lxostom` uc bogr` bbnhnm` bn
Gogbon qul pr`flsn slr lb ûcoj` lsjrot` p`r bn ocspornjoúc morljtn
mlb Lspèrotu Znct`. J`ctolcl slslctn y slos bogr`s, ml b`s junbls
trloctn y culvl sl bbnhnc lb Nctodu` ]lstnhlct` (` pnjt`), y
vloctosoltl hîs f`rhnc lb Culv` ]lstnhlct`. Ful njngnm` n
focls mlb prohlr sodb` M. J. y p`r jnso m`s hob nþ`s en som`
njlptnm` j`h` lb Bogr` ml Mo`s p`r t`m` lb jrostoncosh`.
Juncm` engbnh`s ml bn  purlzn ml nbdûc bogr`, qulrlh`s mljor
qul ful lsjrot` p`r lb nut`r juy` c`hgrl bblvn, y qul c` ls fnbs` co
nmubtlrnm`. Bn nutlctojomnm mlb bogr` sodcofojn qul su j`ctlcom`
ls vlrèmoj`. Nbduc`s lsjrot`rls usnc bn pnbngrn nutlctojomnm pnrn
jugror nhgns j`sns. Bn pnbngrn jrlmogobomnm quolrl mljor qul b`s
nut`rls y tlstod`s lrnc j`hpltlctls y modc`s ml fl. Yulst` qul b`s
lclhod`s ml bn Gogbon coldnc su nutlctojomnm y su jrlmogobomnm, ls
gulc` qul c`s`tr`s tlcdnh`s, j`h` `grlr`s mlb Zlþ`r, ucns
prulgns
]`m`s jbnrns pnrn mlflcmlr
b`s lsjrot`rls culstrn
pulmlc fl lc sulc
jbnsofojnrsl Bogr`.
jocj` jbnsls; (n)
E`hgrls gulc`s, (g) e`hgrls hnb`s, (j) e`hgrls lcdnþnm`s, (m)
e`hgrls gnk` bn ocfbulcjon ml Zntncîs, y (l) e`hgrls gnk` bn oc-
fbulcjon mlb Lspèrotu Znct` ml Mo`s.
°Fulr`c njns` e`hgrls gulc`s b`s qul lsjrogolr`c bn Gogbon0
C`1 p`rqul lbbn rljbnhn vlcor ml Mo`s, y b`s e`hgrls gulc`s c`
p`mrènc mljor hlctorns co rljbnhnr slr movoc` b` qul lbb`s hosh`s
lsjrogolrnc.
°Bn lsjrogolr`c tnb vlz e`hgrls hnb`s0 Ls` tnhgoïc ls
ohp`sogbl, p`rqul t`mns sus vlrmnmls db`ro`sns lstîc mlhnsonm`
nbtns pnrn slr j`cjlgomns p`r lbb`s. Nmlhîs, bn Gogbon mlsjrogl lb
 

trostl foc ml lbb`s y su ltlrc` jnstod`. C` ls p`sogbl qul e`hgrls

hnb`s bn lsjrogolrnc.
°Njns` fulr`c b`s lsjrot`rls e`hgrls lcdnþnm`s0 Huje`s ml
b`s h`mlrcostns ml e`y mojlc qul sè. Lcslþnc qul cucjn
lxostolr`c plrs`cns j`h` K`g, Ngrnenh, Mnvom, ltj., soc` qul
tlclh`s lc bn Gogbon ucn j`bljjoúc ml hot`s y julct`s kumè`s qul
fulr`c lsjrot`s p`r e`hgrls euhobmls y socjlr`s qul lstngnc
lcdnþnm`s, sup`colcm` qul bns eost`rons lrnc vlrèmojns. Nb
prlductnr n b`s h`mlrcostns so Klsûs ful plrs`cn rlnb `
s`bnhlctl uc hot`, mojlc qul sè, qul ful rlnb l eostúroj`, qul vovoú
lc Ynblstocn, y lcslþngn njlrjn mlb Nctodu` ]lstnhlct`, plr`
qul ïb tnhgoïc lstngn lcdnþnm`, pnrtojopncm` ml bn suplrstojoúc
l odc`rncjon ml su tolhp`.
 N b`s tnbls p`mlh`s mljor qul b`s e`hgrls lcdnþnm`s c`
lsjroglc bn vlrmnm.  Y`r hlmo` ml bns pr`fljèns yn juhpbomns sl
pulml pr`gnr qul b` qul lstî lsjrot` lc bn Gogbon ls bn purn
vlrmnm, y sus lsjrot`rls c` sl j`ctrnmojlc. Z`c b`s h`mlrcostns
b`s qul lstîc lcdnþnm`s, y lbb`s sl j`ctrnmojlc t`m` lb tolhp` b`s
uc`s n b`s `tr`s.
°Ful bn Gogbon lsjrotn njns` p`r e`hgrls gnk` bn ocfbulcjon ml
Zntncîs0 Jolrtnhlctl c`, puls lbbn rlvlbn n Zntncîs j`h` lb
nmvlrsnro` ml bn euhncomnm. Engbn ml su jnèmn, su jnrîjtlr, su
eost`ron y su mlstoc` lc lb bnd` ml fuld`. Bl bbnhn hlctor`s`,
lcdnþnm`r, njusnm`r, nmvlrsnro`, tlctnm`r, hntnm`r, mlstrujt`r,
slrpolctl,
ltj. Cucjnprècjopl
p`mrèn ïbmlocspornr
tocolgbns, îcdlb
n b`s mlb ngosh`,
e`hgrls blúctnbls
n lsjrogor rudolctl,
j`sns
njlrjn ml sè hosh`.
C`s qulmn lct`cjls ucn s`bn jbnsl ml lsjrot`rls, ls mljor,
e`hgrls ocspornm`s p`r lb Znct` Lspèrotu ml Mo`s. Lst` ls b` qul
bn Gogbon rljbnhn y snglh`s qul ls bn vlrmnm. Lstûmolcsl 7
Znhulb 7:;>, 71 Bujns 7=;==-=51 7 ]oh`tl` :;>6, >41 7 Ylmr` >;79,
7>1 Np`jnbopsos 77;>5, >?.
Zo bns pr`fljèns mlb Nctodu` ]lstnhlct` eugolrnc som` lsjrotns
p`r e`hgrls qul c` j`c`jènc b`s lvlct`s mlb tolhp` ml Jrost`,
lbbns c` engrènc p`mom` j`rrlsp`cmlr j`c tnctn lxnjtotum j`c mo-
je`s lvlct`s. Zo eugolrnc som` f`rknmns frnumublctnhlctl p`r
 

jrostonc`s, c` engrènc som` prlslrvnmns co njlptnmns p`r b`s

 kumè`s. Vlh`s qul lbbns lstîc  prlslrvnmns y njlptnmns j`h`
vlrèmojns p`r b`s kumè`s, y qul lbbns j`rrlsp`cmlc lxnjtnhlctl
j`c b`s lvlct`s ml bn vomn ml Klsûs1 ls` c`s prulgn qul fulr`c
lsjrotns p`r bn ocspornjoúc ml Mo`s.
Mo`s. 

]`m`s j`cjulrmnc lc jrllr qul b`s bogr`s mlb Nctodu`

]lstnhlct` fulr`c prlslrvnm`s p`r b`s kumè`s, uc pulgb` ml
drncml octlbodlcjon.
octlbodlcjon. ]`m`s lbb`s sngènc bllr, y lc t`mns bns lmnmls
sus bogr`s sndrnm`s sl volr`c s`hltom`s n bn jrètojn hîs ho-
cujo`sn, pnrn lvotnr t`mn ohp`sturn y frnuml. B`s lsjrogns qul b`s
j`pongnc (nctls ml bn ocvlcjoúc ml bn ohprlctn) b` enjènc j`c
suh` juomnm` y lshlr`, y nb lcj`ctrnr uc s`b` lrr`r, nqulb hn-
cusjrot` lrn qulhnm` ochlmontnhlctl. Ml lstl h`m`, bn purlzn
ml b`s trloctn y culvl bogr`s ful prlslrvnmn enstn m`cml lrn
euhncnhlctl p`sogbl.
Bn prulgn hîs j`cvocjlctl ml qul lst`s bogr`s s`c
movocnhlctl ocspornm`s ls qul rlbntnc tnctns mlrr`tns, fnbtns,
rlocjomlcjons, y pljnm`s cnjo`cnbls, qul cocdûc kumè` engrèn
fngrojnm` tnb eost`ron ml su pr`pon v`buctnm. Y`r hlrn vlrdòlczn,
cucjn cnmol bn engrèn rldostrnm` j`c tnctn frncqulzn y
e`clstomnm. Nquè tlclh`s uc tlstoh`co` jbnr` ml qul ful Mo`s
quolc bn ocsporú.
 Vnyn ustlm n junbquolrn ml b`s drncmls husl`s ml
nctodòlmnmls (j`h` b`s ml B`cmrls y Lb Jnor`) y bln b` qul
lsjrogolr`c
Gngob`con, lcltj.bnmrobb`s
Lbb`s `c`plrdnhoc`s b`s rlyls
rlbntnc sus ml Nsoron,
mlrr`tns Ldopt`,
co frnjns`s,
s`bnhlctl sus drncmls vojt`rons. _ so ls ucn eost`ron mn b` qul
lrn lc vlrmnm sohpblhlctl ucn slrol ml mlrr`tns, b`s
eost`ronm`rns bn poctnc j`b`r ml r`sn, hndcofojncm` bns drncmls
enznþns ml su rly y rlmujolcm` nb hècoh` jnmn frnjns`. ¡Juîc
mostoctn ls bn eost`ron ml bn cnjoúc kumèn qul Mo`s hosh` c`s en
mnm` lc lb Nctodu` ]lstnhlct`!
Lb Nctodu` ]lstnhlct` lc sus trls movoso`cls  ” bn bn Bly, b`s
Yr`fltns y b`s Znbh`s ”   ful rntofojnm` p`r culstr` Zlþ`r
Klsujrost` j`h` dlcuoc` y movocnhlctl ocspornm`1 y lstl
tlstoh`co` ls sufojolctl pnrn jnmn jrostonc` socjlr` (Bujns 7=;74,
 

==1 Kunc <;:?1 >9;:<). Ylr` lc lst`s mèns bn jrètojn ml b`s

ocjrïmub`s sl en pugbojnm` j`c tnctn fulrzn qul huje`s ml b`s
lstumonctls ml culstr`s j`bldo`s y ucovlrsomnmls enc som`
lcslþnm`s qul t`m` lb Nctodu` ]lstnhlct` ls cnmn hîs qul ucn
j`bljjoúc ml blylcmns, fîgubns y julct`s lrrúcl`s soc cnmn ml
vlrmnm eostúrojn. Ynrn b`s tnbls ls gulc` jotnr nbducns ml bns
prulgns qul tlclh`s ml bns eost`rons mlb Nctodu` ]lstnhlct`.
Lc lstl jnhp` tlclh`s bn v`z ml bn nrqul`b`dèn j`h` lb
tlstoh`co` prllhoclctl. B`s ohplro`s ml nctnþ` fb`rljolr`c y
pnsnr`c, qulmncm` sus joumnmls lctlrrnmns y `trns blvnctîcm`sl
s`grl sus ruocns. Lc lst`s ûbtoh`s mèns, soc lhgnrd`, tlclh`s
ucn jolcjon culvn qul ls huy lxnjtn; bn nrqul`b`dèn. Lb
nrqulúb`d` c` trntn ml omlns co tl`rèns, soc` qul prlslctn sus
prulgns orrlfutngbls j`c b`s nrtlfnjt`s qul lxjnvn. Mo`s sngl qul
lc b`s “p`strlr`s mèns‖ sl blvnctnrènc hîs njusnjo`cls lc j`ctrn
ml su Ynbngrn, y mlkú slpubtnmns t`mns bns prulgns nrqul`búdojns
pnrn slr lxjnvnmns lxnjtnhlctl juncm` eugolrn cljlsomnm ml
lbbns.
]`mns bns eost`rons gègbojns qul engènc som` mlsljenmns j`h`
fnbsns enc som` j`cforhnmns nb pol ml bn bltrn p`r lb tlstoh`co` ml
bn nrqul`b`dèn. \c` ml b`s jolctèfoj`s c`rtlnhlrojnc`s qul trngnkú
p`r bnrd`s nþ`s lc b`s jnhp`s ml lxjnvnjoúc lc Ldopt`, Ynblstocn,
Hls`p`tnhon, Nsoron,
Hls`p`tnhon,  Nsoron, ltj., en lsjrot` lc su vlklz; “Ml b`s hobls y
hobbnrls ml nrtlfnjt`s lxjnvnm`s qul sl rlbnjo`cnc morljtnhlctl
j`c bn Gogbon,
j`ctrnmodn, c` en som`
`gsjurlzjn, enbbnm`ucn
` mlprohn knhîs uc` s`b`
pnbngrn, frnsl,qul coldul,`
jbîusubn,
vlrsèjub` mlb Nctodu` ]lstnhlct`, ` mlb Culv`. Nb j`ctrnro`,
t`m`s b`s nrtlfnjt`s soc fnbtn vlrofojnc, j`cforhnc, obuhocnc l
obustrnc bns eost`rons lc lbb`s j`ctlcomns‖ (Aoccnhnc). 
(Aoccnhnc). 
Lc junct` n bn rlbnjoúc lctrl lb Nctodu` y lb Culv`
]lstnhlct`, p`mlh`s c`tnr qul eny 76: jotns mlb Nctodu`
]lstnhlct` lc lb Culv`, y jlrjn ml :<9 nbuso`cls. ]`m`s b`s
bogr`s mlb Nctodu` ]lstnhlct` s`c jotnm`s lc lb Culv`, j`c bn lx-
jlpjoúc ml b`s soltl soduolctls; Ngmèns, Cneuh, Ljblsonstïs, Lb
Jnctnr ml b`s Jnctnrls, Lstlr y Clelhèns. B`s slrh`cls
 

np`stúboj`s rlbntnm`s lc b`s Elje`s fulr`c lmofojnm`s s`grl lb

 Nctodu` ]lstnhlct`.
]lstnhlct`.
Lc rlsuhlc, b` qul p`mlh`s mljor njlrjn ml bn purlzn y
nutlctojomnm ml b`s bogr`s mlb Nctodu` ]lstnhlct`, ls qul fulr`c
dnrnctoznm`s p`r b`s kumè`s mlb tolhp` ml Lsmrns, lb junb f`rhú lb
jnc`c mlb Nctodu` ]lstnhlct` nbrlmlm`r mlb nþ` <99 N.J.1 fulr`c
njrlmotnm`s p`r Klsujrost` hosh`1 y enc som` j`cforhnm`s lc
t`m`s sus mltnbbls
m ltnbbls p`r b`s mlsjugrohol
mlsjugroholct`s
ct`s ml bn nrqul`b`dèn. ]`m`
lst` ls lvomlcjon lxtlro`r.
Eny tnhgoïc hujens lvomlcjons octlro`rls qul p`mlh`s snjnr,
njlrjn mlb blcdunkl ml jnmn bogr`, su lstob` botlrnro`, b`s puct`s
eostúroj`s hlcjo`cnm`s, y `tr`s mnt`s qul prulgnc qul b`s bogr`s
fulr`c lsjrot`s lc vlrmnm p`r b`s nut`rls y lc bns fljens
nsodcnmns. Y`mlh`s tnhgoïc pr`gnr p`r lvomlcjons octlro`rls qul
b`s lsjrot`rls lrnc; (>) eîgobls, (7) vlrèmoj`s, y (:) modc`s ml j`c-
fonczn.
(>) Bn engobomnm  ml lbb`s sl hncofolstn p`r (n) lb slctom`
j`hûc, kuojo` snc`, l octlbodlcjon qul mlhulstrnc. C`  lsjroglc
j`h` lctusonstns co fncîtoj`s1 (g) lb j`c`joholct` y tnblct`s qul
hncofolstnc,, ls huy suplro`r nb qul p`slènc sus j`ctlhp`rîcl`s1
hncofolstnc
(j) lb elje` ml qul b`s lvlct`s rlbntnm`s p`r lbb`s p`mènc slr
nvlrodunm`s p`r b`s slctom`s (> Kunc >;>-:1 Kunc 79;:9, :>).
(7) Bn vlrnjomnm ml b`s lsjrot`rls ls pr`gnmn p`r (n) bn slrolmnm
ml qul lstîc snturnm`s sus lsjrot`s1 (g) bn lsporotunbomnm ml sus
lcslþnczns1
lcdnþ`s`. y (j) bn nuslcjon ml nbdûc h`tov` frnumublct` `
(:) Z`c modc`s ml j`cfonczn p`rqul su engobomnm y vlrnjomnm yn
enc som` pr`gnmns. Lrnc jnpnjls ml lsjrogor ucn cnrrnjoúc
vlrèmojn, b` qulrènc enjlr y b` eojolr`c. Y`rqul lrnc j`hpltlctls,
j`hpltlctls,
p`mènc engbnr bn vlrmnm1 y p`rqul lrnc rljt`s, lrn su mlglr
enjlrb`.
 

JNYO]\B@ >=
B@Z LZJWO]@WLZ
MLB C\LV@ ]LZ]NHLC]@

Huje` ml b` qul elh`s moje` lc lb jnpètub` nctlro`r sl pulml

npbojnr odunbhlctl nb Culv` ]lstnhlct`. Bn Gogbon ls uc bogr`, y
su ucomnm ls ucn ml bns lvomlcjons s`grlsnbolctls ml qul ful
lsjrot` lctlrnhlctl p`r bn ocspornjoúc ml Mo`s. B`s rot`s y
jlrlh`cons mlb Nctodu` ]lstnhlct` lrnc top`s ml bns rlnbomnmls
lsporotunbls rlvlbnmns lc lb Culv`. Cljlsotnh`s bn rlvlbnjoúc
hîs jbnrn mlb Culv` ]lstnhlct` pnrn j`hprlcmlr ls`s top`s. Lc
lb Nctodu` ]lstnhlct` bllh`s bns pr`fljèns mlb Hlsèns
pr`hltom`, y lc lb Culv` lb juhpboholct` lxnjt` ml lbbns. Lb Nc-
todu` ]lstnhlct` sl pulml rlsuhor lc ucn pnbngrn qul ls;
JWOZ]@1 y lb Culv` lc `trn pnbngrn qul ls; KLZ\Z. Ml lstl
h`m` vlh`s qul t`mn bn Lsjroturn ls bn Ynbngrn ml Jrost` Klsûs,
lsplrnm` lc lb Nctodu` y vost` lc lb Culv` ]lstnhlct` (7
]oh`tl` :;>6, >4).
 Njlrjn ml b`s lsjrot`rls mlb Culv` ]lstnhlc
]lstnhlct`t` p`mlh`s
pr`gnr;

(>) ^ul lrnc

socjlr`s, jnso t`m`s
octlbodlctls jnhplsoc`s
y c` ` plsjnm`rls
fncîtoj`s (Elje`s =;>:).kumè`s, e`hgrls

(7) Wlbntnr`c bns lcslþnczns y b`s hobndr`s ml Klsûs lc jnbomnm

ml tlstod`s `jubnrls, y nslvlrnr`c qul bl volr`c vov` mlspuïs ml
su hulrtl lc bn jruz (Elje`s >;:1 >9;=>).

(:) Nrrolsdnr`c sus vomns pr`jbnhncm` mlc`mnmnhlctl bn

rlsurrljjoúc ml Klsûs lc bn hoshn joumnm m`cml njngngn ml slr
jrujofojnm`. Zu tlstoh`co` ful njrlmotnm` p`r hobls ml kumè`s, y
nbbè hosh` sl fucmú bn prohlrn odblson jrostoncn.
 

(=) Lc np`y` ml su tlstoh`co`, lhprlcmolr`c v`buctnronhlctl

ucn vomn ml ngcldnjoúc, sufrolcm` plrsljujoúc, y hurolcm` p`r
foc j`h` hîrtorls ml bn vlrmnm qul prlmojngnc.

C`tlh`s ne`rn lb tlstoh`co` ml trls eost`ronm`rls r`hnc`s qul

lsjrogolr`c njlrjn ml b`s jrostonc`s;
(>) ]îjot`.  Cnjoú n hlmonm`s mlb prohlr sodb` y lc sus lsjrot`s
j`cmlcn nb jrostoncosh` j`h` ucn culvn suplrstojoúc, juy`
fucmnm`r, Jrost`, ful nkustojonm` j`h` uc jrohocnb p`r Y`cjo`
Yobnt`. Mok` qul lsn suplrstojoúc plrcojo`sn, nucqul rlfrlcnmn
p`r nbdûc tolhp`, gr`tú `trn vlz y sl lspnrjoú c` súb` lc Kumln
soc` tnhgoïc lc W`hn.
(7)  Zult`co`.  Lsjrogolcm` tnhgoïc jlrjn mlb foc mlb prohlr sodb`,
engbú qul “b`s kumè`s juy` bèmlr lrn Jrost`‖ engènc som`
mlstlrrnm`s ml W`hn. Mok` qul b`s tnbls solhprl pr`v`jngnc
nbg`r`t`s, y qul tlcènc ucn suplrstojoúc culvn y hîdojn.
(:)  Yboc`. (Cnjom` lb 6> M.J.) Juncm` lrn d`glrcnm`r ml Gotocon
lsjrogoú nb lhplrnm`r ]rnknc` mlsjrogolcm` nsè b`s jrèhlcls ml
b`s jrostonc`s;
jrostonc`s; “Lbb`s sl rlûclc jolrt` mèn nctls ml bn snbomn mlb
s`b, y jnctnc eohc`s n Jrost`, su Mo`s. Lct`cjls kurnc
s`blhclhlctl qul c` j`hltlrîc cocducn hnbmnm, co eurt`s, co
r`g`s, co nmubtlro`, cucjn morîc hlctorns, co fnbtnrîc lc mlv`bvlr
ucn prlcmn."

Lst`s tlstoh`co`s ml sus lclhod`s prulgnc enstn quï puct` sl

lspnrjoú lb jrostoncosh` nctls ml bn hulrtl mlb ûbtoh` ml b`s
npúst`bls. Yrulgnc tnhgoïc qul Jrost` lrn ucn plrs`cn rlnb l
eostúrojn y qul ful nm`rnm` j`h` Mo`s1 y t`m` ls` prlsup`cl bn
lxostlcjon ml b`s m`juhlct`s jrostonc`s, bns lsjroturns s`grl bns
junbls lbb`s gnsngnc su fl. Zo c` sl prlslctnrnc b`s lvncdlbo`s y
bns lpèst`bns, golc p`mrèn prlductnr jnmn nrqulúb`d` socjlr`;
“°Múcml lstîc b`s m`juhlct`s jrostonc`s0‖ 
jrostonc`s0‖ 
Zl en pr`gnm`, soc budnr n mumns, qul b`s vloctosoltl bogr`s mlb
Culv` ]lstnhlct` fulr`c lsjrot`s nctls mlb foc mlb prohlr sodb`.
Ml lbb`s, vloctl fulr`c njlptnm`s p`r t`mns bns odblsons mlsml lb
 

procjopo`, y njlrjn ml su nutlctojomnm cucjn eug` mumn. B`s soltl

bogr`s rlstnctls c` fulr`c njlptnm`s j`h` ocspornm`s lc nbducns
odblsons nb procjopo`, plr` mlspuïs ml uc lsjrutoco` sostlhîtoj` y
pr`b`cdnm`, lst`s soltl bogr`s tnhgoïc fulr`c njlptnm`s
ucîcohlhlctl j`h` pnrtl mlb Culv` ]lstnhlct` p`r t`mns bns
odblsons jrostoncns.
Elh`s c`tnm` júh` bn nut`romnm mlb Nctodu` ]lstnhlct`
lstrogn lc lb tlstoh`co` ml Klsûs hosh`. Bn nut`romnm mlb Culv`
]lstnhlct` tnhgoïc mlsjncsn s`grl lstl fucmnhlct` ochutngbl,
b` junb sl vlrofojn lc bns soduolctls vlrmnmls; (>) Jrost` mok` n sus
mosjèpub`s qul ïb mlknrèn ocj`hpbltn bn rlvlbnjoúc (Kunc >6;>7).
(7) Yr`hltoú j`hpbltnrbn mlspuïs ml su pnrtomn (Kunc >6;>:). (:)
Lsj`doú n jolrtns plrs`cns pnrn rljogor lb rlst` ml sus
rlvlbnjo`cls y pnrn slr sus tlstod`s, prlmojnm`rls y lsjrot`rls
mlspuïs ml su nsjlcsoúc (Kunc ><;741 >6;>:1 Elje`s >;51 Hntl`
75;>?, 791 Elje`s ?;><->4). (=) Lb j`c`jèn lxnjtnhlctl b` qul
lbb`s ognc n lsjrogor, y nsè p`mèn mnr n bns lsjroturns ml lbb`s bn
hoshn nut`romnm qul bn ml sus pr`pons pnbngrns (Hntl` >9;>=,
><1 Bujns >9;>61 Kunc >:;791 >4;79).
Luslgo` lsjrogoú su Eost`ron Ljblsoîstojn  n focls mlb sodb`
tlrjlr`, y ls octlrlsnctl c`tnr qul ïb njlptú b`s juntr` lvncdlbo`s
y cocdûc `tr`. Ïb tlcèn nhpbon `p`rtucomnm ml lsjumroþnr y
np`ynr junbquolr `tr` supulst` lvncdlbo`, plr` b`s rljenzú mlb
t`m`, j`h` tnhgoïc b` eojolr`c bns odblsons jrostoncns.

bns\cn j`sn mljrostoncns

lvomlcjons bn junb mlglh`s
murnctlnj`rmnrc`s golcsodb`s
b`s prohlr`s lc lbmllstumo` ml
lstn lrn,
ls qul bns odblsons ml nqulb lct`cjls c` njlptngnc junbquolr
lsjroturn qul npnrljolsl. Nb j`ctrnro`, lbbns usngnc ucn
vodobncjon rèdomn lc j`ctrn ml t`m` frnuml ` ohp`sturn. Bujns mojl
qul huje`s engènc lsjrot` rlbnt`s ml bn vomn ml Klsûs (Bujns >;>-
=). °Múcml lstîc puls, ls`s huje`s lvncdlbo`s0 °Y`r quï bn
odblson jrostoncn cucjn en njlptnm` soc` súb` lst`s juntr`0
Bn j`ctlstnjoúc n lstns prlductns ls qul bn odblson prohotovn
lstngn solhprl nblrtn,
nblrtn, y jnmn lsjrot` lrn s`hltom` n uc hocujo`s`
lsjrutoco`. Lbb`s njlptnr`c s`bnhlctl b`s lvncdlbo`s qul ml-
h`strnr`c slr np`stúboj`s, ls mljor; Hntl`, Hnrj`s, Bujns y Kunc.
 

Cocduc` ml b`s mlhîs ful njlptnm`, soc` qul fulr`c rljenznm`s

j`h` lspûrl`s ` occljlsnro`s. Ls octlrlsnctl hornr b`s lsjrot`s ml
Jlbs`, lb hîs eîgob ml b`s lclhod`s ml bn odblson prohotovn. Bns
`grns botlrnrons ml ïb enc plrljom`, plr` huje` ml b` qul ïb
lsjrogoú sl lcjulctrn lc b`s lsjrot`s ml @rèdlcls, lb pnmrl
np`stúboj` qul bl rlpbojú. Lc lbb`s sl vl qul Jlbs` c` usú j`h`
gbncj` ml sus ntnquls cocducn `trn lsjroturn soc` lst`s juntr`
lvncdlbo`s.
 Nsè, t`mn lstn lvomlcjon juhubntovn murnctl m`s sodb`s mlspuïs
ml bn lsjroturn ml b`s juntr` lvncdlbo`s mlhulstrn jbnrnhlctl
qul ucn drnc hubtotum ml b`s hlk`rls y hîs octlbodlctls e`hgrls
ml lsn ïp`jn jrlènc forhlhlctl qul b`s npúst`bls lrnc tlstod`s
fomlmodc`s, y sus lsjrot`s ocspornm`s p`r Mo`s.
Enstn nquè, elh`s prlslctnm` s`bnhlctl b`s tlstoh`co`s
njlrjn ml b`s juntr` lvncdlbo`s, plr` p`mlh`s npbojnrb`s
odunbhlctl n t`m`s b`s mlhîs bogr`s mlb Culv` ]lstnhlct`.
 Nbduolc en moje`; “Ml Nson, ml Îfrojn y ml Lur`pn, ml kumè`s, ml
dlctobls y ml e`hgrls ml t`mn j`cmojoúc ml vomn, rljogoh`s lb
tlstoh`co` soduolctl; 'Jrllh`s lc lst`s e`hgrls y lc sus
lsjrot`s.'"

Wlsuholcm`, p`mlh`s mljor qul;

(>) Lxostl uc bogr` qul sl bbnhn lb Culv` ]lstnhlct`.

(7) Ml lstl bogr` sl pulml lxtrnlr uc sostlhn ml rlbodoúc

lctlrnhlctl culv` j`c rlspljt` n su `gklt` ml jubt` y n sus
m`jtrocns, qul s`c mostoctns ml `trns y suplro`rls n bns ml
junbquolr `trn rlbodoúc.

(:) Zl pulml j`cstruor ml lsl bogr` uc sostlhn ml ïtojn lc lb junb

sl `hotl t`m` prljlpt` h`rnb ^ul lstî gnsnm` lc procjopo`s
fnbs`s, y sl lblvn t`m` prljlpt` h`rnb qul lstï gnsnm` lc bn rnzúc
n uc covlb ml purlzn y plrfljjoúc hîs nbt` qul lb ml junbquolr
`tr` sostlhn.
 

(=) \c tnb sostlhn ml rlbodoúc y ïtojn c` pumolrn slr bn `grn ml

e`hgrls1 p`r j`csoduolctl, mlgl englr tlcom` su `rodlc lc MO@Z.
Lc junct` n b`s lsjrot`rls mlb Culv` ]lstnhlct`, sl pulml
mlh`strnr (>) qul t`m`s b`s eost`ronm`rls j`cforhnc qul b`s
npúst`bls sufrolr`c1 (7) qul sufrolr`c j`csjolctlhlctl1 (:) qul su-
frolr`c n jnusn ml su tlstoh`co`1 (=) qul b`s lvlct`s ml b`s junbls
lbb`s tlstofojngnc lrnc hobndr`s`s1 y (<) qul ls`s lvlct`s s`c b`s
hosh`s qul sl rlbntnc lc lb Culv` ]lstnhlct`.
Ml lstl h`m`, sl lstngbljl ucn fulrtl jnmlcn ml lvomlcjon ml
qul e`hgrls e`crnm`s, octlbodlctls, slcjobb`s y mlv`t`s,
nrrolsdngnc y nûc mngnc sus vomns lc np`y` ml b`s lvlct`s
hobndr`s`s
hobndr` s`s qul “lctrl c`s`tr`s enc som` jolrtèsoh`s‖. ¡Db`ron n
Mo`s p`r lstn jlrtomuhgrl! (Bujns >;>).
B`s lvlct`s ml bn vomn ml Jrost` y sus npúst`bls c`
nj`ctljolr`c
nj`ctljolr` c lc uc rocjúc, soc` qul lstuvolr`c ngolrt`s pnrn t`m`
lb hucm`. B`s npúst`bls nvlcturnr`c su t`m` s`grl bn
jlrtomuhgrl ml ls`s elje`s y hobls ml sus j`ctlhp`rîcl`s b`s
np`ynr`c. C` eny `tr`s lsjrot`s ml bn nctodòlmnm qul tlcdnc
tnctns lvomlcjons j`cvocjlctls j`h` lb Culv` ]lstnhlct`
]lstnhlct`..
 

JNYO]\B@ ><
BN J@CVLWZO@C ML ZN\B@

 Nctls ml mlknr culstr` lstumo` ml b`s hobndr`s mlb Culv`

]lstnhlct`, vnh`s n mlmojnr uc jnpotub` nb hobndr` lsporotunb
^ul solhprl en tlcom` lb budnr ml prllhoclcjon lctrl t`m`s b`s
mlhîs. M`s e`hgrls ml Ocdbntlrrn, Dobglrt Tlst y B`rm
Byttblt`c, qulrènc mlstruor lb jrostoncosh` j`c nrduhlct`s
orrlfutngbls. Nhg`s tlcènc moclr` pnrn vonknr y ucn
mltlrhocnjoúc ocm`hngbl ml pr`gnr qul bn fl jrostoncn lrn
t`tnbhlctl fnbsn. Zl molr`c julctn qul so sl p`mèn cldnr j`c
nrduhlct`s jolctèfoj`s bn rlsurrljjoúc ml Klsûs y Bns j`cvlrsoúc
ml Znub`, b`drnrènc su octlct`.
Lst`s m`s kúvlcls, puls, eojolr`c uc j`cvlco`. Tlst lsj`doú bn
rlsurrljjoúc ml Klsûs y Byttblt`c bn j`cvlrsoúc ml Znub` j`h`
gbncj` ml sus ntnquls. Ognc n t`hnr uc nþ` pnrn sus vonkls l oc-
vlstodnjo`cls hocujo`sns, y pr`hltolr`c rlucorsl lc Ocdbntlrrn
pnrn j`hpnrnr sus j`cjbuso`cls nb foc mlb nþ`.
 Nb pnsnr lb pbnz` slþnbnm`, b`s m`s sl rlucolr`c j`cf`rhl n b`
nj`rmnm`. Tlst mok` n su nhod` j`c nbd` ml totugl`; "]lcd` qul
j`cflsnrtl qul hos ocvlstodnjo`cls njlrjn ml bn rlsurrljjoúc ml
Klsûs c` rlsubtnr`c j`h` engèn lsplrnm`. Lc vlz ml slr
j`cforhnm` lc ho ntlèsh`, jnmn mèn ml vonkl y ml lstumo` hl eoz`
nvlrd`cznrhl hîs ml ho ocjrlmubomnm, y ne`rn jrl` forhlhlctl
qul lc vlrmnm Klsûs rlsujotú ml lctrl b`s hulrt`s, y mlsl` slr
uc` ml sus mosjèpub`s."
Drncml ful su s`rprlsn nb vlr ucn s`crosn ml j`csulb` lc budnr
ml lc`k` lc bn jnrn ml su nhod`. B`rm Byttblt`c j`cflsú tnhgoïc
qul t`mns sus ocvlstodnjo`cls bl engènc j`cvlcjom` ml bn rlnbomnm
ml bn j`cvlrsoúc ml Znub`1 y nhg`s sl j`cvortolr`c lc folbls
solrv`s y tlstod`s ml Klsujrost` enstn lb foc ml sus vomns.
Znub` lrn uc e`hgrl k`vlc, e`crnm`, octlbodlctl, golc lmujnm`,
mosjèpub` ml Dnhnbolb, lb fnrosl` jïblgrl ml Klrusnbïc. Cnjoú lc
]nrs`, bn drnc joumnm ml Jobojon lc Nson Hlc`r, m`cml su pnmrl
 

lrn uc kumè` folb qul engèn rljogom` b`s provobldo`s ml bn

joumnmncèn r`hncn (Elje`s 7>;:?1 77;7<-7?). Znub` lrn uc fnrosl`
fncîtoj`, njtov` y flrvolctl, y voc` n slr holhgr` mlb j`cjobo` mlb
Znclmrèc. Lrn huy socjlr` lc bn bly ml H`osïs, y rls`bvoú
lxtlrhocnr bn rlbodoúc jrostoncn, n bn qul ïb j`csomlrngn ucn
elrlkèn plrcojo`sn.
Lb c` súb` plrslduèn n b`s jrostonc`s lc Klrusnbïc. El nquè su
tlstoh`co` nb rlspljt`; “_` lcjlrrï lc jîrjlbls
jîrjlbls n huje`s ml b`s
snct`s, engolcm` rljogom` p`mlrls ml b`s procjopnbls snjlrm`tls; y
juncm` b`s hntnr`c, y` mo ho v`t`. _ hujens vljls, jnstodîcm`b`s
lc t`mns bns socnd`dns, b`s f`rjï n gbnsflhnr1 y lcfurljom` s`grl-
hnclrn j`ctrn lbb`s, b`s plrslduè enstn lc bns joumnmls
lxtrncklrns.‖ (Elje`s 76;>9, >>). 
>>). 
Cucjn eug` co engrî e`hgrl j`c hîs `mo` nb hlr` c`hgrl ml
Klsûs qul Znub`. °^uï ful, puls, b` qul bl jnhgoú lc uc
h`hlct`0 °^uï bl eoz` ngncm`cnr t`m`s sus lsfulrz`s lc j`ctrn
ml b`s jrostonc`s0 °^uï bl trncsf`rhú ml uc plrslduom`r rngo`s`
lc uc slduom`r euhobml y mlv`t` mlb mlsprljonm` Cnznrlc`0 °^uï
j`cvortoú nb lclhod` hîs flr`z lc lb hoso`clr` hîs j`csndrnm`
qul en tlcom` lb jrostoncosh`0 C` eny e`hgrl lc t`mn bn eost`ron
j`c uc jnrîjtlr hîs pur`, hîs socjlr`, hîs j`csndrnm`, co hîs
euhobml qul lb ml Yngb`1 nuc sus hosh`s lclhod`s knhîs
enbbnr`c fnbtn lc ïb. Zu vomn j`h` jrostonc` c` ls bn ml uc e`hgrl
nbujocnm` co bn ml uc b`j` fncîtoj`. ]nct` ml sus lsjrot`s j`h` ml
sus slrh`cls y su
su octlbodlcjon, ml vlrnjomnm
t`mn su j`cmujtn, p`mlh`s
y su slctom` pr`gnr su j`rmurn,
j`hûc.
Ls lvomlctl, puls, qul c` lstngn nbujocnm` co sl engèn vulbt`
b`j`, y b` qul bl jnhgoú ful mlsjrot` p`r ïb hosh` ml lstn hnclrn;
“Ylr` nj`ctljoú
nj`ctljoú qul ylcm` y`, nb bbldnr jlrjn ml Mnhnsj`, j`h` n
hlmo`mèn, ml rlplctl hl r`mlú hujen buz mlb jolb`1 y jnè nb sulb`,
y `è ucn v`z qul hl mljèn; Znub`, Znub`, °p`r quï hl plrsoduls0
 _` lct`cjls rlsp`cmè; °^uoïc lrls, Zlþ`r0 _ hl mok`; _` s`y
Klsûs ml Cnznrlt, n quolc tû plrsoduls. _ mokl; °^uï enrï, Zlþ`r0
 _ lb Zlþ`r hl mok`; Blvîctnt
Blvîctntl,
l, y vl n Mnhnsj`, y nbbè sl tl morî
t`m` b` qul lstî `rmlcnm` qul endns.‖ (Elje`s 77;6-5,
77;6 -5, >9). Znub`
vo` n Klsûs db`rofojnm`, y lsn vosoúc bl jnhgoú.
 

  Bn hny`r
hny`r pnrt
pnrtll ml
mlbb bog
bogr`
r` mmll b`s Elje`s sl `jupn mmll bb`s
`s tro
troucf`s
ucf`s
mlb lvncdlbo` prlmojnm` p`r Yngb` lc t`mns pnrtls mlb hucm`
lct`cjls j`c`jom` (J`b`slcsls >;<, 6, 7:). Zus lpèst`bns n bns
odblsons dlctobls, t`mns lsjrotns nctls ml b`s lvncdlbo`s, c`s
prulgnc qul ïb engèn rljogom` b` qul bbnhn bbnhn "ho lvncdlbo`‖
(W`hnc`s 7;>6) c` ml e`hgrl nbduc`, soc` p`r rlvlbnjoúc ml
Klsujrost` (Dîbntns >;>>-7=).
>;>>-7=). “Bn tl`b`dèn pnubocn, lstn tl`b`dèn
ml uc fnrosl` j`cvlrtom`, ls bn prulgn hîs flenjolctl mlb p`mlr
ucovlrsnb y j`hpblt` p`r sè hosh` ml bn ocfbulcjon ml bn plrs`cn
ml Klsujrost`‖
Klsujrost`‖ (Enrcnja). 
(Enrcnja). 
Lxostlc juntr` tl`rèns qul p`mrènc lxpbojnr bn j`cvlrsoúc ml
Znub` (>) ^ul lrn ohp`st`r, prlmojncm` b` qul sngèn slr fnbs`, j`c
bn octlcjoúc ml lcdnþnr n sus `om`rls. (7) ^ul lrn lctusonstn,
lcdnþîcm`sl n sè hosh` p`r lb nrm`r ml su ohndocnjoúc. (:) ^ul
lrn lcdnþnm` ïb hosh` p`r lb frnuml ml `tr`s, y qul t`m` b` qul
prlmojngn sl mlgèn nb p`mlr lcdnþnm`r ml lbb`s. (=) ^ul lc vlrmnm
ïb vo` n Klsûs, y qul lsn vosoúc db`ro`sn lfljtuú lb jnhgo`
hobndr`s` lc ïb, b` qul prulgn tlrhocnctlhlctl bn vlrmnm ml
t`mn bn rlbodoúc jrostoncn.

Lc j`csomlrnjoúc ml lstns p`sogobomnmls, p`mlh`s c`tnr;

(>) ^ul c` lrn ohp`st`r, p`rqul c` lxostl h`tov` nbduc` pnrn qul

ïb lhprlcmolsl tnb ohp`sturn, tnhp`j` eugolrn p`mom` b`drnr lb
octlct`
(n)p`r b`s hït`m`s qul ïb usngn. Wlj`rmlh`s qul;
  \cn ohp`sturn sl h`tovn p`r ucn lsplrnczn ml
dncncjon ` p`r bn sntosfnjjoúc ml nbducns pnso`cls1 y c`
eug` tnbls h`tov`s lc Znub`.
(g)  \cn ohp`sturn tnc trlhlcmn c` eugolrn p`mom` slr
lfljtunmn p`r uc s`b` e`hgrl, tlcolcm` lc j`ctrn bn p`bètojn
y lb p`mlr mlb hndostrnm`1 lb octlrïs, bn rlputnjoúc y bn
sutoblzn ml b`s snjlrm`tls1 b`s prlkuojo`s y pnso`cls mlb
pulgb`1 y bn sngomurèn y `rdubb` ml b`s fobús`f`s.

(7) ^ul c` eug` lc Yngb` b`s ocdrlmolctls ml b`s junbls sl

j`hp`cl lb lctusonsh`;
 

(n) Nrm`r ml bns pnso`cls1 (g) hlbncj`bèn1 (j) odc`rncjon1 (m)

jrlmubomnm1 y (l) nrr`dncjon.
Y`r bn nuslcjon ml lstns j`sns lc ïb, p`mlh`s vlr qul c`
lrn lctusonstn.

(:) ^ul lrn h`rnbhlctl ohp`sogbl qul b`s mosjèpub`s ml Klsûs

nj`hltolrnc bn lhprlsn ml jnhgonr n su lclhod` p`r hlmo` ml
uc frnuml. Kuctnhlctl j`c lbb`, bls lrn fèsojnhlctl ohp`sogbl b`-
drnr tnb octlct`
octlct`,, so b` eugolrnc j`cjlgom`. Lb rlprlslctngn t`m` lb
p`mlr ljblsoîstoj` ml b`s kumè`s, c` súb` lc Ynblstocn, soc` lc t`m`s
b`s mlhîs pnèsls, holctrns qul b`s jrostonc`s lrnc p`r nqulb
lct`cjls uc drup` plqulþ`, plrslduom`, hnbtrlje` y mlsprljonm`
p`r t`m`s.

(=) ^ulmn, puls, bn ûbtohn ml bns tl`rèns, pr`gnmn y golc

j`cforhnmn. Znub` vo` n Klsûs rlsujotnm`, y lstn vosoúc bl jnhgoú
ml plrslduom`r lc slduom`r. Zu j`cvlrsoúc en ocfbuom` lc bns
j`rrolctls ml bn eost`ron enstn lb mèn ml e`y.
 

JNYÈ]\B@ >6
BN LVOMLCJON ML BN
EOZ]@WON

Bn jruz ml Jrost` ls lb lvlct` jlctrnb ml t`mn bn eost`ron, y

pr`yljtn su s`hgrn ntrîs y nmlbnctl s`grl t`m`s b`s sodb`s ml bn
lxostlcjon ml bn rnzn euhncn. B`s qul vovolr`c murnctl b`s
juntr` hob nþ`s nctls ml bn jruz fulr`c snbv`s p`r su vortum,
horncm` nmlbnctl,  nb snjrofojo` pr`hltom`. ]`m`s b`s qul enc
vovom` mlspuïs ml bn vlcomn ml Jrost` enc som` snbv`s horncm`
ntrîs n bn lxponjoúc eljen lc bn jruz p`r Klsujrost` lb Znbvnm`r.
Y`r hlmo` ml bn eost`ron ml bn odblson jrostoncn lc b`s m`s
hoblco`s pnsnm`s p`mlh`s snjnr ucn lvomlcjon p`mlr`sn njlrjn
ml su vnb`r lc lb hucm`. Lb jrostoncosh` ls  prnjtojngbl,  y b`
p`mlh`s pr`gnr p`r sus rlsubtnm`s. Zu jrljoholct` c` en som`
hljîcoj` soc` lsporotunb, y j`h` nbduolc golc en moje`;
"J`cstruor ucn jnsn ls ucn j`sn, plr` sl rlquolrl hîs tolhp`
pnrn qul jrlzjn uc Îrg`b1 y j`cstruor uc e`hgrl ls `trn j`tn, qul
rlquolrl huje` hîs tolhp`." Lb mlsnrr`bb` ml bn Odblson c` sl
enjl ml nfulrn, j`h` lsjubpor ucn lstntun ml uc gb`qul ml
hîrh`b, soc` qul sl enjl ml nmlctr`, p`r hlmo` ml bn `plrnjoúc
mlbElh`s
Lspèrotu ml Mo`s
vost` lcmurnctl
yn qul b`s j`rnz`cls
bn vomny vomns ml b`s
ml Yngb`, jrostonc`s.
nctls mlb nþ` 69
M.J., lb lvncdlbo` ful prlmojnm` lc t`mns pnrtls mlb hucm`
lct`cjls j`c`jom` (J`b`slcsls >;6, 7:). ]uv` qul j`cfr`ctnr lb
nctnd`cosh` ml b`s kumè`s, lb mlsprljo` ml bns dlctls ml jubturn,
bns gurbns ml b`s fobús`f`s, y t`mn plrsljujoúc qul Zntncîs pum`
blvnctnr lc j`ctrn ml bn Odblson lc t`m`s b`s pnèsls. N plsnr ml
t`m`, y nuc juncm` hobls ml jrostonc`s fulr`c hnrtoroznm`s p`r su
fl, bn sncdrl ml b`s hîrtorls en som` bn slhobbn ml bn Odblson lc
t`mns bns lmnmls.
Lb lvncdlbo` ml Klsujrost` en pr`gnm` tlclr jnpnjomnm pnrn
enjlr frlctl n t`mns bns f`rhns ml `p`sojoúc, en mlh`strnm` qul
 

pulml sntosfnjlr bns cljlsomnmls lsporotunbls ml t`mn jbnsl ml

e`hgrls1 cucjn en rltr`jlmom` nctl b`s jbohns, b`s d`golrc`s, co
bns j`cmojo`cls s`jonbls ` rnjonbls, soc` qul en tlcom` lc t`m`s b`s
sodb`s ucn fulrzn octlro`r qul bl en plrhotom` snbor troucfnctl. En
engom` tolhp`s ml mljnmlcjon y `gsjuromnm, juncm` bn bîhpnrn
ml bn vlrmnm pnrljèn lstnr lc plbodr` ml slr npndnmn, plr`
solhprl en tlcom` Mo`s sus solrv`s folbls lsj`cmom`s, y nb foc bn
buz en rlspbncmljom` hîs qul cucjn.
Lb npúst`b Yngb`, p`r su prlmojnjoúc ocspornmn, en som` bbnhnm`
lb jrlnm`r ml bn Lur`pn h`mlrcn. Huje` mlgl tnhgoïc Lur`pn n
 Ndustèc, Jblhlct
Jblhlctl,
l, y @rèdlcls lc lb procjopo`1 y mlspuïs n
Hnrtèc Butlr` y sus j`bng`rnm`rls lc bn Wlf`rhn mlb sodb` UVO,
mlspuïs ml b`s sodb`s ml `sjuromnm gnk` lb d`golrc` ml bn odblson ml
W`hn.
“Butlr` mo` ucn culvn morljjoúc nb mlsnrr`bb` sugsoduolctl ml
bn vomn lur`pln. Ful lb nh` ml su lmnm, y j`cvortoú sus hlk`rls
fulrzns lc ucn lxprlsoúc culvn l ohp`rtnctè
ohp`rtnctèsohn.
sohn. Lsjrogor bn eos-
t`ron ml bn Wlf`rhn y mlknr n Butlr` fulrn mlb rlbnt` ls ohp`sogbl.
J`cjlmolcm` qul lc lb h`voholct` lstngnc octlrlsnmns drncmls
omlns, ïstns lstngnc soc lhgnrd` jlctrnboznmns lc bn plrs`cn-
bomnm hîs fulrtl ml nqulb tolhp`, y p`r hlmo` ml lsn octrïpomn
f`rtnblzn fulr`c ohprlsns lsns omlns j`c lclrdèn lblhlctnb lc bn
ohndocnjoúc y lc lb j`rnzúc ml Lur`pn‖ (D`rm`c). Vlh`s qul lc
t`mns bns lmnmls Mo`s tolcl su e`hgrl, y p`r hlmo` ml ïb bn
nct`rjen ls blvnctnmn
B`s lsfulrz`s y pnsnmn
ml lclhod`s n `tr`s.
qul octlctngnc solhprl mlstruor nb
jrostoncosh` pulmlc huy golc lklhpbnroznrsl lc bn plrs`cnbomnm
mlb lhplrnm`r Kubonc`, quoïc ocojoú bn plrsljujoúc hîs slvlrn, y
qul lc su rngon y lcj`c` slhlkngn n Znub` ml ]nrs`. Zoc
lhgnrd`, p`r jnmn uc` qul hntngn, molz culv`s jrostonc`s sl
blvnctngnc. Zl mojl qul uc` ml b`s j`rtlsnc`s prlductú lc t`c`
ml gurbn n uc hocostr`; "°^uï lstî enjolcm` ne`rn tu eok` lb
jnrpoctlr`0‖ y qul lb jrostonc` rlpbojú; “Lstî enjolcm` lc lstl
h`hlct` uc ntnûm pnrn tu lhplrnm`r.‖
lhplrnm`r.‖ Kubonc` cucjn ful
j`cvlrtom`, plr` mojlc qul huroú lxjbnhncm`; "¡@e Dnbobl`, tû
ens troucfnm`!‖ 
troucfnm`!‖ 
 

  Nbduc`s eost`ronm`rls enc octlctnm` pr`gnr qul lb jrljoholct`

mlb jrostoncosh` sl mlgoú n jnusns cnturnbls, plr` ls` cucjn
p`mrî pr`gnrsl. Bn ûcojn jnusn ls lb p`mlr s`grlcnturnb ml
Klsujrost`, bn ocfbulcjon ml sus lcslþnczns s`grl b`s e`hgrls, y
bn p`tlcjon ml su sncdrl prljo`sn pnrn bnvnrb`s ml sus pljnm`s y
enjlrb`s culvns jronturns p`r lb culv` cnjoholct`. Cútlsl b` qul
ïb en elje` lc bn j`cmojoúc mlb coþ`, ml bn huklr y mlb lsjbnv`.
Lc jnmn uc` ml ls`s jns`s ml jrulbmnm ocmljogbl lc sodb`s
pnsnm`s, m`cmlquolrn qul en rlspbncmljom` bn buz mlb lvncdlbo`,
t`mn bn jrulbmnm y `prlsoúc enc mlsnpnrljom`.
“Bn jnrnjtlrèstojn s`grlsnbolctl ml bn jovoboznjoúc
jovoboznjoúc nctodun ls
qul lb lstnm` b` lrn t`m`, lb ocmovomu` cnmn. Ne`rn, nb j`ctrnro`, lb
vnb`r mlb ocmovomu` lstî trncsf`rhncm` blctnhlctl culstr`s
omlnbls lc bn vomn p`bètojn, lj`cúhojn y rlbodo`sn. Lc lb lstnm` lb
mlrlje` n v`tnr, lc lb hucm` ocmustronb lb mlrlje` n ucn
`p`rtucomnm, y lc bn lsflrn rlbodo`sn boglrtnm pnrn nm`rnr n Mo`s,
s`c b`s omlnbls. Boglrtnm, odunbmnm, frntlrcomnm, lrnc omlns
lxtrnþns nb hucm` nctodu`1 tnhgoïc lb mlrlje` ml t`m` e`hgrl
pnrn j`ctnrsl j`h` uc`, y lb mlrlje` ml cocdûc e`hgrl pnrn
j`ctnrsl j`h` hîs ml uc`. Lb e`hgrl lc lb hny`r lstnm` ml
gnrgnrol ls t`mnvèn uc e`hgrl1 lb e`hgrl lc bn p`sojoúc hîs nbtn
c` ls hîs qul uc e`hgrl" (Hubbocs).
Y`mlh`s c`tnr ne`rn bn fnjtogobomnm mlb jrostoncosh` lc bn `grn
hoso`clrn, qul ls su octlrprltnjoúc vlrmnmlrn
vlrmnmlrn.. J`hlczú lctrl b`s
 kumè`s, uc pulgb`
mosjèpub`s fncîtoj`p`r
qul snbolslc y lxjbusov`. Klsûs engèn
t`m` lb hucm` moje` n sus
y prlmojnslc lb
lvncdlbo` n t`mn jronturn, plr` lstûmolsl Elje`s >9  pnrn vlr
juîc mofèjob lrn qul Ylmr` soquolrn lctrnsl gnk` lb tlje` ml uc r`-
hnc`1 y lc lb jnpètub` >> vlh`s júh` ful jrotojnm` p`r `tr`s
jrostonc`s p`r englrb` elje`. Bïnsl Elje`s >>;>?-7=1 >:;>-=, =6-
=?. Lc t`m`s b`s vonkls hoso`clr`s ml Yngb` vlh`s júh` ïb ogn ml-
h`strncm` qul lb lvncdlbo` lrn uc hlcsnkl ucovlrsnb. Mlspuïs ml
su hulrtl, mlsml W`hn, lb jlctr` mlb hucm`, sl lspnrjoú lb
jrostoncosh` lc t`mns pnrtls ml bn tolrrn. Lstl puþnm` ml prlmo-
jnm`rls ” 
jnm`rls  ” fncîtoj`s,
fncîtoj`s, b`j`s, lc `pocoúc mlb hucm` ”  snbolr`c
  snbolr`c pnrn
`glmljlr lb hncmnt` ml su Hnlstr`.
 

  Lb lspèrotu
lspèrotu qqul
ul nncohngn
cohngn n bb`s
`s hos
hoso`clr`s
o`clr`s lc tt`mns
`mns bns lmnmls
sl mlsjrogl nsè; "Lb nh`r ml Jrost` c`s j`cstroþl… s`h`s
lhgnknm`rls lc c`hgrl ml Jrost`, j`h` so Mo`s r`dnsl p`r hlmo`
ml c`s`tr`s1 `s r`dnh`s lc c`hgrl ml Jrost`; Wlj`cjobon`s j`c
Mo`s... C` mnh`s n cnmol cocducn `jnsoúc ml tr`polz`, pnrn qul
culstr` hocostlro` c` sln votuplrnm`1 nctls golc, c`s rlj`-
hlcmnh`s lc t`m` j`h` hocostr`s ml Mo`s, lc hujen pnjolcjon,
lc trogubnjo`cls, lc cljlsomnmls, lc ncdustons1 lc nz`tls, lc
jîrjlbls, lc tuhubt`s, lc trngnk`s, lc mlsvlb`s, lc nyuc`s1 lc
purlzn, lc jolcjon, lc b`cdncohomnm, lc g`cmnm, lc lb Lspèrotu
Znct`, lc nh`r socjlr`, lc pnbngrn ml vlrmnm, lc p`mlr ml Mo`s,
j`c nrhns ml kustojon n molstrn y n socolstrn1 p`r e`crn y p`r
mlse`crn, p`r hnbn fnhn y p`r gulcn fnhn1 j`h` lcdnþnm`rls,
plr` vlrnjls1 j`h` mlsj`c`jom`s, plr` golc j`c`jom`s1 j`h`
h`rogucm`s, hns el nquè vovoh`s1 j`h` jnstodnm`s, hns c`
hulrt`s1 j`h` lctrostljom`s, hns solhprl d`z`s`s1 j`h` p`grls,
hîs lcroquljolcm` n huje`s1 j`h` c` tlcolcm` cnmn, hîs
p`slyïcm`b` t`m`" (7 J`rocto`s <;>=-7>1 6;5->9).
"Lb hoso`clr` mlgl tlclr juntr` pnso`cls; (>) ucn pnsoúc p`r bn
vlrmnm1 (7) ucn pnsoúc p`r Jrost`1 (:) ucn pnsoúc p`r bns nbhns ml
b`s e`hgrls1 y (=) ucn pnsoúc p`r bn ngcldnjoúc" (Yolrs`c). Lc
lstl lspèrotu, hobls ml b`s tlstod`s mlb Zlþ`r enc snbom` n t`mns
pnrtls mlb hucm`, enstn b`s ûbtoh`s j`cfocls ml bn tolrrn. Y`r
fnbtn ml lspnjo` c` p`mlh`s hlcjo`cnr sus c`hgrls, plr` lc bn
slducmn
forhnhlct`,vlcomn mlbnsJrost`
y j`h` grobbnrîc
lstrlbbns j`h`ltlrcomnm.
n plrpltun lb rlspbncm`r mlb
Bns lvomlcjons jrostoncns sl vlc c` súb` lc bns hubtotumls ml
nbhns dncnmns p`r Jrost`, soc` tnhgoïc lc bns `grns botlrnrons ml
sus hocostr`s. Bn Gogbon ` pnrtls ml lbbn enc som` trnmujomns n
hîs ml hob omo`hns, y hîs ml juntr` hobb`cls ml lsns p`rjo`cls
s`c mostroguomns jnmn nþ` lc b`s jnhp`s hoso`clr`s. Eny hobls ml
`rfncnt`ro`s, lsjulbns, y `trns ocstotujo`cls tnhgoïc, m`cml lb ls-
porotn jrostonc` ls hncoflstnm` pr`vlylcm` juomnm` n b`s julrp`s
y bns hlctls ml b`s qul cljlsotnc nb Znbvnm`r y Zncnm`r.
 

  Lb drnc jrljoholct` lc llbb cûhlr`

cûhlr` ml jrlylctls lc bb`s
`s vnro`
vnro`ss
jnhp`s hoso`clr`s ls uc tlstoh`co` qul c` sl pulml rlfutnr. Lc
b`s 799 nþ`s lctrl ><99 M.J. y >499 M.J. sl j`cvortolr`c hîs
nbhns qul murnctl b`s prohlr`s hob nþ`s. Murnctl bn prohlrn
hotnm mlb sodb` vloctl, lb cûhlr` ml jrostonc`s lc lb hucm` sl en
mupbojnm`, y sl mojl qul lc b`s c`vlctn nþ`s pnsnm`s lb
jrostoncosh` en dncnm` jnso trls vljls hîs qul b` qul eoz` mu-
rnctl b`s prohlr`s hob quocolct
quocolct`s
`s nþ`s.

Ls trostl j`cflsnrb`, soc lhgnrd`, t`m`s b`s lsfulrz`s

hoso`clr`s c` enc p`mom` nbjncznr lb nuhlct` ml bn p`gbnjoúc mlb
hucm`. N plsnr ml t`mns bns nbhns dncnmns, hîs ml bn hotnm ml
b`s engotnctls ml lstn tolrrn lb mèn ml e`y ynjlc lc tocolgbns
lsporotunbls, soc Mo`s y soc Jrost`. Bn ûcojn lsplrnczn mlb hucm`
lstî lc bn slducmn vlcomn ml Jrost`. Lb vlcmrî n rlocnr, y
lct`cjls t`m` b` hnb` slrî quotnm` y slrîc lstngbljomns bn kustojon
y bn pnz.
"Zlrî ljenm` uc puþnm` ml drnc` lc bn tolrrn, lc bns juhgrls
ml b`s h`ctls1 su frut` enrî ruom` j`h` lb Bègnc`, y b`s ml bn
joumnm fb`rljlrîc j`h` bn eolrgn ml bn tolrrn. Zlrî su c`hgrl
pnrn solhprl, sl plrpltunrî su c`hgrl holctrns murn lb s`b.
Glcmotn slrîc lc ïb t`mns bns cnjo`cls1 b` bbnhnrîc
golcnvlcturnm`. Glcmot` Kle`vî Mo`s, lb Mo`s ml Osrnlb, lb ûcoj`
qul enjl hnrnvobbns. Glcmot` su c`hgrl db`ro`s` pnrn solhprl, y
t`mn
>?). bn tolrrn sln bblcn ml su db`ron. Nhïc y nhïc" (Znbh` 47;>6-
 

JNYÈ]\B@ >4
 NBD\CNZ MOFOJ\B]
MOFOJ\B]NMLZ
NMLZ
GOGBOJNZ

>.  Bn huklr ml Jnèc  (Dïclsos =;>4). Huje`s ml b`s lclhod`s

procjoponc sus njusnjo`cls lc j`ctrn mlb lvncdlbo` prlductncm`
múcml lcj`ctrú Jnèc su lsp`sn. Zoc mumn ïb sl jnsú j`c ucn ml
sus elrhncns, p`rqul huje`s eok`s l eokns cnjolr`c ml Nmîc y
Lvn mlspuïs ml bn hulrtl ml Nglb.
7. Lb slpubjr` ml Ngrnenh (Dïclsos 7:;><->41 ::;>?1 =?;:9-:71
<9;>:1 K`suï 7=;:71 Elje`s 4;><, >6). J`hpnrncm`
juomnm`snhlctll t`m`s lst`s pnsnkls, vlh`s qul sldûc Dïclsos 7:
juomnm`snhlct
 Ngrnenh j`hprú uc slpubjr` lc Elgrúc bbnhnm` bn julvn ml
Hnjplbn, kuctnhlctl j`c lb jnhp` y t`m`s sus îrg`bls. Nbbè
 Ngrnenh, Znrn, Osnnj,
Osnnj, Wlgljn
Wlgljn,, Knj`g y Bln fulr`c slpubt
slpubtnm`s.
nm`s. Ml
Elje`s 4;>6 vlh`s qul Ngrnenh j`hprú `tr` slpubjr` lc
Zoqulh, qul c` lstî hlcjo`cnm` lc Dïclsos. Nbbè fulr`c
slpubtnm`s K`sï y sus elrhnc`s. Lc Dïclsos ::;>? vlh`s qul
Knj`g tnhgoïc j`hprú uc jnhp` lc Zoqulh ” 
Zoqulh  ” pr`gngblhlctl
pr`gngblhlctl lb
hosh` jnhp` lc hlmo` mlb junb su ngulb` Ngrnenh engèn
j`hprnm` yn uc slpubjr` ”  y  y n lsl jnhp` sl enjl rlflrlcjon lc
K`suï 7=;:71 Dïclsos
:. Fnrnúc =5;771 Kunc =;<, 6.
lcmurljolcm` su j`rnzúc  (Ïx`m` =;7>). Lc lb
procjopo` Fnrnúc lcmurljoú su pr`po` j`rnzúc (Ïx`m` 4;>=1 5;><,
:7), y buld` lb nh`r y bn pnjolcjon ml Mo`s rlsubtnr`c lc enjlrb`
hîs y hîs mur`, holctrns Mo`s lc su hoslroj`rmon bl plrm`cngn y
bl mngn rlpltomns `p`rtucomnmls ml nrrlplctorsl. Bn drnjon ml
Mo`s ls j`h` lb s`b, qul rlspbncmljl s`grl t`m`s p`r odunb (Hntl`
<;=<). B`s hosh`s rny`s jnylcm` s`grl ucn hnsn ml hnctlquobbn
bn mlrrotlc, y s`grl ucn hnsn ml gnrr` bn lcmurljlc hîs y hîs.
=. Fnrnúc c` sl ne`dú lc lb hnr W`k`  (Ïx`m` >=;5->9, >4, >5,
761 ><;>?1 Mlutlr`c`ho` >>;=). Lb lkïrjot` lrn ml Fnrnúc1 y ls bn
j`stuhgrl ucovlrsnb engbnr ml b` qul enjl uc lkïrjot` j`h` b`s
 

njt`s ml su rly, plr` huy rnrns vljls vn ïb lc plrs`cn j`c lbb`s.

Lc bn Zlducmn Dulrrn Hucmonb vlènh`s b`s rlp`rtls ml qul
“Eotblr ocvnmoú Wuson――,
Wuson――, ` “Eotblr j`cquostú tnb ` junb joumnm‖,
juncm` t`m`s sngènc qul ïb c` ogn plrs`cnbhlctl j`c sus
lkïrjot`s. Bn h`hon ml lstl hosh` Fnrnúc lstî prlslrvnmn enstn
lb mèn ml e`y y sl
s l pulml vlr lc lb husl` ml Lb Jnor`, Ldopt`1 y b`s
nrqulú  b`d`s c`s mojlc qul lsn h`hon c` ful enbbnmn lc bn `robbn
mlb hnr W`k`.
<. Bn huklr jusotn ml H`osïs (Cûhlr`s >7;>). Zïf`rn c` lrn lc
vlrmnm jusotn (ls mljor, ml Îfrojn) soc` eokn mlb snjlrm`tl ml
Hnmoîc, ucn ml bns trogus slhotns mlsjlcmolctls ml Ngrnenh
(Ïx`m` 7;>6, >4). Ylr` ls pr`gngbl qul Hnrèn eugolrn tlcom` ucn
roþn j`c lbbn y bn bbnhngn “jusotn" p`r rlcj`r ”   tnb vlz j`c
rlspljt` n su tlz h`rlcn.
6.  Gnbnnh lb pr`fltn ns nbnronm` (Cûhlr`s 77;>-<, >7, >?1 7<;>-
nsnbnronm`
?1 :>;>61 Mlutlr`c`ho` 7:;=1 K`suï >:;771 Hoqulns 6;<-51 Ylmr`
7;><1 Kumns >>). \c lstumo` ml lst`s pnsnkls pr`gnrî qul Gnbnnh
c` lrn pndnc` soc` uc pr`fltn ml Kle`vî qul vovèn lc Ylt`r, n bn
`robbn mlb rè` Ïufrntls. Gnbnj, rly ml H`ng, sè lrn pndnc`1 plr` ïb
tlcèn fl lc bns hnbmojo`cls ml Gnbnnh y quos` nbquobnrbl pnrn
hnbmljor n Osrnlb. Nb procjopo` Mo`s mok` jbnrnhlctl n Gnbnnh qul
c` fulsl n H`ng, plr` ïb tlcèn su hlctl pulstn lc bn dncncjon, y
b`s prlho`s `frljom`s p`r Gnbnj bl jnhgonr`c ml uc nm`rnm`r ml
Kle`vî lc uc` qul j`csporngn j`ctrn ïb. Mo`s bl eoz` pr`cucjonr
bns glcmojo`cls
hosh` lb`julctl
lb`julctls
pr`fltn sudoroú n sGnbnj
ml Cûhlr`s
lb pbnc 7: y 7=, plr`
ocflrcnb mlspuïsnlstl
ml slmujor bns
m`cjlbbns osrnlbotns p`r hlmo` ml bns folstns om`bîtrojns ml H`ng,
y Gnbnnh hosh` ful hulrt` lc lb kuojo` slvlr` qul soduoú.
4. Bn pbnyn ml Gnnb-pl`r  (Cûhlr`s 7<;>-?1  > J`rocto`s >9;5).
C` eny j`ctrnmojjoú
j `ctrnmojjoúc
c nquè, nucqul huje`s b` nforhnc. Yngb` mojl
qul vloctotrïs hob fulr`c lkljutnm`s p`r lb kuojo` ml Mo`s lc uc
s`b` mèn1 holctrns qul hob hîs hurolr`c mlspuïs, enjolcm` lb
t`tnb ml vloctojuntr` hob, j`h` b` rldostrn lb bogr` ml Cûhlr`s.
5. Bn oc`jlcjon ml Mnvom (7 Znhulb 77;79 ‚ 741
741 Znbh` >5;79 ‚ 76).
76).
Huje`s enc lxpbojnm` lstn pr`tlstn ml oc`jlcjon mojolcm` qul
Mnvom lrn j`hpnrntovnhlctl
j`hpnrntovnhlctl oc`jlctl, y qul c` vovèn ucn vomn ml
 

hnbmnm co ml om`bntrèn. Ylr` lc vostn ml sus drncmls jrèhlcls ” 

jrèhlcls  ” 
qul c` tolclc lxjusn p`sogbl ”  lstn
  lstn lxpbojnjoúc c` c`s sntosfnjl.
Yr`gngblhlctl Mnvom lstngn huy s`rprlcmom` y euhobbnm`
juncm` lb Lspèrotu ml Mo`s bl ocsporú n lsjrogor lstns pnbngrns, y
ïb hosh` tuv` qul gusjnr su lxpbojnjoúc.
Lb Zlþ`r c`s lcslþn nquè ucn pr`fucmn vlrmnm, y ls qul lb
plrmúc y bn glcmojoúc c` sl pulmlc j`cslduor soc` mlspuïs ml
ucn lxponjoúc. Lb Mo`s kust` tolcl qul jnstodnr lb pljnm`, y
s`bnhlctl p`r uc snjrofojo` plrfljt` sl pulml enjlr bn lxponjoúc.
Lstl jîctoj` ml Mnvom ls hlsoîcoj`; mlsjrogl n bn rnzn euhncn
eucmoïcm`sl lc t`rrlctls ml ocoquomnm, jbnhncm` n Mo`s y solcm`
rlsjntnmn p`r bn vlcomn ml su Eok` ucodïcot`, lb Hlsèns
pr`hltom`. Lb c` súb` bogrn nb pljnm`r ml bns hujens nduns y bl
p`cl lc snbv`, soc` qul tnhgoïc bl vostl ml bn plrfljtn kustojon ml
JWOZ]@ qul nquè lstî mlsjrotn.
?. Lb jlcs` ml Mnvom  (7 Znhulb 7=;?1 > Jrúcojns 7>;<). Bn
moflrlcjon lc bns jofrns sl lxpbojn nsè; lc t`m` Osrnlb eug`
>.>99.999 j`ctnm`s, y lctrl lbb`s 599.999 lrnc "s`bmnm`s
vnbolctls‖. Mlb hosh` h`m` lc Kumî eug` <99.999, holctrns b`s
s`bmnm`s lrnc =49.999. Ls pr`gngbl qul t`m`s b`s j`ctnm`s lrnc
jnpnjls ml "snjnr lspnmn‖, ` ml lmnm hobotnr, y  y  qul lb cûhlr`
hlc`r lc nhg`s jns`s rlprlslctngn n b`s qul rlnbhlctl lstngnc
lc lb lkïrjot` lc nqulb tolhp`.
>9. Bn lrn ml Nrnucn  (7 Znhulb 7=;7=1 > Jrúcojns 7>;7<).
Mnvom j`hprú bn lrn y b`s gulyls lb hosh` mèn p`r jocjulctn
sojb`s ml pbntn1 y mlspuïs j`csoduoú t`m` lb soto`, qul j`hprlcmèn
t`m` lb h`ctl ml H`rone, p`r slosjolct`s sojb`s ml `r`, uc prljo`
huje` hîs drncml.
>>. B`s lspèrotus hnb`s usnm`s p`r Mo`s (Kuljls ?;7:1 > Znhulb
>6;>=1 > Wlyls 77;77, 7:1 K`g >7;>61 Lzlquolb >=;?1 7
]lsnb`cojlcsls 7;>>). Nb lstumonr t`m`s lst`s pnsnkls, mlglh`s
rlj`rmnr qul Mo`s c` ls lb nut`r mlb hnb, soc` qul ïb enjl t`m` b`
qul pulml pnrn rltrnlr nb e`hgrl ml sus hnb`s jnhoc`s, soc
f`rznr su bogrl nbglmrè`. B`s lsjrot`rls ml bn Gogbon enjlc
rlflrlcjon n bn s`glrncèn ml Mo`s, juncm` plrhotl bns njtovomnmls
ml b`s lspèrotus hnb`s, j`h` so fulrn ïb quolc bns ocstodnsl. B`
 

jolrt` ls qul lbb`s solhprl qulrènc lblvnr b`s plcsnholct`s mlb

e`hgrl nb m`hoco` ngs`but` ml Kle`vî lc su ucovlrs`, y nb elje`
ml qul ïb ls p`mlr`s` pnrn dunrmnr y nyumnr n b`s suy`s qul
j`cfènc lc ïb.
 Nb hosh` tolhp`, ls jbnr` qul juncm` b`s e`hgrls, ml su
pr`po` nbglmrè` lsj`dlc lb jnhoc` ml Zntncîs, Mo`s b`s mlkn slr
tlctnm`s, lcdnþnm`s y bblvnm`s nb ocfolrc` p`r lb duèn qul lbb`s
hosh`s enc lsj`dom`, j`h` eoz` j`c Fnrnúc. Hujens vljls ïb
pr`fltozn lc su Ynbngrn lb foc ml b`s jnhoc`s ml lbb`s, qul ïb
j`c`jl p`r jnusn ml su prlsjolcjon1 y su trntnholct` j`c lbb`s sl
pulml rlsuhor lc bns pnbngrns ml > Wlyls >7;><; "Lrn mlsodco` ml
Kle`vî pnrn j`cforhnr bn pnbngrn qul Kle`vî engèn engbnm`."
>7. Bns ohprljnjo`cls ml b`s Znbh`s. Bïncsl b`s Znbh`s 4, :<,
<?, 6? y >9?. Lc lst`s Znbh`s sl vl uc lspèrotu ml vlcdnczn, ml
hnbmojoúc y ml lclhostnm qul ls j`ctrnro` n bns lcslþnczns mlb
Culv` ]lstnhlct`. Bn lxpbojnjoúc j`csostl lc qul b`s snct`s mlb
 Nctodu` ]lstnhlc
]lstnhlctl tl c` enjènc mostocjoúc lctrl lb pljnm`r y su
pljnm`, y jrlènc qul p`rqul Mo`s ng`rrljl lb pljnm`, ïb `mon tnh-
goïc nb pljnm`r. Jrlènc qul lbb`s tnhgoïc tlcènc qul enjlrb`
(Znbh` >:?;7>, 77). Klsûs lcslþú n sus mosjèpub`s n nhnr nb
pljnm`r, holctrns ng`rrljènc sus hnbmnmls (Hntl` <;:5-=5).
C`s`tr`s mlglh`s enjlr b` hosh`, y npbojnr t`mns bns oh-
prljnjo`cls ml b`s Znbh`s nb pljnm`, ` n Zntncîs. Hujens ml lbbns
s`c pr`fljèns ml b` qul Mo`s vn n enjlr nb nctojrost`.
>:. Lb jnhp` mlb nbfnrlr` (Hntl` 74;?, >91 [njnrèns >>;>7, >:).
Cútlsl qul Hntl` c` mojl qul Klrlhèns lsjrogoú bn pr`fljèn ml bn
j`hprn ml lstl jnhp`, soc` qul ïb engbú.  Lc Klrlhèns >5;>-=
tlclh`s bn cnrrnjoúc ml ucn vosotn mlb pr`fltn n bn jnsn mlb
nbfnrlr`1 y ls pr`gngbl qul Klrlhèns lc nqulb tolhp` engbú b` qul
[njnrèns lsjrogoú mlspuïs gnk` bn morljjoúc mlb Lspèrotu Znct`.
>=. B`s qul v`bvolr`c mlb jnutovlro`. ]lclh`s m`s bostns ml b`s
 kumè`s qul v`bvolr`c ml su jnutovomnm lc Gngob`co
Gngob`con,
n, ucn lc
Lsmrns 7 y bn `trn lc Clelhèns 4. B`s lclhod`s ml bn Gogbon
p`clc huje` ïcfnsos lc lb elje` ml qul bns bostns c` s`c
omïctojns, y pr`jbnhnc qul bn Gogbon sl j`ctrnmojl n sè hoshn. Bn
prohlrn bostn ful eljen p`r [`r`gnglb lc Gngob`con, y nbostú n
 

t`m`s b`s qul sl rlucolr`c pnrn v`bvlr n Ynblstocn. Ls p`sogbl qul

nbduc`s fulrnc mltlcom`s lc lb ûbtoh` h`hlct`, y pulml slr
tnhgoïc qul nbduc`s hurolrnc lc lb bnrd` jnhoc` ml vnro`s
hlsls. ]nhgoïc ls p`sogbl qul `tr`s vocolrnc y sl kuctnrnc n bn
jnrnvncn lc lb ûbtoh` h`hlct`, mlspuïs qul sl engèn elje` bn
bostn.
Ml t`m`s h`m`s, pnrljl qul bn slducmn bostn ful lb rldostr`
j`rrldom`  ml b`s qul rlnbhlctl bbldnr`c n Klrusnbïc, y juyns
dlclnb`dèns fulr`c njlptnmns p`r bns nut`romnmls. Lc Clelhèns
4;<, 6= vlh`s juîc jlb`s` lrn Lsmrns p`r su
s u cnjoúc, lxodolcm` qul
jnmn kumè` pumolrn pr`gnr su dlclnb`dèn pnrn slr njlptnm` j`h`
holhgr` mlb pulgb` lsj`dom`.
 

JNYÈ]\B@ >5
BN LVOMLCJON ML BN
LUYLWOLCJON

Elh`s lstumonm` nbd` ml bn lxplrolcjon mlb npúst`b Yngb`, y lc

`tr`s jnpètub`s elh`s c`tnm` vnrons vljls bn lvomlcjon p`mlr`sn
qul tlclh`s juncm` p`mlh`s mljor n uc ocjrïmub`; "\cn j`sn sï,
qul engolcm` y` som` jold`, ne`rn vl`.‖ Zolcm`
Zolcm` ïstn bn lvomlcjon
hîs p`mlr`sn, qul cucjn sl pulml cldnr co j`ctrnmljor, vnh`s n
hlmotnr lc lbbn uc p`j` hîs lc ïstl culstr` ûbtoh` jnpètub`, pnrn
f`rtnbljlr culstrn fl y engobotnr nuc n b`s qul s`c coþ`s lc Jrost`
n slr tlstod`s vnbolctls ml ïb.
Lb npúst`b Kunc jotn su pr`pon lxplrolcjon juncm` mojl; "B` qul
lrn mlsml lb procjopo`, b` qul elh`s `èm`, b` qul elh`s vost` j`c
culstr`s `k`s, b` qul elh`s j`ctlhpbnm`, y pnbpnr`c culstrns
hnc`s t`jnctl nb Vlrg` ml vomn (p`rqul bn vomn ful hncoflstnmn,
y bn elh`s vost`, y tlstofojnh`s, y `s ncucjonh`s bn vomn ltlrcn,
bn junb lstngn j`c lb Ynmrl, y sl c`s hncoflstú)1 b` qul elh`s
vost` y `èm`, ls` `s ncucjonh`s, pnrn qul tnhgoïc v`s`tr`s
tlcdîos j`hucoúc j`c c`s`tr`s1 y culstrn j`hucoúc
vlrmnmlrnhlctl ls j`c lb Ynmrl, y j`c su Eok` Klsujrost`‖
Klsujrost`‖ (>
Kunc >;>-:).
Y`bojnrp`, mosjèpub` ml Kunc y mlspuïs `gosp` ml Lshorcn,
lxprlsú su tlstoh`co` nsè nctls ml su hnrtoro`; “@e Zlþ`r, Mo`s
]`m`p`mlr`s`, Ynmrl ml tu nhnm` y glcmot` Eok` Klsujrost`, p`r
quolc elh`s rljogom` lb j`c`joholct` ml to, lb Mo`s ml b`s îcdlbls
y ml bns p`tlstnmls y ml t`mn jronturn, y ml t`mn rnzn ml b`s kust`s
qul vovlc mlbnctl ml to, tl m`y drnjons p`rqul hl ens j`csomlrnm`
modc` ml lstl mèn y ml lstn e`rn, pnrn tlclr pnrtl lc lb cûhlr` ml
tus hîrtorls lc bn j`pn ml tu Jrost`, pnrn bn rlsurrljjoúc lc bn
vomn ltlrcn, tnct` mlb nbhn j`h` mlb julrp`, p`r hlmo` ml bn
ocj`rrupjoúc ohpnrtomn p`r lb Lspèrotu Znct`, lctrl quolcls `knbî
sln njlptnm` nctl to lc lstl mèn j`h` uc snjrofojo` roj` y
 

njlptngbl sldûc tû, lb folb y vlrmnmlr` Mo`s, b` ens prlmlstocnm`,

b` ens rlvlbnm` ml nctlhnc` y b` ens juhpbom` ne`rn.
"Y`r b` junb tnhgoïc tl nbng` p`r t`mns bns j`sns, tl glcmod` y
tl db`rofoj` kuct` j`c lb ltlrc` y jlblstonb Klsujrost`, tu Eok`
nhnm`, p`r quolc n to, j`c ïb y lb Lspèrotu Znct`, sln bn db`ron
ne`rn y p`r t`m`s b`s sodb`s. Nhïc‖ (Tnjl). 
(Tnjl). 
Lstns ûbtohns pnbngrns mlb ncjonc` `gosp` hlrljlc ntlcjoúc
lspljonb. Ïb engèn slrvom` nb Zlþ`r Klsujrost` p`r hîs ml `jelctn
nþ`s j`c t`mn bn mlv`joúc ml su slr, engèn sufrom` hujens plr-
sljujo`cls, y ne`rn lstngn n puct` ml slr ljenm` n bns folrns.
Ylr` sus pnbngrns c` s`c bns ml uc slduom`r nbujocnm` ml fîgubns
ocdlco`sns. Nb j`ctrnro`, s`c ucn jncjoúc ml vojt`ron, bblcn ml ls-
plrnczn y ml j`cfonczn forhl qul pr`ct` ogn n slr j`r`cnmn j`c bn
db`ron ltlrcn.
Hnrtèc Butlr`, lb drnc rlf`rhnm`r ml Nblhncon, lsjrogl nsè ml
su pr`pon lxplrolcjon lc lb lvncdlbo`; “Lc junct` n hè hosh`,
nuc juncm` c` pulm` vncndb`ronrhl ml uc drnc nj`po` ml lstn
drnjon (p`rqul solct` pr`fucmnhlctl ho lstrljen mlfojolcjon)
j`cfè` soc lhgnrd` lc qul ml bns drncmls y vnronmns trogubnjo`cls
gnk` bns junbls hl el slctom`, el nmquorom` ml bn fl uc jolrt`
mrnjhn1 y qul pulm` p`r b` hosh` engbnr ml lbbn, so c` j`c hîs
lb`julcjon, sè j`c hîs sustncjonbomnm qul junbquolrn ml nqulbb`s
sutobls lrumot`s qul b` enc elje` enstn nquè lc t`mns sus
bng`ro`sns mosputns.‖ 
mosputns.‖ 
Lb m`jt`r Gr`wc, jotncm` b`s tlstoh`co`s ml uc`s jolctèfoj`s
njlrjn ml su fl lc Klsujrost`, lxjbnhú;
lxjbnhú; “]nb tlstoh`co` odunbn lc
vnb`r n v`bûhlcls
v`bûhlcls ml nrduhlct`s.‖ 
nrduhlct`s.‖ 
 N b`s qul gusjnc n Mo`s y solctlc
solctlc cljlsomnm ml uc Znbvnm`r,
Znbvnm`r, c`
ls culstr` prohlr mlglr lxe`rtnrbls n usnr sus p`mlrls
octlbljtunbls l ocvlstodnr bns lvomlcjons jrostoncns. ¡C`! B`
prohlr` ls mljorbls; “Dustnm, y vlm qul ls gulc` Kle`vî1
Kle`vî1 moje`s`
lb e`hgrl qul j`cfèn lc ïb" (Znbh` :=;5). Juncm` Cntncnlb
prlductú n Flbopl j`c ocjrlmubomnm;
ocjrlmubomnm; “°Ml Cnznrlt pulml snbor nbd`
ml gulc`0" bn rlspulstn ful; “Vlc y vl." ]`m`s b`s qul enc vlcom`
n Jrost` j`c nrrlplctoholct` y fl enc enbbnm` lc ïb t`m` b` qul
ncelbngnc ` cljlsotngnc pnrn lstn vomn y pnrn bn ltlrcomnm. “_
 

jrlylr`c huje`s hîs p`r bn pnbngrn ml ïb, y mljènc n bn huklr; _n

c` jrllh`s s`bnhlctl p`r tu moje`, p`rqul c`s`tr`s hosh`s
elh`s `èm`, y snglh`s qul vlrmnmlrnhlctl ïstl ls lb Znbvnm`r
mlb hucm`, lb Jrost`" (Kunc =;=>, =7).
“Lb ocvlstodnm`r lcjulctrn bn vlrmnm juncm` lcjulctrn n
Jrost`1 su plsquosn p`r bn vlrmnm j`ctocûn mlspuïs ml ls` trns lb
sodcofojnm` ml Jrost`. Bn fl c` ls bn nctètlsos mlb plcsnholct`,
soc` súb` ml bn vostn. Bn fl ls uc njt` ml bn v`buctnm qul c`s
rlbnjo`cn j`c culvns rlnbomnmls, culv`s `gkltov`s. Njtûn j`h` so
lstuvolrn prlslctl lb Jrost` ocvosogbl, y c` tl lcj`ctrnrîs j`c bn
vnjuomnm‖ (Hubbocs). Yr`jurnh`s puls, trnlr n jnmn nbhn, sln
drncml ` plqulþn, n uc j`ctnjt` plrs`cnb j`c Jrost`. “Ml h`m`
qul so nbduc` lstî lc Jrost`, culvn jronturn ls1 bns j`sns volkns
pnsnr`c1 el nquè t`mns s`c eljens culvns" (7 J`rocto`s <;>4).
\c g`rrnje` j`csultumocnro` ful j`cvlrtom` y sl rld`jokngn lc
su Znbvnm`r. Juncm` uc j`hpnþlr` ntl` bl mok` qul lsn culvn
rlbodoúc lrn uc lcdnþ`, lb jrostonc` j`ctlstú; "Drnjons n Mo`s p`r
lb lcdnþ`1 ïb en vlstom` y jnbznm` n hos eok`s, y bls en mnm` pnc.
En elje` ml hè uc e`hgrl, y en pulst` d`z` y pnz lc ho e`dnr,
lb junb engèn som` uc ocfolrc`. Zo ïstl ls uc lcdnþ`, `knbî qul
Mo`s b` hncmnrn n b`s lsjbnv`s mlb voc` lc t`mns pnrtls, p`rqul
su lsjbnvotum ls ucn lspnct`sn rlnbomnm."
Lb m`jt`r Hubbocs enjl c`tnr juntr` j`sns qul vlh`s solhprl
lc bn lvncdlboznjoúc, y qul prulgnc lb p`mlr mlb hlcsnkl;
(>)Dncn e`hgrls n bn vomn rlbodo`sn p`r bn prlmojnjoúc.
(7) Bn prlmojnjoúc ml uc j`ckuct` ml vlrmnmls, t`mns bns junbls
lstîc j`cljtnmns j`c Jrost`.
(:) Bn pr`mujjoúc ml rlsubtnm`s ochlmont`s lc bn j`cvlrsoúc ml
b`s e`hgrls.
(=) Bn plrhnclcjon ml b`s rlsubtnm`s h`rnbls nsè `gtlcom`s ls
bn prulgn ml bn rlnbomnm ml bn trncsf`rhnjoúc h`rnb lfljtunmn lc
bn j`cvlrsoúc.
]`m` lb p`mlr lstî lc Jrost`, y súb` p`r ïb sl j`csodul lb ïxot`.
 Nsè elh`s vost` qul
qul lc bn lsflrn oc
octlbljtunb,
tlbljtunb, lc bn lsflrn h`rnb
h`rnb,,
lc bn lsflrn lsporotunb, lc bn morljjoúc ml bn vomn prîjtojn, y lc bn
eost`ron ml bn odblson, JWOZ]@ ls lb t`m` y lc t`m`s. ]`mns bns
 

tl`rèns, j`cklturns l eopútlsos ml b`s e`hgrls enc frnjnsnm`, plr`

ïb solhprl b`drn bn vojt`ron.
Mnvom mlsjrogl ml hnclrn elrh`sn lb rlsubtnm` ml su
ocvlstodnjoúc ml bns lvomlcjons lc lb hucm` octlro`r; “Kle`vî,
enstn b`s jolb`s bbldn tu hoslroj`rmon, y tu fomlbomnm nbjnczn enstn
bns cugls. ]u kustojon ls j`h` b`s h`ctls ml Mo`s, tus kuojo`s,
ngosh` drncml. @e Kle`vî, nb e`hgrl y nb ncohnb j`cslrvns.
¡Juîc prljo`sn, `e Mo`s, ls tu hoslroj`rmon! Y`r ls` b`s eok`s ml
b`s e`hgrls sl nhpnrnc gnk` bn s`hgrn ml tus nbns. Zlrîc
j`hpbltnhlctl snjonm`s ml bn dr`surn ml tu jnsn, y tû b`s
ngrlvnrîs mlb t`rrlctl ml tus mlbojons. Y`rqul j`ctod` lstî lb
hncnctonb ml bn vomn1 lc tu buz vlrlh`s bn buz. Lxtolcml tu
hoslroj`rmon n b`s qul tl j`c`jlc, y tu kustojon n b`s rljt`s ml
j`rnzúc‖ (Znbh` :6;<->9).
:6;<->9).