NLQBTBANA JTN@ZNQBTN
JTN@ZNQBTN JCJ < Bajhtbdblnr j` rbjsom

Bhtjornhtjs3
Fnbrn @mrjhn \jpó`vjan [îjz
Anbsy Mrtbz Lüramin

Qutmr3
Fjry Omhzn`js Aj`onam

Duhanlbüh Zhbvjrsbtnrbn aj` Îrjn Nhabhn

Dnlu`tna aj Lbjhlbns aj `n \n`ua
Jspjlbn`bznlbüh Nuabtmrbn jh \n`ua
\jfbhnrbm aj bhvjstbonlbüh BB
9;9;

[îobhn > aj >>

 

Lmhtjhbam

[îobhn 2 aj >>

 

Bhtrmaullbüh

J` prmpüsbtm aj` prjsjhtj trnincm, js lmhmljr y absjþnr uh bhstrufjhtm aj rjlm`jllbüh aj

bhdmrfnlbüh smirj `ms dnltmrjs aj rbjsom aj uhn jfprjsn fjtn`fjlîhbln, aj boun` fnhjrn,

ajslrbibr su vn`bajz tjhbjham jh lujhtn quj `n vn`bajz jh bhvjstbonlbüh sj rjdbjrj n `m quj js

vjranajrm m sj nljrln n `n vjrana. \j lmhsbajrn quj `ms rjsu`tnams aj uhn bhvjstbonlbüh smh

vî`bams lunham j` jstuabm jstî `birj aj jrrmrjs, pnrn j``m sj ajij bhl`ubr `n ajdbhblbüh

mpjrnlbmhn` aj `ns vnrbni`js, `n lnpnlbtnlbüh aj `ms sucjtms quj vnh n rjn`bznr `ns fjablbmhjs m

jhlujstns, `n vjrbdblnlbüh aj` najlunam duhlbmhnfbjhtm aj `ms bhstrufjhtms aj fjablbüh, `n

vn`banlbüh aj `ms lujstbmhnrbms jh j` babmfn jh j` quj sj vnh n np`blnr, su najlunlbüh n`

babmfn aj `ms pnrtblbpnhtjs jh j` jstuabm y quj aj prjdjrjhlbn sjnh nutmnp`blni`js. Js

hjljsnrbm lunhtbdblnr `n vnrbnib`bana aj `ns fjablbmhjs ajsaj j` puhtm aj vbstn jstnaæstblm, pnrn

nufjhtnr `n vn`bajz aj uh jstuabm (Tb``nsæs-Ejjvjr, Fîrqujz-Omhzî`jz, Surbtn-Lruz,

Fbrnhan-Hmvn`js, & Jslnfb``n-Hóþjz, Mlt-Abl 9;>7)

[îobhn 2 aj >>

 

Micjtbvms

Ojhjrn`3

Bajhtbdblnr fjabnhtj ams bhstrufjhtms aj rjlm`jllbüh `ms dnltmrjs aj rbjsoms psblmsmlbn`js

 prjsjhtjs jh `ns îrjns aj trnincm aj `n Jfprjsn Fjtn`fjlîhbln SMYO y pmstjrbmrfjhtj

rjn`bznr `n vn`banlbüh y nhî`bsbs jstnaæstblm aj `ms antms mitjhbams.

Jspjlædblms3

J`nimrnr tni`n quj pjrfbtn bajhtbdblnr `ms dnltmrjs psblmsmlbn`js aj nlujram lmh `ns

abfjhsbmhjs y vnrbni`js lmh lrbtjrbms aj rj`jvnhlbn y aj rjprjsjhtntbvbana.

Absjþnr ams bhstrufjhtms pnrn rjlm`jllbüh aj `ms dnltmrjs aj rbjsoms psblmsmlbn`js prjsjhtjs

jh `ns îrjns aj trnincm aj `n Jfprjsn Fjtn`fjlîhbln SMYO

Ajslrbibr jh insj aj `ms bhstrufjhtms aj rjlm`jllbüh j` tbpm aj vn`banlbüh, su bfp`jfjhtnlbüh

y nhî`bsbs jstnaæstblms.

[îobhn 2 aj >>

 

Ajsnrrm``m

@ms dnltmrjs psblmsmlbn`js jstnrænh rjprjsjhtnams pmr lbhlm abfjhsbmhjs prbhlbpn`js3

Bhdmrfnlbüh smlbm-ajfmorîdblns, Jxbojhlbns psblm`üoblns, sjourbana `nimrn`, lmhablbmhjs
`nimrn`js y jstrâs `nimrn`. [nrn j` absjþm aj` lujstbmhnrbm sj prmljabü n uhn sj`jllbüh aj ætjfs
lmh lrbtjrbms aj rj`jvnhlbn y aj rjprjsjhtntbvbana.
Tnrbni`js (Qni`n >).

ABFJH\BMH TNYBNI@J
BHDMY
BHDMYFNL
FNLBÜ
BÜH
H \MLB
\MLBM-A
M-AJF
JFMOY
MOYÎDB
ÎDBLN
LN \j
\jxm
xm
Jana
Jstnam lbvb`
Ornam aj jslm`nrbana (ó`tbfm hbvj` aj
jstuabms n`lnhznam)
Mlupnlbüh m prmdjsbüh
 @uonr aj rjsbajhlbn nltun`
 Jstrntm smlbmjlmhüfblm aj `n vbvbjhan
Qbpm aj vbvbjhan (prmpbn, dnfb`bnr m jh
nrrbjham) Hófjrm aj pjrsmhns n lnrom
JWBOJHLBN\ [\BLM@MOBLN\ Gny j`jfjhtms tnhtm lun`btntbvms (jxbojhlbns
jfmlbmhn`js, lrjntbvns, sjhsmrbn`js) lmfm
lunhtbtntbvms (lnhtbana y rbtfm aj trnincm,
abstrbiulbüh aj` trnincm)
\JOZYBANA @NIMYN@ Hófjrm aj bhlbajhtjs, aj `jsbmhjs `jvjs, aj
`jsbmhjs lmh bhlnpnlbana, nllbajhtjs
fmrtn`js, rbjsoms `nimrn`js, l`bfn aj
sjourbana, sntbsdnllbüh `nimrn`
LMHABLBMHJ\ @NIMYN@J\ Lmhablbmhjs nfibjhtn`js, jromhüfblns y
jlmhüfblns.
J\QYÂ\ @NIMYN@ Bhjstnib`bana jfmlbmhn`3 brrbtnib`bana,
nhsbjana y ajprjsbüh. N`tjrnlbmhjs aj`
sujþm y aj` npjtbtm. N`tjrnlbmhjs
 psblmsmfîtblns3 fnrjms, ljdn`jns,
n`tjrnlbmhjs lnraænlns, abojstbvns,
suamrnlbüh j gbpjrvjhtb`nlbüh.

[îobhn 2 aj >>

 

Lujstbmhnrbm jvn`unlbüh aj` jstnam aj` rbjsom psblmsmlbn` aj `n jfprjsn Fjtn`fjlîhbln

SMYO

Bhstrullbmhjs3 J` prjsjhtj lujsmhnrbm jhj lmfm micjtm jvn`unr j` jstnam aj` rbjsom psblmsmlbn` aj `n jfprjsn Fjtn`fjlîhbln SMYO. \j
pbaj lmhtjstj y jvn`ój `ns sboubjhtjs prjouhtns y mrnlbmhjs. Js bfpmrtnhtj sjþn`nr quj tmans sus rjspujstns sjrîh lmhdajhlbn`js, sbjham
u`bznans sm`m pnrn dhjs aj bhvjsonlbüh.
bhvjsonlbüh. J` jfpm prmfjabm aj rjspujstn aj` lujsmhnrbm js >; fbhutms.

>. N lmhhunlbüh sj `j pbaj hms prmpmrlbmhj `ms sboubjhtjs antms smlbmajfmorîdlms.

n. ½Luî` js su jana= ]]]]]]nþms
i. Oâhjrm3 ( ) Djfjhbhm ( ) Fnslu`bhm
l. Ornam aj jslm`nrbana3 ]]]]]]
a. Mlupnlbüh m prmdjsbüh3 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] 
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] 
j. @uonr aj rjsbajhlbn nltun`3 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] 
a. Jstrntm smlbmjlmhüfblm aj `n vbvbjhan3 ]]]]]]]]]]]]] 
j. Qbpm aj vbvbjhan3 ( ) prmpbn ( ) dnfb`bnr ( ) nrrbjham
d3 Hófjrm aj pjrsmhns n lnrom3 ]]]]]]]]]]] 

N lmhtbhunlbüh, jhlbjrrj jh uh lærlu`m uh hófjrm pnrn lnan uhn aj `ns ndbrfnlbmhjs aj `n sboubjhtj tni`n,
sjþn`nham sb3
\bjfprj (9) @n fnymræn aj `ns vjljs (<) N`ouhns vjljs (1) \m`m uhns pmlns vjljs (:) Huhln

  N` bhtjrbmr aj `n jfprjsn lmh quj drjlujhlbn… Jhlbjrrj jh uh lærlu`m uh

hófjrm
Jxbojhlbns psblm`üoblns
½Qbjhj quj trnincnr fuy rîpbam pnrn jhtrjonr tnrjns sm`blbtnans jh pmlm jfpm= > 9 <
1 :
½@n abstrbiulbüh aj tnrjns js brrjou`nr y prmvmln quj sj `j nlufu`j j` trnincm= > 9 <
1 :
½Qbjhj jfpm pnrn tjhjr n` aæn su trnincm= > 9 <
1 :
½Qbjhj quj qujanrsj ajspuâs aj `n gmrn aj sn`ban pnrn lmfp`jtnr su trnincm= > 9 <
1 :
½Jh su ajpjhajhlbn sj `j bhmrfn lmh sudlbjhtj nhtj`nlbüh aj `ms lnfibms quj pujajh njltnr su uturm= > 9 <
1 :
½\j jhj jh lujhtn su mpbhbüh lunham sj `j nsbohnh tnrjns= > 9 <
1 :
Jh j` trnincm, ½sbjhtj quj mrfn pnrtj aj uh orupm= > 9 <
1 :

\jourbana `nimrn`
½@n jfprjsn lmmrabhn sus pm`ælns aj sjourbana y sn`ua lmh mtrns pm`ælns aj rjlursm gufnhm
pnrn nsjournr j` lmfprmfbsm y ibjhjstnr aj `ms trnincnamrjs
trnincnamrjs=
= > 9 <
1 :
½@n jfprjsn lmhstnhtjfjhtj `js rjlujran `ns hmrfns aj sjourbana= > 9 <
1 :
½Jxbstjh abjrjhtjs pms aj sjourbana jh `ns abjrjhtjs îrjns aj trnincm= > 9 <
1 :
½\j rjvbsn quj `ms trnincnamrjs pmrtjh j` jqubpm aj sjourbana najlunam= > 9 <
1 :
½Lujhtn lmh j` jqubpm aj sjourbana najlunam pmr pnrtj aj `n jfprjsn= > 9 <
1 :

[îobhn 2 aj >>

 

Zstja lmfm trnincnamr jhj `n lu`turn aj sjoubr `ms prmtmlm`ms aj sjourbana najlunanfjhtj= > 9
< 1 :

Lmhablbmhjss `nimrn`js
Lmhablbmhj
½Qrnincn jh suj`ms m pbsms bhjstni`js, brrjou`nrjs y/m rjsin`nabzms, quj pujajh prmvmlnr`j uhn lnæan= > 9 <
1 :
½Qrnincn jh `n prmxbfbana aj gujlms, jsln`jrns y/m ajshbvj`js, quj pujajh prmvmlnr`j uhn lnæan= > 9 <
1 :
½Z`bzn jqubpms, bhstrufjhtms, gjrrnfbjhtns y/m fîqubhns aj trnincm quj pujajh prmvmlnr`j anþms > 9 <
1 :
½Jstî jxpujstm n uh hbvj` aj rubam quj `j mi`bon n j`jvnr `n vmz pnrn lmhvjrsnr lmh mtrn pjrsmhn= > 9 <
1 :
½Fnhbpu`n, np`bln m jstî jh lmhtnltm lmh sustnhlbns quæfblns hmlbvns/tüxblns= > 9 <
1 :
Yjspbrn sustnhlbns quæfblns jh mrfn aj pm`vm, gufms, njrmsm`js, vnpmrjs, onsjs y/m hbji`n > 9
< 1 :
Yjn`bzn tnrjns quj `j mi`bonh n fnhtjhjr pmsturns bhlüfmans= > 9 <
1 :
@jvnhtn, trns`nan m nrrnstrn lnrons, pjrsmhns, nhbfn`js u mtrms micjtms pjsnams= > 9 <
1 :
Yjn`bzn fmvbfbjhtms rjpjvms, lnsb baâhlms lmh `ms ajams, fnhms m irnzms lnan pmlms sjouhams= > 9 <
1 :

Jstrâs `nimrn`
½\j gn sjham lmhstnhtjfjhtj incm prjsbüh= > 9 <
1 :
½Gn sjham quj hm pujaj supjrnr sus abdlu`tnajs= > 9 <
1 :
½\j gn sjham trbstj m ajprbfbam/n= > 9 <
1 :
 ½Gn pjrabam lmhdnhzn jh sæ fbsfm/n= ::. Gn jstnam pjhsnham quj ustja hm vn`j= > 9 <
1 :

[îobhn 2 aj >>

 

JHQYJTB\QN JTN@ZNLBÜH AJ@ J\QNAM AJ@ YBJ\OM [\BLM\MLBN@ AJ @N JF[YJ\N FJQN@FJLÎHBLN SMYO
 
Hmfirj………………………………..
Lnrom…………………………………..

N. Antms ajfmorîdlms
>. \jxm a. Mlupnlbüh m prmjsbüh3
 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
n) Gmfirj ]]] j. @uonr aj rjsbajhlbn nltun`3
 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]
i) Fucjr. ]]]] a. Jstrntm smlbmjlmhüfblm aj `n vbvbjhan3
 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]
9. ½^uâ jana jhj= j. Qbpm aj vbvbjhan3 ( ) prmpbn ( ) nfb`bnr ( ) nrrbjham
n) Fjhms aj 94 nþms 3 Hófjrm aj pjrsmhns n lnrom3
i) Jhtrj 94 y <: nþms
l) Jhtrj <4 y 1: nþms
a) Jhtrj 14 y :: nþms j)
j) Fîs aj :: nþms
i. Oâhjrm3 ( ) Djfjhbhm ( ) Fnslu`bhm
l. Ornam aj jslm`nrbana3 ]]]]]]
3 Hófjrm aj pjrsmhns n lnrom3 ]]]]]]]]]]]

>. ½@n ab
abstrb
strbiulbü
iulbüh
h aj tnrj
tnrjns
ns js br
brrjou
rjou`nr
`nr y prm
prmvmln
vmln qu
quj
j sj tj nl
nlufu`j
ufu`j j
j`` trni
trnincm=
ncm=
\B ]]]] HM ]]]] [mrquj3 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]
9. ½Qbjhj
½Qbjhjss j
jfpm
fpm aj ```jv
`jvnr
nr n
n`` aæn
aæn tu trninc
trnincm=
m=
\B ]]]] HM ]]]] [mrquj3 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]
<. ½Qj llujs
ujstn
tn m`vba
m`vbanr
nr `m
`mss prm
prmi`j
i`jfns
fns a
aj`
j` tr
trni
nincm
ncm=
=
\B ]]]] HM ]]]] [mrquj3 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]
1. ½Fb cjj jhjs nltuajs prjpmtjhtjs=
\B ]]]] HM ]]]] [mrquj3 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]
:. ½Luî
½Luî`js
`js smh `m
`mss prbhl
prbhlbpn`
bpn`js
js rbjso
rbjsoms
ms aj nllb
nllbajht
ajhtj
j quj jxbst
jxbstjh
jh jh j` ajsn
ajsnrrm`
rrm``m
`m aj su trni
trnincm=
ncm=
(Fó`p`j rjspujstn)
∙ Lnæans aj pjrsmhns ajsaj n`turn....................................................................................................;>
∙ Lnæans aj pjrsmhns n` fbsfm hbvj`.................................................................................................;9
∙ Lnæans aj micjtms, fntjrbn`js m gjrrnfbjhtns................................................................................;<

∙ Ajsp`mfjs m ajrrufinfbjhtms.......................................................................................................;1
∙ Lmrtjs y pbhlgnzms..........................................................................................................................;:
∙ Om`pjs.............................................................................................................................................;4
∙ Ntrmpj``ms, ntrnpnfbjhtms
ntrnpnfbjhtms m np`nstnfbjhtms pmr vjgælu`ms.................................. ............................;?
∙ Ntrnpnfbjhtms
Ntrnpnfbjhtms m np`nstnfbjhtms lmh jqubpms m fnqubhnrbn................................................. ...........;7
∙ [rmyjllbüh aj pnrlu`ns m trmzms aj fntjrbn`.................................................................................;2
∙ ^ujfnaurns (lmhtnltm lmh supjrdlbjs ln`bjhtjs, lmh prmaultms quæfblms, jtl.)............................>;
∙ Anþms prmaulbams pmr uh jxljsm aj jxpmsblbüh n` sm` (qujfnaurns, bhsm`nlbüh, om`pj aj ln`mr)...>>
∙ Bhljhabms.........................................................................................................................................>9
∙ Jxp`msbmhjs....................................................................................................................................><
∙ Anþms prmaulbams pmr nhbfn`js (fmrajaurns, lmljs, pblmtnzms, pblnaurns aj bhsjltms, jtl.).......>1
∙ Lmhtnltms j`âltrblms (`æhjns aj n`tn tjhsbüh, lmhjxbmhjs
lmhjxbmhjs,, lni`js m jhlgujs jh fn` jstnam…).....>:
∙ \mirjjsujrzms pmr fnhbpu`nlbüh
fnhbpu`nlbüh fnhun` aj lnrons........................................ ..............................>4
∙ Bhtmxblnlbüh pmr fnhbpu`nlbüh aj prmaultms
prmaultms tüxblms........................................... .............................>?
∙ Nllbajhtjs aj trîdlm.......................................................................................................................>7
∙ Ntrnlms, norjsbmhjs sblns u mtrms nltms vbm`jhtms........................................
vbm`jhtms........................................ .............................. ...>2
Mtrms. Jspjlbdlnr3]]]]]]]]
Jspjlbdlnr3]]]]]]]]]]]]].......................................................
]]]]]....................................................... .............................. .........9;
∙ Hbhouhm...........................................................................................................................................2?

[îobhn 2 aj >>

 

∙ HL...................................................................................................................................................22

4. ½Aüh
½Aühaj
aj rjn`
rjn`bzn
bzn su ttrnin
rnincm
cm gnib
gnibtun`
tun` ``n
n fnymr p
pnrtj
nrtj aj ``n
n cmrhn
cmrhnan=
an= Jsl
Jslmojr
mojr uh
uhn
n sm`n mp
mplbüh
lbüh
N` nbrj `birj / n `n bhtjfpjrbj.....................................................>
Jh vjgælu`m3 nutmiós, tnxb, uromhjtn, lnfbüh, trnltmr, jtl.......9
Jh `mln` sjfbljrrnam................................................................<
Jh `mln` ljrrnam (jxljptm bhvjrhnajrm)....................................1
Bhvjrhnajrm..............................................................................:
  Jh mtrm `uonr. Jspjlbdlnr3
 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]........................4
 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]........................4
HL............................................................................................2

?. ½Lrjj ustja quj `n jfprjsn

jfprjsn pnrn `n lun` trnin
trnincn
cn jxbstj iujhn b`ufbhnlbü
b`ufbhnlbüh
h pnrn rjn`bznr su cmrhnan
cmrhnan `nimrn`= \B ]]]] HM
 ]]]] [mrquj3 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

7.. ½Jxbstj jh su îrjn aj trnincm tmams `ms j`jfjhtms hjljsnrbms lmfm vjsfjhtn omrrns imtns lnslm jhtrj mtrms, pnrn
prmtjllbüh aj nllbajhtjs
nllbajhtjs aurnhtj su cmrhn
cmrhnan
an abnrbn= \B ]]]] HM ]]]] [mrquj3 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

2. ½\nij ustja sb jxbstj pjrsmhn` jhlnron

jhlnronam
am aj sjourbana bhaustrbn` jh `n jfprjsn pnrn `n lun` trni
trnincn=
ncn= \B ]]]] HM ]]]]
[mrquj3 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]

>;. ½Jh lnsm aj n`oóh nllbajhtj

nllbajhtj `nimrn` lujhtn ustja
ustja lmh fjablm aj pjrsmh
pjrsmhn`=
n`= \B ]]]] HM ]]]] [mrquj3
]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
 ]]]]]

>>. ½Jstî ustja jxpujstm n abnrbm

abnrbm jh su trnincm n pj`bormsms
pj`bormsms fntjrbn`js y nojht
nojhtjs
js hmlbvms= \B ]]]] HM ]]]] [mrquj3
 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

>9. ½lmhmlj ustja quj js j` jstrâs

jstrâs `nimrn`= \B ]]]] HM ]]]] [mrquj3 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

><. lmhsbajrn ustja quj su `uonr aj trnincm rjpr

rjprjsjhtn
jsjhtn uh jspnlbm `nimrn` quj irbhan mpmrtuhbana
mpmrtuhbana aj lrjlbfbjhtm
prmjsbmhn` y pjrsmhn`= \B ]]]] H
HM
M ]]]] [mrquj3 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

>1. aurnhtj j` jfpm quj ``jvn `nimrnham jh `n jfprjsn, ½gn jxpjrbfjhtnam pjrbmam aj lnhsnhlbm sbohbdlnvm, nsmlbnam
abrjltnfjhtj n` trnincm= \B ]]]] HM ]]]] [mrquj3 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

\m`m sb `n rjspujstn js ndrfnvn lmhtjstj `ns sboubjhtjs prjouhtns

>:. ½^uâ lbrluhstnh

lbrluhstnhlbn
lbn lmhsbajrn quj `m ``jvnrmh n jxpjrbfjhtnr non m lnhsnh
lnhsnhlbm
lbm

>4. ½^uâ jstrntjobns jfp`jü ustja pnrn fjcmrnr jstn sbtunlbüh=

 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
 ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]
 ]]]]]]]

[îobhn 2 aj >>

 

>?. ½Luî`js smh `ns lmhsjlujhlbns quj lmhsbajrn jxpjrbfjhtm yn sjn n lnusn aj` lnhsnhlbm, pjraban aj jhjroæn m n hbvj`
pjrsmhn` y `nimrn`=
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<. Tn`banlbüh aj bhstrufjhtms

Jh j` prmljsm lmfp`jcm aj vn`mrnr j` jstnam aj sn`ua m jhdjrfjana j` l`æhblm pmhj n prujin su

dmrfnlbüh y jxpjrbjhlbn. @n prîltbln l`æhbln bhabvbaun` hm jxboj hjljsnrbnfjhtj j` usm aj

jsln`ns m lujstbmhnrbms, nuhquj pujajh nsbstbr jh j` ajspbstncj aj prmljsms m jh su sjoubfbjhtm

jvm`utbvm. J` lujstbmhnrbm suprbfj prjsuhtnfjhtj j` dnltmr suicjtbvm aj` jvn`unamr y âstn js `n

 insj aj su utb`bana jh `n bhvjstbonlbüh l`æhbln. @n np`blnlbüh aj uhn jsln`n, sbh jfinrom,

jfinr om, hm js

uh prmljsm nutmfîtblm hb jstî jxjhtm aj abdblu`tnajs jh `n prîltbln. @ms bhstrufjhtms fulgns

vjljs jxbojh `n lm`nimrnlbüh aj` pnlbjhtj y j` quj tjhon uhn dmrfnlbüh iîsbln m uhn duhlbüh

lmohbtbvn sudblbjhtj pnrn rjspmhajr n `ns lujstbmhjs. J` fmam aj prjouhtnr y j` `jhouncj

utb`bznam smh dujhtjs aj sjsoms, pjrm hm `m smh fjhms `ms dnltmrjs lu`turn`js quj ``jvnh n quj

uhn fbsfn lujstbüh pujan sjr m hm vî`ban jh uh babmfn m jh mtrm, m bhl`usm jh pnæsjs

abdjrjhtjs quj lmfpnrtjh `n fbsfn `jhoun.

[nrn utb`bznr lmh onrnhtæn uh lujstbmhnrbm js hjljsnrbm lmfprminr quj fbaj nprmpbnanfjhtj y

aj fmam lmhstnhtj jh `ns fbsfns lbrluhstnhlbns, quj js sjhsbi`j n `ms lnfibms aj `n sbtunlbüh

l`æhbln, quj jh `n prîltbln hm prjsjhtn abdblu`tnajs aj np`blnlbüh, jtl. Qman jstn lmfprminlbüh

aj sus lnrnltjræstblns js `m quj sj ``nfn prmljsm aj vn`banlbüh. U LBQNQBMH Lnr>> P` 2994 V

@ms bhstrufjhtms aj fjablbüh psblmfâtrblnfjhtj j`nimrnams smh pnrtj aj `n prîltbln

 prmdjsbmhn` aj amljhtjs j bhvjstbonamrjs bhtjrjsnams

bhtjrjs nams pmr `ms djhüfjhms psblm`üoblms, yn quj

[îobhn 2 aj >>

 

 pmr fjabm aj `ms bhstrufjhtms `ms psblü`moms y mtrms

mtrm s prmdjsbmhn`js vbhlu`nams lmh `ns lbjhlbns

smlbn`js y aj` lmfpmrtnfbjhtm, tmfnh ajlbsbmhjs u mrbjhtnh bhtjrvjhlbmhjs jh abdjrjhtjs

lmhtjxtms. Jh jstj mrajh aj bajns, `n psblmfjtræn js `n abslbp`bhn quj sj jhlnron aj`

ajsnrrm``m aj tjmræns, fâtmams y tâlhblns pnrn `n lmhstrullbüh y

nafbhbstrnlbüh aj bhstrufjhtms aj fjablbüh.

@n vn`banlbüh y nanptnlbüh aj bhstrufjhtms supmhj uh rjtm bfpmrtnhtj y js uh tjrrjhm quj

 prmaulj ijhjdblbms pnrn `n bhvjstbonlbüh, yn quj pujaj ``jonr n fjcmrnr `n

abspmhbib`bana aj tjst y lmhtrbiubr n` fjcmrnfbjhtm aj `ns bhtjrvjhlbmhjs jh j` îrjn

 psblmsmlbn`. U LBQNQBMH [m`>2 P` 2994 V .

\joóh uh jstuabm jh j` lun` sj nhn`bzn `n vn`banlbüh aj bhstrufjhtms pnrn `n ntjhlbüh

 pjabîtrbln jh `n ornh fnymræn aj jstuabms fâablms `n prjsjhtnlbüh aj `ms rjsu`tnams y `n

abslusbüh dbhn` sj rjn`bznrmh n trnvâs aj jstnaæstblns ajslrbptbvns, prjsjhtnrmh j` abnornfn aj

d`ucm y sj bhtjrrj`nlbmhnrmh n trnvâs aj` lmhtjhbam. Aj `ms jstuabms bhl`ubams jh `n rjvbsbüh, j`

19.7% sj pui`blnrmh jh 9;>?. Lmh rjspjltm n` tbpm aj bhvjstbonlbüh, j` 7;.2% dujrmh jstuabms

fjtmam`üoblms. @ms tbpms aj vn`banlbüh fîs rjtrntnams dujrmh lmhtjhbam, trnhslu`turn` y

nanptnlbüh bhtjorn`.U LBQNQBMH Djr>2 P` 2994 V .

`n ln`bana aj` jhtmrhm `nimrn` bhd`uyj jh `n ln`bana `nimrn` psblm`üobln quj jxpjrbfjhtnh `ms

trnincnamrjs, pmr `m quj js prjlbsm ntjhajr tnhtm `ms lrbtjrbms micjtbvms lmfm `ms suicjtbvms.

Fjhlbmhn (D`mrjs, 9;;7) quj js pmsbi`j l`nsbdblnr `ns ajdbhblbmhjs aj ln`bana aj vban `nimrn`

jh ams jsqujfns, ajpjhabjham aj `n vn`mrnlbüh micjtbvn m suicjtbvn quj sj gnon jh j``n. \j

gni`nh aj ams pjrspjltbvns jh j` nimrancj lmhljptun` aj `n ln`bana aj vban `nimrn`3 >) `ns

ajdbhblbmhjs quj nljhtónh `n ln`bana aj vban `nimrn` tn` y lmfm js vbvban pmr j` trnincnamr, jh

[îobhn 2 aj >>

 

jstj lnsm js pmsbi`j gni`nr aj ajsaj j` puhtm aj vbstn psblmsmlbn`, tnfibâh ``nfnam

ln`bana aj vban `nimrn` ajsaj j` puhtm aj vbstn psblm`üobln. 9) `ns ajdbhblbmhjs quj ajstnlnh

`ms nspjltms aj` jhtmrhm `nimrn`, jstn sj gni`n aj `n ln`bana aj` jhtmrhm `nimrn` quj

lmhtjfp`nh nspjltms lmfm lmhablbmhjs dæsblns, jlmhüfblns.

Jh ajdbhbtbvn, `n ln`bana aj vban `nimrn` js uh târfbhm utb`bznam pnrn anr lujhtn aj `n dmrfn jh

quj sj prmaulj `n jxpjrbjhlbn `nimrn`, tnhtm jh sus lmhablbmhjs micjtbvns (sjourbana, gbobjhj,

sn`nrbm, jtl.) lmfm suicjtbvns (`n dmrfn jh quj js vbvban pmr j` trnincnamr) sj

trntn aj uh lmhljptm fu`tbabfjhsbmhn` quj rjqubjrj `n bhtjornlbüh aj nfins lmhablbmhjs.

U LBQNQBMH \m`>1 P` 2994 V

Lmh `ms bhstrufjhtms j`nimrnams jh jstj trnincm iuslnfms `n nanptnlbüh aj` prbfjr
lujstbmhnrbm rjn`bznam jvn`unham : abfjhsbmhjs ( Jxbojhlbns psblm`üoblns, sjourbana `nimrn`,

lmhablbmhjs `nimrn`js, jstrâs `nimrn`) (Djrrnrb, y mtrms, 9;>4) jh j` prbfjr bhstrufjhtm sj

 prjsjhtnrmh 94 ætjfs, lmh uhn jsln`n tbpm @bejrt aj lbhlm mplbmhjs aj

a j rjspujstn (\bjfprj, @n

fnymræn aj `ns vjljs, N`ouhns vjljs, \m`m uhns pmlns vjljs, Huhln), quj iuslninh bajhtbdblnr 

`ms rbjsoms psblmsmlbn`js ajhtrm aj `n jfprjsn, boun`fjhtj sj rjn`bzü uh dmrfntm aj jhtrjvbstn

lmh >? prjouhtns aj \B “ HM lmh rjspujstn nibjrtn, y mtrns prjouhtns absjþnans lmh rjspujstn
fó`tbp`j. Najfîs, `n intjræn bhl`uyj uhn dblgn aj antms ojhjrn`js m smlbmajfmorîdblms quj sj

utb`bznrmh aj dmrfn lmhcuhtn pnrn `n jvn`unlbüh bhtjorn` aj `ms dnltmrjs aj rbjsom psblmsmlbn`,

\j mitbjhj uh óhblm puhtncj ajsaj `n sufn sbfp`j aj `ns rjspujstns n `ms ætjfs (Ln`ajrüh Aj

`n Lruz, Fjrbhm \mtm, & Cunrjz Onrlbn, 9;>7).

[îobhn 2 aj >>

 

Fjabnhtj `n rjlm`jllbüh aj antms lmh jstms bhstrufjhtms rjn`bznrjfms uh nhî`bsbs lun`btntbvm

aj `ns vnrbni`js `ns lun`js hms pjrfbtbrîh gnljr uh abnohüstblm aj `n lmhablbüh `nimrn` y

smlbmajfmorîdbln nltun` aj `ms trnincnamrjs y lüfm bhd`uyjh jstns jh su lmhablbüh jfmlbmhn`.

Lmhl`usbmhjs

 Js bfpmrtnhtj pnrn `ns jfprjsns lmhmljr `ns lmhablbmhjs psblmsmlbn`js aj sus

jfp`jnams yn quj jstm nyuanrn n bajhtbdblnr `n fnhjrn fîs jdblnz pnrn rjn`bznr

bhtjrvjhlbmhjs quj nyuajh n fjcmrnr `n jdblbjhlbn y jdblnlbn jh j` ajsjfpjþm aj sus

`nimrjs.

 Js duhanfjhtn` pnrn `ms jfp`jnams quj sus jfp`jnamrjs onrnhtbljh lmhablbmhjs

`nimrn`js najlunans pnrn j` ajsnrrm``m aj sus nltbvbanajs aj dmrfn sjourn y lüfman,

absfbhuyjham j` rbjsom aj prjsjhtnr n`tjrnlbmhjs dæsblns m psblm`üoblns hjontbvns.

 [majfms bfp`jfjhtnr lmfm fjaban prjvjhtbvn `n jvn`unlbüh abnohmstbln pjrbüabln aj

`ms trnincnamrjs n` bhtjrbmr aj `ns jfprjsns, lmfm fjaban prjvjhtbvn quj hms pjrfbtn

tmfnr nllbmhjs pjrtbhjhtjs pnrn fjcmrnr su prmaultbvbana y fnhtjhjr najlunan

rjljptbvbana n `ms lnfibms rj`nlbmhnams lmh j` ibjhjstnr aj` rjlursm gufnhm.

[îobhn 2 aj >>

 

 [mr u`tbfm pmajfms lmhl`ubr quj n` absjþnr uh bhstrufjhtm pnrn rjlm`jllbüh aj `n

bhdmrfnlbüh quj bhl`uyj nltmrjs lmh mrfntm pm @bejrt m jhtrjvbstn pnrn su

jvn`unlbüh bhabvbaun`, ajij rjuhbr lmhablbmhjs snsnltmrbns jh lunhtm n lmhdnib`bana

y vn`bajz, fns n``î aj su u`bana lmfm gjrrnfbjhtn aj bhvjsonlbüh pjrfbtj fjcmrnr

lmhsjlujhtjfjhtj
lmhsjlujhtjfjhtj `ns `ns abfjhsbmhjs quj gnynh sbam abnohmslnans lmh rbjsom n`tm

m fjabm-n`tm

[îobhn 2 aj >>

 

Yjdjrjhlbns

Ln`ajrüh Aj `n Lruz, O. N., Fjrbhm \mtm, L., & Cunrjz Onrlbn, N. C. (9;>7). Tn`banlbüh aj `n
jsln`n aj lnron aj trnincm jh trnincnamrjs pjrunhms.  Nrlgbvms aj [rjvjhlbüh aj
 Ybjsoms @nimrn`js, 9>(<), >9<
@nimrn`js, ->9? , gttp3//slbj`m.bslbbb.js/slbj`m.pgp=
>9<->9? 
slrbpt6slb]nrttjxt&pba6\>:?7-9:129;>7;;;<;;;;9&`nho6js.
Lnrvncn`, N., Ljhtjhm, L., _ntsmh, Y., Fnrtæhjz, F., & \nhz Yuibn`js, Î. (9;>>). ½Lüfm
vn`banr uh bhstrufjhtm aj fjaban aj `n sn`ua= Mitjhbam aj Nhn`js aj` \bstjfn
\nhbtnrbm aj Hnvnrrn, <1(>), 4<-?9. Yjlupjrnam jh ;? aj cuhbm aj 9;9;, aj3
gttp3//slbj`m.bslbbb.js/slbj`m.pgp=slrbpt6slb]nrttjxt&pba6\>><?-
449?9;>>;;;>;;;;?&`ho6js&t`ho6js.
Djrrnrb, @., Db`bppb, O., Lüramin, J., Ljijy, F. L., Hnpm`b, F. @., Qrmttn, F. D., . . . Durfnh, C.
[. (9;>4). LZJ\QBMHNYBM AJ JTN@ZNLBÜH AJ DNLQMYJ\ [\BLM\MLBN@J\
(LJDN[)3 J\QYZLQZYN R [YM[BJANAJ\ [\BLMFÂQYBLN\. Nhunrbm aj
),4?-?:. Mitjhbam aj
 Bhvjstbonlbmhjs, WWBBB( ),4?-?:.
gttps3//www.rjan`yl.mro/pad/<42>/<42>:9424;;4.pad 
Djrrjbrn, Q. F. L., ams \nhtms, Lnr`n @babnhj Cîlmfj, Djrrjbrn, C. A. @., aj Nzjvjam, @. Y.,
\b`vn, E. a. @., & Lmstn, F. F. @. (9;>2). n`bantbmh md bhstrufjhts dmr lnrj bh
 pjabntrbls3 Nh bhtjorntbvj
bhtjorntbvj stuay. Jhdjrfjræn O`mi
O`min`,
n`, >7(1), :7?-4;9. amb3. Mitjhbam aj
:7?-4;9.
gttp3//ax.amb.mro.prmxy.ibabo.nrjnhabhn.jau.lm/>;.4;>7/jo`min`.>7.1.<:?<7>
[m`nhlm, Cunh Onirbj` Lnstnþjan5 Inrrjrm, Cmsâ Nhtmhbm Lnfnrom5 Ijamyn, Fühbln Entjrbhj
@mhamþm. (9;>2). Nhî`bsbs ibi`bmfâtrblm lmfm
lmfm gjrrnfbjhtn ppnrn
nrn j` sjoubfbjhtm aajj
bhstrufjhtms psblm`üoblms vn`banams jh Lm`mfibn. Mitjhbam aj Yjvbstn Biârbln Aj
\bstjfns j Qjlhm`mobns Aj Bhdmrfnïìm, , <7-14. Yjtrbjvja drmf
gttp3//prmxy.ibabo.nrjnhabhn.jau.lm39;17/`mobh=3 gttps3//sjnrlg-prmqujst-
lmf.prmxy.ibabo.nrjnhabhn.jau.lm/amlvbjw/99:7474:44=nllmuhtba6:;11>
\m`bs, F. F., Inrüh, F. L. Y., Ynab``m, \. J. F., & Ybvjrn, I. Y. O. (9;>1). TN@BANLBÜH
 AJ ZH BH\QYZFJHQM
BH\QYZFJHQM AJ @N LN@B LN@BANA
ANA AJ TBA
TBAN N @NIMYN@ JH ZHN
 BH\QBQZLBÜH AJ JAZLN JAZLNLBÜHLBÜH [ÓI@BL
[ÓI@BLN N N HBTJ@ \Z[JYBMY JH JH FÂWBLM. 
Mitjhbam aj Bhtjrhntbmhn` Cmurhn` md Nrts & \lbjhljs, ?(:), 4>-?2. Yjtrbjvja drmf3
gttp3//prmxy.ibabo.nrjnhabhn.jau.lm39;17/`mobh=ur`6gttps3//sjnrlg-prmqujst-
lmf.prmxy.ibabo.nrjnhabhn.jau.lm/amlvbjw/>4:91124??=nllmuhtba6:;11>
Tb``nsæs-Ejjvjr, F. Î., Fîrqujz-Omhzî`jz, G., Surbtn-Lruz, C. H., Fbrnhan-Hmvn`js, O., &
Jslnfb``n-Hóþjz, N. (Mlt-Abl 9;>7). J` prmtmlm`m aj bhvjstbonlbüh TBB. Tn`bajz y
lmhdbnib`bana aj `ns fjablbmhjs. Yjvbstn N`jrobn Fjxblm,
gttp3//www.slbj`m.mro.fx/slbj`m.pgp=slrbpt6slb]nrttjxt&pba6\9117-
2>2;9;>7;;;1;;1>1&`nho6js.

[îobhn 2 aj >>