FLR 1? ^I[LR NM ME[_MJNIEIMJ^L Y R]R BA_A

BA_AB^M_ÅR^IBAR
B^M_ÅR^IBAR
Fls tipls nm meprmjnieimjtl gabmj rmhmrmjbia a nihmrmjtms bfasihibabiljms rmfabiljanas blj
fas barabtmråstibas qum nmtmreijaj mf nmsarrlffl nm uja jumva inma nm jmdlbil.
Ms jmbmsaril tmjmr mj bumjta qum jl tlnls fls meprmjnieimjtls pmrsidumj fls eisels
locmtivls. ^lnls fls meprmsarils, fas inmas nm jmdlbil y fls eétlnls nm aneijistrabiòj m
ijjlvabiòj slj nihmrmjtms0 plr msta razòj mxistmj nihmrmjtms bfasihibabiljms.
Bana meprmjnmnlr l drupl nm meprmjnmnlrms timjm uja hlrea nm mepmzar uj jmdlbil l
inma. Nmpmjnm nm fa pmrsljafinan nm fls meprmjnmnlrms, nm fas bljnibiljms
slbilmbljòeibas, nm fls rmbursls nispljiofms, ijbfusl nm fa sumrtm.
Mj buafquimr basl, meprmjnmnlr simeprm ms afdl blepfibanl qum rmquimrm pmrsmvmrajbia y
sabrihibil. Bljlbmr fas bfasms eás bleujms pumnm ayunar af meprmjnmnlr a bljlbmr emclr
mf prlbmsl y aolrnarfl emclr.
^I[LR NM ME[_MJNIEIMJ^L RMDÓJ MF ^AEAÑL
1- Meprmjnieimjtls pmqumñls3 Fls
pmqumñls3 Fls pmqumñls meprmjnieimjtls slj tlnls aqumffls mj
fls qum mf prlpimtaril niridm su meprmsa y traoaca blj uj par nm mepfmanls, usuafemjtm
haeifiarms. Fa eaylråa nm mstls meprmjnieimjtls slj apmjas rmjtaofms. Rm bljsinmra qum

slj mxitlsls buajnl buepfmj mf locmtivl nm slstmjmr a fa haeifia y orijnar uj eåjiel nm

omjmhibils.
Mcmepfls3 Rlj jmdlbils blel timjnas nm aoarrltms, pmfuqumråas, barpijtmråas, pflemrls,
Mcmepfls3 Rlj
mfmbtribistas, mjtrm ltrls.
?- Meprmjnieimjtls msbafaofms3 Fls meprmjnieimjtls msbafaofms slj meprmsas
pmqumñas mj su ijibil, pmrl qum mstáj bljbmoinas blel prlymbtls qum pumnmj afbajzar uj
draj brmbieimjtl. Éstm ms mf basl nm fls meprmjnieimjtls nm ijjlvabiòj tmbjlfòdiba, fls
buafms pumnmj afbajzar uj draj brmbieimjtl mj uj pfazl blrtl nm timepl. Ésta ms fa razòj
plr fa buaf mxistmj ijvmrslrms nm bapitaf nm rimsdl, qum apumstaj drajnms sueas nm nijmrl
a jmdlbils ijbipimjtms mj aparimjbia.
Nibgls prlymbtls sm oasaj mj fa brmabiòj nm elnmfls nm jmdlbil qum smaj rmpmtiofms y
msbafaofms. ]ja vmz mjbumjtraj mf elnmfl aprlpianl, mf bapitaf nm rimsdl sm gabm jmbmsaril
para su rápina mxpajsiòj.
Fls meprmjnieimjtls msbafaofms qum abtuafemjtm sm nmsarrlffaj mj bfóstmrms nm
ijjlvabiòj, slj uj plrbmjtacm euy pmqumñl nm fls meprmjnieimjtls eujniafms. Rij
meoardl, abtuafemjtm rmbiomj fa eaylråa nmf bapitaf nm rimsdl nmoinl a fls rmtlrjls
nmsemsuranls qum afbajzaj uja vmz hujbiljaj.
Mcmepfls3 Rifiblj Xaffmy, Rgajdai, Isramf, Fa sastrmråa nm Omrm Basiffas l mf blemrbil nm
Mcmepfls3 Rifiblj
bubgiffls nm _ibarnl Flp, slj oumjåsiels mcmepfls nm bòel uj jmdlbil pmqumñl y flbaf
pumnm ffmdar a bljvmrtirsm mj uja meprmsa dfloaf.
2- Meprmjnieimjtls drajnms3 Rm rmhimrm a drajnms meprmsas blj bibfls nm vina hijitls.
Mstm tipl nm meprmjnieimjtls nmom eajtmjmr uja bljstajtm ijjlvabiòj mj sus prlnubtls
y smrvibils para plnmr brmbmr. [lr msta razòj, nmomj eajtmjmrsm mj uj prlbmsl bljtijul
nm ijvmstidabiòj y bleprmjsiòj nm fls baeoils mj mf emrbanl.
 

Fls dustls baeoiajtms nm fls bfimjtms, fas jumvas tmbjlfldåas,

tmbjlf ldåas, fls baeoils mj fa fmdisfabiòj
y fa ijjlvabiòj nm fls blepmtinlrms nmomj smr britmrils a tlear mj bumjta para qum uj
meprmjnieimjtl drajnm sm eajtmjda blj vina.
Mcmepfls3 Drupl Haeifia, Gabmo, Ijmxelna, [rltmbbiòj, Mf ^imepl, Barolquåeiba,
Navivimjna, Oussbar, Hrisoy, Ijnuea, Ijmfbl y Bmráeiba Itafia
>- Meprmjnieimjtls slbiafms3 Mstls slj meprmjnieimjtls buyl prlpòsitl bmjtraf jl
bljsistm mj bapturar uja bulta nmtmreijana nmf emrbanl, sijl bljtriouir af nmsarrlffl slbiaf.
Blj hrmbumjbia sumfmj smr meprmsas sij hijms nm fubrl y timjmj blel locmtivls fa ijjlvabiòj
mj mf baepl nm fa mnubabiòj, fls nmrmbgls gueajls, fa safun y mf emnil aeoimjtm.
Mcmepfls3  Hujnabiòj Abbiòj Ijtmrja nm Clgaja Oagaeòj, Fa Hujnabiòj Cuaj [aofl
Dutiérrmz Bábmrms, fa Hujnabiòj brmò mf prlymbtl Bglbò tl Najbm.
^I[LR NM ME[_MJNIEIMJ^LR RMDÓJ FA IJJLXABIÒJ
1- Meprmjnieimjtl ijjlvanlr3  Rlj meprmjnieimjtls mj fls buafms uj prlbmsl nm
ijvmstidabiòj y nmsarrlffl bljnubm a fa ijjlvabiòj. Mstl bljstituym uja humrtm vmjtaca
blepmtitiva af elemjtl nm mjtrar mj mf emrbanl, plrqum darajtiza uj iepabtl oasanl mj
fas jmbmsinanms nmf póofibl locmtivl nmf prlnubtl l smrvibil.

]suafemjtm mstm tipl nm meprmjnieimjtl sumfm mstar rmfabiljanl blj fa bimjbia y fa

tmbjlfldåa. [lr fl tajtl, slj meprmsas qum rmquimrmj nm uj aftl hijajbiaeimjtl para plnmr
nmsarrlffar mf prlbmsl nm ijvmstidabiòj y fa plstmrilr brmabiòj nm fls oimjms.
Mcmepfls3  Aslbiabiòj Jabiljaf nm Meprmsarils
Meprmsarils nm Blfleoia (Ajni) vimjm finmrajnl
mstratmdias nm ijjlvabiòj para darajtizar fa slstmjioifinan y mf brmbieimjtl meprmsariaf, fa
_mvista Nijmrl, _appi y ^mae, mjtrm ltrls.
?- Meprmjnieimjtl
Meprmjnieimjtl lplrtujista3 Rm rmhimrm a aqumffls meprmjnieimjtls qum surdmj mj uj
bljtmxtl nljnm pumnm inmjtihibarsm uja jmbmsinan urdmjtm l uja lplrtujinan bfara nm
jmdlbil. Mstm meprmjnieimjtl rmquimrm nm uja afta smjsioifinan para nmtmbtar, mxpfltar y
mcmbutar fas lplrtujinanms.
Mcmepfls3 Farry [adm & Rmrdmy Orij3 bljsinmranls blel fls ijnivinuls qum nispusimrlj
sus tmlråas meprmsariafms para bljvmrtir a Dlldfm mj ujl nm fls ousbanlrms ujivmrsafms
blj eaylr utifinan mj su mxistmjbia. Mstls gleorms blemjzarlj a fa mnan nm ?2 añls mj
trazar fa emta nm brmar uj ousbanlr qum fldrará nmsbardar ijhlreabiòj nm tlnl tipl. Gly mj
nåa, slj mffls a quimjms sm fms adranmbm fa mxistmjbia nm msta draj meprmsa niditaf qum
tmjnrá vidmjbia plr eubgls añls eás.
Glwarn Rbguftz3 ¼Gaz
Rbguftz3 ¼Gaz prloanl mf bahé nm Rtaroub`s<
Rtaroub` s< [ums tm prmsmjtl a fa emjtm eamstr
eamstraa
qum fldrl fmvajtar uj meplril nmsnm fas bmjizas y bljvmrtirfl mj ujl nm fls eás bltizanls
tajtl plr fa plofabiòj clvmj blel anufta. Nurajtm uja éplba oastajtm humrtm para msta
meprmsa, Glwarn fldrò ijdmjiársmfas a través nm sus bljlbieimjtls mj eatmria hijajbimra
para tramr uja nisbipfija ajtm fls baeoils eljmtarils y mfmvar mf jleorm nm uja meprmsa
taj suofiem blel fl ms Rtaroub`s. Anmeás… ¼a quiéj jl fm dusta uj oumj bahé<  

2- Meprmjnieimjtl ijbuoanlr.  Rm rmhimrm a aqumffls meprmjnieimjtls qum jl mstáj

oasanls mj lplrtujinanms memrdmjtms, sijl mj tlnl uj prlbmsl nm ijbuoabiòj prmvia. [lr
 

fl tajtl, sm mjhlbaj mj fa satishabbiòj nm aqumffas jmbmsinanms nmf emrbanl qum slj

pmreajmjtms y oimj bljlbinas.
Mstm tipl nm meprmjnieimjtl timjm uj prlbmsl fardl nm ijvmstidabiòj, brmbieimjtl y
nmsarrlffl. Rij meoardl, af mstar oasanl mj bljnibiljms pmreajmjtms, sus rmsuftanls
pumnmj smr rmfativaemjtm prmvisiofms
pr mvisiofms y plr fl tajtl sus rmsuftanls pumnmj smr eás mstaofms.
mstaof ms.
Éstm sumfm smr uj eétlnl usanl taeoiéj plr fas meprmsas drajnms qum ya mstáj
plsibiljanas mj mf emrbanl, fas buafms fl utifizaj para eajtmjmrsm vidmjtms. Oacl mstm
mjhlqum, fls meprmsarils
meprmsaril s nmstijaj uja partm nm su prmsupumstl a ijbuoar jumvls prlnubtls
para lhrmbmrfls mj uj pfazl nm timepl nmtmreijanl.
Mcmepfls3 Bijbl Rlht3 Nmsarrlffl nm slhtwarm mspmbiafizanl mj elnmfls eatmeátibls,
mstanåstiba, ijvmstidabiòj lpmrabiljaf, ijdmjimråa y aneijistrabiòj0 rmijdmjimråa, asmslråa y
pfajmabiòj nm tmbjlfldåa, asmslråa mj ijdmjimråa nm slhtwarm.
Gistl-Fao. Ftna3
Ftna3 Nmnibana a fls prlnubtls para niadjòstibl mj emnibija gueaja y
oiltmbjlfldåa3 ajtibumrpls eljlbfljafms, emnils nm buftivl para oabtmrias, niadjòstibl nm
såhifis, ijeujlhflrmsbmjbia
ijeujlhflrmsbmjbia ijnirmbta y fåjma buftivl bmfufar.
[rlbmsls adrl-oilfòdib
adrl-oilfòdibls3
ls3 Meprmsa
 Meprmsa nmnibana a fa ijvmstidabiòj, nmsarrlffl y anaptabiòj
nm tmbjlfldåas mj mf árma nm fa fleoribuftura. Lhrmbm guels nm fleoriz, prlnubtls
lrdájibls, garija a oasm nm fleoriz y eajmcl ijtmdraf nm nmsmbgls lrdájibls.
>- Meprmjnieimjtl nm ieitabiòj3 Mstm tipl nm meprmjnieimjtl bljsistm mj fa ieitabiòj nm
uj prlnubtl l smrvibil qum ya timjm éxitl nmjtrl nmf emrbanl. [umnm narsm a través nm fa
brmabiòj nm uj prlnubtl jumvl l a través nm uja hrajquibia.
Mj mf basl nm fls prlnubtls jumvls, fl qum sm ousba ms ieitar aqumffls aspmbtls nm uj
prlnubtl qum ya nmelstrarlj tmjmr éxitl. Rij meoardl, mj tlnls fls basls sm nmomj ijbfuir
aspmbtls jlvmnlsls qum pmreitaj lhrmbmr uj vaflr adrmdanl a fls usuarils.
Mj mf basl nm fa hrajquibia, mf meprmjnieimjtl sm mjhlba mj uj elnmfl nm jmdlbil ya
brmanl. Mj afdujls basls fa ójiba ijjlvabiòj bljsistm mj acustar nmtaffms nm
blemrbiafizabiòj smdój fa rmdiòj mj nljnm sm fajza mf prlnubtl.
^I[LR NM ME[_MJNIEIMJ^L RMDÓJ MF ME[_MJNMNL_
1- Meprmjnieimjtl privanl3 Rm rmhimrm a aqumffas meprmsas qum sm nmsarrlffaj a través
nm bapitaf privanl. Nmjtrl nm mstm tipl nm meprmjnieimjtl, fa ijvmrsiòj ijibiaf
ijib iaf pumnm prlvmjir
nm fls eisels meprmjnmnlrms (mj mf basl nm jmdlbils pmqumñls) l nm ijvmrslrms nm rimsdl
(buajnl sm trata nm prlymbtls eás drajnms). [lr ltra partm, mj bimrtls paåsms taeoiéj ms
plsiofm mjbljtrar basls nljnm mf smbtlr póofibl orijna suovmjbiljms mbljòeibas para fa
brmabiòj nm meprmsas nm tipl privanl.
?- Meprmjnieimjtl póofibl3  Rm rmhimrm a aqumffls meprmjnieimjtls qum nmsarrlffa mf
smbtlr póofibl a través nm sus nihmrmjtms admjbias nm nmsarrlffl. Mj tlnls fls paåsms ms
plsiofm mjbljtrar mstm tipl nm ijibiativas póofibas, mjhlbanas mj buorir fas nmhibimjbias mj fa
lhmrta nm fls meprmsarils privanls.
 

2- Meprmjnieimjtl ijnivinuaf3 Mf meprmjnieimjtl ijnivinuaf ms mf qum nmsarrlffa uja slfa

pmrslja l uja haeifia. Mstm tipl nm meprmjnieimjtl sumfm smr eás hrmbumjtm mj mf basl nm
meprmsas pmqumñas, y ms plbl usuaf qum ijbfuya prlbmsls nm ijvmstidabiòj y nmsarrlffl.
>- Meprmjnieimjtl mj easa3  Mstm tipl nm meprmjnieimjtl lburrm mj bljtmxtls slbiafms
nljnm sm prmsmjta uj bfiea havlraofm para fa brmabiòj nm jumvas meprmsas. Nibgl bljtmxtl
havlraofm pumnm narsm drabias a mståeufls plr partm nmf dloimrjl. Rij meoardl, taeoiéj
pumnm lburrir bljnibiljanl plr ltrls aspmbtls slbiafms, mbljòeibls, bimjtåhibls l
tmbjlfòdibls qum sm dmjmrmj mj uj fudar mspmbåhibl.
_mhmrmjbias
Basjlbga, O. (?;11). «^gm Hlur ^ypms lh Mjtrmprmjmursgip° mj Omj Basjlbga.
_mbupmranl nm Omj Basjlbga3 basjlbga.ble
Bgajn, R. (R.H.). «Mjtrmprmjmursgip3 Bgarabtmristibs,Ieplrtajbm, ^ypms, ajn Hujbtiljs lh
Mjtrmprmjmursgip° mj Ylur Artibfm Fiorary. _mbupmranl nm Ylur Artibfm Fiorary3
ylurartibfmfiorary.ble
Mnujltm. (R.H.). «Jijm ^ypms lh Mjtrmprmjmursgip°
Mjtrmprmjmursgi p° mj iMnu Jltm. _mbupmranl nm iMnu Jltm3
Jltm3
imnujltm.ble

Eltm,mjR.@B
 Aff° @B(?;14).
Rlurbm«Hlur
Fij`. ^ypms
Fij`. _mbup lh Mjtrmprmjmursgip3
_mbupmranl
mranl nm @B Rlurb
Rlurbm Ombausm
m Fij`3 `bslLjm Nmhijitilj
`bslurbmfij`.ble Nlms Jlt Hit
urbmfij`.ble
gttps3//www.fihmnmr.ble/tipls-nm-meprmjnieimjtl/  
gttps3//www.meprmjnmnlrms.ms/dmstilj/a2714;/msbafaoifinan-nm-fls-jmdlbils/  
gttps3//www.farmpuofiba.bl/mspmbiafms/eis-nlbuemjtls/bijbl-meprmjnieimjtls-
blfleoiajls-mxitlsls-eas-affa-nm-rappi-?4;4171  
gttps3//www.blfleoia.bl/pais-blfleoia/tafmjtl/prlymbtls-nm-meprmjnieimjtl-slbiaf-mj-
blfleoia-naj-mcmepfl-af-eujnl/
gttps3//www.nijmrl.ble/mnibilj-ieprmsa/meprmjnmnlrms/artibufl/fas-2;-meprmsas-eas-
ijjlvanlras-mj-blfleoia/?>;;?8
gttps3//www.mftimepl.ble/arbgivl/nlbuemjtl/EAE-81=;=1