]HEPMS^EABA HBNEFHBI ABHEMI BINEAM^ NBSSEFH

@BN]IQBA AM NEMHNEB^ BLSF_ÅN]BSEB^
M^N]MIB AM @FSKBNEFH _SF@M^EFHBI AM
BLSFHFKËB

QMKB7
’Kåtfafs am kmgfrbkemhtf jecreabneþh y smimnneþh mh
(Qjmfc
(Qjmfcrfk
rfkbb nbnbf
nbnbf I.)"
I.)"
AFNMHQM7 Cil. Gustf LFHWBIM^ BSQMBLB
BSQMBLB

N]S^F7 @etfk
@etfkmgfrb
mgfrbkemht
kemhtf
f bpienba
bpienbaf
f
EHQMLSBHQM^7

•
 ^ftf _fzf Bhay
Bhay ^mrlef

(Qj
Qjmf
mfcr
crfk
fkb
b nb
nbnb
nbf
fI.)
Mi nbnbf ms uhb pibhtb pmrmhhm aepifeam (3h;3?), prehnepbikmhtm
biþlbkb, aespmrsbab mh nbse tfabs ibs rmlefhms j÷kmabs trfpenbims
am cbgb bitetua.
Ib `ifr am nbnbf ms jmrkb`rfaetb y sm ab mh rbnekfs iibkbafs
nfgehmtms mh ibs pbrtms vemgb ib pibhtb (nbuie`ifrb), pmhtâkmrb nfh
nehnf iþnuifs am ifs nubims mxestmh am 0 b 23 þvuifs
mi nbnbf ms uhb pibhtb biþlbkb, `bvfrmneab pfr ib mstrunturb keskb
am ib `ifr y pfr sestmkbs am ehnfkpbteceieaba prmsmhtms mh ibs
ae`mrmhtms pfcibnefhms
 

Mi nâiez mstâ `frkbaf am nehnf såpbifs y ib

nfrfib am nehnf påtbifs bitmrhfs nfh ifs

såpbifs.
Mi bharfnmf mstâ `frkbaf pfr ifs mstbkcrms y
sm mhnumhtrbh uheafs tfafs mh nfhguhtf mh ib
cbsm qum rfamb mi fvbref.

Mi lehmnmf mstâ `frkbaf pfr mi fvbref, mi msteif y

ifs mstelkbs. Mi fvbref mstâ nfkpumst
nfkpumstf
f am nehnf
nmiabs fpumstbs b ifs påtbifs, nbab uhb
 nfhtemhm uh h÷kmrf vbrebcim am þvuifs

Kmgfrbkemhtf lmhåtenf
ifs nretmrefs câsenfs pbrb ib smimnneþh am ârcfims sm mstbcimnemrfh mh
cbsm bi ëhaenm am kbzfrnb (EK) qum sm rm`emrm bi h÷kmrf am kbzfrnbs
hmnmsbrebs pbrbnfkf
(E^) mxprmsbaf fctmhmr uhb ehaeveaubi
mi pmsf iecrb am nbnbf smnf
am uhb y mi ëhaenm
bikmharb am smkeiib
smnb
`mrkmhtbab.
Ib iëhmb niâsenb am uh prflrbkb am kmgfrbkemhtf lmhåtenf ami nbnbf,
ms ib am prfauner vbremabams am bitf rmhaekemhtf, rmsestmhneb b piblbs
y mh`mrkmabams y nfh smkeiibs qum pmrketbh uh cumh prfnmsbkemhtf
ehaustrebi
 

lmhftepfsam
^mimnneþh
supmrefrms am
nbnbf bitf
rmhaekemhtf
 

Jecreabneþh
 

^mimnneþh
Ib smimnneþh b pbrter am amsnmhamhnebs jecreabs sm `uhabkmhtb mh ib
nrmbneþh am amsnmhaemhtms @2 f jëcreafs am nifhms qum sfh uteiezbafs
nfkf
`umrtmprflmhetfrms
jmtmrfses ammismkeiibs
jmtmrfses pbrb jecreabs
rmhaekemhtf,
rmhaekemht pmrketemhaf
f, velfr fctmhmr
y prmnfneaba
prmnfneaba uhb
mi nenif am
smimnneþh tfkb biluhfs bòfs m ehniuym ib smimnneþh am ae`mrmhtms
ehaeveaufs amhtrf am uhb nfimnneþh nfh nbrbntmrëstenbs amsmbcims
(prfaunneþh, rmsestmhneb b piblbs y mh`mrkmabams y nbieaba).
 

Amsbrrfiif am uhb humvb vbremaba pfr

Iëhmb 2 iëhmb 3
smimnneþh
Lmhmrbneþh 3 am
Smsestmhtm b
smimnneþh
ib msnfcb am
crugb

_rfaunneþh y
mimvbab nbieaba ^mkeiibs am
nbab ârcfi ^mkeiibs
nfkcehbabs
_rfaunneþh y Lmhmrbneþh @2
mimvbab nbieaba, am am smimnn
smimnneþh
eþh ^mkeiibs
Smsestmhtmm b ib
Smsestmht
msnfcb am crugb
^mkcrbkfs
 Am bjë sm vb b pibhtbr mh nbkpf pbrb ib tmrnmrb lmhmrbneþh y bsë sunmsevbkmhtm bstb 0 f : lmhmrbnefhms seluemhtms mh
`uhneþh amib jfkflmhmeaba ami kbtmrebi qum qumrbkfs smimnnefhbr.
smimnnefhbr.

Cecieflrb`ëb
Suez, M.Z. (3?21). Aevmrseaba
Aevmrseaba lmhåtenb am nbnbf
nbnbf (Qjmfcrfkb nbnbf I.) Nfh kbrnbafrms
kfimnuibrms kenrfsbtåietms.
kenrfsbtåietms. uhevmrseaba hbnefhbi am nfifkceb `bnuitba am nemhnebs
blrbrebs msnumib am pfslrbafs pbikerb, nfifkceb
]M-_MS]/_MHZ. (3??:). Mstuaef am nbrbntmrezbneþh ami pftmhnebi lmhåtenf ami nbnbf mh
mi _mr÷. _rfymntf am nffpmrbneþh
nffpmrbneþh ]M-_MS× mh kbtmreb am bsestmhneb tånhenb rmibtevb bi
nfkmrnef - bpfyf bi prflrbkb
prflrbkb mstrb
mstrbtålenf
tålenf hbnefhbi mxpfrtbnefhms (pmhx 3??>-3?2>).
Pbiimgf,, N.B. y Mstrbab, ^.E. (3??3). Kmgfrbkemhtf Lmhåtenf am _ibhtbs. Mh pibhtbs
Pbiimgf
biflbkbs