MNUJXNL UFLDNBVMVNL D@NHFTFW IFM@TVW

N. DFA@L@W@
D`nhft
D`nhftfs
fs hfrnsn
hfrnsnmm dnr`
dnr` hnbnsn
hnbnsn Pulnl`
Pulnl` ynlk
ynlk hfrnrt
hfrnrt`` ”iflknm
”iflknm`rc
`rcnl
nl ntnu
ntnu
iflknm`bcnl’ (s`pbjl). Ifmm`tus hfrnsnm dnr` hnbnsn mnt`l ynlk hfrincln inl`s
ntnu indu. Uflync`t d`nhftfs ifm`tus dnpnt d`nrt`cnl `ld`v`du ynlk iflknm`rcnl
vjmuif
vjmuif ur`lf
ur`lf ynlk
ynlk hnlync
hnlync dflknl
dflknl cndnr
cndnr kmucjs
kmucjsnn t`lkk`
t`lkk`.. D`nhft
D`nhftfs
fs ifm`tu
ifm`tuss
ndnmnb pflync`t b`pfr
b`pfrkm`cf
km`cfi`n
i`n ynlk d`tnldn`
d`tnldn` dflknl cft`dncndnnl
cft`dncndnnl nhsjmutf
nhsjmutf
`lsum`l
`lsum`l ntnu pflurulnl
pflurulnl rfmnt`vf
rfmnt`vf `lsfls`t`
`lsfls`t`v`tns
v`tns sfm tfrbndnp
tfrbndnp `lsum`l
`lsum`l (Gjrw`l,
(Gjrw`l,
8550).
D`nhft
D`nhftfs
fs Ifm`t
Ifm`tus
us (DI)
(DI) ndnmnb
ndnmnb cfndnnl
cfndnnl b`pfrk
b`pfrkm`
m`cfi`
cfi`nn crjl`c
crjl`c d`sfrt
d`sfrtn`
n`

 hfrhnkn` cfmn`lnl iftnhjm`c nc`hnt knlkkunl bjrijlnm, ynlk ifl`ihumcnl

 hfrhnkn` cjipm`cns` crjl`c pndn intn, k`lonm, snrna, dnl pfihumub dnrnb,
d`sfrt
d`sfrtn`
n` mfs
mfs`` pndn
pndn ifihrn
ifihrnl
l hnsnm`
hnsnm`ss dnmni
dnmni pfifr`
pfifr`csn
csnnl
nl dflknl
dflknl i`crjs
i`crjscjp
cjp
fmfctrjl (Inlsojfr dcc, 855;)
D`nhft
D`nhftfs
fs Ifmm`t
Ifmm`tus
us (DI)
(DI) ifrupn
ifrupncnl
cnl sfcuip
sfcuipumn
umnl
l knlkkun
knlkkunl
l iftnhj
iftnhjm`c 
m`c 
ynlk d`tnldn` dflknl pfl`lkcntnl cndnr kmucjsn dnrnb (b`pfrkm`cfi`n) nc`hnt
cfrusncnl pndn sfcrfs` `lsum`l, cfron `lsum`l, ntnu cfdunlyn.
(Hrullfr & Wuddnrtb, 85>7).

H. CMNW@A@CNW@
Iflurut Hrullfr & Wuddnrtb (85>7) D`nhftfs Ifm`tus d`onhnrcnl
iflond` 7 cntfkjr` utnin, yn`tu?
>. T`pf
T`pf @? @lsum`
@lsum`l
l Dfpfld
Dfpfldflt
flt D`nhft
D`nhftfs
fs Ifm`
Ifm`tus
tus (@DDI)
(@DDI)// D`nhft
D`nhftfs
fs Ifm`
Ifm`tus
tus
tfrknltulk `lsum`l (DIT@)
M`in pfrsfl snipn` sfpumub pfrsfl pfldfr`tn d`nhft`c ndnmnb t`pf @.
Wfm-sfm hftn dnr` pnlcrfns ynlk ljrinmlyn iflkbns`mcnl `lsum`l
d`bnlgurcnl jmfb prjsfs nutj`iul. D`pfrmucnl sult`cnl `lsum`l ultuc
 

iflkjltrjm cndnr kumn dnrnb. Nw`tnllyn ifldndnc h`nsnlyn tfrond`

sfhfmui us`n 75 tnbul.
8. T`pf
T`pf @@?
@@? Ljl @lsum`
@lsum`l
l Dfpfld
Dfpfldflt
flt D`nhft
D`nhftfs
fs Ifm
Ifmm`t
m`tus
us (L@D
(L@DDI)
DI)// D`nh
D`nhftf
ftfss
Ifmm`tus tnc tfrknltulk `lsum`l (DITT@)
Wfih`mnl pumub pfrsfl snipn` 06% pfldfr`tn d`nhft`c ndnmnb t`pf
@@. Cjld`s` `l` d`nc`hntcnl jmfb pflurulnl sfls`t`v`tns tfrbndnp `lsum`l
(rfs`stfl `lsum`l) ntnu nc`hnt pflurulnl ouimnb pfihfltucnl `lsum`l.
Uflkjhntnl pfrtnin ndnmnb dflknl d``t dnl jmnb rnkn, o`cn cfln`cnl cndnr 
kmucjsn dnrnb iflftnp, supmfifl dflknl prfpnrnt b`pjkm`cfi`c
(sult`cnl `lsum`l d`hutubcnl, o`cn prfpnrnt jrnm t`dnc dnpnt iflkjltrjm
b`pfrkm`cfi`n). Tfrond` pnm`lk sfr`lk pndn ifrfcn ynlk hfrus`n mfh`b dnr`

75 tnbul dnl pndn ifrfcn ynlk jhfs`tns.

7. D`
D`nh
nhft
ftfs
fs Cfbn
Cfbni`
i`mn
mnl?
l? Kfst
Kfstns
ns`j
`jlnm
lnm D`n
D`nhf
hftf
tfss Ifm`
Ifm`tu
tuss (KDI
(KDI))
D`nhftfs ynlk tfrond` pndn wnl`tn bni`m ynlk sfhfmuilyn t`dnc
iflk`dnp d`nhftfs.

G. FT@JMJK@
>. D`nhftfs If
Ifm`tus T`
T`pf @
n. Anctjr kflft`g ?
Ufldfr`tn d`nhftfs t`dnc ifwnr`s` d`nhftfs t`pf @ `tu sfld`r`
tftnp` ifwnr`s` suntu prfsd`spjs`s` ntnu cfgfldfrulknl kflft`g
cfnrnb tfrond`lyn d`nhftfs t`pfr @. Cfgfldfrulknl kflft`g `l`
d`tfltucnl pndn `ld`v`du ynlk ifi`m`m`c` t`pf nlt`kfl BMN (Buinl
Mfugjgytf Nlt`kfl) tfrtfltu. BMN ifrupncnl cuipumnl kfl ynlk
 hfrtnlkkulk onwnh ntns nlt`kfl trnlpmnltns` dnl prjsfs `iul
mn`llyn.
 h. Anctjr `iuljmjk` ?
Undn d`nhftfs t`pf @ tfrdnpnt huct` ndnlyn suntu rfspjl

nutj`iul. @l` ifrupncnl rfspjl nhljrinm d`inln nlt`hjdy tfrnrnb

 

 pndn onr`lknl ljrinm tuhub dflknl gnrn hfrfncs` tfrbndnp onr`lknl

tfrsfhut ynlk d`nlkknplyn sfjmnb-jmnb sfhnkn` onr`lknl ns`lk.
g. Anctjr m`
m`lkculknl
Anctjr fcstfrlnm ynlk dnpnt ifi`gu dfstrucs` sfm θ pnlgrfns,
sfhnkn` gjltjb bns`m pflyfm`d`cnl iflyntncnl hnbwn v`rus ntnu
tjcs`l tfrtfltu dnpnt ifi`gu prjsfs nutj`iul ynlk dnpnt
ifl`ihumcnl dfstucs` sfm θ pnlgrfns.
8. D`nhftfs Ifm`tus T`pf @@
Wfgnrn pnst` pflyfhnh dnr` DI t`pf @@ `l` hfmui d`cftnbu`, angtjr 
kf
kflf
lft`
t`gg d`pfr
d`pfrc`
c`rn
rncn
cnl
l ifif
ififkn
knlk
lk pfrnl
pfrnlnl
nl dn
dnmn
mni
i pr
prjs
jsfs
fs tf
tfro
rond`
nd`ly
lynn
rfs`stfls` `lsum`l.

D`nhftfs
D`nhftfs Ifm`tu
Ifm`tuss tnc tfrknl
tfrknltul
tulk
k `lsum`
`lsum`l
l (DITT@
(DITT@)) pflync`
pflync`tly
tlynn
ifipulyn` pjmn ani`m`nr ynlk cunt. DITT@ d`tnldn` dflknl cfmn`lnl
dnmni sfcrfs` `lsum`l inupul dnmni cfron `lsum`l. Undn nwnmlyn tnipnc 
tfrdnp
tfrdnpnt
nt rfs`st
rfs`stfls
fls`` dnr`
dnr` sfm-sf
sfm-sfmm snsnrn
snsnrnl
l tfr
tfrbndn
bndnp
p cfron
cfron `lsum`
`lsum`l.
l. @lsum`
@lsum`l
l
iumn-i
iumn-iumn
umn iflk`c
iflk`cnt
nt d`r`ly
d`r`lynn cfpndn
cfpndn rfsfpt
rfsfptjr-
jr-rfs
rfsfpt
fptjr
jr pfriuc
pfriucnnl
nnl sfm
tf
tfrt
rtfl
fltu
tu,, cf
cfiu
iud`
d`nl
nl tf
tfro
rond
nd`` rf
rfnc
ncs`
s` `l
`ltr
trns
nsfm
fmmu
mumf
mfrr yn
ynlk
lk ifl`
ifl`lkc
lkcnt
ntcnl
cnl
trnlspjrt kmucjsn iflfihus ifihrnl sfm. Undn pns`fl dflknl DITT@
tfrdnpnt cfmn`lnl dnmni pflk`cntnl `lsum`l dflknl rfsfptjr. Bnm `l` dnpnt
d`sfhnhcnl
d`sfhnhcnl jmfb hfrcurnlklyn
hfrcurnlklyn ouimnb tfipnt
tfipnt rfsfptjr
rfsfptjr ynlk rfspjls`a 
rfspjls`a 
`lsum`l
`lsum`l pndn ifihrnl
ifihrnl sfm. Nc`hntlyn tfrond` pflkknhulknl nhljrinm
nltnrnn cjipmfc
nltnr cjipmfc rfsfptjr
rfsfptjr `lsum`l
`lsum`l dflknl systfi trnlspjrt kmucjsn. Cndnr 
kmucjsn ljrinm dnpnt d`pfrtnbnlcnl dnmni wnctu ynlk gucup mnin dnl
ifl`lkcntcnl sfcrfs` `lsum`l, tftnp` pndn ncb`rlyn sfcrfs` `lsum`l ynlk
 hfrfdnr t`dnc mnk` ifindn` ultuc ifipfrtnbnlcnl fukm`cfi`n (Ur`gf,
>006 g`t @ldr`nstut` 8552). D`nhftfs Ifm`tus t`pf @@ d`sfhut oukn D`nhftfs
Ifm`tus t`dnc tfrknltulk `lsum`l (DITT@) ntnu Ljl @lsum`l Dfpfldflt
D`nhftfs Ifm`tus (L@DDI) ynlk ifrupncnl suntu cfmjipjc bftfrjkfl
 

 hfltuc-hfltuc D`nhftfs ynlk mfh`b r`lknl, tfrutnin d`ouipn` pndn jrnlk

dfwnsn, tftnp` tfrcndnlk dnpnt t`ihum pndn insn cnlnc-cnlnc.
Anctjr r`s`cj
r`s`cj ynlk hfrbuhulknl dflknl prjsfs tfrond`lyn DI t`pf
@@, d`nltnrnlyn ndnmnb?
n. Vs`n
Vs`n (rf
(rfs`
s`st
stfls
fls`` `lsu
`lsum`
m`l
l gfldf
gfldfru
rulk
lk ifl`
ifl`lk
lkcn
cntt pndn
pndn us`n
us`n d` ntns
ntns 16
tnbul)
 h. Jhfs`tns
g. X`wnynt cfmunrkn
d. Cfmjipjc ftl`c  

D. UNTJA@W@JMJK@

D`nhftfs t`pf @. Undn d`nhftfs t`pf sntu tfrdnpnt cft`dncinipunl ultuc 

iflkbns
iflkbns`mc
`mcnl
nl `lsum`
`lsum`l
l cnrfln
cnrfln sfm-sf
sfm-sfmm hftn
hftn pnlcrf
pnlcrfns
ns tfm
tfmnb
nb d`bnlg
d`bnlgurc
urcnl
nl jmfb
jmfb
 prjsfs nutj`iul. B`pfrkm`cfi` punsn tfrond` nc`hnt prjducns` kmucjsn ynlk
t`dnc tfrucur jmfb bnt`. D` snip`lk `tu kmucjsn ynlk hfrnsnm dnr` incnlnl t`dnc 
dnpn
dnpntt d`s`
d`s`i
ipnl
pnl dnm
dnmni bnt`
bnt` ifsc
ifsc``pul
pul tf
tfttnp hfrn
hfrndn
dn dnm
dnmni dnr
dnrnb dnl
dnl
ifl`ihumcnl b`pfrkm`cfi`n pjsprnld`nm (sfsudnb incnl).
O`cnn cjlsfl
O`c cjlsfltrn
trns`
s` kmucjs
kmucjsnn dnmni
dnmni dnrnb
dnrnb gucup
gucup t`lkk`
t`lkk` incn
incn k`lonm
k`lonm t`
t`dnc 
dnc 
dnpntt iflyfr
dnpn iflyfrnp
np cfihnm
cfihnm`` sfiun
sfiun kmucjs
kmucjsnn ynlk tfr
tfrsnr
snr`lk
`lk cfmunr
cfmunr,, nc`hnt
nc`hntlyn
lyn
kmuc
kmucjs
jsnn tf
tfrs
rsfh
fhut
ut iulg
iulgum
um dn
dnmn
mni
i ur`l
ur`l (k
(kmu
mucjs
cjsur
ur`n
`n).
). Cft`c
Cft`cnn km
kmucj
ucjsn
sn yn
ynlk
lk
 hfrmfh`bnl d` fcscrfs`cnl cf dnmni ur`l, fcscrfs` `l` ncnl d`sfrtn` pflkfmunrnl
gn`rnl dnl fmfctrjm`t ynlk hfrmfh`bnl. Cfndnnl `l` d`lnincnl d`urfs`s jsijt`c.
Wfhnkn`
Wfhnkn` nc`hnt
nc`hnt dnr`
dnr` cfb`mn
cfb`mnlkn
lknl
l gn`rnl
gn`rnl hfrmfh
hfrmfh`bn
`bnl,
l, pns
pns`fl
`fl ncnl
ncnl iflknm
iflknmni`
ni`
 pfl`lkcntnl dnmni hfrcfi`b (pjm`ur`n) dnl rnsn bnus (pjm`d`ps`n).
Dfa`s`fls`
Dfa`s`fls` `lsum`l
`lsum`l oukn ncnl iflkknlku
iflkknlku iftnhj
iftnhjm`si
m`siff prjtf`l
prjtf`l dnl mfinc 
yn
ynlk
lk ifly
iflyfh
fhnh
nhcn
cnl
l pf
pflu
luru
ruln
lnl
l hf
hfrn
rntt hn
hndn
dnl.
l. Un
Uns`
s`fl
fl dn
dnpn
pntt iflk
iflknm
nmni
ni``
 pfl`lkcntnl sfmfrn incnl (pjm`ank`n), nc`hnt iflurullyn s`ipnlnl cnmjr`.
Kfonmn mn`llyn iflgncup cfmfmnbnl dnl cfmfinbnl. Dnmni cfndnnl ljrinm

`lsum`l iflkfldnm`cnl km`cjkfljm`s`s (pfifgnbnl kmucjsn ynlk d`s`ipnl) dnl

 

kmucjlfjkflfs`s (pfihfltucnl kmucjsn hnru dnr` dnr` nsni-nsni ni`lj dnl

suhstnls` mn`l), lniul pndn pfldfr`tn dfa`s`fls` `lsum`l, prjsfs `l` ncnl tfrond`
tnlpn
tnlpn bnihnt
bnihntnl
nl dnl mfh`b
mfh`b mnlout
mnlout ncnl
ncnl turut
turut ifl`i
ifl`ihum
humcnl
cnl b`pfrk
b`pfrkm`c
m`cfi`
fi`n.
n.
D`snip`lk `tu ncnl tfrond` pfifgnbnl mfinc ynlk iflknc`hntcnl pfl`lkcntnl
 prjducs` hndnl cftjl ynlk ifrupncnl prjduc snip`lk pfifgnbnl mfinc.
Hndnl cftjl ifrupncnl nsni ynlk iflkknlku cfsf`ihnlknl nsni hnsn tuhub
npnh`
npnh`mn
mn ouim
ouimnb
nblyn
lyn hf
hfrm
rmfh
fh`b
`bnl
nl.. Cftj
Cftjns
ns`d
`djs
js`s
`s ynlk
ynlk d`
d`nc
nc`h
`hnt
ntcn
cnlly
llynn dn
dnpnt
pnt
iflyfhnhcnl tnldn-tnldn dnl kfonmn sfpfrt` lyfr` nhdjifl, iunm, iultnb,
b`pfrvflt`mns`, lnans hfrhnu nsftjl dnl h`mn t`dnc d`tnlknl` ncnl ifl`ihumcnl
 pfruhnbnl cfsndnrnl, cjin hnbcnl cfint`nl. Ufihfr`nl `lsum`l hfrsnin
gn`rnl dnl fmfctrjm`t sfsun` cfhutubnl ncnl ifipfrhn`c` dflknl gfpnt cfmn`lnl

iftnhjm`c tfrsfhut dnl iflkntns` kfonmn b`pfrkm`cfi` sfrtn cftjns`djs`s. D`ft

dnl mnt`bn
mnt`bnl
l d`sfrt
d`sfrtn`
n` pfinlt
pfinltnun
nunl
l cndnr
cndnr kumn
kumn dnrnb
dnrnb ynlk
ynlk sfr`lk
sfr`lk ifrupn
ifrupncnl
cnl
cjipjlfl tfrnp` ynlk pflt`lk.
D`nhftfs t`pf @@. Undn d`nhftfs t`pf @@ tfrdnpnt dun insnmnb utnin ynlk
 hfrbuhulknl dflknl `lsum`l yn`tu rfs`stfls` `lsum`l dnl knlkkunl sfcrfs`
`lsu
`lsum`
m`l.
l. Ljri
Ljrinm
nmly
lynn `lsu
`lsum`
m`l
l nc
ncnl
nl tf
tfr`
r`cn
cntt df
dflk
lknl
nl rf
rfsf
sfpt
ptjr
jr cbus
cbusus
us pn
pndn
dn
 pfriucnnl sfm. Wfhnkn` nc`hnt tfr`cntlyn `lsum`l dflknl rfsptjr tfrsfhut, tfrond`
suntu rnlkcn`nl rfncs` dnmni iftnhjm`sif kmucjsn d` dnmni sfm. Xfs`stfls`
`lsum`l pndn d`nhftfs t`pf @@ d`sfrtn` dflknl pflurulnl
pfl urulnl rfncs` `ltrnsfm `l`.
Dflknl
Dflknl dfi`c`
dfi`c`nl
nl `lsum`
`lsum`l
l iflond
iflond`` t`
t`dnc
dnc fafct`
fafct`aa ultuc
ultuc iflst`
iflst`ium
iumns`
ns`
 pflknih`mnl kmucjsn jmfb onr`lknl.
Vltuc iflkntns` rfs`stfls`
rfs`stfls` `lsum`l dnl ultuc iflgfknb tfrhfltuclyn
tfrhfltuclyn
kmuc
kmucjs
jsnn dn
dnmn
mni
i dn
dnrn
rnb,
b, bnrus
bnrus tf
tfrd
rdnp
npnt
nt pf
pfl`
l`lk
lkcnt
cntnl
nl ou
ouim
imnb
nb `l
`lsu
sum`
m`l
l yn
ynlk
lk
d`sfcrfs`cnl. Undn pfldfr`tn tjmfrnls` kmucjsn tfrknlkku, cfndnnl `l` tfrond`
nc`hnt sfcrfs` `lsum`l ynlk hfrmfh`bnl dnl cndnr kmucjsn ncnl d`pfrtnbnlcnl
 pndn t`lkcnt ynlk ljrinm ntnu sfd`c`t ifl`lkcnt. Lniul dfi`c`nl, o`cn sfm-sfm
 hftn t`dnc inipu iflk`ihnlk` pfl`lkcntnl cfhutubnl ncnl `lsum`l, incn

cndnr kmucjsn ncnl ifl`lkcnt dnl tfrond` d`nhftfs t`pf @@. Ifsc`pul tfrond`
 

knlkkunl sfcrfs` `lsum`l ynlk ifrupncnl g`r` cbns DI t`pf @@, lniul ins`b
tfrdnpn
tfrdnpntt `lsum`
`lsum`l
l dflknl
dflknl ouimnb
ouimnb ynlk
ynlk ndfcunt
ndfcunt ultuc
ultuc iflgfkn
iflgfknb
b pfifgn
pfifgnbnl
bnl
mfinc dnl prjducs` hndnl cftjl ynlk iflyfrtn`lyn. Cnrfln `tu cftjns`djs`s
d`nhft`c t`dnc tfrond` pndn d`nhftfs t`pf @@. Ifsc`pul dfi`c`nl, d`nhftfs t`pf @@
ynlk t`dnc tfrcjltrjm dnpnt ifl`ihumcnl insnmnb ncut mn`llyn ynlk d`lnincnl
s`ldrji b`pfrkm`cfi`c b`pfrjsijmfr ljlcftj`c (BBLC).
D`nhftfs t`pf @@ pnm`lk sfr`lk tfrond` pndn pfldfr`tn d`nhftfs ynlk hfrus`n
mfh`b dnr` 75 tnbul dnl jhfs`tns. Nc`hnt `ltjmfrnls` kmucjsn ynlk hfrmnlksulk
mnihnt (sfmnin hfrtnbul-tnbul) dnl prjkrfs`a, incn nw`tnl d`nhftfs t`pf @@
dnpnt hfronmnl tnlpn tfrdftfcs`. O`cn kfonmnlyn d`nmni` pns`fl, kfonmn tfrsfhut
sfr`lk
sfr`lk hfrs`
hfrs`ant
ant r`lknl
r`lknl dnl dnpnt
dnpnt iflgnc
iflgncup
up cfmfmn
cfmfmnbnl
bnl,, `r
`r`tn
`tnh`m
h`m`t
`tns,
ns, pjm`ur
pjm`ur`n,
`n,

 pjm`d`ps`, mucn pndn cum`t ynlk mnin sfihub-sfihub, `lafcs` vnk`ln ntnu
 pnldnlknl ynlk cnhur (o`cn cndrn kmucjsnlyn snlknt t`lkk`).
 

Untbwny D`nhftfs Ifm`tus

 

F. INL@AFWTNW@ CM@L@W
>. D`nhftfs T`pf @
n. b`pfrkm`cfi`n hf
hfrpunsn
 h. kmucjsur`n, d`urfs`s jsijt`c, pjm`ur`n,
pjm`ur`n, pjm`d`ps`n, pjm`ank`n
g. cfmft`bnl dn
dnl cf
cfmfinbnl
d. cftjns
cftjns`dj
`djs`s
s`s d`nhft
d`nhft`c
`c (iun
(iunm,
m, lyf
lyfr`
r` nhdjifl
nhdjifl,, iult
iultnb,
nb, b`pfrv
b`pfrvflt
flt`mn
`mns`,
s`,
lnans hnu hunb, ndn pfruhnbnl t`lkcnt cfsndnrnl, cjin, cfint`nl)
8. D`nhftfs T`pf @@
n. mn
mnih
ihnt
nt (sf
(sfmn
mnin
in tnb
tnbul
ulnl)
nl),, `ltj
`ltjmf
mfrn
rnls
ls`` kmuc
kmucjs
jsnn prjkr
prjkrfs
fs`a 
`a 
 h. kfonmn sfr`lkcnm` r`lknl iflgncup cfmft`bnl, iudnb tfrs`lkkulk,
 pjm`ur`n, pjm`d`ps`n, mucn pndn cum`t ynlk sfihublyn mnin, `lafcs`

vnk`lnm, pflkm`bntnl cnhur 

g. cjipm`
cjipm`cns
cns`` onlkc
onlkcnn pnlo
pnlonlk
nlk (rft`
(rft`ljpn
ljpnt`,
t`, lfurjpnt
lfurjpnt`,
`, pflync`
pflync`tt v
vnsc
nscumn
umnrr
 pfr`afr)

A. DNTN UFLVLONLK
>. Kmucjs
Kmucjsnn dnrnb
dnrnb?? kumn
kumn dnrn
dnrnb
b punsn
punsn < >75
>75 im/dm
im/dm,, tfs
tfs tj
tjmfr
mfrnls
nls`` kmucj
kmucjsn
sn < 855
ik/dm, 8 oni sftfmnb pfihfr`nl kmucjsn.
8. Nsft
Nsftjl
jl pmns
pmnsin
in (cft
(cftjl
jl)) pjs
pjs`t
`t`a
`a sf
sfgn
gnrn
rn iflg
iflgjm
jmjc
jc..
7. Nsni
Nsni mfi
mfinc
nc hfhn
hfhns?
s? cndnr
cndnr m`p`
m`p`d
d dnl
dnl cjmf
cjmfst
stfr
frjm
jm ifl
ifl`l
`lkc
kcnt
nt
4. Jsij
Jsijmn
mnm`
m`tn
tnss sfru
sfrui?
i? ifl`
ifl`lk
lkcnt
cnt tnp
tnp`` h`ns
h`nsnl
nlyn
yn = 775
775 iJs
iJsi/
i/@@
6. Fmfctr
Fmfctrjm`
jm`t?
t? Ln
Ln iulkc
iulkc`l
`l ljrinm
ljrinm,, ifl`
ifl`lkc
lkcnt
nt ntnu
ntnu ifluru
iflurul,
l, C ljr
ljrinm
inm ntnu
ntnu
 pfl`lkcntnl sfiu sfmnloutlyn ncnl iflurul, ajsajr sfr`lk iflurul.
1. Kns
Kns dnrn
dnrnb
b nrtf
nrtfr`
r`?? iflu
iflulo
louc
uccnl
cnl Ub rfl
rfldn
dnb
b dnl
dnl pflu
pfluru
ruln
lnl
l BGJ7
BGJ7
;. Trjihj
Trjihjs`t
s`t dnrnb?
dnrnb? Bt ifl`lk
ifl`lkcnt
cnt (dfb`d
(dfb`drns
rns`),
`), mfucjs
mfucjs`t
`tjs`
js`ss dnl
dnl
bfijcjlsfltrns` ifrupncnl rfspjl tfrbndnp strfss ntnu `lafcs`.
2. Vr
Vrfui
fui/c
/crf
rfnt
nt`l
`l`l
`l?? iul
iulkc
kc`l
`l ifl`
ifl`lkc
lkcnt
nt nt
ntnu
nu ljrin
ljrinmm
0. @lsum`
@lsum`l
l dnrnb
dnrnb?? iulk
iulkc`l
c`l ifluru
iflurul/
l/ t`dn
t`dnc
c ndn
ndn (T`pf
(T`pf @) ntnu
ntnu ljrinm
ljrinm snipn`
snipn`

t`lkk` (T`pf @@)

 

>5. Vr
Vr`l
`lf?
f? ku
kumn
mn dn
dnl
l nsf
nsftj
tjl
l pjs
pjs`t
`t`a 
`a 
>>. Cumtu
Cumturr dnl
dnl sfls`t
sfls`t`v`tn
`v`tns?
s? cfiulkc
cfiulkc`lnl
`lnl ndnlyn
ndnlyn @WC, `lafcs`
`lafcs` pfrlnansnl
pfrlnansnl dnl
`lafcs` mucn.

K. CJIUM@CNW@
Cjipm`cns` ynlk hfrcn`tnl dflknl cfdun t`pf DI (D`
(D`nhftfs
Ifm`tus) d`kjmjlkcnl sfhnkn` ncut dnl crjl`c (Hrullfr & Wuddnrtb, 85>7).
>. Cjipm`cns` ncut
Cjipm`cns` ncut tfrond` sfhnkn` nc`hnt dnr` cft`dncsf`ihnlknl onlkcn
 pfldfc dnr` kmucjsn dnrnb
n. B@U
@UJK
JKM@
M@CF
CFI@
I@N/
N/ CJI
CJIN
N B@U
B@UJKM@
JKM@CF
CFI@
I@N
N

B`pjkm`cfi`c ndnmnb cndnr kumn dnrnb ynlk rfldnb. Cndnr

kumn dnrnb ynlk ljrinm 15->55 ik% ynlk hfrknltulk pndn
 hfrhnkn` cfndnnl. Wnmnb sntu hfltuc dnr` cfknwntnl b`pjkm`cfi`c
ndnmnb cjin b`pjkm`cfi`c. Undn cnsus spjjr ntnu cjin ynlk t`dnc
d`cftnbu` sfhnhlyn incn bnrus d`gur`kn` sfhnkn` suntu
b`pjkm`cfi`c dnl ifrupncnl nmnsnl ultuc pfihnr`nl kmucjsn.
Cjin b`pjkm`cfi`c h`nsnlyn d`sfhnhcnl jmfb jvfrdjs`s `lsum`l.
Wfmn`l `tu dnpnt pumn d`sfhnhcnl jmfb cnrnln tfrmnihnt incnl ntnu
jmnbrnkn ynlk hfrmfh`b.
D`nkljsn d`hunt dnr` tnldn cm`l`s dflknl kfonmn b`pjkm`cfi`c
tfrond` h`mn cndnr kumn dnrnb d`hnwnb 65 ik% ntnu 45 ik% pndn
 pfifr`csnnnl dnrnb onr`.
Uflntnmncsnlnnl cfknwnt dnrurntnl?
>) Uf
Uflk
lknt
ntns
nsnl
nl b`pj
b`pjkm
km`c
`cfi
fi`` dnpnt
dnpnt d`hf
d`hfr`
r`cnl
cnl hjm
hjmus
us kmuc
kmucjs
jsnn 45%
dnl h`nsnlyn cfihnm` sndnr pndn pns`fl dflknl t`pf >.
8) T`
T`np
np cfn
cfndn
dnnl
nl b`p
b`pjkm
jkm`c
`cfi`
fi`nn bnru
bnruss d`hf
d`hfr`
r`cn
cnl
l 65 gg
gg D65
D65 [
dnmni wnctu 7-6 ifl`t dnl l`mn` stntus pns`fl d`mnloutcnl
d `mnloutcnl
 

dflknl D6 [ ntnu D>5 [ hfrknltulk pndn t`lkcnt

b`pjkm`cfi`n
7) Un
Undn
dn b`p
b`pjk
jkm`
m`cf
cfi`
i`c
c ynlk
ynlk d`sf
d`sfhn
hnhc
hcnl
nl jmf
jmfb
b pfihf
pfihfr`
r`nl
nl mjlk
mjlk--
ngt`lk `lsum`l dnl pfihfr`nl d`nhft`g jrnm incn d`pfrmucnl
`lausf ynlk hfrcfmnloutnl.
4) B`
B`pj
pjkm
km`c
`cfi
fi`` ynlk
ynlk d`sfh
d`sfhnh
nhcnl
cnl jmfb
jmfb cfkn
cfknknm
knmnl
nl km`c
km`cjl
jlfj
fjkfl
kflfs
fs`s
`s
ynlk tfrond` pndn pflync`t bnt`, k`lonm, dnl onltulk incn
bnrus d`ntns` angtjr pflyfhnh cfknknmnl cft`kn jrknl `l`.
 h. W@LDXJI B@UFXKM@CFI@C B@UFXJWIJMNX LJL
CFTJT@C (BBLW/ BJLC).
BJLC ndnmnb cfndnnl b`pfrkm`cfi
b`pfrkm`cfi`` dnl b`pfrjsijm
b`pfrjsijm`t`
`t` tnlpn

tfrdnp
tfrdnpntl
ntlyn
yn cftjs`
cftjs`s.
s. Cjlsfl
Cjlsfltrn
trns`
s` kumn
kumn dnrnb
dnrnb mfh`b
mfh`b dnr`
dnr` 155 ik
 hnbcnl snipn` 8555, t`dnc tfrdnpnt nsftjl, jsijm`tns dnrnb t`lkk`
ifmfwnt` 765 iJsi pfrc`mjkrni, t`dnc tfrdnpnt ns`djs`s dnl aulks`
k`lonm pndn uiuilyn tfrknlkku d`inln HVL hnld`lk crfnt`l`l
mfh`b dnr` 75 ? >, fmfctrjm`t lntr`ui hfrc`snr nltnrn >55 ‗ >65 iFq
 pfr m`tfr cnm`ui hfrvnr`ns`.
Uflntnmncsnlnl cfknwnt dnrurntnl?
Tfrnp`
Tfrnp` snin
snin dflknl
dflknl CND (Cftjn
(Cftjns`d
s`djs`
js`ss D`nhft
D`nhft`g)
`g) dflknl
dflknl
scfin
@Q Gn`rnl
> snipn`
snipn` >8 oni LnGm 5,0%
5,0% h`mn
h`mn lntr`ui
lntr`ui >75 iFq/m`
iFq/m`tfr
tfr ntnu
ntnu jsijm`tns
jsijm`tns pmnsin
pmnsin
775 iJsi/m`tfr 
 LnGm 5.46% h`mn d`ntns >46 iFq/m`tfr 

D`hutu
D`hutubcnl
bcnl 2 snipn`
snipn` >8 m`t
m`tfr
fr dnr`
dnr` gn`rnl
gn`rnl sfmnin
sfmnin 84 oni
iflkknlt`cnl n`r ynlk b`mnlk sfmnin >8 oni
 

H`mn kumn dnrnb 865 snipn` 755 ik/dm hfr`cnl 6% dfcstrjsf

@lsum`l
Ufrium
Ufriumnnl
nnl Oni @Q hjmus 5.>6 ul`t/ck X@
 hfr`cutlyn 6 snipn` ; ul`t/oni X@
Fmfctrjm`t
Ufriumnnl H`mn sfrui C + mfh`b hfsnr dnr` 7.6
iFq/m`tfr hfr`cnl 45 iFq/m`tfr sfgnrn sfgnrn `ltrnvfln ultuc 
ifip
ifipfr
frtn
tnbn
bnlc
lcnl
nl cn
cndn
dnrr gn
gn`r
`rnl
nl sf
sftf
tflk
lknb
nbdn
dnr`
r` CGm
CGm dn
dnl
l
sftflknb dnr` CUJ4

Oni
Oni cfdun
cfdun dn
dnl
l H`mn ouimnb ur`l gucup dnl sfrui cnms`ui curnlk dnr` 6.6
 oni hfr`cutlyn iFq/m`tfr, hfr`cnl 85-75 iFq/m`tfr C +

Vltuc iflkntns` dfb`drns` d`hfr`cnl gn`rnl 8 oni pfrtnin > -

8 m`tfr LnGm 5,8 %. Wfsudnb `l`s`nm `l` d`hfr`cnl 1 ‗ 2 m`tfr pfr >8
 oni. Vltuc iflkntns` b`pjcnmfi` dnpnt d`hfr`cnl cnm`ui. @lsum`l
mf
mfh`
h`b
b sf
sfls
ls`t
`t`v
`vff d`hnl
d`hnld`
d`lkc
lkcnl
nl cf
cftj
tjns
ns`d
`djs
js`s
`s d`
d`nh
nhft
ft`g
`g dn
dnl
l bnrus
bnrus
d`gf
d`gfkn
knb
b cf
cfiu
iulk
lkc`
c`ln
lnl
l b`pj
b`pjkm
km`c
`cfi
fi`.
`. Jm
Jmfb
fb cn
cnrf
rfln
ln `t
`tu,
u, bn
bnru
russ
d`ijl`
d`ijl`tjr
tjr`lk
`lk dflknl
dflknl bnt`
bnt` ‗ bnt`
bnt` ynlk d`hfr`
d`hfr`cnl
cnl ndnmnb
ndnmnb `lsum`
`lsum`l
l
rfkumnr, t`dnc ndn stnldnr tfrtfltu, bnlyn dnpnt d`hfr`cnl > ‗ 6 ul`t

 pfr oni dnl hfrknltulk pndn rfncs`. Uflkjhntnl t`dnc bnlyn

dflk
lknnl `lsum`l snon ncnl tftnp` d`hfrfr``cn
cnl
l `lausf ul
ulttuc 
iflyf`ihnlkcnl pfihfr`nl gn`rnl dnr` fcstrnsfmumfr cf`ltrnsfmumfr.

g. CFTJNW@DJW@W D@
D@NHFT@G (CN
(CND)
DI Cftjns`djs
Cftjns`djs`s
`s ndnmnb cjipm`cns`
cjipm`cns` ncut d`nhftfs
d`nhftfs ifmm`tus
ifmm`tus
ynlk d`tnldn` dflknl dfb`drns`,
d fb`drns`, cfb`mnlknl fmfctrjm`t dnl ns`djs`s.
T`dnc
T`dnc ndnlyn
ndnlyn `lsum`
`lsum`l
l ntnu
ntnu t`
t`dnc
dnc gucuply
gucuplynn ouimnb
ouimnb `lsum`l
`lsum`l
ynlk lyntn, ynlk dnpnt d`sfhnhcnl jmfb ?
 

>) @lsum
lsum`l
`l t`dnc
`dnc d`hf
d`hfrr`cnl
`cnl nt
ntnu
nu d`
d`hf
hfrr`c
`cnl
nl dflk
dflknl
nl djs`
djs`ss ynlk
ynlk
d`curnlk`
8) Cfndnnl sn
snc`t nt
ntnu `la
`laffcs`
7) Inl`a
l`afs
fsttns
ns`` pfrtnin pndn pfl
fly
ync`t d`
d`nnhftfs ynlk t`dnc 
tfrd`nkljs`s dnl t`dnc d`jhnt`.
Xfb`drns`
>) On
Oni
i pfrt
pfrtni
ninh
nhfr
fr`` `lau
`lausf
sf 855
855 ‗ >55
>555
5 gg/
gg/ oni
oni dflkn
dflknl
l LnGm
LnGm 5,0
5,0
% hfrknltulk pndn t`lkcnt dfb`drns`
8) Oni cfd
cfdun
un dnl
dnl oni
oni hfr
hfr`c
`cut
utly
lynn 855
855 ‗ >555
>555 gggg LnGm
LnGm 5,4
5,46
6%
 hfrknltulk pndn t`lkcnt dfb`drns`
7) >8 ooni
ni pfrt
pfrtni
ninn hfr`c
hfr`cnl
nl dfcs
dfcstr
trjs
jsnn 6 % h`mn
h`mn cndn
cndnrr kumn
kumn dnrnb
dnrnb

nltnrn 855 ‗ 755 ik/ >55 gg, knlt` dflknl dfxtrjsf >5 % h`mn
cndnr kumn dnrnb snipn` >65 ik/ >55 gg.
Cfb`
Cfb`mn
mnlk
lknl
nl fm
fmfc
fctr
trjm
jm`t
`t.. Uf
Ufih
ihfr
fr`n
`nl
l Cnm`
Cnm`ui
ui mf
mfwn
wntt `l
`lau
auss bn
bnru
russ
d`mncucnl ifsc`pul cjlsfltrns` cnm`ui dnmni pmnsin ljrinm.
Fmfctrjm`t
Ufriumnnl H`mn sfrui C + mfh`b hfsnr dnr` 7.6
iFq/m`
iFq/m`tfr
tfr hfr`cn
hfr`cnl
l 45 iFq/m
iFq/m`tf
`tfrr sfgnrn
sfgnrn sfgnrn
sfgnrn
`ltrnvfln ultuc ifipfrtnbnlcnl cndnr gn`rnl
sftflknbdnr` CGm dnl sftflknb dnr` CUJ4

On
Oni
i cf
cfdun
dun dn
dnl
l H`
H`mn
mn ouim
ouimnb
nb ur
ur`l
`l gu
gucup
cup dn
dnl
l sf
sfru
rui
i cn
cnms
ms`u
`ui
i
 oni hfr`cutlyn curn
curnlk
lk dn
dnr`
r` 6.6
6.6 iFq/
iFq/m`
m`tf
tfr,
r, hf
hfr`
r`cn
cnl
l 85-7
85-75
5
iFq/m`tfr C +

@lsum`l
Wcfin pfihfr`nl `lsum`l ndnmnb sfhnkn` hfr`cut?
 

8. Cjipm`cns` crjl`c 
Viuilyn tfrond` >5 snipn` >6 tnbul sftfmnb nw`tnl.
n. Incr
Incrjv
jvns
nscu
cumn
mnrr (pfl
(pflyn
ync`
c`tt pfih
pfihum
umub
ub dnr
dnrnb
nb hfsn
hfsnr)
r),, iflkf
iflkfln
ln``
s`rcumns` cjrjlfr, vnscumnr pfr`afr dnl vnscumnr sfrfhrnm.
 h. I`crjvnscumnr (pflync`t pfihumub dnrnb cfg`m), iflkfln` intn

(rft`ljpnt`) dnl k`lonm (lfarjpnt`). Cjltrjm cndnr kmucjsn dnrnb

 

ultuc ifipfrmnihnt ntnu ifluldn nw`tnl hn`c cjipm`cns`

i`crjvnscumnr inupul incrjvnscumnr.
g. Uflync`
Uflync`tt lfurjpnt
lfurjpnt`,
`, iflkfln
iflkfln`` snrna
snrna sflsjr
sflsjr`c-
`c-ijt
ijtjr`
jr`c
c dnl
dnl nutjlj
nutjlji`
i`
sfrtn iflulonlk insnmnb sfpfrt` `ipjtfls` dnl umcus pndn cnc`.
d. Xfltnl
Xfltnl `lafcs
`lafcs`,
`, sfpfrt
sfpfrt`` tuhfr
tuhfrcum
cumjs`
js`ss pnru
pnru dnl `lafcs
`lafcs`` snmu
snmurnl
rnl cfi`b
cfi`b
f. Vmcu
Vmcus/
s/ knlk
knlkrrfl/
fl/ cnc`
cnc` d`nh
d`nhft
ft``c 

B. UFLNTNMNCWNLNNL
>. Ifd`s
Tuounl utnin tfrnp` DI ndnmnb iflgjhn
iflgjh n ifljrinmcnl nct`v`tns `lsum`l
dnl cndnr kmucjsn dnrnb dnmni upnyn iflkurnlk` tfrond`lyn cjipm`cns`

vnscumfr sfrtn lfurjpnt`c. Tuounl tfrnpfut`c pndn sft`np t`pf DI ndnmnb

iflgnpn` cndnr kmucjsn dnrnb ljrinm tnlpn tfrond` b`pjkm`cfi`n dnl
knlkkunl sfr`us pndn pjmn nct`v`tns pns`fl. Ndn m`in cjipjlfl dnmni
 pflntnmncsnlnnl DI, yn`tu ?
n. D`ft
Wynrnt d`ft DI bfldnclyn dnpnt ?
>) If
Ifip
ipfr
frhn
hn`c
`c`` c
cfs
fsfb
fbnt
ntnl
nl uiui
uiui pf
pfld
ldfr
fr`t
`tnn
8) If
Iflk
lknr
nrnb
nbcn
cnl
l pnd
pndnn hfr
hfrnt
nt hn
hndn
dnl
l ljr
ljrin
inmm
7) Iflfc
Iflfcnl
nl dnl
dnl ifluld
ifluldnn t`ihum
t`ihumly
lynn pflyn
pflync`
c`tt nlk`j
nlk`jpnt
pnt`` d`nhf
d`nhft`
t`c 
c 
4) Ifih
Ifihfr
fr`c
`cnl
nl ijd`
ijd`a`
a`cns
cns`` d``t
d``t sfsun`
sfsun` dfl
dflknl
knl cfn
cfndnn
dnnl
l pfldf
pfldfr`
r`tn
tn
6) Iflnr
flnr`c
`c dnl
dnl iudn
iudnb
b d`
d`hf
hfrr`c
`cnl
nl
Ur`ls`p d`ft DI, ndnmnb ?
>) Ouimnb sfsun` cfhu
huttubn
bnl
l
8) Ondwnm d`ft cftnt
7) Ofl`s
fl`s ? hjm
hjmfb
fb d`in
d`incn
cnl
l / t`d
`dnc 
nc 
Dnmni ifmncsnlncnl d``t d`nhftfs sfbnr`-bnr` bfldncmnb d``cut`
 pfdjinl 7 O yn`tu?
 

>) ouim
ouimnb
nb cnm
cnmjr
jr`` ynlk
ynlk d`h
d`hfr
fr`c
`cnl
nl bnr
bnrus
us bnh`s
bnh`s,, onlk
onlknl
nl d`
d`cu
curn
rnlk
lk``
ntnu d`tnihnb
8) on
ondw
dwnm
nm d``t
d``t bnrus
bnrus sf
sfsu
sun`
n` df
dflkn
lknl
l ``lt
ltfr
frvn
vnml
mlyn
yn
7) of
ofl`
l`ss inc
incnl
nlnl
nl ynl
ynlk
k inl
inl`s
`s bn
bnru
russ d`b
d`b`l
`ldn
dnr`
r`
Uflfltunl ouimnb cnmjr` D``t D`nhftfs Ifmm`tus bnrus d`sfsun`cnl
jmfb stntus k`z` pfldfr`tn, pflfltunl k`z` d`mncsnlncnl dflknl
iflkb`tulk Ufrgfltnkf ja Xfmnt`vf Hjdy [f`kbt (HHX 9 hfrnt
 hndnl ljrinm) dflknl ruius ?

>) Cur
Curus (uld
(uldfr
frwf
wf``kbt
kbt) HHX
HHX = 05 %
8) Ljr
Ljrinm
inm (`dfn
`dfnmm) HHX
HHX 05%
05% - >>5%
>>5%
7) Kfi
Kfiuc (jvf
(jvfrrwf`k
wf`kbt
bt)) HHX
HHX < >>5%
>>5%
4) Jhfs`tns npnh`m
h`mn HHX < >85
85%
%
n) Jhfs
hfs`tn
tnss r`lk
r`lknl
nl HHX
HHX >85
>85 % - >75%
>75%
 h) Jhfs`tns sfdnlk HHX >75% - >45%
g) Jhfs
hfs`tn
tnss hfr
hfrnt HHX >45%
>45% - 855%
855%
d) Ijrh`d HHX <855 %
Wfhnkn` pfdjinl ouimnb cnmjr` ynlk d`pfrmucnl sfbnr`-bnr` ultuc 
 pfldfr`tn DI ynlk hfcfron h`nsn ndnmnb ?
>) Curu
Curuss (uld
(uldfr
frwf
wf`k
`kbt
bt)) HH R 45-15
45-15 cn
cnmj
mjr`
r` sf
sfbn
bnr`
r`
8) Lj
Ljri
rinm
nm (`df
(`dfnm
nm)) HH R 75 cn
cnmj
mjr`
r` sf
sfbn
bnr`
r`
7) Kf
Kfiu
iuc
c (jvf
(jvfrw
rwf`
f`kb
kbt)
t) HH R 85 cn
cnmj
mjr`
r` sf
sfbn
bnr`
r`
4) Jh
Jhfs
fs`t
`tns
ns np
npnh
nh`m
`mnn HH R >5->
>5->6
6 cn
cnmj
mjr`
r` sf
sfbn
bnr`
r`

 h. Mnt`bnl
 

Hfhfrnpn cfkulnnl mnt`bnl tfrntur sft`np bnr` hnk` pfldfr`tn DI,

ndnmnb ?
>) Ifl`
Ifl`lk
lkcnt
cntcn
cnl
l cfpfcn
cfpfcnnl
nl `lsu
`lsum`
m`l,
l, npnh`
npnh`mn
mn d`cf
d`cfro
ronc
ncnl
nl sft`n
sft`np
p
> >/8  oni sfsudnb incnl, hfrnrt` pumn iflkurnlk` `lsum`l
rfs`stfl pndn pfldfr`tn dflknl cfkfiucnl ntnu iflnihnb
 ouimnb rfsfptjr `lsum`l dnl ifl`lkcntcnl sfls`v`tns `lsum`l
`lsum`l
dflknl rfsfptjrlyn.
8) Iflgf
Iflgfkn
knb
b cfkfi
cfkfiucn
ucnl
l h`mn
h`mn d`t
d`tni
nihn
hnb
b mnt`
mnt`bn
bnl
l pnk`
pnk` dnl
dnl sjr
sjrff
7) Ifip
Ifipfr
frhn
hn`c
`c`` nm`r
nm`rnl
nl pfr`
pfr`af
afrr dnl ifl
iflni
nihn
hnb
b supmn
supmn`` jcs`k
jcs`kfl
fl
4) Ifl`
Ifl`lk
lkcnt
cntcn
cnl
l cndnr
cndnr cjmf
cjmfst
stfr
frjm
jm ‗ b`kb
b`kb dfls
dfls`t
`ty
y m`pjp
m`pjprj
rjtf
tf`l
`l
6) Cndn
Cndnrr kmucj
kmucjsn
sn jtj
jtjtt dnl
dnl bnt`
bnt` iflo
iflond`
nd` hfr
hfrcur
curnlk
nlk,, incn
incn mnt
mnt`b
`bnl
nl

ncnl d`rnlksnlk pfihfltucnl km`cjkfl hnru.

1) Ifluru
Iflurulcn
lcnl
l cjmf
cjmfstf
stfrjm
rjm (t
(tjtn
jtnm)
m) dnl tr`
tr`km`
km`sfr
sfr`dn
`dn dnmni
dnmni dnrnb
dnrnb
cnrfln pfihncnrnl nsni mfinc iflond` mfh`b hn`c.
g. Uflyumubnl
Uflyumubnl ifrupncnl snmnb sntu hfltuc pflyumubnl cfsfbntnl
cfpndn pfldfr`tn DI, ifmnmu` hfringni-ingni gnrn ntnu ifd`n
i`snmlyn? mfnamft, pjstfr, TQ, cnsft v`dfj, d`scus` cfmjipjc, dnl
sfhnkn`lyn.
d. Jhnt
>) Ifcnl
fcnl``sif
sif cfr
cfroon sum
suman
anl`
l`mu
murrfn
Jhnt `l` hfcfron dflknl gnrn iflst`iumns` pfmfpnsnl
`lsum`l ynlk tfrs`ipnl, iflurulcnl nihnlk sfcrfs` `lsum`l
dni ifl`lkcntcnl sfcrfs` `lsum`l sfhnkn` nc`hnt rnlksnlknl
kmucjsn. Jhnt kjmjlknl `l` h`nsnlyn d`hfr`cnl pndn pfldfr`tn
dflknl hfrnt hndnl ljrinm dnl ins`b h`sn d`pncn` pndn
 pns`fl ynlk hfrnt hndnllyn sfd`c`t mfh`b.

8) Ifcn
cnl
l`sif cfr
cfroon H`
H`ku
kunnl`dn
 

H`kunl`dn t`dnc ifipulyn` fafc pnlcrfnt`c, tftnp`

ifipulyn` fafc mn`l ynlk dnpnt ifl`lkcntcnl fafct`v`tns
`lsum`l, yn`tu ?
n) H`
H`kun
kunl`
l`dn
dn pndn
pndn t`
t`lk
lkcn
cntt prfr
prfrfs
fsfp
fptj
tjrr ↘ fcs
fcstr
trnn pnlc
pnlcrf
rfnt
nt`c 
`c 
 Iflkbnihnt nhsjrps` cnrhjb`drnt
 Iflkbnihnt kmucjlfjkflfs`s d` bnt`

 Ifl`lkcntcnl na`l`tns pndn rfsfptjr `lsum`l

 h) H`kunl`dn pndn t`lkcnt rfsfptjr ? ifl`lkcntcnl ouimnb
rfsfptjr `lsum`l
g) H`
H`kun
kunl`
l`dn
dn pndn
pndn t`
t`lk
lkcn
cntt pnsg
pnsgnr
nrfs
fsfpt
fptjr
jr?? ifip
ifipul
ulyn`
yn` fa
fafc
fc
`ltrnsfmmumfr 
7) @lsum`l
@ld`cns` pflkkulnnl `lsum`l
n) DI t`pf @
 h) DI t`pf @@ ynlk pndn snnt tfrtfltu t`dnc dnpnt d`rnwnt
dflknl JND
g) DI cfbni`mnl
d) DI dn
dnl
l knl
knlkk
kkun
unl
l ann
annmm bn
bnt`
t` yn
ynlk
lk hf
hfrn
rntt
f) DI dn
dnl
l knl
knlkku
kkunl
nl `l
`laf
afcs
cs`` ncut
ncut (s
(sfm
fmum
um`t
`t`s
`s,, knlk
knlkrf
rfl)
l)

a) DI dnl THG pnru ncut

k) DI dnl cj
cjin mmnn`l pn
pndn DI
b) DI jpfrns`
`) DI pntnb tumnlk
 o) DI dnl uldfrwf`kbt
c) DI dn
dnl pf
pflync`t Kr
Krnvfs

NWVBNL CFUFXN[NTNL
 

N. Uflkcno`nl
Ajcus utnin pflkcno`nl pndn cm`fl D`nhftfs Ifmm`tus ndnmnb ifmncucnl
 pflkcno`nl dflknl cftnt tfrbndnp t`lkcnt pflkftnbunl dnl cfinipunl
c finipunl ultuc
ifmncucnl pfrnwntnl d`r`. Uflkcno`nl sfgnrn r`lg` ndnmnb sfhnkn` hfr`cut
>. UFLKCNO@NL UX@IFX 
Uflkcno`nl d`mncucnl sfgnrn gfpnt dnl s`stfi`c,nltnrn mn`l
n. N`rwny
M`dnb ontub cfhfmncnlk (gjin b`pjkm`cfi`c), Hfldn ns`lk/ dnrnb
 pndn rjlkkn iumut
 h. Gfrv`gnm Gjltrjm ?-

g. Hrfn
Hrfntb
tb`l
`lk
k ? Fcsp
Fcspjs
js dn
dndn
dn,, Fvnm
Fvnmun
uns`
s` pf
pfrl
rlna
nans
nsnl
nl
d. Jxykflnt`jl ? Cnlumn, tuhf, insc  
f. G`
G`rg
rgum
umnt
nt`j
`jl
l ? Tn
Tnldn
ldn dn
dnl
l kf
kfon
onmn
mn sg
sgbj
bjc
c dnl Xfs
Xfsus
us`t
`tns
ns`?
`?
cr`stnmj`d, cjmj`d, ncsfs vfln.
a. Bfijrrbnkf gj
gjltrjm ? -
k. D`sn
D`snh`
h`m`
m`ty
ty ? pf
pfif
ifr`
r`cs
csnn
nnl
l lfur
lfurjm
jmjk
jk`s
`s â KGW
KGW
N ? Nmmfrt ? sndnr pflub, rfspjl hnkus
Q ? Qj`gf Xfspjl ? cfsndnrnl iflurul, hfrfspjl tbd sunrn
U ? Un`l Xfspjls ? cfsndnrnl
cfsndnrnl iflurul,
iflurul, tdc hfrfspjl
hfrfspjl tbd sunrn,
 hfrfspjl tbd rnlksnlknl lyfr`
V ? Vlrfspjls`v
Vlrfspjls`vff ? cfsndnrnl
cfsndnrnl iflurul,
iflurul, tdc hfrfsp
hfrfspjl
jl tbd
tbd sunrn,
sunrn,
tdc hfrsfspjl tbd lyfr`
8. UFLKCNO@NL WFCVLDFX 
Uf
Ufif
ifr`
r`cs
csnnl
nnl sf
sfcul
culdf
dfrr d`mn
d`mncu
cucnl
cnl sf
sftf
tfmn
mnb
b ifih
ifihfr
fr`c
`cnl
nl pf
pfrt
rtjm
jmjlk
jlknl
nl
ntnu pflflknlnl pndn pfifr`csnnl pr`ifr.
Ufifr`csnnl sfculdfr ifm`put` ?
n. NIUM
NIUMF
F ? nmfr
nmfrk`
k`,, ifd`
ifd`gn
gnt`
t`jl,
jl, pns
pnstt `mml
`mmlfs
fss,
s, mns
mnstt ifnm
ifnm,, fvfl
fvfltt

 h. Ufifr`csnnl sfmurub tuhub ? Bfnd tj tjf

 

g. Uf
Ufif
ifr`
r`cs
csnn
nnl
l pfl
pflulo
ulonl
nlk
k ? mf
mfh`
h`b
b dft
dftn`m
n`m,, ffvn
vnmu
muns
ns`` umn
umnlk
lk
7. Ufifr`cs
csnnnl D`nkljs
jstt`c 
n. Tf
Tfss tjm
tjmfr
frnl
nls`
s` Kmu
Kmucjs
cjsnn (TTK
(TTK)) ifi
ifinlo
nlonl
nlk
k (mfh
(mfh`b
`b hfs
hfsnr
nr dnr
dnr``
855ik/dm). H`nsnlyn, tfs `l` d`nlourcnl ultuc pns`fl ynlk
iflulouccnl cndnr kmucjsn ifl`lkcnt d`hnwnb cjld`s` strfss.
 h. Kumn dnrnb punsn ljrinm ntnu d`ntns ljrinm.
g. Fs
Fssf
sf`` bfi
bfijkm
jkmjh
jh`l
`l km`c
km`cjm
jm`s
`snt
nt d`
d`nt
ntns
ns rf
rflt
ltnl
nlk
k ljr
ljrin
inm.
m.
d. Vr
Vr`l
`lnm
nm`s
`s`s
`s pjs`t
pjs`t`a
`a tf
tfrb
rbnd
ndnp
np km
kmuc
ucjs
jsnn dn
dnl
l cftjl
cftjl..
f. Cjmf
Cjmfst
stfr
frjm
jm dnl
dnl cndnr
cndnr tr`k
tr`km`
m`sf
sfr`
r`dn
dn sfr
sfrui
ui dnp
dnpnt
nt ifl
ifl`l
`lkcn
kcntt
iflnldncnl cft`dncndfcuntnl cjltrjm km`cfi`c dnl pfl`lkcntnl
 prjpfls`tns pndn tfrond`lyn ntfrjscmfrjs`s.

4. Nlnilfsf
n. Cfmubnl Vtnin
Gfins, mfinb, nljrfcs`n, iunm, iultnb, lyfr` nhdjifl, lnans
 pns`fl iulkc`l hfrhnu nsftjl pfrlnpnsnl cussinum, pjm`ur`,
 pjm`d`ps`, pflkm`bntnl ynlk cnhur, cfmfinbnl dnl snc`t cfpnmn
 h. X`wnynt cfsfbntnl sfcnrnlk
Hfr`s` tfltnlk cnpnl tfrond`lyn pflync`t (Gjin B`pjkm`cfi`c,
CND/ BJLC), pflyfhnh tfrond`lyn pflync`t (Gjin B`pjkm`cfi`c,
CND/ BJLC) sfrtn upnyn ynlk tfmnb d`mncucnl jmfb pfldfr`tn
ultuc iflkntns`lyn.
g. X`wnyn
yntt cfsfbntnl dn
dnb
bumu
Ndnlyn r`wnynt pflync`t DI
DI ntnu pflync`t ‗ pflync`t mn`l ynlk
ndn cn`tnllyn dflknl dfa`s`fls` `lsum`l i`snmlyn pflync`t
 pnlcrfns. Ndnlyn r`wnynt pflync`t onltulk, jhfs`tns, inupul
nrtfrjscmfrjs`s, t`ldncnl ifd`s ynlk pfrlnb d` dnpnt inupul jhnt-
jhntnl ynlk h`nsn d`kulncnl jmfb pfldfr`tn.
d. X`wnyn
yntt cf
cfsfbntnl cf
cfmunrkn