9.

VNVA@ MG VD@ JMFPA@- EDI_V@R 53 Rnzia„s ang`3 Gijnay, Ednafdmmf ilf @iray
@fueitnml (9479-94;;)

2. NLVRMFPEVNML

Nl tdns edipt`r w` wnaa fnseuss ibmut Rnzia„s Gijnay, dns ednafdmmf ilf `iray @fueitnml.
Ieemrfnlk tm Kr`kmrnm Sinf`, i Gnanpnlm dnstmrnil, ‑Cms` Rnzia dif jily b`iutngua j`jmrn`s mg
ednafdmmf nl dns litnv` tmwl. D` kr`w up nl i dippy dmj`, rua`f by kmmf pir`lts. Dns litia tmwl
mg Eiaijbi, sm lij`f igt`r i bnk litnv` cir, wis i gnttnlk erifa` gmr i d`rm. Vd` dippn`st p`rnmf mg
Rnzia„s ang` wis sp`lt nl n l tdns aih`sdmr` tmwl, nts se`lne b`iutn`s ilf nts nlfustrnmus, dmspntiba` ilf
grn`lfay gmahs njpr`ss`f dnj furnlk dns ednafdmmf y`irs ilf prmgmulfay igg`et`f dns jnlf ilf
ediriet`r. D` dif dns `iray `fu `fueitnml
eitnml nl Eiaijbi i ilf
lf Bnùil. Furnlk dns tnj` nt wis ediriet`rnz`f
ediriet`rnz`f
by td` gmur R„sR„s-- r`i
r`ifnl
fnlk,k, wrn
wrntnl
tnlk,
k, irn
irntdj
tdj`tn
`tne
e il
ilf
f r`a
r`ankn
nknml.
ml. Nt wis rnknf ilf str
strnet
net,, td` jill`
jill`rr mg
t`iednlk
t`ied nlk wis j`jmry j` j`tdmf
tdmf inf`
inf`ff by td` t`ied`r„
t`ied`r„ss wdnp. D` emltnl
emltnlu`f
u`f dns `fue
`fueitnml
itnml it td`
It`l`m f` Jilnai wd`r` d` `irl`f sedmaistne trnujpds. Nt wis i emaa`k` ulf`r td` sup`rvnsnml mg
td` Upilnsd C`sunts il `xe`aa`lt emaa`k` gmr bmys. Nt jiy b` sinf tdit Rnzia wdm wis bmrl i
pdysneia w`ihanlk, rms` tm b`emj` il nlt`aa`etuia knilt ilf wis iba` tm iequnr` td` l`e`ssiry
nlstru
nls truetn
etnml
ml pr`
pr`pir
piritm
itmry
ry gmr emaemaa`k
a`k`` wmr
wmrhh nl Jil
Jilnai
nai ilf ibrmi
ibrmif
f nl sp
spnt`
nt` mg td` mutmutjmf
jmf`f
`f ilf
biehwirf syst`j mg nlstruetnml mg td` Upilnsd r`knj` nl td` _dnanppnl`s. X ENVIVNML Sin?49 Qa 9?55 Z .

5. A@IRLNLK MPVEMJ@U

It td` `lf mg tdns a`ssml, td` stuf`lts

stuf`lts sdmuaf b` iba`
iba` tm3
 Iliayz` Rnzia„s gijnay, ednafdmmf
ednafdmmf ilf `iray `fu
`fueitnml8
eitnml8
 @viauit` td` _`mpa` ilf `v`lts ilf td`nr nlgau`le` ml Rnzia„s `iray ang`.

6. A@IRLNLK EMLV@LV
VM_NE 9 ― BNRVD MG RNSIA
Ml td` jmmlant lnkdt mg Cul` 9>, 9479, nl td` aih`sdmr` tmwl mg Eiaijbi, Aikuli, Cms`
_rmtienm Rnzia J`reifm y Iamlsm wis bmrl. Nl dns iutmbnmk
iutmbnmkripdy,
ripdy, wdned d` wrmt` wd`l d` wis
9; y`irs maf, Rnzia r`emult`f tdit dns jmtd`r iajmst fn`f furnlk td` f`anv`ry b`eius` mg dns bnk
d`if.‚ Nt wmuaf div` emst jy jmtd`r d`r ang` dif sd` lmt vmw`f tm td` vnrknl mg Iltnpmam tm tih` j`
d`r siletuiry by wiy mg pnakrnjik`.‚

Vdr`` fiys igt`r dns bnrtd, Rnzia wis biptnz`f nl td` Eitdmane edured mg Eiaijbi ml Cul`
22, 9479 by Gr. Rug Rugnlm
nlm Ema
Emaail
ailt`s
t`s,, i Gna
Gnanpn
npnlm
lm prn
prn`st
`st grmj Bit Bitilk
ilkis.
is. Dns kmf
kmfgit
gitd`r
d`r wis _`f
_`frm
rm
Eisiùis,
Eisi ùis, i li
litnv`
tnv` mg Ei
Eiaijbi
aijbi iilf
lf grn`
grn`lf
lf mg Rnzi
Rnzia„a„ gijnay
gijnay.. D` wis llij`f
ij`f Cm
Cms`
s` nl dml
dmlmr
mr mg Ut.
Cms`pd, td` pitrml sinlt mg aibmr`rs ilf smafn`rs. D` wis knv`l i s`emlf gnrst lij`, _rmtisnm,
igt`r i 6td e`ltury sinlt wdm wis i bnsdmp mg Jnail.

VD@ RNSIA„U _IR@LVU

Dns gitd`r, Grile

Grilensem
nsem J`reif
J`reifm
m Rnzia (9494- 94>4), il nlfu
nlfustrnmu
strnmus
s

girj`r wdmj Rnzia eiaa`f ‑i jmf`a mg gitd`rs,‚ eij` grmj Bnùil,

Aikuli. D` stufn`f Aitnl ilf _dnamsmpdy it td` Emaa`k` mg Uil
Cms` nl Jilnai. Nl `iray jildmmf, gmaamwnlk dns pir`lt„s f`itd, d`
jmv`f tm Eiaijbi ilf b`eij` i t`lilt girj`r mg td` Fmjnlneil-
mwl`f dien`lfi. D` wis i dirfy ilf nlf`p`lf`lt-jnlf`f jil, wdm tiah`f a`ss ilf wmrh`f
jmr`, ilf wis strmlk nl bmfy ilf vianilt nl spnrnt.

D`r jmtd`r, V`mfmri Iamlzm Yunltms y R`iamlfi (9427-9>99), wis

bmrl nl Uti. Eruz, Jilnai. Ud` wis `fueit`f it td` Emaa`k` mg
Uilti Rmsi, i w`aa-hlmwl emaa`k` gmr knras nl td` enty. Ud` wis i
r`jirh
r`j irhiba
iba`` wmj
wmjil,
il, pms
pmss`
s`ssn
ssnlk
lk nlt
nlt`aa
`aank`
nk`le`
le`,, r`g
r`gnl`
nl`f
f eua
euatur
tur`,
`,
ant`riry tia`lt, busnl`ss ibnanty ilf gmrtntuf`. Rnzia amvnlk sinf tm d`r3
‑Jy jmtd`r ns i wmjil mg jmr` tdil mrfnliry euatur`8 sd` hlmws
ant`ri
ant`ritur
tur`
` il
ilf
f sp`
sp`ihs
ihs Upi
Upilns
lnsd
d b`t
b`tt`r
t`r tdi
tdil
l N. Ud` emr
emrr`e
r`et`f
t`f jy
pm`js ilf kiv` j` kmmf ifvne` wd`l N wis stufynlk rd`tmrne. Ud`
ns i jitd`jitnenil ilf dis r`if jily bmmhs.

VD@ RNSIA EDNAFR@L

Kmf ba`ss`f td` jirrnik` mg Grilensem J`reifm ilf V`mfmri Iamlsm R`iamlfi wntd
`a`v`l ednafr`l-twm bmys ilf lnl` knras. Vd`s` ednafr`l w`r` is gmaamws3

9. Uiturlnli Rnzia, 75 (940?-9>95) ‑Vd` U`emlf Jmtd`r‚

Bmrl is Uiturlnli Rnzia J`reifm y Iamlsm R`iamlfi mr snjpay Uiturlnli

Dnfiakm. Ud` wis td` `af`st snst`r mg Cms` Rnzia. Ud` wis jirrn`f tm Jilu`a V.
Dnfiakm, i litnv` ilf ml` mg td` rned`st p`rsmls nl Viliuil, Bitilkis. Ud`
wis hlmwl is L`l`lk. Ud` fn`f nl U`pt`jb`r 96, 9>95.

2. _ienilm Rnzia, ;> (9409-9>5?)

( 9409-9>5?) ‑Vd` Bnk Brmtd`r‚
Mlay brmtd`r mg Cms` Rnzia ilf td` s`emlf ednaf. Utufn`f it Uil
Cms` Emaa`k` nl Jilnai8 b`eij` i girj`r ilf ait`r i k`l`ria mg td`
_dnanppnl` R`vmautnml. D` f`vmt`fay tmmh eir` mg Cms` Rnzia. Is Lneh
Cmiqunl sinf, ‑[ntdmut _ienilm tm bieh dnj up, nt„s fmubtgua tdit Rnzia
wmuaf div` kmtt`l is gir is d` r`ied`f.‚

5. Lirensi Rnzia, 4; (9402-9>5>) ‑Vd` Dmspntia Unst`r‚

Vd` tdnrf ednaf, d`r p`t lij` wis Unsi ilf sd` jirrn`f Iltmlni Amp`z
(l`pd`w mg Gitd`r A`mlenm Amp`z) it Jmrmlk, Rnzia8 i t`ied`r ilf jusnenil.
Anh`
Anh` Uit
Uiturl
urlnli
nli,, Lir
Lirens
ensi
i d`a
d`ap`f
p`f nl gnl
gnlile
ilenlk
nlk Rnz
Rnzia„
ia„s
s stu
stufn`
fn`s
s nl @u
@urmp
rmp`,
`, `v
`v`l
`l
piwlnlk d`r c`w`ary ilf p`ffanlk d`r eamtd`s ng l``f`f. Nt ns sinf tdit Fmùi
Lirenssi emuaf r`ent` grmj j`jmry iajmst iaa td` pm`js mg Rnzia. Lirensi wis
p`rdips td` jmst dmspntiba` ijmlk td` snbanlks.

6. Manjpni Rnzia, 52 (9400-944;) ‑Vd` Km-B`tw``l‚

Vd` gmurtd e
eddnaf. J
Jiirrn`f U
Unnav`str` P
Pb
biafm, i t`a`kripd m
mp
p`ritmr
grmj Jilnai. Manjpni fn`f nl Iukust 944; it ik` 52 fu` tm ednafbnrtd. Cms`
amv`f tm t`is` d`r, smj`tnj`s kmmf-dujmr`fay f`sernbnlk d`r is dns
stmut snst`r. Cms`„s gnrst amv`, U`kulfi Hitnkbih, wis Manjpni„s sedmmajit`
it td` Ai Emlemrfni Emaa`k`. Rnzia emlgnf`f tm Manjpni ibmut U`kulfi ilf td` snst`r wnaanlkay
s`rv`f is td` j`fnitmr b`tw``l td` twm t``lik` amv`rs.

0. Aueni Rnzia, 72 (940-9>9>) ‑I G`aamw-Uugg`r

G`aamw-Uugg`r`r‚
`r‚
Vd` gngtd ednaf. Jirrn`f Jirnilm D`rbmsi. Edirk`f mg nlentnlk td`
Eiaijbi tmwlsgmah lmt tm piy ailf r`lt ilf eiusnlk ulr`st, td`
emupa` wis mle` mrf`r`f tm b` f`pmrt`f iamlk wntd smj` Rnzia
gijnay j`jb`rs. Jirnilm fn`f furnlk td` edma`ri `pnf`jne nl
Jiy 944>. D` wis r`gus`f i Eitdmane burnia gmr lmt kmnlk tm
emlg`ssnm
emlg`ssnml l snle` dns jirrn
jirrnik`
ik` tm Auen
Aueni.
i. Nl Cms`
Cms`„s
„s irtnea` nl Ai
Umanfirnfif ` `lltnta`f Pli prm
prmgil
gilien
ienml
ml (—I _rm
_rmgil
gilitn
itnml„
ml„),
), d`
semrlguaay ittieh`f td` grnirs gmr f`eanlnlk tm bury nl —sier`f krmulf„ i —kmmf
Edrnstnil„ snjpay b`eius` d` wis td` ‑brmtd`r-nl-aiw mg Rnzia‚.

7. Jirni Rnzia, 47 (940>-9>60)

( 940>-9>60) ‑Vd` Emlgnfilt‚
Vd` snxtd ednaf. Jirrn`f Filn`a Giustnlm Eruz mg Bnùil Aikuli. Cms` emlgnf`f tm
Jirni ibmut dns pails mg jirrynlk Cms`pdnl` Brieh`l wd`l jmst mg td` Rnzia
gijnay wis lmt mp`l tm td` nf`i. D` dif iasm brmukdt up tm Jirni dns pails mg
`stibansdnlk i Gnanpnlm emamly nl Lmrtd Brntnsd Bmrl`m. Cms` ilf Jirni mgt`l wrmt`

tm `ied mtd`r pirtneuairay wd`l Cms` wis stufynlk ibrmif.

;. Cm
Cms` R
Rnnzia, 50 (9479-94>7)
Vd` s`emlf sml ilf td` s`v`ltd ednaf. Vd` kr`it`st Gnanpnlm d`rm ilf
p``ra`ss k`lnus. D` wis bmrl ml Cul` 9>, 9479. Dns lnehlij` wis
_`p`. Furnlk dns `xna` nl Fipntil d` anv`f wntd Cms`pdnl` Brieh`l, Nrnsd knra
grmj Dmlk Hmlk. D` wis `x`eut`f by td` Upilnirfs ml F`e`jb`r 5?,
94>7.

4. Emle`penml Rnzia, 5 (9472-9470) ‑I F`ir Amss‚

Vd` `nkdtd ednaf. Fn`f it td` ik` mg tdr``. Ud` ns gmlfay eiaa`f —Emledi„ by d`r
snbanlks. Cms` amv`f jmst —Emledi„ wdm wis i y`ir ymulk`r tdil dnj. Cms`
paiy`f kij`s ilf sdir`f ednafr`l stmrn`s wntd d`r. Ud` wis Cms`„s gnrst krn`g is
d` jmurlguaay w`pt wd`l sd` fn`f mg snehl`ss nl 9470. Nl Rnzia„s j`jmnr d`
wrmt`, ‑[d`l N wis gmur y`irs maf, N amst jy antta` snst`r Emledi, ilf td`l gmr td`
gnrst tnj` N sd`f t`irs eius`f by amv` ilf krn`g.‚

>. Cms`gi Rnzia, 4? (9470-9>60) ‑Vd` Hitnpul`ri‚

Vd` lnltd ednaf. Il `pna`ptne, fn`f i spnlst`r. Ud` ns lnehlij`f is ‑_ilkkmy‚.
Igt`r Cms` wis `x`eut`f, Cms`gi cmnl`f td` Hitnpulil. Ud` wis ml` mg td`
mrnknlia 2> wmj`l ifjntt`f tm td` Hitnpulil iamlk wntd Kr`kmrni f` C`sus, wng`
mg Ilfr`s Bmlngienm. Vd`y s`eur`f td` s`er`t pip`rs ilf fmeuj`lts mg td`
smen`ty. Vd` file`f ilf silk furnlk j``tnlks tm emlgus` envna kuirfs tdit td`
j``tnlks w`r` cust dirja`ss smenia kitd`rnlks.
 9?. Vrnlnfif Rnzia, 45 (9474-9>09) ‑Vd` Ut`wirf‚
Vd` t`ltd ednaf. Fn`f i spnlst`r ilf td` aist mg td` gijnay tm fn`.
‑Vrnlnlk‚ iamlk wntd td`nr jmtd`r, cmnl`f Cms` nl Fipntil ilf r`snf`f wntd dnj
nl dns squir` dmus` furnlk dns `xna`. I fiy b`gmr` Cms`„s `x`eutnml, Vrnlnlk
ilf td`nr jmtd`r vnsnt`f dnj it Gmrt Uiltnikm prnsml e`aa. Is td`y w`r` a`ivnlk,
Cms` dilf`f mv`r tm Vrnlnlk il iaemdma emmhnlk stmv`, i kngt grmj _irfm f`
Viv`
Vi v`ri
ris,
s, wd
wdns
nsp`
p`rn
rnlk
lk tm d`
d`rr nl i aiailk
lkui
uik`
k` wd
wdne
ned
d td
td`` ku
kuir
irfs
fs em
emua
uaf
f lm
lmtt
ulf`rstilf, ‑Vd`r` ns smj`tdnlk nl nt.‚ Vdit —smj`tdnlk„ wis Rnzia„s `a`ky lmw
hlmwl
hlmw l is ‑Jn Patnj
Patnjm
m Ifnms
Ifnms.‚
.‚ Anh` Cms`g
Cms`gi
i ilf twm ln`e`
ln`e`s,
s, Vrnln
Vrnlnfif
fif cmnl`f td`
Hitnpulil igt`r Rnzia„s f`itd.

99. Uma`fif Rnzia, 0> (94;?-9>2>) ‑Vd` V`ied`r‚

Vd` ymulk`st ednaf8 jirrn`f _iltia`ml Yunlt`rm. Ud` wis i t`ied`r
ilf wis prmbibay td` b`st `fueit`f ijmlk Cms`„s snst`rs, wdned jif` Cms`
v`ry prmuf mg d`r. Dmw`v`r, Cms` r`prnjilf`f d`r gmr k`ttnlk jirrn`f tm
_iltia`ml Yunlt`rm mg Eiaijbi wntdmut td`nr pir`lt„s emls`lt. Cms` wis v`ry
jued
jue d iki
ikinls
nlstt wmj
wmj`l`l wdm iaa iaamw
mw td`
td`js`
js`av`
av`ss tm b` ememurt
urt`f
`f mut
mutsnf
snf`
` td`
td`nr
nr
dmj`s. D` sinf tm Edma`lk, ‑Ng ymu div` i sw``td`irt, b`div` tmwirfs dnj
lmba
lmbay
y il
ilf
f wnwntdtd fnkl
fnklnt
nty,
y, nlst
nlst`i
`if
f mg r`
r`sm
smrt
rtnl
nlk
k tm s`s`er
er`t
`t j`
j``t
`tnlnlks
ks il
ilf
f
emlv`rsitnmls wdned fm lmtdnlk but amw`r wmjil„s wmrtd nl td` `y`s mg jil.
^mu
^m u sd
sdmu
muaf
af vi
viauau`
` jm
jmr`
r`,, `s
`st`
t``j
`j jmjmr`
r` ym
ymur
ur dm
dmlm
lmrr il
ilf
f ym
ymuu wn
wnaa
aa b` jmjmr`
r`
`st``j`f ilf viau`f.‚

GIJNA^ VR@@ MG CMU@ RNSIA

(Ile`stry mg Cmsî Rnzia)
Lmt`3

Vdns fm`s lmt nleauf` iaa mg td` ile`stmr's snbanlks, mlay td` lmtiba` ml`s.
 VD@ RNSIA DMJ@
Vd` dmus`
dmus` mg td` Rnzi
Rnziaa gijnay,w
gijnay,wd`r`
d`r` d` wi
wis
s bmrl, wis ml` mg td` fns fnstnlku
tnlkunsd`
nsd`ff stml
stml`
`
dmus`s
dmus `s nl Eiaij
Eiaijbi
bi furnl
furnlk
k td` Upilnsd tnj`s. Nt wis i twm-s
twm-stmr`y
tmr`y bunafnl
bunafnlk,r`e
k,r`etilku
tilkuair
air nl sdip
sdip`,
`,
bunat mg ifmb` stml`s ilf dirf-wmmfs ilf rmmg`f wntd r`f tna`s. B`dnlf td` dmus` w`r` td` pmuatry
yirf gua
yirf guaaa mg tur
turh`y
h`ys
s ilf edne
edneh`l
h`ls
s ilf i bnk kirf
kirf`l
`l mg trmpne
trmpneia
ia gru
grunt
nt tr`
tr``s-
`s- itns, bianjbnlk,ednem,
jiempi, pipiyi, siltma,`te.

Nt wis i dippy dmj` wd`r` pir`ltia igg`etnml ilf ednafr`l„s aiukdt`r r`nkl`f. By fiy nt
dujj`f wntd td` lmns`s mg ednafr`l it paiy ilf td` smlks mg td` bnrfs nl td` kirf`l. By lnkdt, nt
`edm`
`edm`f
f wnt
wntd
d td` smgt lmt
lmt`s
`s mg gij
gijnay
nay pri
priy`
y`rs.
rs. Uue
Uuedd i wdwdma`
ma`sm
smj`
j` dmj
dmj`,`, lit
lituri
uriaay
aay,, r`i
r`ir`f
r`f i
wdma`smj` gijnay, ilf sued i gijnay wis td` Rnzia gijnay.

VM_NE 23 EDNAFDMMF ^@IRU NL EIAIJBI

Eiaijbi wis lij`f igt`r i bnk litnv` cir. I dien`lfi tmwl wdned b`amlk`f tm td`
Fmjnlneil Mrf`r, wdned iasm mwl`f iaa td` ailfs irmulf nt. Nt ns i b`iutngua tmwl emv`r`f wntd
nrrnkit`f rne` gn`afs ilf sukir ailfs.

EDNAFDMMF J@JMRN@U
Vd` gnrst j`jmry mg Rnzia, wis dns dippy fiys nl td` gijnay kirf`l wd`l d` wis tdr``
y`irs maf. B`eius` d` wis i grina, snehay ilf ulf`rsnz`f ednaf, d` wis knv`l td` jmst amvnlk eir`
by dns pir`lts. Ilmtd`r ednafdmmf j`jmry wis td` finay Ilk`aus priy`r, by lnkdtgiaa, dns jmtd`r
kitd`r`f iaa td` ednafr`l it td` dmus` tm priy td` Ilk`aus. Rnzia iasm r`j`jb`r`f td` lnkdt- tnj`
wiah nl td` tmwl, `sp`eniaay furnlk jmmlant lnkdts. Vd` Rnzia ednafr`l w`r` bmulf tmk`td`r by tn`s
mg amv` ilf emjpilnmlsdnp. Vd`y w`r` w`aa-br`f, gmr td`nr pir`lts tiukdt td`j tm amv` ilf d`ap
ml` ilmtd`r. Mg dns snst`rs, Rnzia amv`f jmst Emle`penml (td` antta` Emledi). D` wis i y`ir maf`r
tdil d`r, d` paiy`f wntd d`r ilf grmj d`r d` a`i
a`irl`f
rl`f snst`ray amv`. Plgmrtulit`ay, Emled
Emledi
i fn`f mg

snehl`ss nl 9470. Vd` f`itd mg antta` Emledi brmukdt Rnzia dns gnrst smrrmw.
It td` ik` mg tdr``, Rnzia b`kil tm tih` pirt nl td` gijnay priy`rs. [d`l Rnzia wis gnv`
y`irs maf, d` wis iba` tm r`if diatnlkay td` Upilnsd gijnay bnba`. Ml` mg td` j`jmriba` il`efmt`s
b`tw``l td` ymulk Cms` wis wd`l dns jmtd`r wis r`ifnlk tm dnj i Upilnsd r`if`r `ltnta`f @a
Ijnkm f` ams Lnùms (Vd` Ednafr`l„s Grn`lf). Ud` lmtne`f dnj lmt piynlk itt`ltnml tm d`r is sd`
wis r`ifnlk td` emlt`lts mg td` bmmh nl Upilnsd. Cms` nlst`if wis ittriet`f tm i pinr mg jmtds
enreanlk td` gaij` mg td` mna aijp. Vd` sjiaa`r jmtd kmt sm ittriet`f tm td` gaij` tdit ng ga`w tmm
eams`, nts wnlks kmt burl`f ilf g`aa nltm td` mna ilf fn`f. Vd` Utmry mg td` Jmtd- jif` td`
prmgmulf`st njpr`ssnml ml Rnzia‑fn`f i jirtyr tm nts naausnmls‚

It td` ik` mg gnv`, Rnzia b`kil tm jih` sh`ted`s wntd dns p`lena ilf tm jmuaf nl eaiy ilf
wix mbc`ets wdned ittriet`f dns giley. Ui Ihnlk Jki Hibiti (Vm Jy G`aamw Ednafr`l) - Rnzia„s gnrst
pm`j
pm`j nl li
litnv
tnv`
` ailku
ailkuik`
ik` it td` ik` mg `nk
`nkdt.
dt. Vdns
Vdns pm`j r`v
r`v`ia
`ias
s Rnzia
Rnzia„s
„s `ira
`iran`s
n`stt litnm
litnmli
lians
anstt

s`ltnj`lt. It td` ik` mg `nkdt, Rnzia wrmt` dns gn

gnrst
rst frijitne wmrh wdned wis i Vikiamk emj`fy.
NLGAP@LE@U ML RNSIA„U BM^DMMF
Nl td` anv`s mg iaa j`l td`r` ir` nlgau`le`s wdned eius` smj` tm b` kr`it ilf mtd`rs lmt. Nl
td` eis` mg Rnzia, d` dif iaa td` givmriba` nlgau`le`s, g`w mtd`r ednafr`l nl dns tnj` `lcmy`f. Isnf`
grmj dns njj`f
njj`fnit`
nit` gijnay, Rnzia„s tdr`` ulea`s iff`f tm Rnzi
Rnzia„s
a„s nlspnritnm
nlspnritnml.
l. Vnm Cms` Iab`
Iab`rtm-
rtm-
stufn`f gmr `a`v`l y`irs nl Brntnsd sedmma nl Eiaeutti, Nlfni ilf dif triv`a`f nl @urmp`.
@urmp` . D` nlspnr`f
Rnzia tm f`v`amp dns irtnstne ibnanty. Vnm Jilu
Jilu`a-
`a- i dush
dushyy ilf itda`
itda`tne
tne jil, `lem
`lemurik`
urik`ff Rnzia tm
f`v`amp
f`v` amp dns grina bmfy by j`il
j`ils s mg pdysneia `x`ren
`x`rens`s.
s`s. Vnm Kr`kmrnm- i bmmh amv`r, nlt`lsng
nlt`lsngn`f
n`f
Rnzia„s vmrienmus r`ifnlk mg kmmf bmmh. Gitd`r A`mlenm Amp`z- td` maf ilf a`irl`f pirnsd prn`st mg
Eiaijbi, gmst`r`f Rnzia„s amv` gmr sedmairsdnp ilf nlt`aa`etuia dml`sty.

VM_NE 53 @IRA^ @FPEIVNML NL EIAIJBI ILF BNÙIL

It td` ik` mg tdr``, Rnzia wis gnrst tiukdt by dns jmtd`r, wdm wis r`jirhiba` wmjil mg
kmmf ediriet`r ilf gnl` euatur`. D` a`irl`f grmj d`r td` iapdib`
iapdib`tt ilf td` priy`rs. It tdns stik`
d` f`jmlstrit`f
f`jmlstrit`f sup`rnm
sup`rnmrr nlt`aa
nlt`aank`le
nk`le`
` wdned nlfue
nlfue`f
`f dns pir`l
pir`lts
ts tm dnr` tutmr
tutmrs
s gmr dnj. Ji`s
Ji`strm
trm
E`a`stnlm- Rnzia„s gnrst prnvit` tutmr ilf Ji`strm Aueis _ifui- RnziRnzia„s
a„s s`emlf tutm
tutmr.
r. Ait`r, A`ml
Jmlrmy- i gmrj`r eaissjit` mg Rnzia„s gitd`r b`eij` Rnzia„s tutmr tdit nlstruet`f Cms` nl Upilnsd
ilf Aitnl. Plgmrtulit`ay, d` fn`f gnv` jmltds ait`r.
a it`r.

Ml Cul`, 947>- Rnzia a`gt Eiaijbi gmr Bnlil ieemjpiln`f by _ienilm. Ji`strm Custnlnilm
Iqunlm Eruz wis Rnzia„s t`ied`r nl i prnvit` sedmma nnl
l Bnlil. Cms` wis > y`irs maf it tdit tnj`.
Vd` sedmma
sedmma wis iasm td` dmus` mg dns t`ied`
t`ied`r.
r. Rnzia f`s
f`sernb`
ernb`f
f dnj is i tiaa, tdnl, amlk-l
amlk-l`eh`
`eh`f
f
jil wntd i bmfy sankdtay b`lt gmrwirf. Is i t`ied`r d` wis quneh tm fnsenpanl` dns stuf`lts gmr ily
nlgrietnmls wntd i sdmrt tdnl stneh, `sp`eniaay ng td` wrmlk ilsw`r ns knv`l. Vdns wis td` maf syst`j
mg `fueitnml it tdit tnj`. Vd` nlganetnml mg pinl wis jif` tm `lsur` tdit td` stuf`lt r`j`jb`rs td`
a`ssml. Cms` b`eij` il mutstilfnlk stuf`lt surpissnlk dns eaissjit`s nl Upilnsd, Aitnl, ilf
mtd`r subc`ets. D` wis iasm v`ry pmpuair, tdit smj` mg dns eaissjit`s spr`if rujmrs tm fnser`fnt
dnj. Jily tnj`s d` wis pulnsd`f gmr dns iaa`k`f wrmlkfmnlks. Vd` fiy wis ulusuia wd`l Rnzia
wis lmt ainf mut ml i b`led ilf knv`l gnv` mr snx bamws b`eius` mg gnkdtnlk. Rnzia„s finay ang` nl
Bnùil w`r` is gmaamws3 D`irf td` gmur m„ eameh jiss td`l it t`l m„ eameh w`lt dmj` it mle` ilf
w`lt it sedmma it twm ilf eij` mut it gnv`. It td` `lf mg dns sedmmanlk, Ji`strm Custnlnilm
r`emjj`lf`f tdit Cms` sdmuaf b` s`lt tm Jilnai. Nl F`e`jb`r 9;, 94;?, Rnzia a`gt Bnlil igt`r
ml` y`ir ilf i diag mg sedmmanlk. D` bif` gir`w`aa tm tdns sedmma ilf dns t`ied`r. D` iasm
emaa`et`f p`bba`s grmj td` rnv`r is smuv`lnrs, hlmwnlk tdit d` wnaa l`v`r r`turl tm Bnùil. Igt`r td`
Edrnstjis mg tdit y`ir Fml Grilensem f`enf`f tm s`lf Cms` tm Jilnai tm emltnlu` dns stufn`s.

JIRV^RFMJ MG KMJ-BPR-SI
 Lnkdt mg Ciluiry 2?, 94;2- ibmut 2?? Gnanpnlm smafn`rs ilf wmrhj`l mg td` Eivnt` irs`lia
ulf`r td` a`if`rsdnp mg Aijifrnf, Gnanpnlm s`rk`ilt, rms` nl vnma`lt jutnly b`eius` mg td` ibmantnml
mg td`nr usuia prnvna`k`s, nleaufnlk `x`jptnml grmj trnbut` ilf pmam (gmre`f aibmr) by td` r`ietnmliry
Kmv`rlmr Rigi`a f` Nzqun`rfm. Vd` Upilnsd iutdmrntn`s, nl mrf`r tm anqunfit` Gitd`rs Jirnilm
Kmj`z, Cms` Burkms, ilf Cienltm Sijmri a`if`rs mg td` s`euair jmv`j`lt tm Gnanpnlnz` td`
_dnanppnl` pirnsd`s, ilf td`nr suppmrt`rs jiklngn`f td` gina`f jutnly ‑nltm‚ i ‑r`vmat‚ gmr _dnanppnl`
nlf`p`lf`
nlf`p `lf`le`.
le`. GGitd`r
itd`rs
s Jirni
Jirnilm
lm Kmj`z, C Cms`
ms` Bu
Burkms
rkms il
ilf
f Cienl
Cienltm
tm Sijmr
Sijmrii w`r` ` `x`eu
x`eut`f
t`f it
sulrns` mg G`bruiry 9;,94;2, by mrf`r mg Kmv`rlmr K`l`ria Nzqun`rfm. Vd` jirtyrfmj mg Kmj-Bur-
Si nl 94;2 truay nlspnr`f Rnzia tm gnkdt td` `vnas mg Upilnsd tyrilly ilf r`f``j dns mppr`ss`f
p`mpa`. Rnzia f`fneit`f dns s`emlf lmv`a, @a Gnanbust`rnsjm, tm Kmj-Bur-Si.

NLCPUVNE@ VM RNSIA„U JMVD@R

B`gmr` Cul` mg 94;2, trik`fy
trik`fy strueh td` Rnzia gijnay. Fmli V`mfmri wi
wis
s suff`lay irr`st`f
ml i jianenmus edirk` tdit sd` ilf d`r brmtd`r, Cms` Iab`rtm, trn`f tm pmnsml td` aitt`r„s f`e`ntgua
wng`. Ud` wis gmre`f tm wiah grmj Eiaijbi tm Uilti Eruz (eipntia mg Aikuli prmvnle`), i fnstile`
mg 0? hnamj`t`rs. Fmli V`mfmri wis nleire`rit`f it td` prmvnlenia prnsml, wd`r` sd` ailkunsd`f
gmr twm y`irs ilf i diag. R`emultnlk tdns nlenf`le` mg dns jmtd`r„s njprnsmlj`lt, Rnzia sinf nl dns
stuf`lt j`jmnrs3 ‑Mur jmtd`r wis ulcustay slited`f iwiy grmj us ilf by wdmj= By smj` j`l
wdm dif b``l mur grn`lfs ilf wdmj w` tr`it`f is dmlmr`f ku`sts.‚

VM_NE 63 IV VD@ IV@L@M JPLNEN_IA (94;2-94;;)

Vd` It`l`m Julnenpia ns i emaa`k` ulf`r td` sup`rvnsnml mg td` Upilnsd C`sunts. Nt wis
gmrj`ray @seu`ai _ni (Edirnty Uedmma), i sedmma gmr pmmr bmys nl Jilnai wdned wis `stibansd`f by
td` enty kmv`rlj`lt nl 949;. Ml Cul` 9?, 94;2, Rnzia ieemjpiln`f by _ienilm w`lt tm Jilnai.
Gitd`r Jiknl G`rrilfm wdm wis td` emaa`k` r`knstrir, r`gus`f tm ifjnt Rnzia nl It`l`m gmr twm
r`ismls3 (9) d` wis ait` gmr r`knstritnml (2) d` wis snehay ilf ulf`rsnz`f gmr dns ik`. Vdrmukd td`
nlt`re`ssnml mg Jilu`a T`r`z Burkms, Rnzia wis r`auetiltay ifjntt`f it td` It`l`m. Cms` wis td`
gnrst mg dns gijnay tm ifmpt td` surlij` ‑Rnzia‚. D` r`knst`r`f ulf`r tdns lij` it It`l`m b`eius`
td`nr gijnay lij` ‑J`reifm‚ dif emj` ulf`r td` suspnenml mg td` Upilnsd iutdmrntn`s. It td` tnj`
Cms` stufn`f nl td` It`l`m, tdns emaa`k` wis ameit`f nl Nltrijurms 20 jnlut`s„ wiah grmj td`
emaa`k`.

C@UPNV U^UV@J MG @FPEIVNML

Vd` syst`j mg `fueitnml knv`l by td` C`sunts nl td` It`l`m wis jmr` ifvile`f tdil tdit
mg mtd`r emaa`k`s nl tdit p`rnmf. Nt trinl`f td` ediriet`r mg td` stuf`lt by rnknf fnsenpanl` ilf
r`anknmus nlstruetnml. Nt prmjmt`f pdysneia euatur`, dujilntn`s, ilf sen`ltngne stufn`s. Isnf` grmj
ieif`jne emurs`s a`ifnlk tm td` f`kr`` mg Bied`amr mg Irts, nt mgg`r`f vmeitnmlia emurs`s nl
ikrneuatur`, emjj`re`, j`edilnes ilf surv`ynlk. Vd` stuf`lts d`irf Jiss nl td` jmrlnlk b`gmr`
td` b`knllnlk mg td` finay eaiss. Eaiss`s nl `v`ry subc`et w`r` mp`l`f ilf eams`f wntd priy`rs.

Utuf`lts w`r` fnvnf`f nltm twm krmups3 Rmjil @jpnr`- emlsnstnlk mg nlt`rlms (bmirf`rs)
ilf td` Eirtdiknlnil @jpnr`- emjpms`f mg td` `xt`rlms (lml-bmirf`rs). Vd` `jpnr`s dif rilhs3
@jp`rmr- td` b`st stuf`lt nl `ied ‑`jpnr`, Vrnbul`- td` s`emlf b`st, F`eurnml- td` tdnrf b`st,
E`lturnml-td` gmurtd b`st ilf td` Utilf-b`ir`r- td` gngtd b`st. B`tw``l `jpnr`s td`y gmukdt gmr
nl
nlt`
t`aa`
aa`et
etui
uiaa su
supr
pr`j
`jie
iey.
y. [n
[ntd
tdnl
nl nl td
td`
` ‑`jp
‑`jpnr`
nr`‚‚ td
td`
` stuf
stuf`l
`lts
ts gm
gmuk
ukdt
dt gm
gmrr td
td`s
`s`
` pm
pmsn
sntn
tnml
mls
s by
ediaa`lknlk td` ml`s dmafnlk td` rilhs tm ilsw`r qu`stnmls bis`f ml td` fiy„s a`ssml.

GNRUV ^@IR NL IV@L@M (94;2-94;5)

Gitd`r Cms` B`ed wis Rnzia„s gnrst prmg`ssmr nl It`l`m. Vm njprmv` dns Upilnsd, Rnzia tmmh
prnvit` a`ssmls nl Uilti Nsib`a Emaa`k` furnlk td` lmml r`e`ss`s wd`l mtd`r stuf`lts w`r`
paiynlk mr kmssnpnlk. D` pinf tdr`` p`sms gmr tdms` `xtri Upilnsd a`ssmls. B`nlk i l`wemj`r ilf

hlmwnlk antta` Upilnsd,

wis issnkl`f Rnzia wis paie`f
tm td` Eirtdiknlnils, it td` bmttmj
meeupynlk mg mg
td` `lf td`td`
eaiss.
anl`.D` wistd`
Igt`r ilgnrst
`xt`rlm,
w``h,d`le` d`
td` grina
Eiaijbi bmy prmkr`ss`f ripnfay. It td` `lf mg td` jmltd, d` b`eij` ‑`jp`rmr‚. D` wis td`
brnkdt`st pupna nl td` wdma` eaiss, ilf d` wis iwirf`f i prnz`, i r`anknmus pnetur`. D` wis prmuf
mg nt b`eius` nt wis td` gnrst prnz` d` `v`r wml it td` It`l`m.

Nl td` s`emlf diag mg dns y`ir nl td` It`l`m, d` fnf lmt try `lmukd tm r`tinl dns ieif`jne
supr`jiey wdned d` d`af furnlk td` gnrst diag mg td` t`rj b`eius` d` r`s`lt`f smj` r`jirhs mg
dns prmg`ssmr. D` paie`f s`emlf it td` `lf mg td` y`ir, iatdmukd iaa dns krif`s w`r` stnaa jirh`f
‑@xe`aa`lt‚. It td` `lf mg td` sedmma y`ir nl Jired, 94;5, Rnzia r`turl`f tm Eiaijbi gmr sujj`r
vieitnml. D` fnf lmt `lcmy dns vieitnml b`eius` dns jmtd`r wis nl prnsml. [ntdmut t`aanlk dns
gitd`r, d` w`lt tm Uilti Eruz ilf vnsnt`f dns jmtd`r nl prnsml. D` tmaf d`r mg dns brnaanilt krif`s it
td` It`l`m. Ud` kaifay `jbrie`f d`r givmrnt` sml. [d`l td` sujj`r vieitnml `lf`f, Rnzia
r`turl`f tm Jilnai gmr dns s`emlf y`ir t`rj nl It`l`m.

U@EMLF ^@IR NL IV@L@M (94;2-94;5)

Lmtdnlk ulusuia dipp`l`f tm Rnzia furnlk dns s`emlf t`rj nl td` It`l`m, `xe`pt tdit d`
r`p`lt`f divnlk l`ka`et`f dns stufn`s td` pr`vnmus y`ir. Vm r`kinl dns amst eaiss a`if`rsdnp, d`
stufn`f dirf`r. Mle` jmr` d` b`eij` ‑`jp`rmr‚. It td` `lf mg td` sedmma y`ir, Rnzia r`e`nv`f
`xe`aa`lt krif`s nl iaa subc`ets ilf i kmaf j`fia. [ntd sued sedmaistne dmlmrs, d` trnujpdiltay
r`turl`f tm Eiaijbi nl Jired, 94;6 gmr td` sujj`r vieitnml.

_RM_D@E^ MG JMVD@R„U R@A@IU@

Rnzia amst lm tnj` nl kmnlk tm Uilti Eruz nl mrf`r tm vnsnt dns jmtd`r nl td` prmvnlenia cina. D`
ed``r`f up Fmùi V`mfmri„s aml`ay d`irtd wntd l`ws mg dns sedmaistne trnujpds nl It`l`m ilf wntd
gully tia`s ibmut dns prmg`ssmrs ilf g`aamw stuf`lts. Dns jmtd`r wis v`ry dippy tm hlmw tdit d`r
givmrnt` ednaf wis jihnlk sued spa`lfnf prmkr`ss nl emaa`k`. Nl td` emurs` mg td`nr emlv`rsitnml,
Fmùi V`mfmri tmaf d`r sml mg d`r fr`ij td` pr`vnmus lnkdt. Rnzia, nlt`rpr`tnlk td` fr`ij tmaf d`r
tdit sd` wmuaf b` r`a`is`f grmj prnsml nl tdr`` jmltds„ tnj`. Bir`ay tdr`` jmltds piss`f, ilf
suff`lay Fmùi V`mfmri wis s`t gr``. By tdit tnj`, Rnzia wis iar`ify nl Jilnai itt`lfnlk dns
eaiss`s it td` It`l`m.

V@@LIK@ NLV@R@UV NL R@IFNLK

 Nt wis furnlk td` sujj`r vieitnml nl 94;6 nl Eiaijbi wd`l Rnzia b`kil tm tih` nlt`r`st nl
r`ifnlk rmjiltne lmv`as. Is i lmrjia t``lik`r, d` b`eij` nlt`r`st`f nl amv` stmrn`s ilf rmjiltne
tia`s. Vd` Emult mg Jmlt` Ernstm by Ia`xilf`r Fujis- td` gnrst givmrnt` lmv`a mg Rnzia wdned jif`
i f``p njpr`ssnml ml dnj. Is i vmrienmus r`if`r, d` r`if lmt mlay gnetnml, but iasm lml-gnetnml. Vd`
Plnv`rsia Dnstmry by E` sir Eiltu- Rnzia p`rsuif`f dns gitd`r tm buy dnj tdns emstay s`t mg
dnstmrneia wmrh tdit wis i kr`it inf nl dns stufn`s ilf `liba`f dnj tm wnl jmr` prnz`s nl It`l`m.
Ait`r Rnzia r`if td` bmmh mg Fr. G`mfmr Cikmr- D` wrmt` Vriv`as nl td` _dnanppnl`s. Rnzia wis
njpr`ss`f nl tdns bmmh b`eius` mg (9) Cikmr„s h``l mbs`rvitnmls mg td` f`g`ets mg Upilnsd
emamlnzitnml, (2) dns prmpd`ey tdit smj`fiy Upinl wmuaf ams` td` _dnanppnl`s ilf tdit Ij`rnei
wmuaf emj` tm suee``f d`r is emamlnz`r.

VDNRF ^@IR NL IV@L@M (94;6-94;0)

[d`l Rnzia r`turl`f gmr dns tdnrf y`ir, dns jmtd`r wis r`a`is`f grmj prnsml. D` wis iba` tm
emle`ltrit` jmr` ml dns stufn`s. Dmw`v`r, it td` `lf mg td` y`ir, d` r`jinl`f fnssitnsgn`f `v`l
is dns krif`s r`jinl`f `xe`aa`lt. D` wml mlay i snlka` j`fia nl Aitnl is dns Upilnsd eaissjit`
b`it dnj nl sp`ihnlk Upilnsd. It td` `lf mg td` sedmma y`ir (Jired 94;0), Rnzia r`turl`f tm
Eiaijbi gmr td` sujj`r vieitnml.

GMPRVD ^@IR NL IV@L@M (94;0-94;7)

Igt`r i r`gr`sdnlk ilf dippy sujj`r vieitnml,
vieitnml, Rnzia w`lt bieh tm Jilnai gmr dns gmurtd y`ir
emurs`. Ml Cul` 97, 94;0, d` b`eij` il nlt`rlm nl td` It`l`m. Ml` mg dns prmg`ssmrs tdns tnj`
wis Gr. Grilensem f` _iuai Uiled`z- i kr`it `fueitmr ilf sedmair, ml` mg Rnzia„s prmg`ssmrs wdm
nlspnr`f
nlspnr`f dnj tm stufy dirf
dirf`r
`r ilf tm wrnt` pm`try. Rnz
Rnzia
ia wis dnkd
dnkd`st
`st nl iaa subc`et
subc`ets
s ilf wml gnv`
j`fias it td` `lf mg td` sedmma t`rj. D` wis td` jmst brnaanilt It`l`il, d` wis truay ‑td` prnf` mg
td` C`sunts‚. Ml Jired 25, 94;;- Emjj`le`j`lt Fiy, Rnzia, wdm wis 97 y`irs maf, r`e`nv`f td`
f`kr`` mg Bied`amr mg Irts, wntd dnkd`st dmlmrs.

@TVRI-EPRRNEPAIR
@TVRI-EPRRNEPAIR IEVNWNVN@U
Rnzia, ulsurpiss`f nl ieif`jne trnujpds, wis lmt i j`r` bmmhwmrj. D` wis ietnv` nl
`xtri-eurrneuair ietnvntn`s. Il ‑`jp`rmr‚ nlsnf` td` eaissrmmj, d` wis i eijpus a`if`r mutsnf`. D`
wis il ietnv` j`jb`r ait`r s`er`tiry, mg i r`anknmus smen`ty, td` Jirnil Emlkr`kitnml. D` wis
iee`pt
iee `pt`f
`f is j`jj`jb`r
b`r mg tdn
tdns
s sma
smanfi
nfirnty
rnty lm
lmtt mla
mlay
y b`e
b`eius
ius`
` mg dns iei
ieif`j
f`jne
ne brn
brnaani
aanile
le`
` but ias
iasm
m
b`eius` mg dns f`vmtnml tm Mur Aify mg td` Njjieuait` Emle`ptnml, td` emaa`k` pitrml`ss. Rnzia
wis iasm i j`jb`r mg td` Ieif`jy mg Upilnsd Ant`ritur` ilf td` Ieif`jy mg Lituria Uen`le`s.
Vd`s` ‑ieif`jn`s‚ w`r` `xeausnv` smen`tn`s nl td` It`l`m, tm wdned mlay It`l`ils wdm w`r`
kngt`f nl ant`ritur` ilf sen`le`s emuaf quiangy gmr j`jb`rsdnp.

_M@JU
Nt wis Fmli V`mfmri wdm wis gnrst fnsemv`r`f td` pm`tne k`lnus mg d`r sml, ilf nt wis iasm
sd` wdm gnrst `lemurik`f dnj tm wrnt` pm`js. Dmw`v`r nt wis Gitd`r Uiled`z wdm nlspnr`f Rnzia
tm jih` guaa us` mg dns Kmf-knv`l kngt nl pm`try.

Umj` `xijpa`s mg dns wrntnlks wd`l d` wis it It`l`m3

 94;6- Jn _rnj`ri Nlspnrienml (Jy Gnrst Nlspnritnml), td` gnrst pm`j Rnzia prmbibay wrmt`
furnlk dns fiys nl It`l`m wdned wis f`fneit`f tm dns jmtd`r ml d`r bnrtdfiy8 Rnzia wrmt` nt b`gmr`
d` wis 96 y`irs maf.

94;7, Rnzia wrmt` pm`js ml virnmus tmpnes-r`anknml, `fueitnml, ednafdmmf j`jmrn`s ilf
wir. B`amw ir` smj` mg dns mutstilfnlk pm`js3

9. Pl R`eu`rfm i Jn _u`bam (Nl J`jmry mg Jy Vmwl)- i t`lf`r pm`j nl dmlmr mg Eiaijbi,

td` d`rm„s litia tmwl, Rnzia wis 90 yrs maf wd`l d` wrmt` tdns pm`j8

2. ilf
R`anknml Ianilzi
KmmfNltnji @ltr` aiRnzia
@fueitnml)- R`anknml y ai Bu`li
sdmw`f @fueienml
td` njpmrtile` (Nltnjit`
mg r`anknml nlIaanile` B`tw``l
`fueitnml8

5.Uil @ustienm, Jirtnr (Ut. @ustie`, td` Jirtyr)- i friji bis`f ml td` prms` stmry mg Ut.
@ustie` wdned d` wrmt` nl pm`tne v`rs`s furnlk td` sujj`r vieitnml mg 94;7 ilf gnlnsd`f nt ml
Cul` 2, 94;7.

_INLVNLKU ILF UEPA_VPRIA [MRHU

Isnf` grmj wrntnlk pm`try, d` f`vmt`f dns spir` tnj` tm gnl` irts. D` stufn`f pinltnlk ulf`r
td` gijmus Upilnsd pinlt`r Ikustnl Ui`z, ilf seuaptur` ulf`r Rmjuiafm f` C`sus, lmt`f Gnanpnlm
seuaptmr. Bmtd irt jist`rs dmlmr`f dnj wntd td`nr igg`etnml, gmr d` wis i tia`lt`f pupna.

GNRUV RMJILE@ MG RNSIA

Rnzia wis anlh`f tm luj`rmus wmj`l nl dns fiy,

butt td
bu td`
` gn
gnrs
rstt am
amv`
v` d` `v
`v`r
`r di
dif,
f, ieem
ieemrf
rfnl
nlkk tm dn
dns
s fn
fnir
iry
y
J`jm
J` jmrn
rnis
is f` ul @s @stu
tufn
fnil
ilt`
t` f` Ji
Jiln
lnai
ai,, wis
wis U`
U`kukulf
lfii
Hitnkbih. D` f`tinas dns g``anlks gmr d`r ilf fmeuj`lts
td`nr emrr`spmlf`le`, wdned ns smj`tdnlk jily mg us eil
r`ait` wntd. Vd`s` w`r` td` tdr`` wmrfs Rnzia us`f tm
f`sernb` td` 96-y`ir-maf Hitnkbih nl dns fniry. ‑Ud` ns lmt
td` jmst b`iutngua wmjil N dif `v`r s``l,‚ wrnt`s Rnzia
smj`wdit dirsday, ‑but N bausd`f `v`ry tnj` sd` ammh`f it
j`,‚ d` emle`f`s. ‑N div` lmt j`t ilyml` jmr` iaaurnlk
ilf b`kunanlk.‚Emnlenf`ltiaay, Hitnkbih itt`lf`f td` sij`
sedmma is Rnzia„s snst`rs, Ema`knm f` ai Emlemrfni. Jily
tnj`s, Rnzia vnsnt`f Hitnkbih it Ai Emlemrfni ulf`r td`
pr`t`ls` mg vnsntnlk dns snst`rs td`r`.
 F`spnt` td` jily tnj`s td`y r`lf`zvmus`f, Rnzia ilf Hitnkbih l`v`r b`eij` mggnenia,
wrnt`s Meijpm. Rnzia susp`et`f td` aitt`r wis iar`ify `lkik`f, wdned wis i jnstih`. D` f`enf`f
tm stiy iwiy grmj Hitnkbih ilf jif` `xeus`s gmr dnjs`ag. Nl dns ymutd, Rnzia wis iasm liív`
ibmut td` quiantn`s mg r`ia amv`, `quitnlk nt wntd pdysneia ittrietnv`l`ss ilf w`iatd. ‑N sdut jy d`irt
mut tm amv`,‚ wrnt`s Rnzia nl dns fniry, ‑N ij lmt rned ilf N ij lmt dilfsmj`8 N ij l`ntd`r
smpdnstneit`f lmr ittrietnv`,‚ d` emltnlu`s. ‑Pltna N s`` jmr` prmmg tdit sd` amv`s j`, N wnaa lmt
emjjnt tm d`r mr t`aa d`r tdit N amv` d`r.‚ Vd`nr r`aitnmlsdnp `lf`f wd`l Hitnkbih wis nlstruet`f by
d`r gitd`r tm r`turl tm td`nr gijnay„s prmvnle` nl Aikuli.

Vd` aist tnj`

up tm Hitnkbih. td`y
Ud`'f `v`r j`tdnj
`xp`et`f wistmitk`t
i gn`sti
fmwl,nltiah,
Aikuli, wd`l iRnzia,
ilf div` kmmfistrnf` dns dmrs`, Rnzia
tnj`. Dmw`v`r, rmf`
b`eij`
b`ei j` njjmbna` ilf sp``eda
sp``eda`ss.‑
`ss.‑NN sinf lmtdnl
lmtdnlk.
k. Iaa N fnf wis tih` mgg jy dit,‚ d` emlg
emlg`ss`s
`ss`s nl
dns fniry. ‑Vd` sij` tdnlk dipp`ls tm j` it td` jmst trynlk tnj`s mg jy ang`! N b`emj` tmm saneh,
sp``eda`ss, ilf mv`remj` wntd `jmtnmls.‚ Rnzia„s gnrst rmjile` wis runl`f by dns mwl sdyl`ss
ilf r`s`rv`.