EKFPI NONR ENV@ENVHGN

BNMDPM RPNMD
G@IN\ QHH
\@E@\V@R HH ( D@MNS )
VNJPM NONRNM 232> / 2322

Ki`j
Ahtrh F`wh Thfnynm, \.Sf. Dr.

\ES M@D@RH 4 \PRNGNRVN

 EKFPI NONR ENV@ENVHGN

Mnen \`gkinj ? \ES M`d`rh 4 \urngnrtn G`ins/\`e`st`r ? QHH/HH

Mnen S`myusum ? Ahtrh F`wh Thfnynmth, \.Sf., Dr. Nikgnsh Tngtu ? >1 OS
@i`e`m ? Bnmdum Runmd Vnjum S`inonrnm ? 232>/2322

Ans` ?F/4

Lnpnhnm S`eb`inonrnm S`mdugurnm?

Fh ngjhr ans` F, p`s`rtn fhfhg fnpnt e`m`eugnm lnrn umtug e`m`mtugnm iuns
p`reugnnm fnm vkiue` bnmdum b`rfhe`msh thdn (prhsen, tnbumd, bkin, ihens, fnm
g`rulu
g`r ulut)
t) fnm e`m
e`mddu
ddumng
mngnm
nm rue
rueus
us t`r
t`rs`b
s`but
ut umt
umtug
ug e`m
e`my`i
y`i`snh
`snhgnm
gnm ensn
ensninj
inj..
E`r`gn fnpnt e`m`rnpgnm rnshk pnfn p`mdugurnm fnine b`rbndnh gkmt`gs nmtnrn
inhm? p`rubnjnm ugurnm (angtkr sgnin) umsur-umsur suntu bnmdum t`rjnfnp pnmonmd
busur, g`ihihmd, iuns, fnm vkiue`7 gkmv`rsh sntunm p`mdugurnm fnm sgnin pnfn
dnebnr.
D`ke`trh?
Fh ngjhr ans` F p`s`rtn fhfhg fnpnt e`ebugthgnm t`kr`en ynmd t`rgnht f`mdnm
sufut pnfn dnrhs trnmsv`rsni, s`dhthdn fnm s`dh`epnt gkmdru`m, s`rtn s`dhthdn fnm
s`dh`ep
s`dh `epnt
nt s`b
s`bnmd
nmdum.
um. E`r`
E`r`gngn fnp
fnpnt
nt e`m
e`mddddumn
umngnm
gnm t`k
t`kr`e
r`enn t`rs
t`rs`bu
`butt fni
fnine
ne
e`my`i`snhgnm
e`my`i`snhgn m ensninj (t`rensug e`m`mtugnm
e`m`mtugnm ouein
oueinj j b`snr sufut pnfn s`bunj
s`dhthdn, e`m`mtugnm b`snr sufut ynmd b`iue fhg`tnjuh pnfn s`bunj s`dhthdn,
e`mdjhtumd
e`mdj htumd thmddh fnm onrng). E`r`gn fnpnt e`eb
e`ebuthgn
uthgnm
m g`nbsn
g`nbsnjnm
jnm t`kr`e
t`kr`enn
Sytjndkrns f`mdnm b`rbndnh lnrn fnm e`mddumngnmmyn fnine p`rjhtumdnm onrng
nmtnr fun ththg pnfn bhfnmd gkkrfhmnt Gnrt`shus. E`r`gn fnpnt e`mddumngnm
trnmsakrensh d`ke`trh tumddni (r`ai`gsh, trnmsinsh, rktnsh, fnm fhintnsh) pnfn ththg,
dnrhs, fnm bhfnmd fntnr fh gkkrfhmnt Gnrt`shus umtug e`my`i`snhgnm ensninj.

Srkahi p`inonr Snmlnshin ?

- B`rdktkmd rkykmd
- Enmfhrh
- Gr`ntha
- B`rmninr grhths

\n
\nrn
rnmn
mn ynm
ynmd
d fhbu
fhbutu
tujg
jgnm
nm ? Inpt
Inptkp
kp/S
/SL,
L, JS,
JS, gkm
gkm`g
`gsh
sh hmt`
hmt`rm
rm`t
`t

Vnrd`t p`s`rtn fhfhg ? R`duinr

Ekf`i p`eb`inonrnm ? Bi`mf`f I`nrmhmd

Vuounm p`eb`inonrnm ?
- S`s`rtn fhfhg fnpnt e`enjneh b`rbndnh bnmdum runmd f`mdnm e`eusntgnm
p`rjnthnm pnfn p`reugnnmmyn.
- S`s`rtn
S`s`rtn fhf
fhfhg
hg fnp
fnpnt
nt e`e
e`enjn
njneh
eh i`t
i`tng
ng g`f
g`fufu
ufugnm
gnm dnr
dnrhs
hs fnm bhf
bhfnmd
nmd pnf
pnfnn
runmd.
- S`s`rtn fhfhg fnpnt e`mdhf`mthahgnsh bnmdum runmd.
- S`s`rtn fhfhg fnpnt e`enjneh b`rbndnh onrhmd-onrhmd bnmdum runmd.
- S`s`rtn fhfhg fnpnt e`mdjhtumd iuns p`reugnnm fnm vkiue` bnmdum runmd.
- S`s`rtnn fhfh
S`s`rt fhfhg
g fnpnt e`enmanntgnm
e`enmanntgnm gnrfus b`gns umtu
umtugg e`eb
e`ebunt
unt 6 enlne
bnmdum runmd.
- S`s`rtnn fhfhg b`rtnmddumd
S`s`rt b`rtnmddumd onwnb e`mond
e`mondnn g`b`r
g`b`rshjnm
shjnm ihmdgumdnm
ihmdgumdnm s`inen
p`eb`inonrnm.
S`enjnenm B`rengmn - Oh
Ohgn
gn nins
nins prprhs
hsen
en b`
b`rb
rb`m
`mtu
tug
g ihmd
ihmdgn
gnrnm
rnm,, engn
engn bn
bnmd
mdum
um rurunm
nmd
d t`
t`rs`
rs`bu
butt
e`rupngnm tnbumd.
- Ohgn nins ihens b`rb`mtug ihmdgnrnm, engn bnmdum runmd t`rs`but e`rupngnm
g`rulut.
>
- Qkiue
Qkiue`` s`t`mdn
s`t`mdnj
j bkin
bkin nfninj
nfninj vkiue` tnbumd f`mdnm onrh-onrh bkin fnm
<
tnbumd snen pnmonmd.
S`rtnmynnm S`enthg - \`butgnm enlne-enlne bnmdum runmd!
- Npngnj p`rb`fnnm prhsen s`dh`epnt f`mdnm tnbumd;
- Npng
Np ngnj
nj tuep
tuep`m
`md
d fn
fnm
m ph
phrn
rneh
ehfn
fn fn
fnpn
pntt fh
fhg`
g`ik
ikep
epkg
kggn
gnm
m e`mo
e`monf
nfhh sntu
sntu
g`ikepkg;

Dnebnrnm Peue Ekfui

Snfn ekfui hmh t`inj fhsnohgnm tuounm p`eb`inonrnm ynmd t`inj fhtuihsgnm fh ntns. \`b`iue e`euinh
p`eb`inonrnm p`s`rtn fhfhg e`ep`rjnthgnm fnm e`ensthgnm ihmdgumdnm s`ghtnr fnine g`nfnnm b`rshj fnm
rnph. Ent`rh nwni ynmd fhp`inonrh p`s`rtn fhfhg nfninj e`my`butgnm enlne-enlne bnmdum runmd b`s`rtn
shant-shantmyn. \`inhm htu, p`s`rtn fhfhg e`enjneh e`md`mnh g`fufugnm dnrhs fnm bhfnmd pnfn bnmdum
runmd. \`t`inj e`ep`inonrh enlne-enlne bnmdum runmd, p`s`rtn fhfhg enepu e`enjneh b`rbndnh
onrhmd-onrhmd bnmdum runmd. \`t`inj e`enjneh onrhmd-onrhmd bnmdum runmd fnm enepu e`ebuntmyn
f`mdnm
f`m dnm e`enmann
e`enmanntgnm
tgnm gnrfus
gnrfus b`gns.
b`gns. S`s`rtn
S`s`rtn fhfhg
fhfhg enepu
enepu e`mdjhtu
e`mdjhtumd
md iuns p`reug
p`reugnnm
nnm.. \`inhm
\`inhm
e`mdjhtumd iuns p`reugnnm, p`s`rtn fhfhg oudn enepu e`mdjhtumd vkiue` bnmdum runmd.

Ns`se`m ? V`s V`rtuihs s`lnrn enmfhrh

R`ai`gsh S`s`rtn fhfhg - E`mo`insgnm umsur-umsur fnrh bnmdum runmd b`s`rtn onrhmd-onrhmdmyn.
- Buntinj sntu p`rtnmynnm ynmd enshj b`iue pnjne t`mtnmd bnmdum runmd.

R`ai`gsh Duru - Npngnj p`s`rtn fhfhg fnpnt b`rp`rnm ngtha fnine p`eb`inonrnm hmh;
- \hg
\hgnp ntnu
ntnu gnrnrng
ngt`
t`rr ynmd
nmd fhbhbnm
nmdu
dum
m g`t `thg
hgnn p`s
`s`r
`rtn
tn fh
fhf
fhg fni
nine
ne
e`ingsnmngnm p`eb`inonrnm

Fnatnr Sustngn ? Vhe Dnggk Vksjk 232>, Bugu \hswn Ent`enthgn umtug \`gkinj E`m`mdnj
S`rtnen G`ins QHH.Ongnrtn
QHH.Ongnrtn Susnt? G`e`mfhgbuf
Vhe
Vhe Dngg
Dnggkk Vksj
Vksjk
k 23
232>
2>,, Bugu Duru Ent`enthgn umtug \`gkinj E`m`mdnj
S`rtnen G`ins QHH.Ongnrtn
QHH.Ongnrtn Susnt? G`e`mfhgbuf
Ns‘nrh,, Nbfur Rnjenm, fgg. 23>4.
Ns‘nrh 23>4. Bugu \hswn Ent`enthgn \ES/EVs G`ins
QHH. Ongnrtn? G`e`mtrhnm S`mfhfhgnm fnm G`bufnynnm.

Diksnrhue Srhsen ? bnmdum runmd shsh fntnr yn

ynmd e`ehihgh fun shsh ynmd snen fnm s`ononr
s`bndnh ninsmyn.
Ihens ? bnmdum runmd shsh fntnr ynmd ninsmyn b`rupn pkihdkm (s`dh bnmyng) fnm
shsh t`dngmyn nfninj s`dhthdn ynmd b`rpktkmdnm fh sntu ththg, ynhtu ththg pumlng.
G`rulut ? b`mfn (runmd) ynmd b`rnins bumfnr fnm e`rumoumd snepnh g` sntu
ththg.
Iuns p`reugnnm ? oueinj iuns s`eun shsh-shsh pnfn bnmdum runmd.
Qkiue` ? ugurnm hsh fnine sntunm gubhg.
\urngnrtn, > Nprhi 2322
E`md`tnjuh,
G`pnin \ES M`d`rh 4 \urngnrtn Duru Entn S`inonrnm
 \hth Inthanj, \.Sf., E.Sf. Ahtrh F`wh Thfnynmth, \.Sf., Dr.
MHS. >842>>30 >88:32 2 33> MHS. >8:83036 2322 2>2 3>>
Inephrnm Ns`se`m
S`mhinhnm V`s V`rtuihs

Mnen ?
Mk Nbs`m ?
G`ins ?
Jnrh
Jnrh /Vn
/Vnmd
mddn
dnii ?

Onwnbinj p`rtnmynnm
p`rtnmynnm fh bnwnj
bnwnj hmh f`mdnm bnhg fnm b`mnr !
>. Dnebnr
Dnebnr fh bnwnj
bnwnj hmh e`mumo
e`mumoug
uggnm
gnm onrhmd-on
onrhmd-onrhm
rhmd
d gubus.
gubus. \`bunj
\`bunj gubus
gubus fhb`mt
fhb`mtug
ug fnrh onrhmd-
onrhmd-onr
onrhmd
hmd
t`rs`but.

V`mtugnm?
n. S`reug
S`reugnnm
nnm ynmd
ynmd s`ono
s`ononr
nr f`mdn
f`mdnm
m p`reug
p`reugnnm
nnm S.
S.
b. S`reugnnm ynmd s`ononr f`mdnm shsh N.
l. S`reug
S`reugnnm
nnm ynmd
ynmd t`dn
t`dng
g iurus
iurus f`mdn
f`mdnm
m rusug
rusug NB.
NB.
2. Nmfh e`ehihg
e`ehihghh s`bunj
s`bunj bnmfui
bnmfui ynmd
ynmd b`rb`mtug
b`rb`mtug s`p`rth dnebnr
dnebnr b`rhgut
b`rhgut

Bnmfui t`rs`but t`rb`mtug fnrh dnbumdnm g`rulut, tnbumd,

fnm s`t`mdnj bkin.
n. Ohgn
Ohgn bnmfui
bnmfui t`rs`b
t`rs`but
ut t`rbunt
t`rbunt fnrh
fnrh niueum
niueumhue
hue,, engn
e`ebutujgnm niueumhue s`bnmyng . . . le 2
b. Npnbhin bnmfui t`rs`but ngnm fhhsh nhr, engn fhbutujg
fhbutujgnm
nm
b`rnpn ei nhr;
22
Dumngnm σ 5
4
Inephrnm Ns`se`m
S`mhinhnm G`t`rnephinm

\`gkinj ? \ES M@D@RH 4 \PRNGNRVN

Entn S`
S`inonrnm ? En
Ent`enthgn
G`ins/\`e`st`r ? QHH/D`mnp
V`gmhg S`
S`mhinhnm ? SR
SRNGVHG

VPOPNM S@EB@INONRNM?
S@EB@INONRNM?
- S`s`rtn fhfhg fnpnt e`enmanntgnm gnrfus b`gns umtug e`ebunt 6 enlne bnmdum runmd.

VPDN\ SRNGVHG
Nint fnm Bnjnm?
>. Gnrfus
2. Dumthmd
<. I`e
6. S`mddnrhs
0. S`
S`ms
mshi
hi ntn
ntnu
u bkip
bkipkh
khm
m
F`mdnm e`enmanntgnm bnrnmd b`gns (gnrfus), buntinj onrhmd-onrhmd 6 bnmdum s`sunh fnatnr b`rhgut g`eufhnm
rnmdgnhinj e`monfh bnmdum runmdmyn.
>. Srhsen
2. Vnbumd
<. Ihens
6. G`rulut
G`eufhnm buntinj inpkrnm prks`s p`ebuntnm bnmdum runmd t`rs`but f`mdnm akrent?
Inpkrnm Vudns Srngthg
Bnmdum Runmd
G`ins QHH
\ES M`d`rh 4 \urngnrtn

N. Hf`mth
Hf`mthtns
tns G`ikep
G`ikepkg
kg
B. Tngtu
L. Bnjn
Bnjnm
m fnm
fnm Ni
Nint
nt
F. Srks`s
Srks`s S`ebuntn
S`ebuntnm
m Onrhmd-onr
Onrhmd-onrhmd
hmd fnm Bnmdum
Bnmdum Runmd
Runmd
@. S`rensni
S`rensninjnm
njnm ynmd
ynmd Fhjnfnph
Fhjnfnph fnm S`my`i
S`my`i`snh
`snhnmmyn
nmmyn
A. Fkgue`
Fkgue`mt
mtnsh
nsh G`dhn
G`dhntn
tnm
m Srngthg
Srngthg
 RPBRHG S@MHINHNM G@V@RNESHINM

Mk G`t`rnmdnm \gkr

>. E`myhnpgnm nint fnm bnjnm. 23

2. E`ingugnm p`mdugurnm inmdsumd. 23

<. Srks`s p`ebuntnm 23

6. Sr`s`mtnsh 23

0. G`i`mdgnpnm fnm g`s`sunhnm inpkrnm tudns prky`g. 23

Vktni sgkr >33

AKRENV S@MHNINHNM G@V@RNESHINM

Mk Mnen G`ikepkg N B L F Vktni

>

<

fst

I`ebnr Kbs`rvnsh G`dhntnm S`eb`inonrnm

Mnen \hswn ?

G`ins ?

Jnrh / Vnmddni S`ingsnmnnm ?

B`rhinj p`mhinhnm t`rjnfnp nsp`g p`mdnentnm ynmd fhnen f`mdnm e`ebubujgnm tnmfn l`gihs pnfn b`rbndnh mhinh
s`sunh hmfhgntkr.

\gkr S`mhinhnm

Mk Nsp`g ynmd fhnen Gurnmd Lugup Bnhg \nmdnt Bnhg

> 2 < 6

>. S`mfnjuiunm

E`ingugnm fkn s`b`iue b`inonr

E`ml`ren p`mo`insnm duru ynmd b`rgnhtnm f`mdnm

ent`rh ynmd ngnm fhbnjns

2. G`dhntnm Hm

G`nganm shswn fnine p`eb`inonrnm

E`mdnougnm p`rtnmynnm
E`mynepnhnm p`mfnpnt

E`mdjnrdnh p`mfnpnt krnmd inhm

<. S`mutup

E`mynepnhgnm r``gsh p`eb`inonrnm

E`md`rongnm injnm skni

E`ep`rjngnm nrnjnm duru ynmd b`rgnhtnm f`mdnm

ent`rh s`inmoutmyn

G`t`rnmdnm ? \urngnrtn, ……………….

\gkr > ? gurnmd Duru Entn S`inonrnm

\gkr 2 ? lugup

\gkr < ? bnhg

\gkr 6 ? snmdnt bnhg Ahtrh F`wh Thfnynmth, \.Sf., Dr.

MHS. >8:83036 2322
2322 2>2 3>>