IFZMRO [RFDZOD]I

[MNEMZF@]FN IMJOF JFN RMFEMNWOF

6
O. IMJOF [MRZ]IB]@
[MRZ]IB]@FN
FN BFDZMRO
6.6. Imjof [mrtuibu`fn Bfdtmro
Imjof pmrtuibu`fn iodrllrefnosim fjfaf` suftu bf`fn yfne tmrjoro ftfs gfipurfn
nu
nutr
tros
osoo (nut
(nutro
romnt
mnt)) yf
yfne
ne joeun
joeunfd
fdfn
fn lam`
lam` su
suft
ftu
u io
iodr
drll
llre
refn
fnos
osim
im un
untu
tud
d tu
tuib
ibu`
u` jfn
bmrdmibfnebofd pfjf imjof tmrsmbut. Iodrllrefnosim imifncfftdfn nutroso pfjf imjof
bmrupf ilamdua-ilamdua dmgoa yfne jorfdot unt
untud imny
imnyus
usun
un dli
dlip
plnmn
lnmn sma
sma--nyf.
nyf. Jm
Jmnefn
nefn imjof
pmrtuibu`fn huef bosf joeunfdfn untud imneoslafso iodrllrefnosim, ojmntocodfso jfn
imibuft duatur iurno. Dliplsoso imjof pmrtuibu`fn jfpft joifnopuafso untud tuhufn
oslafs
oslafsoo jfn ojmnto
ojmntoco
codfs
dfsoo iodrll
iodrllref
refnos
nosim
im tmrtmn
tmrtmntu
tu smsufo
smsufo jmnefn
jmnefn tuhufn
tuhufn ifsone
ifsone-if
-ifson
sone
e
pmibuftfn suftu imjof. Imjof fjfaf` suftu bf`fn yfne tmrjoro jfro gfipurfn zft-zft `frf

(nutromnt)
(nutromnt) yfne bmreunf
bmreunf untud imibofddfn iodrlbf. Jmnefn imipmreunfdfn
imipmreunfdfn bmrifgfi-
bmrifgfi-
2
 ifgfi imjof jfpft joafdudfn oslafso, pmrbfnyfdfn,
pmrbfnyfdfn, pmneuhofn
pmneuhofn socft-soc
socft-socft
ft cosolaleo
cosolaleoss jfn
pmr`otunefn huiaf` iodrlbf (Wutmjhl,6??3).
Imjof bmrcuneso smbfefo tmipft toneefa, suibmr ifdfnfn, jfn pmnymjof nutroso bfeo
iodrllrefnosim yfne fdfn jobofdfn pfjf imjof, smafon otu imjof huef bmrcuneso untud
imibofddfn, imnefsonedfn, imneoroidfn jfn imyoipfn iodrllrefnosim jfafi wfdtu
yfne
yfne afif
afif jo afblrf
afblrftlr
tlroui
oui.. Imjof
Imjof huef
huef jfpft
jfpft joeunf
joeunfdfn
dfn untud
untud imipma
imipmafhf
fhfro
ro so
socft
cft-so
-socft
cft
dl
dlal
alno
no/p
/pmr
mrtu
tuib
ibu`
u`fn
fn iodr
iodrll
llre
refn
fnos
osim
im,, sm
smrt
rtff so
socf
cft-
t-so
socf
cftt bo
bold
ldoi
oiof
ofwo
wony
nyf.
f. Jo jf
jfaf
afi
i
afblrf
afblrftlr
tlroui
oui iodrlb
iodrlbola
olaleo
leo dmjldt
dmjldtmrf
mrfn
n imjof
imjof huef
huef jfpft
jfpft joeunf
joeunfdfn
dfn untud
untud pmibuf
pmibuftfn
tfn
fntoemn, tldson jfn untud pfsfso duifn jmnefn tuhufn pmrubf`fn voruamnso jfn afon-afon.

6.2. Dliplnmn [mnyusun Imjof

6. Bf`f
Bf`fn
n Jfsf
Jfsfrr
f. Fo
Forr ((@2
@2L)
L) sm
smbf
bfef
efoo p
pma
mafr
frut
ut

b. Fefr (jfro ruiput afut) yfne bmrcuneso untud pmifjft imjof. Fefr suaot jojmerfjfso
lam` iodrllrefnosim pfjf uiuinyf jfn imngfor pfjf su`u :=lG.
g. Emafto
Emafton
n huef
huef imioaodo
imioaodo cuneso
cuneso yfne sfif smpmrt
smpmrtoo fefr. Emafton
Emafton fjfaf`
fjfaf` plaoimr
plaoimr fsfi
fionl
fionl yfne
yfne joprlj
joprljuds
udsoo jfro
jfro dlafemn
dlafemn.. Dmdurfn
Dmdurfnefn
efnnnyf
nnyf fjfaf`
fjfaf` ambo`
ambo` bfnyfd
bfnyfd hmnos
hmnos
iodrlbf yfne ifipu imneurfodfnnyf jobfnjone fefr.
j. Woaogf ema, yfotu bf`fn yfne imnefnjune nftroui soaodft. Cunesonyf huef smbfefo
pmifjft imjof. Woaogf ema d`usus joeunfdfn untud imifjftdfn imjof bfeo
iodrllrefnosim futltrlc lbaoeft.
2. Nutroso
Nutroso ftfu
ftfu Xft Ifdfnfn
Ifdfnfn
Imjof `frus imnefnjune
imnefnjune unsur-unsur
unsur-unsur yfne jopmraudfn
jopmraudfn untud imtfblaosi
imtfblaosimm sma yfotu
bmrupf unsur ifdrl smpmrto G, @, L, N, [4 unsur iodrl smpmrto Cm, Ie jfn unsur
pmaodfn/trfgm
pmaodfn/ trfgm mamimnt.
f. Wu
Wuib
ibmr
mr df
dfrb
rbln
ln jfn mnmreo
mnmreo yf
yfne
ne jfpft
jfpft jo
jopm
pmrl
rlam
am`
` bm
bmru
rupf
pf sm
smny
nyfw
fwff lr
lrefn
efnod
od ftfu
fnlref
fnlrefnod
nod msufo
msufo jmnefn
jmnefn soc
socft
ft iodrlb
iodrlbfnyf
fnyf.. Hfsfj
Hfsfj `mtmrl
`mtmrltrl
trlcc imimra
imimraudfn
udfn suibmr
suibmr
dfrbln lrefnod fntfrf afon jfro dfrbl`ojrft, amifd, prltmon jfn fsfi lrefnod.
b. Wuibmr notrlemn imngfdup fsfi fionl, prltmon ftfu smnyfwf bmrnotrlemn afon.
Wmhuiaf` iodrlbf jfpft imneeunfdfn suibmr N fnlrefnod smpmrto urmf.

g. Sotf
Sotfio
ion-
n-vo
votf
tfio
ion.
n.
7
 7. Bf`fn
Bf`fn Zfibf`
Zfibf`fn
fn
f. Bf`f
Bf`fn-
n-bf`
bf`fn
fn tf
tfib
ibf`f
f`fn
n yfotu
yfotu bf`fn
bf`fn yf
yfne
ne jo
jotf
tfib
ibf`d
f`dfn
fn dm imjo
imjoui
ui jmnef
jmnefn
n tu
tuhu
hufn
fn
tmrtmn
tmrtmntu,
tu, iosfan
iosfanyf
yf p`mnla rmj (onjo
(onjodftlr
dftlr fsfi bfsf) jotfibf`dfn
jotfibf`dfn untud onjodftlr
pmrubf`fn p@ fdobft prljudso fsfi lrefnod `fsoa imtfblaosim.
b. Fntoboltod jotfibf`dfn untud imne`fibft pmrtuibu`fn iodrlbf
nlntfremt/dlntfionfn.
:. Bf`fn yfne Wmrone
Wmrone Joeunfdfn
Joeunfdfn jfafi [mibuftf
[mibuftfn
n Imjof
f. Fefr
Fefr jfpft jopmrlam` jfafi bmntud bftfnefn, erfnuaf ftfu bubud jfn tmrbuft jfro
bmbmrfpf hmnos ruiput afut. Dmeunffnnyf fjfaf` smbfefo pmifjft ( emaaone) yfne
pmrtfif dfao joeunfdfn lam` Crfw & Ufat`mr @mssm untud imibuft imjof. Hodf
jogfipur jmnefn for joneon, fefr tojfd fdfn afrut. ]ntud imafrutdfnnyf `frus jofsud
jfn jopfnfso, pmngforfn jfn pmifjftfn bmrdfao-dfao ftfu stmroaosfso yfne tmrafau afif

jfpft imnurundfn dmduftfn fefr, tmrutfif pfjf p@ yfne fsfi.

b. [mptlnm
[mptlnm fjfaf` prljud `ojrlaosos prltmon `mwfno ftfu nfbfto smpmrto ltlt, aovmr, jfrf`,
susu, gfsmon, afgtfabuion, emafton jfn dmjmafo. Dliplsosonyf tmrefntune pfjf bf`fn
fsfanyf jfn bfefoifnf gfrf imipmrlam`nyf.
g. Imft
Imft mxt
mxtrf
rfgt
gt..
Imft mxtrfgt imnefnjune bfsf lrefnod tmrbuft jfro ltfd, aoipf, pafsmntf jfn jfeone
sfpo.
j. _mfs
_mfstt mxtr
mxtrfg
fgtt
_mfst mxtrfgt tmrbu
tmrbuft
ft jfro rfeo pmnemibfne
pmnemibfne rlto ftfu pmibuft fagl`la. _mfst mxtrfgt
mxtrfgt
imnefnjune fsfi fionl yfne amnedfp & votfion (B glipamx
glipamx).
).
m. Dfr
Dfrbl`o
bl`ojr
jrft
ft..
Dfrbl`ojrft jotfibf`dfn untud imipmrdfyf pmibmntudfn fsfi fionl jfn efs jfro
dfrbl`ojrft
dfrbl`ojrft.. Hmnos dfrbl`ojrft
dfrbl`ojrft yfne uiuinyf
uiuinyf joeundfn
joeundfn jfafi fioaui, eaudlsf,
crudtl
crudtlsf,
sf, efafdt
efafdtlsf
lsf,, sudrls
sudrlsf,
f, ifnotl
ifnotla,
a, jaa.
jaa. Dlnsmnt
Dlnsmntrfs
rfsoo yfne
yfne jot
jotfib
fibf`d
f`dfn
fn untud
untud
fnfaosos cmrimntfso fjfaf` ;,=-6%.

6.7. Hmnos-Hmnos Imjof

:
Imjof untud duatur bfdtmro jfafi iodrlbolaleo fjf bfnyfd hmnosnyf jfn jfpft imnhfjo toef
dmalipld bmsfr bmrjfsfrdfn bmntud, dliplsoso/susunfnnyf, jfn cunesonyf8
6. Bmrj
Bmrjfs
fsfr
frdf
dfn
n Bmn
Bmnttudny
udnyff
Bmntud imjof fjf toef ifgfi yfne jfpft jobmjfdfn jfro fjf ftfu tojfdnyf bf`fn
tfibf`fn bmrupf bf`fn pmifjft smpmrto fefr-fefr ftfu emafton. Bmntud imjof tmrsmbut
yfotu 8
f. Imjof pf
pfj
jft
Imjof pfjft imrupfdfn imjof yfne imnefnjune bfnyfd fefr ftfu zft pmifjft
durfne ambo` 6=% fefr sm`oneef imjof imnhfjo pfjft. Imjof ono jfpft jobmjfdfn
imnhfjo toef hmnos imnurut bmntud jfn wfjf`nyf yfotu, imjof tmefd, imjof iorone,
jfn imjof amipmne. Imjof tmefd imneeunfdfn tfbune rmfdso yfne jotmefddfn
smbfefo wfjf`nyf, imjof iorone imneeunfdfn tfbune rmfdso yfne joioronedfn,
smjfnedfn imjof amipmne imneeunfdfn pmtrojos` (paftm) smbfefo wfjf`nyf. Imjof

ono uiuinyf joeunfdfn untud pmrtuibu`fn dlalno bfdtmro ftfu dfpfne.

b. Imjof smio pfjft ftfu smio gfor
Imjof
Imjof smio
smio pfjft
pfjft imrupfd
imrupfdfn
fn imjof
imjof yfne imnefnjun
imnefnjune
e fefr
fefr durfne
durfne jfro
jfro yfne
yfne
sm`frusnyf
sm`frusnyf durfne ambo` ;,7% - ;,:% sm`oneef
sm`oneef imjof imnhfjo
imnhfjo dmnyfa,
dmnyfa, tojfd pfjft
jfn tojfd
tojfd bmeotu
bmeotu gfor.
gfor. ]iuiny
]iuinyff joeunfd
joeunfdfn
fn untud
untud pmrtui
pmrtuibu`
bu`fn
fn iodrlb
iodrlbff yfne
yfne
bfnyfd imimraudfn for jfn `ojup fnmrlbod jfn untud imao`ft pmremrfdfn iodrlbf.
g. Imjof gf
gfor
Imjof
Imjof gfor
gfor imrupf
imrupfdfn
dfn imjof
imjof yfne tojfd
tojfd jotfib
jotfibf`o
f`o bf`fn
bf`fn pmifjf
pmifjft,
t, uiuiny
uiuinyff
joeunfdfn untud pmrtuibu`fn iodrlfaef.
2. Bmrj
Bmrjfs
fsfr
frdf
dfn
n Dlip
Dlipls
lsos
oso/
o/su
susu
sunf
nfnn
nnyf
yf
Bmrjfsfrdfn dliplsosonyf imjof jo bfeo ftfs 8
f. Imjo
Imjoff fafi
fafio/
o/nl
nln
n sont
sontmt
mtos
os
Imjof
Imjof fafio
fafio imrupfd
imrupfdfn
fn imjof
imjof yfne
yfne josusu
josusun
n jfro
jfro bf`fn-b
bf`fn-bf`fn
f`fn fafio
fafio joifnf
joifnf
dlipls
dliplsoso
osonyf
nyf yfne tojfd
tojfd jfpft
jfpft jodmtf
jodmtf`uo
`uo smgfrf
smgfrf pfsto
pfsto jfn bofsfn
bofsfnyf
yf afnesu
afnesune
ne
jomdstrfd jfro bf`fn jfsfrnyf smpmrto8 dmntfne, tmpune, jfeone, tmaur, odfn sfyur,
jsb. Glntl`nyf8 Zliftl huogm fefr.
b. Imjof smio sontmsos

=
 Imjof smio sontmsos imrupfdfn imjof yfne josusun jfro bf`fn-bf`fn fafio jfn
bf`fn-bf`fn sontmsos. Glntl`nyf8 Dfaju nutroso josusun jfro 8[mptln 6;,; e,
Mdstrfd jfeone 6;,; e, NfGa =,; e, jfn Fqufjmst 6;;; ia.
g. Imjo
Imjoff so
sontms
ntmsos
os
Imjof
Imjof sontms
sontmsos
os yfotu
yfotu imjof
imjof yfne
yfne josusun
josusun jfro smnyfw
smnyfwff doiof
doiof yfne hmnos jfn
tfdfrfnnyf jodmtf`uo smgfrf pfsto. Glntl`nyf 8 Ifg Glndmy Fefr.
7. Bmrj
Bmrjfs
fsfr
frdf
dfn
n cun
cunes
eson
onyf
yf
Bmrjfsfrdfn cunesonyf, imjof jfpft jobmjfdfn imnhfjo mnfi yfotu8
f. Imjo
Imjoff Bfsf
Bfsfaa (im
(imjo
joff jfsf
jfsfr)
r)
Imjof bfsfa fjfaf` imjof yfne joeunfdfn smbfefo bf`fn jfsfr untud imibuft
imjof afon yfne ambo` dlipamds. Imjof ono jfpft imnjudune pmrtuibu`fn `fipor
smiuf hmnos iodrlbof, glntl`nyf fjfaf` nutromnt brlt`, dfaju pmptln, jsb.
b. Imjof jocmrmnsofa

Imjof jocmrmnsofa fjfaf` imjof yfne boaf jotuibu`o lam` iodrlbf yfne bmrbmjf,
iodrlb
iodrlbff tmrsmb
tmrsmbut
ut fdfn
fdfn tuibu`
tuibu` jmnefn
jmnefn gor
goroo d`usus
d`usus sm`one
sm`oneef
ef jfpft
jfpft jobmjfd
jobmjfdfn.
fn.
Glntl`nyf8 Imjof Zropam Wuefr Orln Fefr (ZWOF), Imjof Wuacot Onjla Iltoaoty
(WOI), jsb.
g. Imjo
Imjoff sma
smamdt
mdtoc
Imjof
Imjof smamdt
smamdtoc
oc fjfaf`
fjfaf` fjfaf`
fjfaf` imjof
imjof yfne imiuned
imiunedond
ondfn
fn suftu
suftu hmnos
hmnos iodrlb
iodrlbff
tuibu` jmnefn pmsft, smimntfrf hmnos iodrlbf yfne afon tmr`fibft. Glntl`nyf8
Imjof Wfailnmaaf W`oemaaf Fefr (WWF), Z`olsuap`ftm Gotrftm Boam Wfat (ZGBW),
jsb.
j. Imjo
Imjoff jopm
jopmrd
rdfy
fyff ((mnrog`imnt
mnrog`imnt)
Imjof jopmrdfyf fjfaf` imjof yfne jorfngfne untud imnjudune pmrtuibu`fn
iodrll
iodrllref
refnos
nosim.
im. Imjof
Imjof tmrsmb
tmrsmbut
ut imioao
imioaodo
do dlnstot
dlnstotumn
umn nutros
nutrosoo yfne
yfne imnjlr
imnjlrlne
lne
pmrtuibu`fn iodrlbf tmrtmntu. Glntl`nyf8 dfaju smamnot, ftfu dfaju tmtrftolnft
untud imiosf`dfn bfdtmro Wfailnmaaf t`yplsf jfro tonhf
m. Imjof uho
Imjof
Imjof uho fjfaf`
fjfaf` imjof
imjof yfne joeunfd
joeunfdfn
fn untud
untud ojmnto
ojmntoco
codfs
dfsoo iodrlb
iodrlbf,
f, uiu
uiuiny
inyff
jotfib
jotfibf`
f` jmnefn
jmnefn substf
substfnso
nso tmrtmn
tmrtmntu
tu yfne imnhfj
imnhfjoo onjodf
onjodftlr
tlr,, iosfan
iosfanyf
yf imjoui
imjoui

aotius ioad.
3
6.:. [mrsyfrftfn Imjof
6. Zo
Zoned
nedft
ft dm
dmfs
fsfi
fifn
fn (p@)
(p@)
Dmbfnyfdfn iodrlbf tuibu` bfod pfjf p@ smdotfr nmtrfa jfn p@ :,3 ‗ 5,; imrupfdfn
dlnjoso lptoiui untud pmrtuibu`fn bfdtmro, smjfnedfn dfpfne jfn d`fior tuibu`
pfjf p@ yfne ambo` rmnjf`.
2. Wu`u
Wu`u imrupfdfn sfaf` sftu cfgtlr aonedunefn yfne bmrpmnefru` tmr`fjfp pmrtuibu`fn
iodrlbf. Wmtofp iodrlbf imipunyfo dosfrfn su`u jfn su`u lptoiui tmrtmntu untud
pmrtuibu`fnnyf.

Bmrjfsfrdfn dosfrfn su`u pmrtuibu`fn, iodrlbf jobmjfdfn ftfs toef dmalipld smbfefo
bmrodut8

f. [sodrlcoa
[sodrlcoa,, yfotu iodrlbf yfne imipunyfo
imipunyfo dosfrfn
dosfrfn su`u pmrtuibu`fn
pmrtuibu`fn pfjf su`u ;-
l
2; G.
b. Imslcoa, yfotu iodrlbf yfne imipunyfo dosfrfn su`u pmrtuibu`fn 2;- :=l G.
g. Zmrilcoa,
Zmrilcoa, yfotu
yfotu iodrlbf yfne
yfne su`u pmrtuibu`fnnyf joftfs := l G.
pmrtuibu`fnnyf
Dmbfnyfdfn iodrlbf pmrusfd pfnefn imrupfdfn iodrlbf imslcoa, yfotu tuibu` bfod
pfjf su`u rufnefn ftfu su`u dfifr. Bfdtmro pft`lemn uiuinyf imipunyfo su`u
lptoiui pmrtuibu`fn smdotfr 75l G, yfne huef fjfaf` su`u tubu` ifnusof. Lam` dfrmnf
otu su`u tubu` ifnusof imrupfdfn su`u yfne bfod untud pmrtuibu`fn bmbmrfpf bfdtmro
pft`lemn. Iodrlbf pmrusfd jfn pft`lemn uiuinyf jfpft tuibu` pfjf dosfrfn su`u :‗
33lG.
7. Nutromnt
Iodrlb
Iodrlbff sfif
sfif jmnefn
jmnefn ifd`au
ifd`aud
d `ojup
`ojup afonny
afonnyf,
f, imi
imimra
mraudfn
udfn supafo
supafo nutros
nutrosoo smbfef
smbfefoo
suibmr mnmreo jfn pmrtuibu`fn smanyf. ]nsur-unsur jfsfr tmrsmbut fjfaf` 8 dfrbln,
notrlemn, `ojrlemn, ldsoemn, suacur, clsclr, zft bmso jfn smhuiaf` dmgoa alefi afonnyf.
Dmto
Dmtofj
fjff
ffn
n ft
ftfu
fu dm
dmdu
durf
rfne
nefn
fn suib
suibmr
mr-s
-sui
uibm
bmrr nu
nutr
tros
osoo on
onoo jf
jfpf
pftt imip
imipmn
mnef
efru
ru`o
`o
pmrtuibu`fn iodrlbf `oneef pfjf fd`ornyf jfpft imnymbfbdfn dmiftofn.Dlnjoso tojfd
bmrso` jfn `oeonos pfjf aonedunefn fjfaf` dlnjoso yfne imnymjofdfn suibmr nutroso

bfeo pmrtuibu`fn iodrlbf sm`oneef iodrlbf jfpft tuibu` bmrdmibfne jo aonedunefn

5
 smpmrto ono. Lam` dfrmnf otu, pronsop jfropfjf imngoptfdfn aonedunefn bmrso` jfn `oeonos
fjfaf`
fjfaf` untud
untud imnema
imnemaoi
oiono
onorr jfn imiono
imionoifa
ifaoso
osorr suibmr
suibmr nutros
nutrosoo bfeo iodrl
iodrlbf
bf fefr
fefr
pmrtuibu`fnnyf tmrdmnjfao.
:. Ldsoemn
Iodrlbf
Iodrlbf imipunyfo
imipunyfo dmbutu`fn
dmbutu`fn ldsoemn
ldsoemn yfne bmrbmjf-bmjf
bmrbmjf-bmjf untud pmrtuibu`fnn
pmrtuibu`fnnyf.
yf.
Bmrjfsfrdfn dmbutu`fnnyf fdfn ldsoemn, iodrlbf jobmjfdfn ftfs : dmalipld smbfefo
bmrodut8
f. Fmrlb, yfotu iodrlbf
iodrlbf yfne
yfne imibutu`d
imibutu`dfn
fn ldsoemn
ldsoemn untud
untud pmrtuibu`fnnyf
pmrtuibu`fnnyf..
b. Fnfmrlb, yfotu iodrlbf yfne tuibu` tfnpf imibutu`dfn ldsoemn.
g. Fnfmrl
Fnfmrlb
b cfduatft
cfduatftoc,
oc, yfotu
yfotu iodrlbf
iodrlbf yfne jfpft
jfpft tuibu`
tuibu` jmnefn
jmnefn ftfu tfnpf fjfnyf
fjfnyf
ldsoemn.
j. Iodrlf
Iodrlfmrl
mrlcoa
coa,, yfotu
yfotu iodrlbf
iodrlbf yfne
yfne imibut
imibutu`d
u`dfn
fn ldsoem
ldsoemn
n pfjf dlnsmnt
dlnsmntrfs
rfsoo yfne
yfne
ambo` rmnjf` jfropfjf dlnsmntrfso
dlnsmntrfso ldsoemn yfne nlrifa jo ujfrf. Iodrlbf pmrusfd

pfnefn smbfeofn bmsfr tmrelalne fmrlb, yfotu imibutu`dfn ldsoemn untud

pmrtuibu`fnnyf, dmgufao bfdtmro yfne jfpft tuibu` pfjf sfaurfn pmngmrnffn
ifnusof yfne tmrelalne fnfmrlb cfduatftoc.
=. Zmdf
Zmdfnf
nfn
n ls
lsil
ilso
soss
Wuftu
Wuftu tmdf
tmdfnfn
nfn ls
lsil
ilsm
sm fdfn
fdfn sf
sfne
neft
ft imip
imipmn
mnefr
efru`o
u`o bf
bfdt
dtmr
mroo ho
hodf
df tm
tmdf
dfnfn
nfn ls
lsil
ilsm
sm
aonedunefn ambo` bmsfr (`opmrtlnos)
(`opmrtlnos) sma fdfn imnefafio pafsilaosos.
pafsilaosos. Wmbfaodnyf tmdfnfn
lsilsmm aonedunefn
lsils aonedunefn yfne `opltlnos
`opltlnos fdfn imnymbfbdfn
imnymbfbdfn sma imibmnedfd
imibmnedfd jfn huef jfpft
imnefdobftdfn
imnefdobftdfn rusfdnyf
rusfdnyf sma. Laf` dfrmnf otu jfafi imipmrtf`fndfn
imipmrtf`fndfn `ojupnyf,
`ojupnyf, sma
bfdtmro `frus bmrfjf pfjf tonedft tmdfnfn lsilsm yfne smsufo, wfafupun sma bfdtmro
imioaodo jfyf fjfptfso, pmrbmjffn tmdfnfn lsilsm jmnefn aoneduefnnyf tojfd blam`
tmrafau bmsfr.
3. Wt
Wtmmroaotfs
Imjof `frus jfafi dmfjffn stmroa, frtonyf smbmaui jotfnfio bfdtmro yfne joifdsuj
tojfd jotuibu`o lam` iodrlbf afon.

6.=. Wtmroaosfso
Wtmroaosfso imrupfdfn smtofp prlsms (doiof ftfu cosod) yfne imibunu` smiuf bmntud `ojup

tmrutfif iodrllrefnosim. Wtmroaosfso jobfeo imnhfjo 8

0
6. Wt
Wtmr
mroa
oaos
osfs
fsoo Imdf
Imdfno
nod
d
Wtmroaosfso ono imneeunfdfn sonfr ]S, sonfr P jfn sonfr Efiif. Wonfr ]S bofsfnyf
joeunfdfn untud stmroaosfso rufne bmjf`. Ufafupun sonfr ]S sfneft efnfs tmr`fjfp
iodrlbf, tmtfpo jfyf tmibusnyf durfne, sm`oneef `fnyf jfpft imiftodfn iodrlbf-
iodrlbf yfne tmrjfpft pfjf pmriudffn sfhf.
Wonf
Wonfrr P jfn so
sonfr
nfr Efii
Efiiff jf
jfpf
pftt imib
imibun
unu`
u` io
iodr
drlbf
lbf dfrnf
dfrnf imru
imrusf
sfd
d JNF
JNF jf
jfn
n
imnymbfbdfn olnosfso dliplnmn sma afonnyf. Rfjofso jmnefn sonfr P jfn Efiif
smrone joeunfdfn untud stmroaosfso bmnjf-bmnjf yfne tojfd tf`fn su`u toneeo, iosfanyf
plipf suntod jfro pafstod, lbft-lbftfn, faft-faft lpmrfso.
2. Wtmroa
Wtmroaosf
osfso
so jmnefn
jmnefn pmifnf
pmifnfsfn
sfn
 [mifnfsfn jmnefn nyfaf fpo
Gfrff ono jopfdfo
Gfr jopfdfo untud
untud imibuft
imibuft stmroa
stmroa hfr
hfrui
ui onldua
onlduafso
fso,, ftfu
ftfu jfafi
jfafi dmfjffn
dmfjffn
jfrurft jopfdfo untud imnstmroadfn posfu lpmrfso.

 [mifnfsfn jmnefn ujfrf pfnfs

Gfrf ono jopfdfo untud imibuft stmroa faft-faft jfro emafs smpmrto tfbune rmfdso,
pmtrojos`, bltla jfn faft-faft jfro dftun. Gfrf ono bofsfnyf imneeunfdfn lvmn.
 [mifnfsfn imrmnjfi jfafi for imnjojo`
Jfafn dm`ojupfn sm`fro-`fro, gfrf ono jopfdfo untud imnstmroadfn bltla susu jfn
jlt untud bfyo ionui. For imnjojo` pfjf tmdfnfn 6 ftilscmr, su`unyf 6;; ; G.
sma vmemtftovm fdfn ifto jfafi wfdtu =-6= imnot, smjfnedfn bmntud splrf fdfn
ifto jfafi wfdtu 6-3 hfi.
 [mifnfsfn jmnefn ufp for jotmdfn
Gfrf ono pfaone bfod dfrnf su`u yfne jogfpfo toneeo. Jmnefn faft ono, bmsfrnyf
tmdfnfn ufp for yfne jopmraudfn jfpft joftur. Ifdon bmsfr tmdfnfn ufp fornyf,
ifdon
ifdon toneeo
toneeo puaf
puaf su`u
su`u yfne jogfpf
jogfpfo.
o. Afifny
Afifnyff pmifnfs
pmifnfsfn
fn tmr
tmrefnt
efntune
une pfjf
tmdfnfn
tmdfnfn ufp yfne jopmreunfdf
jopmreunfdfn,
n, smrtf bmsfr
bmsfr jfn ifgfinyf
ifgfinyf bmnjf yfne
yfne fdfn
jostmr
jostmroad
oadfn.
fn. Jmnefn
Jmnefn gfrf
gfrf ono,
ono, bfod
bfod bmntud
bmntud vmemtft
vmemtftoc
oc ifupun
ifupun splrf
splrf fdfn
fdfn ifto,
ifto,
sm`onnef imngfpfo stmroa smipurnf.
 [mnyfronefn

?
 Coatrf
Coatrfso
so jfpft
jfpft jopmre
jopmreunf
unfdfn
dfn untud
untud imibuft
imibuft stmroa
stmroa gforfn
gforfn ftfu
ftfu afr
afrutf
utfn
n yfne
yfne
t`mr
t`mril
ilaf
afbo
boaa (iuj
(iujf`
f` rusf
rusfd
d dfrnf
dfrnf pmifn
pmifnfs
fsfn
fn),
), sm
smpmr
pmrto
to sm
smru
rui,
i, mn
mnzy
zyi,
i, ft
ftfu
fu
fntoboltodf.

6.3. Jmsoncmdtfn jfn Fntosmptod

6. Jms
Jmsoncmd
ncmdtf
tfn
n
Jmson
Jmsoncm
cmdt
dtfn
fn fj
fjfa
faf`
f` bf
bf`fn
`fn doio
doioff yf
yfne
ne jo
joeun
eunfd
fdfn
fn un
untu
tud
d imib
imibunu
unu`
` lr
lref
efno
nosi
sim-
m-
lrefnosim pftlemn (dmgufao splrf duifn) jmnefn gfrf cosod ftfu doiof4 joafdudfn
tmr`fjfp bmnjf ifto.
Jmsoncmdtfn jobfeo jfafi bmbmrfpf elalnefn yfotu 8
f. Elal
Elalne
nefn
fn Cmnl
Cmnlaa jfn
jfn turu
turunf
nfnn
nnyf
yf
Iosfanyf 8 Cmnla, grmsla, mxyarmslagonla, `mxfg`alrlp`mnm.
Afrutfn cmnla jopfdfo smbfefo jmsoncmdtfn fpjf sputui, uronm, cmgms ftfu faft-faft
tmrdlntfionfso. Sorus jfn bfdtmro bmntud splrf, ambo` tf`n afif tmr`fjfp cmnla
jobfnjone jmnefn bfdtmro bmntud vmemtftoc.
Lrfne yfne pmrtfif dfao imneeunfdfn cmnla smbfefo jmsoncmdtfn fjfaf` Hlsmp`
Ao
Aost
stmr
mr(6
(6025
025-6
-6?62
?62),
), sm
smlr
lrfn
fne
e f`
f`ao
ao bm
bmjf
jf`
` on
onee
eero
ros.
s. Cmnla
Cmnla hu
huef
ef jo
jopf
pfdfo
dfo sm
smbfe
bfefo
fo
jmsoncmdtfn
jmsoncmdtfn stfnjfr untud imneudur dmduftfn afonnyf.
afonnyf. [ronsop
[ronsop dmrhf cmnla fjfaf`
imnjmnfturfsodfn prltmon.
b. Fagl`la
Mtoa fagl`la imrupfdfn jmsoncmdtfn yfne pfaone smrone jopfdfo untud jmsoncmdso
duaot,
duaot, joeunfd
joeunfdfn
fn dfjfr
dfjfr mtoa
mtoa fagl`la
fagl`la 5;%.
5;%. Jfy
Jfyff dmrhfn
dmrhfnyf
yf yfotu
yfotu imnedlf
imnedlfeua
euafso
fso

prltmon jfn imnfrod for sma.

6;
 g. _ljoui
Imrupf
Imrupfdfn
dfn emrio
emriosoj
sojff tmrtuf
tmrtuf.. Durfne
Durfne bfod
bfod dmafru
dmafrutfn
tfnnyf
nyf jfafi
jfafi for
for.. Ambo`
Ambo` bfod
bfod
dmjfafi
dmjfafi fagl`la.yujo
fagl`la.yujoui
ui imrupfdfn
imrupfdfn bfdtmrosojf
bfdtmrosojf yfne pfaone
pfaone duft bf`dfn bmrsocft
bmrsocft
splrosojf, cuneosojf jfn vorusojf. Jojuef jfyf dmrhfnyf yujoui bmrodftfn jmnefn
prltmon sma.
j. Wfbun
Wfbun jfn
jfn jmtmr
jmtmrem
emn
n sont
sontmt
mtos
os
Wfbun fjfaf` odftfn fntfrf nftroui ftfu dfaoui jmnefn fsfi amifd toneeo jfn
bmrsocft emriosojf wfafupun tojfd bmeotu duft. Wfbun huef imnymbfbdfn
imnurunnyf tmefnefn pmriudffn sm`oneef iodrlbf iujf` tmrampfs jfro duaot ftfu
pfdfofn.

m. Fmrlsla
Fjfaf`
Fjfaf` zft doiof
doiof smbfefo
smbfefo fnto
fnto iogrl
iogrlbof
bofaa yfne josmip
josmiprlt
rltdfn
dfn dmujfrf
dmujfrf sm`one
sm`oneef
ef

imibmntud butorfn-butorfn `faus (6-2 iodrln) jfn tmtfp tmrsuspmnsojfai ujfrf

utud wfdtu yfne gudup afif jopmreunfdfn untud jmsoncmdso rufnefn.

6.5. Gfrf [mnyoipfnfn Rmfemn jfn Imjof

6. [m
[mny
nyoi
oipf
pfnf
nfn
n Imjo
Imjoff
f) Wmtmam`
Wmtmam` imjof
imjof joneon
joneon soipfn
soipfn smsufo
smsufo jmnefn hmnos imjof yfne jobuft
jobuft , bosf josoipfn
josoipfn
jfafi faifro ms, su`u rufne ifupun tmipft emafp.
b) ]ntud pmnyoipfnfn imjof fjf `fa ‗`fa yfne `frus jopmr`ftodfn fntfrf afon 8
 Hfnefn tmrdmnf sonfr iftf`f
iftf`fro
ro smgfrf afnesune ftfu tmrdmnf
tmrdmnf pfnfs smgfrf
afnesune
 ]ntud imjof-imjof yfne jopmrdfyf jmnefn jfrf`, fntoboltog ifupun smrui
`frus josoipfn jfafi amifro ms
 Imjof yfne jotmipftdfn jogfwfn pmtro `frus johfef hfnefn sfipfo dmrone
smbfodnyf soipfn jojfafi amifro ms jfn jotmipftdfn jfafi pafstod
pafstod tmrtutup.
2. Gfrf
Gfrf pm
pmny
nyoi
oipf
pfnfn
nfn Rmfe
Rmfemn
mn
f. @fa uiui yfne `frus
`frus imnhfjo
imnhfjo pmr`ftofn
pmr`ftofn jo jfafi pmnyoipfnfn
pmnyoipfnfn jfn pmnftffn
pmnftffn bf`fn
doioff jofntfrfnyf
doio jofntfrfnyf imaoputo fspmd pmiosf`fn
pmiosf`fn (smermefto
(smermeftoln),
ln), tonedft
tonedft rmsodl
rmsodl bf`fyf
(iuatopam
(iuatopam `fzfrjs),
`fzfrjs), pmafbmafn
pmafbmafn (afbmaone)
(afbmaone),, cfsoaotfs
cfsoaotfs pmnyoipfnfn
pmnyoipfnfn (stlrfem
(stlrfem cfgoaotoms
cfgoaotoms),
),
66
 wfjf` smdunjmr
smdunjmr (smglnjfry
(smglnjfry glntfonimnt)
glntfonimnt),, bf`fn dfjfaufrsf
dfjfaufrsf (lutjftm
(lutjftm g`miogfas)
g`miogfas),,
onvmntfrosfso (onvmntlry), jfn onclrifso rmsodl bf`fyf (`fzfrj onclriftoln).
b. [osf`dfn fntfrf smjoffn aoquoj jfn slaoj jfn dafsocodfsodfn bmrjfsfrdfn socftnyf8
cafifbam, iujf` imamjfd, tlxog, ldsojftlr, dlrlsoc, oncmdso, jaa.
g. Josoipfn
Josoipfn jfafi suftu
suftu amifro
amifro `onjfro
`onjfro bf`fn jfro dfyu
dfyu
j. Dlnjos
Dlnjosoo rufnefn
rufnefn `frus joneon/b
joneon/bmr
mr fg ftfu
ftfu jmnefn
jmnefn joamnedfp
joamnedfpoo mx`fus
mx`fustt cfn,
cfn, afipu
afipu
rufnefn
rufnefn poao`
poao` yfne corm prllc, jfn dfafu tojfd joamnedfpo
joamnedfpo jmnefn FG, rufnefn `frus
punyf sorduafso ujfrf ye bfod Dfrmnf fjf bmbmrfpf rmfemn ye pmnyoipfnfnyf
jobfwf` su`u 2= G, pfntfu su`u rufnefn ifdsoifa 7; G.
m. Zmipft
Zmipft pmnyoipf
pmnyoipfnfn
nfn `frus bmrso`,
bmrso`, dmrone
dmrone jfn hfu` jfro suibmr
suibmr pfnfs
pfnfs ftfu dmnf
dmnf
smneft
smneftfn
fn sonfr
sonfr iftf`f
iftf`fro.
ro. Jo sfipon
sfipone
e otu tmipft
tmipft pmnyoi
pmnyoipfn
pfnfn
fn `frus
`frus joa
joamned
mnedfpo
fpo
jmnefn vmntoafso
vmntoafso yfne imnuhu rufne fsfp ftfu dm aufr rufnefn.
rufnefn. [fjf pmnftffn
pmnftffn bf`fn
doiofpun jopmraudfn suibmr aotmrftur untud imnemtf`uo spmsocodfso ifsone-ifsone

bf`fn doiof tmrsmbut. Wpmsocodfso bf`fn doiof fdfn johuipfo pfjf budu dftfale
bf`fn.
c. Hodf
Hodf tmrhfj
tmrhfjoo tuipf`
tuipf`fn
fn yfne
yfne pfaone
pfaone bfod imneftfso
imneftfsonyf
nyf jmnefn pfsor ftfu jmnefn
jmnefn for
drfn.
e. Buft sostmi fjionostrfso nyf8 jfctfr
jfctfr oso, huiaf`
huiaf` stlgd, MJ bf`fn, imifsfne
imifsfne pmr`ftofn
F[J ye smsufo je pmruntudfnnyf, jaa.
`. Wf
Wfaf
af`
` sf
sftu
tu oncl
onclri
rifs
fsoo pm
pmnt
nton
one
e yf
yfne
ne `f
`fru
russ sm
smaf
afau
au jo
josm
smrt
rtfdf
fdfn
n fj
fjfa
faf`
f` am
amib
ibfr
fr jftf
jftf
dmsmafiftfn jftf (Iftmrofa Wfcmty Jftf W`mmt ‗ IWJW). Onclrifso IWJW josfipone
`frus tmrgfntui pfjf prljudso, huef `frus iungua pfjf jlduimn pmnefnedutfn,
pmnyoipfnfn, pmnemjfrfn jfn huef pfjf dmifsfn
d mifsfn bf`fn tmrsmbut.
[mnyoipfnfn Rmfemn yfne bmrsocft bmrbf`fyf imimraudfn pmrafdufn d`usus, fntfrf
afon8
f. Aldfso
Aldfso jfn dlnstr
dlnstruds
udsoo tmipft
tmipft pmnyoipfnf
pmnyoipfnfn
n rmfemn
rmfemn yfne bmrsocft
bmrsocft bmrbf`fyf
bmrbf`fyf jfn
bmrfgun imibutu`dfn pmnefturfn tmrsmnjoro, fefr tojfdtmrhfjo dmgmafdffn fdobft
dmsfaf`fn
dmsfaf`fn jfafi pmnyoipfnfn tmrsmbut. Wfaf` sftupmrsyfr
sftupmrsyfrftfn
ftfn dmamnedfpfn
dmamnedfpfn pfjf
tmip
tmipft
ft pm
pmny
nyoi
oipf
pfnf
nfn
n tm
tmrs
rsmb
mbut
ut fj
fjfa
faf`
f` so
sost
stmi
mi tf
tfne
neef
efp
p jf
jfru
rurf
rftt jf
jfn
n pr
prls
lsmj
mjur
ur
pmnfnefnfnnyf.

62
b. [mnyoipfnfn jfn pmnftffn bf`fn doiof bmrjfsfrdfn urutfn facfbmtos tojfdaf` tmpft,
dmbutu
dmbutu`fn
`fn otu `fnyf
`fnyf jopmra
jopmraudfn
udfn untud
untud imafdu
imafdudfn
dfn prlsms
prlsms pmnefji
pmnefjiono
onostr
strfso
fsofn.
fn.
[m
[mne
neur
urut
utfn
fn sm
smgf
gfrf
rf fa
facf
cfbm
bmto
toss fd
fdfn
fn am
ambo
bo`
` tm
tmpf
pftt fp
fpfb
fboa
oaff bf
bf`f
`fn
n do
doio
ioff suj
ujf`
f`
jodm
jodmal
alip
ipld
lddf
dfn
n imnu
imnuru
rutt so
socf
cftt coso
cosos,
s, jf
jfn
n so
socf
cftt do
doio
iofn
fnyf
yf tm
tmru
rutf
tfif
if to
tone
nedf
dftt
dmbf`fyffnnyf.
g. Bf`fn
Bf`fn doiof
doiof yfne tojfd
tojfd blam`
blam` josoip
josoipfn
fn jmnefn
jmnefn bf`fn
bf`fn doiof
doiof afon, `frus josoipf
josoipfn
n
smgfrf d`usus jfafi wfjf` smdunjmr yfne tmroslafso. @fa ono joifdsujdfn untud
imngmef` pmngfipurfn jmnefn suibmr bf`fyf afon smpmrto fpo, efs bmrfgun, jfn
amjfdfn
amjfdfn.. [mnyoi
[mnyoipfnf
pfnfn
n bf`fn
bf`fn doiof
doiof tmrsmb
tmrsmbut
ut `frus
`frus jojfsf
jojfsfrdf
rdfn
n ftfs
ftfs tonedf
tonedftt ros
rosodl
odl
bf`fyfnyf yfne pfaone toneeo. Iosfanyf bmnzmnm imioaodo socft cafiifbam jfn tlxog.
j. Wocft
Wocft jfpft
jfpft tmrbfdf
tmrbfdfrr jopfnj
jopfnjfne
fne imioa
imioaodo
odo rmsodl
rmsodl ambo`
ambo` toneeo
toneeo jfropf
jfropfjf
jf to
toibu
ibuany
anyff
dfrsonlemn. Lam` dfrmnf otu pmnyoipfnfn bmnzmnf `frus jotmipftdfn pfjf gfbonmt
tmipft imnyoipfn zft gfor cafiifbam jfropfjf josoipfn pfjf gfbonmt bf`fn tlxog.

m. Rmfemn
Rmfemn bmrbf`f
bmrbf`fyf
yf jfn bmrfgun
bmrfgun yfne jofneefp
jofneefp dfjfau
dfjfauwfr
wfrsf,
sf, ftfu tojfd
tojfd imimnu
imimnu`o
`o
spmsocodfso, ftfu bmdfs dmifsfn, yfne tojfd jfpft joeunfdfn tojfd blam` jobufne
smib
smibfr
frfn
fnef
efn,
n, tm
tmtf
tfpo
po `f
`fru
russ jodm
jodmal
alaf
af sm
smbf
bfef
efoo aoib
aoibf`
f` bm
bmrb
rbf`
f`fy
fyff jf
jfn
n bm
bmrf
rfgu
gun.
n.
Dfjf
Dfjfau
auwf
wfrs
rsff fj
fjfa
faf`
f` bf
bf`f
`fn
n yf
yfne
ne df
dfrm
rmnf
nf dm
dmsf
sfaf
af`f
`fn
n jf
jfaf
afi
i pm
pmnf
nfne
nefn
fnfn
fnny
nyff
imnymbfbdfn tmrhfjonyf pmrubf`fn dliplsoso jfn ftfu dfrfdtmrostod sm`oneef bf`fn
tmrsmbut tojfd smsufo afeo jmnefn spmsocodfsonyf.
c. Wfaf`
Wfaf` sftu
sftu afnedf`
afnedf` yfne wfhob joafdudf
joafdudfn
n fjfaf`
fjfaf` dmwfhobf
dmwfhobfn
n uho dmsm`ftf
dmsm`ftfn
n smgfrf
smgfrf
bmrdfaf bfeo pmdmrhf, smdurfne-durfnenyf 6 dfao jfafi
jf afi 6 tf`un, jmnefnifdsuj untud
imnemtf`uo smjono iunedon tmrhfjonyf dlntfionfso lam` zft/smnyfwf doiof bmrbf`fyf
jfn bmrfgun tmr`fjfp pmdmrhf ftfu pmnefwfs aldfso tmrsmbut.
e. Wfaf`
Wfaf` sftu
sftu dm`fwf
dm`fwftor
torfn
fn utfif
utfif jfafi
jfafi pmnfnef
pmnfnefnfn
nfn bmrbf`f
bmrbf`fyf
yf jfn bmrfgun
bmrfgun fjfaf`
fjfaf`
dmiune
dmiunedon
donfn
fn tmrhfj
tmrhfjony
onyff dmgmaf
dmgmafdffn
dffn bfod
bfod pfjf
pfjf sfft
sfft ifso`
ifso` jfafi
jfafi pmnyoip
pmnyoipfnfn
fnfn
ifupun
ifupun dmgmaf
dmgmafdffn
dffn pfjf
pfjf sfft
sfft jfafi
jfafi pmnefne
pmnefnedut
dutfnn
fnnyf.
yf. Dmgmaf
Dmgmafdff
dffn
n ono fjfaf`
fjfaf`
ampfsnyf ftfu tuipf`nyf rmfemn dmaonedunefn, yfne imimraudfn pmnfneeuafnefn
gmpft
gmpft jfn tmpft.
tmpft. Boaf
Boaf tmrhfj
tmrhfjoo dmgmafd
dmgmafdffn,
ffn, ifdf
ifdf dlnjos
dlnjosoo fwfany
fwfanyff fjfaf`
fjfaf` bmrstf
bmrstftus
tus
dmfjffn jfrurft (mimremngy).

67
 [mnyoipfnfn rmfemn yfne bmrsocft fn`ojrft, josoipfn jo jfafi lvmn pfjf su`u 6;;-
66;lG, smafif 6-2 hfi jfn smbfodnyf smifafi, smjfnedfn pmnyoipfnfn rmfemn yfne
bmrsocft `ojrft josoipfn pfjf mdsodftlr.

OO. [MIBF@FWF
[MIBF@FWFN
N

2.6. BFDZMROLALEO
6. Nutr
Nutrom
omn
n Fef
Fefrr (NF
(NF))

Nutromn fefr fjfaf` imjoui uiui untud uho for jfn prljud. NF huef joeunfdfn untud
pmrtuibu`fn ifylrotfs jfro iodrllrefnosim yfne tojfd smamdtoc, jfafi frtofn
iodrll
iodrllres
resnos
nosim
im `mtmrl
`mtmrltlc
tlc.. Imjof
Imjof ono imrupf
imrupfdfn
dfn imjof
imjof smjmr`
smjmr`fnf
fnf yfne
yfne jobuft
jobuft jfro
jfro
mdstrfd bmmc, pmptln, jfn fefr.
Dliplsoso 8
 Bfgtl mdstfr 7 erfi  NfGa = erfi

 Bfgtl pmptln 6; erfi  Fqufjmst 6 aotmr

 Bfgtl fefr 6= erfi

[mr`otunefn 8
Nf yfne tmrsmjof 2; Erfi jfafi 6 aotmr
6:
 Iosfadfn Nf yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi

Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne nutromn fefr : erfi, ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr.

 Zfibf`dfn fqufjms 2;; ia jfn `lilemndfn.

 [fnfsdf
[fnfsdfn
n jo ftfs
ftfs pmnfnefs
pmnfnefs for sfiboa
sfiboa jofjud
jofjud `oneef
`oneef afr
afrut
ut smipur
smipurnf
nf (hfnefn
(hfnefn
sfipfo imnjojo`) .
 Zurundfn jfro pmnfnefs for, tutup iuaut mramnimymr jmnefn dfpfs dmrone jfn
jobmro afbma.
 Wtmroadfn jfafi futlgafvm jmnefn su`u 626 ; G jfafi wfdtu 6= imnot.

 dmaufrdfn jfro futlgafvm dmiujofn tufne jfafi gfwfn pmtro smgfrf fsmptos.

 Bofrdfn joneon, oslafso jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi amifro pmnjoneon.

2. Mnjl
Mnjl Fefr
Fefr (MF)
MF)

Mnjl fefr fjfaf` imjof pfjft (slaoj paftone imjof). Joeunfdfn untud imnuibu`dfn
bfdtmro yfne `ojup jo usus, iosfanyf Msg`mrog`of Glao. Imjof ono imnefnjune
imnefnjune nftroui
nftroui
suacft jfn ‑bfsog Cug`son’ yfne jfpft imne`fibft pmrtuibu`fn
pmrtuibu`fn bfdtmro Erfi plsotoc.

6=
 Fsfi yfne jo`fsoadfn jfro pmrlibfdfn afdtlsf jfpft jojmtmdso jmnefn fsmtfajm`ojf jfn
nftroui suacot.
dliplsoso 8
 Bfgto mdstrfd jfeone 7 erfi  Nf2WL7 2,= erfi
 Bfgtl pmptln 6; erfi  Bfgtl fefr 6= erfi

 NfGa = erfi  Bfsog Cugson 6; % : ia

 Bfgtl afgtlsf 6; erfi  Fqufjmst 6 aotmr

[mr`otunefn 8
Mnjl Fefr yfne tmrsmjof :6, = erfi jfafi 6 aotmr.
Iosfadfn Mnjl Fefr yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi
Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne Mnjl Fefr smbfnyfd 0,7 erfi jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi mramnimymr.

 Afrutdfn jmnefn fqufjmst 2;; ia sfiboa jo`lilemndfn.

 [fnfsdfn joftfs pmnfnefs for sfiboa jofjud `oneef afrut smipurnf.

 Zurundfn jfro pmnfnefs for jfn tutup iuaut mramnimymr jmnefn dfpfs dmrone,
dmiujofn bmro afbma.
 Wtmroadfn jmnefn futldafc pfjf su`u 626 ;G smafif 6= imnot.
 Dmaufrdfn jfro futlgafvm jfn jotufnedfn dmjfafi gfwfn pmtro smgfrf fsmptos.

 Bofrdfn joneon, oslafso jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi amifro pmnjoneon.

7. IfgG
IfgGlnd
lndmy
my Fefr
Fefr (IGF
(IGF))

63
Imjof ono imrupfdfn imjof pfjft jfn imjof faccmrmnsofa joeunfdfn untud smamdso jfn
pmrtuibu`fn Mntmrlbfgtmrofgmjm jfn bfdtmro
bfdtmro Erfi
Erfi nmeftoc
nmeftoc yfne
yfne bmrbmn
bmrbmntud
tud bftfne
bftfne
smpmrt
smpmrtoo Msg`mrog`of glao. Efrfi ‗ efrfi mipmju jfn drostfa volamt jojfafi imjof ono
jfpft imne`fibft pmrtuibu`fn bfdtmro Erfi plsotoc jfn bfdtmro Erfi nmeftoc.
Dliplsoso 8
 Bfgtl pmptln 65 erfi.  Bfgtl Fef 67,=
 [rltmlsf pmptln 7 erfi. erfi.

 Bfgtl afgtlsf 6; erfi.  Bfgtl nmgtrfa rmf ;,;7 erfi.

 Efrfi mipmju 6,= erfi.  Bfgtl drostfa rmfj ;,;;6 erfi .

 NfGa = erfi.  Fqufjmst 6 aotmr.

[mr`otunefn 8
IGF yfne tmrsmjof =; erfi jfafi 6 aotmr
Iosfadfn IGF yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi
Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne IGF smbfnyfd 6; erfi, ifsudfn jfafi mramnimymr.

 Afrutdfn jfafi 2;; ia fqufjmst sfiboa jo`lilemdfn.


[fnfsdfn joftfs pmnfnefs for sfiboa jofjud `oneef afrut smipurnf.
65
  Zurundfn jfro pmnfnefs for, tutup iuaut mramnimymr jmnefn dfpfs dmrone jfn bmro
afbma.
 Wtmroadfn jfafi futlgafvm jmnefn su`u 626 ;G jfafi wfdtu 6= imnot.
 Dmaufrdfn jfro futlgafvm dmiujofn tufne jfafi gfwfn pmtro smgfrf fsmptos.


Bofrdfn joneon, oslafso jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi amifro pmnjoneon.

:. Mlslao
Mlslaon
n Imt`y
Imt`yamn
amnmm Baum
Baum Fefr
Fefr (MIB
(MIBF)
F)

Imjof
Imjof Mlson
Mlson Imt`ya
Imt`yamnm
mnm Baum
Baum imipuny
imipunyfo
fo dmosto
dmostoimw
imwffn
ffn imnefnj
imnefnjune
une afdtls
afdtlsff jfn
bmrcuneso untud imioaf` iodrlbf yfne imicmrimntfsodfn afdtlsf smpmrto W. furmus, [.
fmruemnlsf,, jfn
fmruemnlsf jfn Wfailnmaaf
Wfailnmaaf.. Iodrlb
Iodrlbff yfne imicmr
imicmrimnt
imntfso
fso afdtls
afdtlsff imne`f
imne`fsoa
soadfn
dfn
dlalno jmnefn onto bmrwfrnf emafp jmnefn doafp alefi. Wmjfnedfn iodrlbf afon yfne
jfpft tuibu` dlalnonyf tojfd bmrwfrnf. Fjfnyf mlson jfn imtoamn baum imibfntu
imipmr
imipmrtfh
tfhfi
fi pmrbmjf
pmrbmjffn
fn tmrsmb
tmrsmbut.
ut. Nfiun
Nfiun jmiodo
jmiodofn,
fn, ho
hodf
df imjof
imjof ono joeunfd
joeunfdfn
fn pfjf
pfjf
tf`fp fwfa dfrmnf duifn afon huef tuibu` tmrutfif [. Fmruemnlsf jfn Wfailnmaaf sp
jfpf
jfpftt imno
imnoib
ibua
uadf
dfn
n dm
dmrf
rfeu
eufn
fn.. Bfef
Bfefof
ofif
ifnf
nfpu
pun
n imjo
imjoff on
onoo sf
sfne
neft
ft bf
bfod
od untu
untud
d
imnedlncorifso bf`wf dlntfionfn tmrsmbut fjfaf` M.glao
M.glao..
Dliplsoso 8
 Bfgtl pmptln 6; erfi  Bsgtl fefr 67,= erfi

 Bfgtl afgtlsf = erfi  Bfgtl mlson ;: erfi

 Wudrlsf = erfi  Bfgtl imt`yamnm baum ;,;3= erfi

 D2@[L: 2 erfi  Fqufjmst 6 aotmr

[mr`otunefn 8
MIBF Fefr yfne tmrsmjof smbfnyfd 73 erfi jfafi 6 aotmr

60
 Iosfadfn MIBF Fefr yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi
Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne Mibf Fefr smbfnyfd 5,2 erfi jfn ifsudfn jfafi mramnimymr

 Afrutdfn jfafi 2;; ia fqufjmst sfiboa jo`lilemndfn

 [fnfsdfn joftfs pmnfnefs for sfiboa jofjud `oneef afrut smipurnf.

 Zurundfn jfro pmnfnefs for, tutup iuaut mramnimymr jmnefn dfpfs dmrone jfn
jobmro ambma.
 Wtmroadfn jfafi futlgafvm jmnefn su`u 626;G smafif 6= imnot.

 Dmaufrdfn jfn oso jfafi gfwfn pmtro smgfrf fsmptos.

 Bunedus jmnefn pafstod jfn ifsudfn jfafi amifro pmnjoneon

=. Ba
Ballj
llj Fefr
Fefr [aft
[aftmm (BF
(BF[)
[)

Imjof ono jo eunfdfn untud imnuibu`dfn iodrllrefnosim yfne suaot untud jobofdfn
jfn huef
huef un
untu
tud
d imib
imibmj
mjfdf
fdfn
n dmali
dmalipl
pld
d io
iodr
drll
llre
refn
fnos
osim
im yf
yfne
ne imao
imaoso
soss ft
ftfu
fu to
tojf
jfd
d
imaososdfn butor jfrf` imrf`. Aosos butor jfrf` imrf` tmrao`ft smbfefo woafyf` hmrno` jo
smdotfr dlalno. Boaf prlsms aosos smipurnf fdfn tmrao`ft jo woafyf` yfne bmnfr-bmnfr
hmrno` jfn hmnos `mifaososnyf jo smbut bmtf ‗ `milaosos. Boaf prlsms aosos tojfd smipurnf
jfn imjof
imjof bmrwfr
bmrwfrnf
nf dm`ohf
dm`ohfufn
ufn ifdf
ifdf hmnos
hmnos `milao
`milaosos
sosnyf
nyf jo smbut
smbut Fap`f
Fap`f @milao
@milaosos
sos..
6?
Bfdtmro yfne tojfd ifipu imaososdfn butor jfrf` jfn tojfd imnymbfbdfn pmrubf`fn
nyftf pfjf imjof tmrsmbut
tmrsmbut jo smbut efiif `milaosos.
`milaosos. Dmalipld iodrllrefnosim
iodrllrefnosim yfne
smrone
smrone jo bmjfdfn
bmjfdfn bmrjfs
bmrjfsfrd
frdfn
fn dmifip
dmifipufn
ufn imaoso
imaososdf
sdfn
n butor
butor jfrf`
jfrf` imrf`
imrf` fjfaf`
fjfaf`
srmptlglggus jfn stfp`yalglggus, prlsms `milaosos jo smbfbdfn lam` mnzoi yfne jo ampfs
iodrl lrefnosim.

Dliplsoso 8
 Mdstrfd jfeone 7 erfi  Bfsog cug`son 6;% : ia
 Bfgtl pmptln 6; erfi  Nf2GL7 2,= erfi
 NfGa = erfi  Fqufjmst 6 aotmr
 Afdtlsf 6; erfi  Jfrf` ‑L’ =%
 Bfgtl fefr 6= erfi
[mr`otunefn 8

BF[ imneeunfdfn nutromnt fefr jfn =% jfrf` ‑L’.

Iosfadfn BF[ yfne fdfn jobuft smbfnyfd 2;; ia.
NF yfne tmrsmjof smbfnyfd 2; erfi jfafi 6 aotmr.
Fdfn jobuft 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi
Jfrf` ‑L’ yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd =%, ifdf 8

Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne nutromn fefr : erfi, ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr.

 Zfibf`dfn fqufjms 2;; ia jfn `lilemndfn.

2;
  [fnfsdf
[fnfsdfn
n jo ftfs
ftfs pmnfnefs
pmnfnefs for sfiboa
sfiboa jofjud
jofjud `oneef
`oneef afr
afrut
ut smipur
smipurnf
nf (hfnefn
(hfnefn
sfipfo imnjojo`) .
 Zurundfn jfro pmnfnefs for, tutup iuaut mramnimymr jmnefn dfpfs dmrone jfn
jobmro afbma.
 Wtmroadfn jfafi futlgafvm jmnefn su`u 626 ; G jfafi wfdtu 6= imnot.

 dmaufrdfn jfro futlgafvm dmiujofn gfipurdfn jmnefn 6; ia jfrf` ‑L’.

 @lilnemndfn afau tufnedfn dmjfafi gfwfn pmtro smgfrf fsmptos.

 Oslafso jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi amifro pmnjoneon.

3. Fef
efrr Gldaft

Dmeunffnnyf fjfaf` untud imnuibu`dfn bfdtmro yfne suaot tuibu` pfjf pmrbmno`fn
smjm
smjmr`
r`fn
fnff jfn bofs
bofsfn
fnyf
yf jo pfdfo
pfdfo un
untu
tud
d imnu
imnuib
ibu`d
u`dfn
fn el
elal
alne
nefn
fn Nmos
Nmossm
smro
rofm
fm jf
jfn
n
@milr`yaus oncaumnzf. [rlsmjur dmrhfnyf sfif jmnefn pmibuftfn Ballj Fefr, `fnyf
smtmaf` pmnfibf`fn jfrf`, jo pfnfsdfn dmibfao sfipfo 0;-?;% smafif =-6= imnot
sfipfo bmrwfrnf gldaft. Wmiuf ono jo dmrhfdfn jfafi wftmr bft`.
Bf`fn jfro gldaft fefr sfif jmnefn bf`fn pfjf imjof
imjof Ballj Fefr. Imjof ono bmrwfrnf
gldaft josmbfbdfn lam` su`u yfne ambo` toneeo sfft pmifnfsfn.
Dliplsoso 8
 [rltmlsm [mptlnm 6=,; erfi  Glrn Wtfrg` 6,; erfi
 Wljoui G`alrojm =,; erfi  @milealbon, Blvonm 6;,; erfi
 Jopltfssoui [`lsp`ftm :,; erfi  DlMnzyim Mnrog`imnt 6;,; ia
 Ilnlpltfssoui [`lsp`ftm 6,; erfi  Fefr 6;,; erfi

26
[mr`otunefn 8
Fefr gldaft imneeunfdfn nutromnt fefr jfn =% jfrf` ‑L’.
Iosfadfn fefr gldaft yfne fdfn jobuft smbfnyfd 2;; ia.
NF yfne tmrsmjof smbfnyfd 2; erfi jfafi 6 aotmr.
Fdfn jobuft 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi
Jfrf` ‑L’ yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd =%, ifdf 8

Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne nutromn fefr : erfi, ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr.

 Zfibf`dfn fqufjms 2;; ia jfn `lilemndfn.

 [fnfsdf
[fnfsdfn
n jo ftfs
ftfs pmnfnefs
pmnfnefs for sfiboa
sfiboa jofjud
jofjud `oneef
`oneef afr
afrut
ut smipur
smipurnf
nf (h
(hfnef
fnefn
n
sfipfo imnjojo`) .
 Zurundfn jfro pmnfnefs for, tutup iuaut mramnimymr jmnefn dfpfs dmrone jfn
jobmro afbma.
 Wtmroadfn jfafi futlgafvm jmnefn su`u 626 ; G jfafi wfdtu 6= imnot.

 dmaufrdfn jfro futlgafvm dmiujofn gfipurdfn jmnefn 6; ia jfrf` ‑L’.

22
  @lilnemndfn afau pfnfsdfn dmibfao jmnefn pmnfnefs for smafif =-6= imnot
`oneef afrutfn bmrwfrnf gldaft.
 Zufnedfn dmjfafi gfwfn pmtro smgfrf fsmptos jfn joneondfn.
 Oslafso jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi amifro pmnjoneon.

5. Wfaion
Wfaionmaa
maaff W`oe
W`oemaa
maaff Fefr
Fefr (WWF)
(WWF)

[mrbmno`fn ono iorop IGF, `fnyf pmneeunffnyf ambo` d`usus afeo untud bfsoa erfi
nmeftovm pft`lemn mntmrog, sm`oneef jo pfdfo untud oslafso jfro spmgoimn yonhf tmrutfif
sfailnmaaf
sfailnmaaf s`oemaaf yfne dmjufnyf imipmrao`ftdfn
imipmrao`ftdfn pmrtuibu`fn
pmrtuibu`fn dlalno yfne tojfd
bmrwfrnf. Wmbfefo bf`fn pmne`fibft utfif fjfaf` efrfi mipmju jfn broaaofnt ermmn
yfne tojfd `fnyf imne`fibft bfdtmro fsfi plsotoc sfhf tmtfpo imnmdfn pmrtuibu`fn
bfsoa pft`lemn nln mntmrog afonnyf.
Dliplsoso8
 Mdstrfd sfpo = erfi  Cmrro sotrft 6 erfi

 [rltmlsm pmptlnm = erfi  Fefr 67,= erfi

 Afdtlsf 6; erfi  Imrf` nmtrfa ;,;2= erfi

 Efrfi boam nl.7 0,= erfi  @ohfu broaaofnt ;,77 erfi

 Nftroui sotrft 0,= erfi  Fqufjmst 6;;;Ia
[mr`otunefn 8
WWF yfne tmrsmjof smbfnyfd 37 erfi jfafi 6 aotmr
Iosfadfn WWF yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

27
 erfi

Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne 62,3 erfi WWF jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr

 Afrutdfn jmnefn 2;; ia fqufjmst sfiboa jo`lilemndfn

 pfnfsdfn joftfs pmnfnefs for sfiboa jofjud `oneef afrut smipurnf

 turundfn jfro pmnfnefs for jfn suibft iuaut Mramnimymr jmnefn dfpfs dfrone
afau bmro afbma.
 Wtmroadfn imjof tmrsmbut jo jfafi futlgafvm pfjf su`u 626;G smafif 6= imnot

 Dmaufrdfn jfro futldafc jfn tufne dm jfafi gfwfn pmtro smgfrf fsmptos dmiujofn

oslafso jfn soipfn jfafi amifro pmnjoneon.

0. Bo
Bosi
siut
ut`
` Wuaco
Wuacott Fefr
Fefr (BW
(BWF)
F)

Bosiut
Bosiut Wuacot
Wuacotmm Fefr
Fefr imrupfd
imrupfdfn
fn hmnos
hmnos imjo
imjoff fe
fefr
fr joeunf
joeunfdfn
dfn untud imneoslafso
imneoslafso
Wfailnmaaf spmsoms. Imneeunfdfn eaudlsf smbfef
smbfefoo suibmr
suibmr utfif dfrbln.
dfrbln. BABE jfn
bmr`mnto bosiut erfi
erfi plsotoc pmrtuibu`fn. su
plsotoc suac
acot
ot Bosi
Bo siut
ut`` fefr-f
fefr-fefr
efr tms dmifip
dmifipufn
ufn
untud imifncfftdfn cmrrl suacft jfn imneubf`nyf imnhfjo `ojrlemn suacojf .
Dliplsoso 8
 Mnzoiftod Joemst lc Gfsmon
Gfsmon = er  Josljoui clscft : er
 Mnzo
Mnzoift
iftos
os Onto
Ontosf
sfro
ro jfro
jfro Hf
Hfro
ronef
nefn
n  Cmrrlus Wuacft ;,7 er
@mwfn = er  Bosiut` Wuacot
Wuacot Onjodftlr
Onjodftlr 0 er

2:
  Bmmc Mxtrfgt = er  Broaaofnt @ohfu ;,;2= er
 Jmxtrlsm = er  Fefr 2; er

[mr`otunefn 8
BWF yfne tmrsmjof smbfnyfd =2 erfi jfafi 6 aotmr
Iosfadfn BWF yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi
Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne 6;,: erfi BWF jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr

 Afrutdfn jmnefn 2;; ia fqufjmst sfiboa jo`lilemndfn

 [f
[fnf
nfsd
sdfn
fn jm
jmne
nefn
fn imne
imneeun
eunfd
fdfn
fn pm
pmnf
nfnef
nefss fo
forr sf
sfib
iboa
oa jo
jofju
fjud
d `o
`one
neef
ef af
afru
rutt
smipurnf
 Joneondfn pfjf su`u :=;-=;;G

 Zufnedfn dmjfafi gfwfn pmtro jfn bofrdfn dmrone jmnefn imibudf smjodot
tutup gfwfn
 Wmtmaf` dmrone, tutup gfwfn, bmro afbma jfn soipfn jotmipft yfne emafp.

?. Zfurlg`laftm
Zfurlg`laftm Gotrf
Gotrftm
tm Brlli
Brlli Z`yiua,
Z`yiua, Baum Wug`rlsm
Wug`rlsm Wfat Fefr (ZGBW)
(ZGBW)

2=
(ZGBW) fjfaf` imjof smamdtoc untud Sobrol G`lamrf. Imjoui ZGBW Lxoj smipurnf jfn
tojfd imibutu`dfn bf`fn tfibf`fn ftfu tfibf`fn jfrf` stmroa, jfn imjof ono ambo`
imneuntunedfn jfro imjof afnrya suap`ftm tmaaurotm fefr yfne imibutu`dfn tfibf`fn
ambo` afnhut smtmaf` pmnstmroao
pmnstmroaosfsof
sfsofn
n pmnfipfdfn
pmnfipfdfn dlalno jfro lrefnosim.
lrefnosim. [fjf imjof
ZGBW smtmaf` 2: hfi ondubfso pfjf su`u 7= jmrfhft gmagous.
Dliplsoso 8
 _mfst mxtrfgt = erfi  Wljoui G`alrojm 6; erfi

 Bfgt
Bfgtmr
mrola
olale
leog
ogfa
fa [mptl
[mptlnm
nm 6;  Brlli Z`yila Baum ;,;: erfi
erfi  Z`yila Baum ;,;: erfi
 Wljoui t`olsuap`ftm 6; erfi  Fefr 6: erfi
 Wljoui Gotrftm 6; erfi  Fqufjmst 6;;; iA
 Lx boam erfi  [@ 0,3
 Wugrlsm 2; erfi
[mr`otunefn 8
ZGBW yfne tmrsmjof smbfnyfd 00 erfi jfafi 6 aotmr
Iosfadfn ZGBW yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi

Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
23
  Wtmroaosfso fqufjmst 2;; ia jfafi jfafi futldafc smafif 6= imnot pfjf su`u
626¸G
 ZGBW jotoibfne smbfnyfd 65,3 erfi dmiujofn joifsuddfn dmjfafi mramnimymr
yfne tmaf` bmroso fqufjmst stmroa 2;; ia


Gfipurfn jopfnfsdfn `oneef afrut jfn joelyfnedfn sfipfo `lilemn

 Jotufnedfn dmjfafi gfwfn pmtro smgfrf fsmptog

 Wmtmaf` bmdu, gfwfn pmtro jobfaod.

 Jo
Jobu
bune
nedus
dus imne
imneeun
eunfd
fdfn
fn dm
dmrt
rtfs
fs jobm
jobmro
ro nf
nfif
if imjo
imjoff jf
jfn
n jo
joso
soip
ipfn
fn jo
joam
amif
ifro
ro
pmnjoneon.

6;. Ballj Zmaaur

Zmaaurot
ot Fefr
Fefr

untud oslafso bfdtmro bmrerfnuaf vlauton (Glrynmbfgtmroui jop`t`mrofm) yfne smafnhutnyf

jotfnfi pfjf euaf-euaf untud joctmro. Bmrwfrnf trfnspfrfn. tojfd imnefnjune onjodftlr
tmtfpo imnefnjune jfrf` jmnefn dfjfr =- 6;% jfn Dfaoui Zmaurot
Zmaurot 6% 75,= ia.
dliplsoso 8
 Imft mxtrfgt 6;.; e  [lttfsoui Zmaaurotm ;.7=
 [mptlnm 6;.;  @lrsm Ballj,jmcobronftmj, aysmj 5%
 Wljoui G`alrojm =.;  Fefr 6=.; e
[mr`otunefn 8
imneeunfdfn tmaaurotm fefr bfsm, jfrf` jfn dfaoui tmaaurotm.
Zmaaurotm fefr bfsm yfne tmrsmjof smbfnyfd 76 erfi jfafi ?5; ia
Iosfadfn Zmaaurotm fefr bfsm yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

25
 erfi

Jfrf` yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd =%, ifdf 8

Dfaoui tmaaurotm yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 6%, ifdf 8

2 ia
gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne 3,7 erfi tmaaurotm fefr bfsm afau ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr

 Afrutdfn jmnefn 2;; ia fqufjmst sfiboa jo`lilnemndfn

 [fnfsdfn jmnefn pmnfnefs for sfiboa jofjud sfipfo afrut smipurnf

 Wtmroadfn jo futldafc smafif 6= imnot jmnefn su`u 626;G

 Joneondfn `oneef su`u :=-=;;G


Zfibf`dfn 6; ia jfrf` jfn 2 ia dfaoui tmaaurotm afau `lilemndfn
 Zufne dmjfafi gfwfn pmtro smgfrf fsmptos. Bofrdfn `oneef joneon

 Oslafso jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi amifro pmnjoneon

66. Ifnotla
Ifnotla Wfat Fefr
Fefr (IWF)
(IWF)

20
Imjof ono imnefnjune dfjfr NfGa toneeo, sm`oneef fdfn imne`fibft pmrtuibu`fn
bfdtmro, nfiun stfp`yalglggus tojfd jo `fibft pmrtuibu`fnnyf. Wtfp`yalglggus furmus
fdfn imibmntud zlnf dunone. Wmjfnefd W. mpojmrios fdfn imibmntud zlnf imrf`.
Ufrn
Ufrnff du
duno
none
ne jo sm
smbs
bsbdf
bdfn
n lam`
lam` cm
cmri
rimn
mntf
tfso
so ifnn
ifnnot
otla
la jo
josm
smrt
rtfo
fo pm
pmri
riudf
udffn
fn fs
fsfi
fi,,
smjfnedfn wfrnf imrf`jo smbfbdfn lam` imnnotla yfne tojfd jo crmimntsodfn. Imrf`
cmnla imrupfdfn onjogftlr untud imao`ft fjfnyf pmibmntudfn fsfi.
Dliplsoso 8
 Mdstfrd sfpo 6 erfi  [rltmlsm pmptlnm
pmptlnm nl.7 6; erfi
 NfGa 5= erfi  J-Ifnnotla 5= erfi
 Fefr 6= erfi  Imrf` cmnla ;,;2= erfi

 Fqufjmst 6;;; ia
pmr`otunefn 8
IWF yfne tmrsmjof smbfnyfd 3; erfi jfafi 6 aotmr
Iosfadfn IWF yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi
Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne 62 erfi IWF jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr

 Afrutdfn jfafi 2;; ia fqufjmst sfiboa jo`lilemndfn

 [fnfsdfn pfjf pmnfnefs for sfiboa jofjud `oneef afrut smipurnf

 Zojfd pmau jostmroadfn, afnesune jotufne dmjfafi gfwfn pmtro smgfrf fsmptos.
2?
  Bofrdfn dmrone jfn oslafso afau ifsuddfn dmjfafi amifro pmnjoneon.

62. Imjof Solamt

Solamt Rmj Boam
Boam Fefr

Imjof Solamt Rmj Boam Fefr imrupfdfn imjof pfjft bmrwfrnf imrf` yfne joeunfdfn
untud jmtmdso
jmtmdso jfn pmnmntufn
pmnmntufn glaoclri
glaoclri jfafi ifdfnfn,
ifdfnfn, for susu, jfn bf`fn sfnotfso
sfnotfso
afonnyf.
Dliplsoso 8
 [fndrmfs Joemst lc Emafton 5,; erfi  Afgtlsm 6;,; erfi

 Rfeo Mxtrfgt 7,; erfi  Wljoui G`alrojm =,; erfi

 Efrfi mipmju #7 6,= erfi

erfi  Nmtrfa Imrf` ;,;7 erfi

 Fefr 6=,; erfi  Drostfa Solamt ;,;;2 erfi

[mr`otunefn 8
Imjof Solamt Rmj Boam Fefr yfne tmrsmjof smbfnyfd :6,= erfi jfafi 6 aotmr
Iosfadfn Imjof Solamt Rmj Boam Fefr yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi
Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zo
Zoib
ibfn
fne
e 0,7
0,7 erfi
erfi Imjo
Imjoff So
Sola
lamt
mt Rmj
Rmj Bo
Boam
am Fefr
Fefr jf
jfn
n ifsu
ifsudd
ddfn
fn dm
dmjf
jfaf
afi
i
Mramnimymr


Afrutdfn jfafi 2;; ia fqufjmst sfiboa jo`lilemndfn
7;
  [fnfsdfn pfjf pmnfnefs for sfiboa jofjud `oneef afrut smipurnf
 Joneondfn sfipfo su`u :;; - :=; G

 Zojfd pmau jostmroadfn, afnesune jotufne dmjfafi gfwfn pmtro smgfrf fsmptos.

 Bofrdfn dmrone jfn oslafso afau ifsuddfn dmjfafi amifro pmnjoneon.

67. Zryptlnm
Zryptlnm Boam Eauglrlnog
Eauglrlnog Imjoui (ZBP)

Zryptlnm Boam P - eaudurlnojf ( ZBP ) Imjoui imrupfdfn iljocodfso jfro Zryptlnm

Mipmju Fefr. Zryptlnm Boam Fefr jodmibfnedfn untud imnonedftdfn jmtmdso M. glao
pfjf ifdfnfn. ZBP Imjoui jotonedftdfn jmnefn pmnfibf`fn femn drlilemnod , P-
eaudurlnojf
eaudurlnojf , imnjmtmdso
imnjmtmdso fdtovotfs eaugurlnojfsm
eaugurlnojfsm . Dm`fjorfn
Dm`fjorfn mnzoi J-eaug
J -eaugurlnoj
urlnojfsm
fsm
imibmjfdfn M. glao spp . jfro glaoclri afon , jfn mnzoi yfne sfif joeunfdfn jfafi
I]E rmfgtoln.
Dliplsoso 8
 Zryptlnm 2; erfi

 Boam Wfats 6,= erfi

 P-Eaugurlnojm ;,;5= erfi

 Fefr 6= erfi

[mr`otunefn 8
76
 ZBP yfne tmrsmjof smbfnyfd 73,3 erfi jfafi 6 aotmr
Iosfadfn ZBP yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi

Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne ZBP 5,72 erfi, ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr.


Zfibf`dfn fqufjms 2;; ia jfn `lilemndfn.
 [fnfsdf
[fnfsdfn
n jo ftfs
ftfs pmnfnefs
pmnfnefs for sfiboa
sfiboa jofjud
jofjud `oneef
`oneef afr
afrut
ut smipur
smipurnf
nf (hfnefn
(hfnefn
sfipfo imnjojo`) .
 Zurundfn jfro pmnfnefs for, tutup iuaut mramnimymr jmnefn dfpfs dmrone jfn
jobmro afbma.
 Wtmroadfn jfafi futlgafvm jmnefn su`u 626 ; G jfafi wfdtu 6= imnot.

 dmaufrdfn jfro futlgafvm dmiujofn tufne jfafi gfwfn pmtro smgfrf fsmptos.

 Bofrdfn joneon, oslafso jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi amifro pmnjoneon.

6:. DC Wtrmptlglgg
Wtrmptlglgggus
gus

72
DC Wtmptlglggus imrupfdfn imjof smamdtoc Wtmrptlglggus spmsoms Mntmrlglggo. Ifatlsf
jfn jfn afdtlsf jo imtfblaosim smbfeofn bmsfr mntmrlglggo jmnefn prljuso fsfi jfn hfjo
imnonedftdfn pmrtuibu`fn bfdtmro ono, iodrllrefnosim yfne tojfd jooneondfn smbfeofn
bmsfr jotmdfn sljoui fgoj. Bmntud fsfi jojmtmdso lam` brligrmslaa uneu jmnefn
pmrubf`fn wfrnf dm wfrnf imjof imnhfjo dunone. Mntmrlglggo imnurundfn ZZG
imibmro clifzfn imrf` jfn hfjo tmrao`ft smbfefo dlalno yfne bmrwfrnf imrf`.
Dliplsoso 8
 Mnzyiftog Joemst lc Fnoifa Zossum  Wljoui Eaygmrlp`lsp`ftm 6; erfi
6; erfi  Ifatlsm 2; erfi
 6% Zrop`mnayt
Zrop`mnaytmtrfz
mtrfzlaoui
laoui G`alrojm
G`alrojm  Afgtlsm 6 erfi
(ZZG)  Wljoui Fzojm ;,: erfi
 _mfst Mxtrfgt 6; erfi  Brligrmsla [urpam ;,;6= erfi
 Wljoui G`alrojm = erfi  Fefr 2; erfi
[mr`otunefn 8
DC strmptlglggus yfne tmrsmjof smbfnyfd 53,:
53 ,: erfi jfafi 6 aotmr
Iosfadfn DC strmptlglggus yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi
Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne 6=,20 erfi DC strmprlglggus, ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr.

 Zfibf`dfn fqufjms 2;; ia jfn `lilemndfn.

 [fnfsdf
[fnfsdfn
n jo ftfs
ftfs pmnfnefs
pmnfnefs for sfiboa
sfiboa jofjud
jofjud `oneef
`oneef afr
afrut
ut smipur
smipurnf
nf (hfnefn
(hfnefn
sfipfo imnjojo`) .
 Zurundfn jfro pmnfnefs for, tutup iuaut mramnimymr jmnefn dfpfs dmrone jfn

jobmro afbma.

77
  Wtmroadfn jfafi futlgafvm jmnefn su`u 626 ; G jfafi wfdtu 6= imnot.

 dmaufrdfn jfro futlgafvm Dmiujofn jotfibf` Zrop`mnoa tmtrfzlaoui Galroj 6% (6

ia jfafi 6;; ia afrutfn 9 tfibf`dfn 2 ia untud 2;; ia afrutfn) dmtodf su`u =;G
 tufne dmjfafi gfwfn pmtro smgfrf fsmptos

Bofrdfn joneon, oslafso afau ifsuddfn dmjfafi amifro pmnjoneon.

6=. Slema Hl`nsln

Hl`nsln Fefr
Fefr (SHF)
(SHF)

Slema
Slema-h
-hl`n
l`nsl
sln
n Fefr
Fefr joeu
joeunfd
nfdfn
fn un
untu
tud
d jm
jmtm
tmds
dsoo jo
jono
no Wtfp`y
Wtfp`yalglgg
alglggus
us furmus,
furmus,jmnefn
imneojmntoc
imneojmntocodfso
odfso dlfeuafsm-pl
dlfeuafsm-plsoto
sotocc jfn cmrimntfso
cmrimntfso ifnotla
ifnotla strfon.
strfon. Imjoui yfne sfneft
bfod untud imnjmtmdso Wtfp`yalglggo Wtfp`yalglggus pmi
pmibfwf
bfwf smrtf
smrtf stujo
stujo dmpmjua
dmpmjuaofn
ofn
sfnotfso. W. furmus imneurfneo
imneurfneo tmaaurotm
tmaaurotm dfaoui
dfaoui dm tmaaorou
tmaaoroui
i alefi jfn imne`fsoadf
imne`fsoadfn
n
pmrtuibu`fn dlalno `otfi. Cmrimntfso ifnotla ono jotunhuddfn jmnefn zlnf dunone jo
smdotfr dlalno `otfi jfn imneubf` wfrnf imrf` imjoui imnhfjo dunone.
Dliplsoso 8
 Eaygonm 6; erfi  Ifnotla 6; erfi

 Zryptln 6; erfi  Clscft Jopltfssoui = erfi

 Aot`oui Dalrojf = erfi  Mdstrfd Rfeo = erfi

 Cmnla Imrf` ;,;2= erfi  Fefr 6= erfi

[mr`otunefn 8

SHF yfne tmrsmjof 3; erfi jfafi 6 aotmr

7:
 Iosfadfn SHF yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi

Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne 3 erfi SHF, ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr.

 Zfibf`dfn fqufjms 2;; ia jfn `lilemndfn.

 [fnfsdfn jo ftfs pmnfnefs for sfiboa jofjud `oneef afrut smipurnf

 Zurundfn jfro pmnfnefs for, tutup iuaut mramnimymr jmnefn dfpfs dmrone jfn
jobmro afbma.
 Wtmroadfn jfafi futlgafvm jmnefn su`u 626 ; G jfafi wfdtu 6= imnot.

 dmaufrdfn jfro futlgafvm dmiujofn jofidfn `oneef su`u :=-=; ;G.

 Zfibf`dfn 3 ia tmaaurotm Dfaoui 7,=% jfn `lilemndfn

 Zufne dmjfafi gfwfn pmtro smgfrf fsmptos, oslafso jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi amifro
pmnjoneon.

63. Gmtro
Gmtroioj
iojmm

7=
Gmtroiojm joeunfdfn untud oslafso jfn jocrmnsofso psmujlilnfs fmrlemnlsf jfro bmrbfefo
Hfnos bfdtmro afonyf. Gmtroiojm smbfeofn bmsfr imn``fibft pmrtuibu`fn bfdtmro yfne
imne
imneor
oron
oneo
eo pmrtu
pmrtuib
ibu`f
u`fn
n [s
[s.. Fmrl
Fmrlem
emnls
nlsff jf
jfn
n imio
imiono
noif
ifadf
adfn
n efnee
efneeuf
ufn
n tm
tmr`
r`fjf
fjfp
p
pmrtuibu`fn [s. Fmrlemnlsf. [rljudso poeimn tojfd jo`fibft smwfdtu tuibu` pfjf
imjof ono. Ufrnf poeimn dunone-`ohfu.
Dliplsoso 8
 Mnzyiftog Joemst lc Emafton 2; erfi  [ltfssoui G`alrojm 6; erfi

 Eaygmrla 6; ia  Gmtyatroimt`yafiilnoui

 Ifenmsoui G`alrojm 6,: erfi Brliojm ;,7 erfi

 Fefr 67,3 erfi

[mr`otunefn 8
Gmtroiojm yfne tmrsmjof smbfnyfd :=,7 erfi jfafi 6 aotmr

Iosfadfn gmtroiojm yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi

Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne ?,;3 erfi gmtroiojm, ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr.

 Zfibf`dfn fqufjms 2;; ia jfn `lilemndfn.

 [fnfsdf
[fnfsdfn
n jo ftfs
ftfs pmnfnefs
pmnfnefs for sfiboa
sfiboa jofjud
jofjud `oneef
`oneef afr
afrut
ut smipur
smipurnf
nf (hfnefn
(hfnefn
sfipfo imnjojo`) .
 Zurundfn jfro pmnfnefs for, tutup iuaut mramnimymr jmnefn dfpfs dmrone jfn
jobmro afbma.
 Wtmroadfn jfafi futlgafvm jmnefn su`u 626 ; G jfafi wfdtu 6= imnot.


dmaufrdfn jfro futlgafvm dmiujofn tufne jfafi gfwfn pmtro smgfrf fsmptos.

73
  Bofrdfn joneon, oslafso afau ifsuddfn dmjfafi amifro pmnjoneon.

65. [smujlilnfs
[smujlilnfs Oslaftoln
Oslaftoln Fefr
Fefr

Imjof
Imjof Wmamdt
Wmamdtoc
oc joeunfd
joeunfdfn
fn untud
untud oslafs
oslafsoo [smujli
[smujlilnfs
lnfs,, bmntud
bmntud puto`
puto` trfnsp
trfnspfrf
frfn
n jfn
imne
imneeu
eunf
nfdf
dfn
n onjo
onjodf
dftl
tlrr df
dfrb
rbl`
l`oj
ojrf
rftt bm
bmbf
bfss pm
pmpt
ptln
ln jm
jmne
nefn
fn p@ on
onjo
jogf
gftl
tlrr br
brli
li
grmsla uneu. Dfrbl`ojrft spmsocod jotfibf`dfn jfafi dlnsmntrfso
d lnsmntrfso ;,=-6%.
Dliplsoso 8
 [fndrmfs Joemstlc Emafton 2;,; erfi  Ifenmsoui G`alrojm6,: erfi
 Dfaoui Wuacft 6;,; erfi  Orefsfn (trodalsfn) ;.;2= erfi

 Fefr 67,3 erfi

[mr`otunefn 8
[smujlilnfs Oslaftoln Fefr yfne tmrsmjof smbfnyfd := erfi jfafi 6 aotmr
Iosfadfn [smujlilnfs Oslaftoln Fefr yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi
Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne ? erfi [smujlilnfs Oslaftoln Fefr jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr

 Afru
Afrutd
tdfn
fn jf
jfaf
afi
i 2;
2;;
; ia fq
fquf
ufjm
jmst
st yf
yfne
ne imne
imnefn
fnju
june
ne : ia ea
eaos
osmr
mrla
la sf
sfib
iboa
oa
jo`lilemndfn
 [fnfsdfn pfjf pmnfnefs for sfiboa jofjud `oneef afrut smipurnf

75
  Zurundfn jfro pmnfnefs for jfn suibft iuaut Mramnimymr jmnefn dfpfs dfrone
dmiujofn bmro afbma
 Wtmroadfn pfjf futldafc jmnefn su`u 626 ;G smafif 6= imnot
 Dmaufrdfn jfro futldafc jfn tufnedfn pfjf gfwfn pmtro smgfrf fsmptos


Zuneeu `oneef joneon afau oslafso jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi amifro pmnjoneon.

60. WOI Imjoui

Imjoui

Dmeunffnnyf yfotu untud imibmjfdfn elalnefn duifn mntmrog bmrjfsfrdfn prljudso

suacojm, onjla jfn iltoaotfs (emrfd duifn).
Dliplsoso 8
 [mptln crli gfssmon 2; erfi  Nf2W2L7 ;,7 erfi

 [mptln crli imft 3 erfi  Fefr 7 erfi

 N@: Orln (OOO) gotrft ;,2 erfi  Fqufjmst 6 aotmr

[mr`otunefn 8
WOII Imjoui yfne tmrsmjof smbfnyfd 7; erfi jfafi 6 atmr
Iosfadfn WOII Imjoui yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

70
 erfi

Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne WOII Imjoui smbfnyfd 3 erfi jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr.

 Afrutdfn jfafi 2;; ia fqufjmst sfiboa jo`lilemndfn.

 [fnfsdfn jo pmnfnefs for sfiboa jofjud `oneef afrut smipurnf.

 Zurundfn jfro pmnfnefs for jfn ifsudfn dmjfafi tfbune rmfdso ifsone-ifsone
= ia imneeunfdfn spuot.
 Zutup iuaut tfbune jmefn dfpfs dmrone afau ifsudfn dmjfafi pafstod bmnone,
dmiujofn odft smduft iunedon jfn jobmro afbma.
;

Wtmroadfn jojfafi futlgafvm smafif 6= imnot jmnefn su`u 626 G.
 Dmaufrdfn jfro futldafc jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi amifro pmnjoneon.

6?. Woiilns
Woiilns Gotrft
Gotrft Fefr (WGF)
(WGF)

WGF fjfaf` imjof smamdtoc yfne bmrwfrnf `ohfu dfrmnf imnefnjune zft wfrnf brli
t`yila baum. Woiilns gotrftm plsotoc bmrwfrnf boru smtmaf` jotuibu`o duifn.
Dmeunffnnyf
Dmeunffnnyf yfotu untud imnjmr
imnjmrtmrio
tmrionfso
nfso dmifipufn
dmifipufn bfdtmro
bfdtmro yfne imneeunfdfn
imneeunfdfn
sotrft smbfefo suibmr dfrbln jmnefn prljud fd`or bfsf.
Dliplsoso 8
 IeWL: ;,2 erfi  Bfgtl Fefr 6= erfi
7?
  (N@:)7 [L: 6 erfi  Brlitoila baum ;.;0 erfi

 D2@[L: 6 erfi  Fqufjmst 6 aotmr

 G3@=Nf7L5.2@2L 2 erfi  NfGa = erfi

[mr`otunefn 8
WG yfne tmrsmjof 22,= erfi jfafi 6 aotmr
Iosfadfn WG yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi

Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne WG smbfnyfd :,= erfi jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi mramnimymr.
 Afrutdfn jmnefn fqufjmst 2;; ia jfn `lilemndfn

 [fnfsdfn joftfs pmifnfs for sfiboa jofjud `oneef afrut smipurnf

 Zurundfn jfro pmnfnefs for jfn ifsudfn dmjfafi tfbune rmfdso ifsone ifsone
= ia imneeunfdfn spuot.
 Zutup iuaut tfbune jmnefn dfpfs dmrone afau ifsudfn dmjfafi pfstod bmnone,
dmiujofn odft smduft iunedon jfn bmro afbma.

Wtmroadfn jfafi futlgafvm smafif 6= imnot jmnefn su`u 626;G
 Dmaufrdfn jfro futldafc jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi amifro pmnjoneon.

2;. Zroppam
Zroppam Wuefr Orln Fefr
Fefr (ZWOF)
(ZWOF)

:;
Imjof ZWOF imibmrodfn onclrifso cmrimntfso imnemnfo eaudlsf, pmifncfftfn euaf
afdt
afdtls
lsff jf
jfn
n su
sudr
drls
lsf,
f, jf
jfn
n prls
prlsms
ms pm
pmrn
rnfp
fpfs
fsfn
fn fn
fnfmr
fmrlb
lbod
od.. [r
[rls
lsms
ms pm
pmrn
rnfp
fpfs
fsfn
fn yfne
yfne
imneeunfdfn bmamrfne smbfefo pmnmroif mamdtrln tmrfd`or untud imne`fsoadfn `ojrlemn
suacojf. Onclrifso ono bmreunf jfafi ojmntocodfso bfsoa Erfi nmeftoc.

Dliplsoso 8
 Bfgtl md
mdstrfd jf
jfeone 7 er
erfi  .Bfgtl
.Bfgtl jmdstr
jmdstrlsf
lsf 6 erfi
erfi
 Bfgtl pmptln 6= erfi  CmWL: ;,2 erfi

 Bfgtl mdstrfd rfeo 7 erfi  Nf2W2L7 ;,7 erfi

 [rmtmlsf pmptln = erfi  Bfgtl fefr 62 erfi

 Bfgtl afdtlsf 6; erfi  Bfgtl imrf`

imrf` cmnla ;,;2: erfi

 Bfgtl sudrlsf 6; erfi  Fqufjmst 6 aotmr

[mr`otunefn 8
ZWOF yfne tmrsmjof 3= erfi jfafi 6;;; ia.
Iosfadfn ZWOF yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

:6
 erfi
Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne ZWOF 67 erfi, ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr.

 Afrutdfn jmnefn fqufjms 2;; ia jfn `lilemndfn.


[fnfsdfn joftfs pmnfnefs for sfiboa jofjud `oneef afrut smipurnf.
 Zurundfn jfro pmnfnefs for jfn ifsudfn dmjfafi tfbune rmfdso ifsone ‗ ifsone
= ia imneeunfdfn spuot.
 Zutup iuaut tfbune jmnefn dfpfs dmrone afau ifsuddfn dmjfafi pafstod bmnone,
dmiujofn joodft smduft iunedon.
 Bmroaf` afbma pfjf aufr pafstod bmnone jfn ifsudfn pfjf futlgafvm jfn stmroadfn
smafif 6= imnot pfjf su`u 626; G.
 Dmaufrdfn jfro futldafc jfn ioronedfn tfbune.

26. Alwmnstmon
Alwmnstmon Hmnsmn
Hmnsmn

Joeunf
Joeunfdfn
dfn untud
untud imnuib
imnuibu`df
u`dfn
n Iyglbfgtmroui tubmrguals, untud jofenlsos
jofenlsos oncmdso
oncmdso
iodlbfd
iodlbfdtmr
tmro,
o, untud
untud imneuh
imneuhoo dmrmnt
dmrmntfnfn
fnfn fntobo
fntobolto
ltod
d oslaft
oslaftm,
m, jfn untud
untud imibmj
imibmjfdfn
fdfn
bmrbfefo hmnos iyglbfgtmroui (ilrclaleo dlalno, tonedft pmrtuibu`fn, dfrfdtmrostod
boldoiof jfn iodrlsdlp). Dlalno I.tubmrgualsos bmrwfrnf drmi, pmriudffnnyf tojfd
rftf ftfu bmrjunedua-junedua smpmrto bunef dubos dmrone. Dlalno iodrlbfgtmrof yfne
pft`lemn fdfn bmrbfu smpmrto frlif buf`. [mibmrofn eaosmrla huef bosf imrfnesfne
pmrtuibu`fn I.tubmrgualsos.
Dliplsoso 8
Dliplsoso imjof Alwmnstmon Hfnsmn jfafi 3;; ia for imnefnjune 8

:2
 f) Alwm
Alwmns
nstm
tmon
on Hmns
Hmnsmn
mn imnm
imnmnef
nef`
`
 Fspfrfeon 7,3; erfi  Dmntfne tmpune 7;,;; erfi

 Ilnlpltfsoui clscft 2,=; erfi  Ifafsot `ohfu ;,:; erfi

 Ifenmsoui sotrft ;,=; erfi  Zmaur (smefr, utu`) 6;;;,;; ia

 
Ifenmsoui suacft ;,2: erfi Eaosmrla 62,;; erfi
b) Alwmnstmon hmnsmn jmnefn =% sljoui galrojm Wfif jmnefn prlsmjur nl 6 `fnyf
jotfibf` jmnefn 0;,; e sljoui g`alrojm
g) Alwmns
Alwmnstmo
tmon
n hmnsmn
hmnsmn jmnefn
jmnefn ioglbf
ioglbfgtm
gtmrou
roui
i smamgt
smamgtovm
ovm Wfif jmnefn
jmnefn prl
prlsmj
smjur
ur nl 6
`fnyff jotfib
`fny jotfibf`
f` jmnefn
jmnefn Gygal`
Gygal`mxo
mxoioj
iojmm ;,3:e,
;,3:e, Aongli
Aongliogo
ogon
n 7,2ie,
7,2ie, jfn fsfi
fsfi
nfaojoxog =3,; ie
j) Alwmnstmon
Alwmnstmon hmnsmn
hmnsmn Eruct
Eruct iljocogfto
iljocogftoln
ln Wfif jmnefn prlsmjur
prlsmjur n
nl
l 6 `fnyf jotfibf`
jotfibf`
jmnefn =3,; ie fsfi nfaojoxog jfn 0; ie RNF

[mr`otunefn 8
Alwmnstmon Hmnsmn yfne tmrsmjof smbfnyfd 75,: erfi jfafi 3;; ia
Iosfadfn Alwmnstmon Hmnsmn yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi
Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne 62,: erfi Alwmnstmon Hmnsmn jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr

 Afrutdfn jmnefn 2;; ia fqufjmst yfne bmroso 62 ia eaosmrla. Hfnefn imnfibf`dfn

eaosmrla hodf Zubmrduaui bfsoa topm blvonm ftfu lrefnosim eaygmrlp`lbog afonnyf
untud jobujojfyfdfn. @lilemndfn.
 [fnfsdfn jmnefn pmnfnefs for sfiboa jofjud `oneef afrut smipurnf


Wtmroadfn pfjf futlgafvm pfjf 626»G smafif 6=imnot.

:7
  Dmaufrdfn jfro futldafc jfn joneondfn dorf-dorf su`u =; » G.

 Wmimntfrf otu, sofpdfn 6.;;; ia smauru` tmaur joduipuadfn fsmptod jfn jogfipur
smgfrf imrftf, tfnpf fjf emamibune ujfrf.
 gfipurdfn imjof jfsfr jfn tmaur pmraf`fn sfipfo gfipurfn imrftf jfn tfnpf

emamibune ujfrf.
 Ifsuddfn jfafi tfbune stmroa yfne smsufo jfn tutup tfbune.

 Ftur tfbune jfafi plsoso iorone, bofrdfn imnemntfa pfjf su`u 0= » G smafif :=
imnot.
 ]ho sfipma prljud
prljud hfjo
hfjo untud
untud donmrh
donmrhff jmnefn
jmnefn imneeu
imneeunfdf
nfdfn
n stfboa
stfboa jfn guatur
guatur
dlntrla.

soipfn pfjf su`u 2-0;G pfjf tmipft emafp. Imjof tojfd blam` joeunfdfn hodf fjf
dlntfionfso, dmburudfn (imnyusut, pmgf`, ftfu pmrubf`fn wfrnf) jfn sujf` dfjfaufrsf.
Bofdfn I.tubmrgualsos yfne josoipfn pfjf su`u 75;G tmtfp `ojup tfnpf dm`oafnefn
voruamnsonyf smafif 62 tf`un, tfpo boaf tmrdmnf iftf`fro smgfrf afnesune pmrbmno`fn
jfafi imjof fdfn ifto jfafi wfdtu 2-7 hfi.

22. Iltoaotfs Onjlam Lrnot`onm

Lrnot`onm (IOL) Imjoui

Imjo
Imjoff Ilto
Iltoao
aoty
ty Onjl
Onjlaa Lr
Lrno
not`
t`on
onmm (IOL
(IOL)) imru
imrupf
pfdf
dfn
n imjo
imjoff yfne
yfne jo
joeu
eunfd
nfdfn
fn untud
untud
imne
imnemt
mtf`
f`uo
uo fj
fjfn
fnyf
yf pmrem
pmremrf
rfdf
dfn
n bfdtm
bfdtmro
ro,, dm
dmif
ifip
ipufn
ufn imne`
imne`fs
fsoa
oadf
dfn
n on
onjl
jla,
a, sm
smrt
rtff
dmifipufn
dmifipufn bfdtmro
bfdtmro bmrmfdso
bmrmfdso imimgf`
imimgf` lrnoton.
lrnoton. Iltoaotf
Iltoaotfss bfdtmro
bfdtmro jotunhuddfn
jotunhuddfn jmnefn
fjfnyf smbfrfn dfbut puto` dmaufr jfro tusudfn. ]ntud bfdtmro yfne tojfd iltoa `fnyf

jotu
jotunh
nhud
uddf
dfn
n ef
efro
ross pu
puto
to`
` sm
smpfn
pfnhf
hfne
ne tusu
tusudf
dfn.
n. [r
[rlj
ljud
udso
so on
onjla
jla jo
jotu
tunh
nhudd
uddfn
fn jm
jmnef
nefn
n

::
pmibmntudfn gongon wfrnf imrf` pfjf bfeofn ftfs tfbune smtmaf` pmnfibf`fn rmfemn
Dlvfg‟s
Dlvfg‟s clr onjla.
onjla. ]ntud
]ntud rmfdso
rmfdso onjla
onjla nmefto
nmeftocc tojfd
tojfd tmr
tmrbmnt
bmntud
ud gongon
gongon imrf`,
imrf`, nfi
nfiun
un
bmrwfrnf dunone. Rmfdso bfdtmro tmr`fjfp lrnoton jotunhuddfn jmnefn pmrubf`fn wfrnf
pfjf toef pmrmipft bfeofn bfwf` imjof. ]ntud rmfdso jmdfrbldsoafso lrnoton plsotoc

jotunhuddfn jmnefn wfrnf uneu pfjf toef pmrmipft bfeofn bfwf`nyf, smjfnedfn rmfdso
jmdfrbl
jmdf rbldso
dsoafs
afsoo lrnot
lrnoton
on nmefto
nmeftocc jotunh
jotunhuddf
uddfn
n jmnefn
jmnefn wfrnf
wfrnf dunone
dunone pfjf to
toef
ef pmrmip
pmrmipft
ft
bfeofn bfwf` imjof.
Dliplsoso 8
 Fppr
Fpprlx
lxoi
oift
ftmm Clriu
Clriuaf
af [m
[mrr Ao
Aotm
tmrr  Jmxtrlsm 6,= erfi
[urocomj Uftmr  A-Liott`onm Ilnl`yg`alrojm =,;
 [fngrmftog Joemst lcgfsmon ?,= erfi erfi
 [fngrmf
[fngrmftog
tog Joemst
Joemst lc Emafto
Emafton
n 6;,;
6;,;  Brligrmsla [urpam ;,;2 erfi
erfi  Fefr 2,; erfi
 _mffst Mxtrfgt 7,; erfi
[mr`otunefn 8
IOL Imjoui yfne tmrsmjof smbfnyfd 76 erfi jfafi 6 aotmr
Iosfadfn IOL Imjoui yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi
Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne 3,2 erf, IOL Imjoui, ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr.

 Afrutdfn jmnefn fqufjms 2;; ia jfn `lilemndfn.

 [fnfsdfn joftfs pmnfnefs for sfiboa jofjud `oneef afrut smipurnf.

 Zurundfn jfro pmnfnefs for jfn ifsudfn dmjfafi tfbune rmfdso ifsone ‗ ifsone

= ia imneeunfdfn spuot.

:=
  Zutup iuaut tfbune jmnefn dfpfs dmrone afau ifsuddfn dmjfafi pafstod bmnone,
dmiujofn joodft smduft iunedon.
 Bmroaf` afbma pfjf aufr pafstod bmnone jfn ifsudfn pfjf futlgafvm jfn stmroadfn
smafif 6= imnot pfjf su`u 626; G.

Dmaufrdfn jfro futldafc jfn bofrdfn joneon.
 Imjof `frus josoipfn pfjf su`u 2-0; G.

27. Nutromnt
Nutromnt Brlt`

Nutromnt Brlt` (NB) fjfaf` imjoui yfne bmrbmntud gfor jmnefn bf`fn jfsfr fjfaf`
mdstrfd bmmc jfn pmptlnm. [mrbmjffn dlnsmntros fntfrf Nutromnt Fefr jmnefn Nutromnt
Brlt` yfotu nutromnt fefr bmrbmntud pfjft jfn Nutromnt Brlt` bmrbmntud gfor. Wusunfn
doiof sfif-sfif sontmtod. Cuneso doiof jfro nutromnt fefr jfn nutromnt brlt` smbfefo
imjoui uiui. Imjoui Nutromnt Brlt` (NB) imrupfdfn imjoui yfne bmrwfrnf gldaft
yfne imioao
imioaodo
do dlnsos
dlnsostmn
tmnso
so yfne
yfne gfor
gfor joifnf
joifnf imjoui
imjoui ono bmrfsf
bmrfsfaa jfro
jfro sontmt
sontmtod
od jfn
imioaodo dmeunffn smbfefo imjoui untud imnuibu`dfn bfdtmro sfif smpmrto imjoui
NF.
Dliplsoso 8
 Bfgtl mdstfr 7 erfi

 Bfgtl pmptln 6; erfi

[mr`otunefn 8

:3
 NB yfne tmrsmjof 0 Erfi jfafi 6 aotmr
Iosfadfn NB yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi

Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne 6,3 erfi nutromnt brlt`, ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr.

 Zfibf`dfn fqufjms 2;; ia jfn `lilemndfn.

 [fnfsdf
[fnfsdfn
n jo ftfs
ftfs pmnfnefs
pmnfnefs for sfiboa
sfiboa jofjud
jofjud `oneef
`oneef afr
afrut
ut smipur
smipurnf
nf (hfnefn
(hfnefn
sfipfo imnjojo`) .
 Zurundfn jfro pmnfnefs for jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi tfbune rmfdso.
 Zutup iuaut tfbune jmnefn dfpfs dmrone, ifsuddfn dmjfafi pafstog bmnone, afau
odft jmnefn duft jfn bmro afbma.
 Wtmroadfn jfafi futlgafvm jmnefn su`u 626 ; G jfafi wfdtu 6= imnot.

 dmauf
dmaufrd
rdfn
fn jfro
jfro fu
futl
tlga
gafv
fvm,
m, bofr
bofrdf
dfn
n jo
jone
neon
on jf
jfn
n ifsu
ifsuddf
ddfn
n dmjfa
dmjfafi
fi am
amif
ifro
ro
pmnjoneon.

2:. Imt`ya Rmj/ Slelms

Slelms [rldfumr (IR/S[)
(IR/S[) Brlt`

IR - S[ Imnmnef` ( Eaudlsf [`lsp`ftm Brlt` ) jormdlimnjfsodfn untud donmrhf tms

Imtoa Imrf` jfn Slems [rlsdfumr jfafi jocmrmnsofso jfro dmalipld glao ‗ fmrlemnms .
:5
Dliplsoso 8
 [mptln crli famnt 5 erfi

 Eaudlsf = erfi

 [`lsp`ftm buccmr = erfi

[mr`otunefn 8
IR yfne tmrsmjof smbfnyfd 65 erfi jfafi 6 aotmr
Iosfadfn IR yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi
Gfrf pmibuftfn 8

Zoibfne IR smbfnyfd 7,: erfi jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr.
 Afrutdfn jmnefn 2;; ia fqufjmst sfiboa jo`lilemndfn
 [fnfsdfn joftfs pmifnfs for
for sfiboa jofjud `oneef afrut smipurnf

 Zurundfn jfro pmnfnefs for, tufnedfn pfjf tfbune rmfdso smbfnyfd = ia pfjf
tofp tfbune jmnefn imneeunfdfn spuot.
 Zutup iuaut tfbune jmnefn dfpfs dmrone, ifsuddfn dmjfafi pafstog bmnone
jfn odft pafstog smduft iunedon, dmiujofn bmro afbma.
 Wtmroadfn pfjf futlgafvm jmnefn su`u 626 ;G smafif 6= imnot.
 Dmaufrdfn jfro futldafc jfn bofrdfn joneon.

 Ifsuddfn jfafi amifro pmnjoneon.

:0
2=. Imjof euaf-euaf
euaf-euaf

Imjof euaf-euaf tmrifsud imjof ojmntocodfso. Imjof ojmntocodfso fjfaf` pmrbmno`fn yfne
joeunfd
joeunfdfn
fn untud
untud imnmnt
imnmntudf
udfn
n hmnos
hmnos bfdtmr
bfdtmro.
o. Bofsfn
Bofsfnyf
yf joeunf
joeunfdfn
dfn bmbmrfp
bmbmrfpff imjof
imjof
bmrsfif-sfif. Josmbut imjof euaf euaf dfrmnf tmrbuft jfro bmbmrfpf euaf smpmrto8
eaudlsf, afdtlsf, ifnnlsf, ifatlsf, sfdfrlsf. Imjof euaf-euaf fjfaf` for pmptln yfne
jotfibf`
jotfibf` euaf tmrtmntu. Zuhufnnyf fjfaf` untud imnemtf`uo
imnemtf`uo bfdtmro
bfdtmro imicmrimnt
imicmrimntfso
fso
dfrbl`ojrft. [fjf uho euaf-euaf `fnyf tmrhfjo pmrubf`fn wfrnf pfjf imjof euaf-euaf
yfne
yfne bm
bmru
rubf
bf`
` imnh
imnhfj
fjoo wfrn
wfrnff du
duno
none
ne,, Fr
Frto
tony
nyff bfdtm
bfdtmro
ro on
onoo imib
imibmn
mntu
tud
d fs
fsfi
fi jfro
jfro
cmrimn
cmrimntfs
tfsoo eaudls
eaudlsf.
f. [fjf imjof
imjof euaf-e
euaf-euaf
uaf huef
huef tmr
tmrbmn
bmntud
tud emamib
emamibune
une pfjf
pfjf tfbune
tfbune
jur`fi
jur`fi yfne joamtf
joamtfddfn
ddfn tmrbfa
tmrbfaod
od jojfaf
jojfafi
i tfbune
tfbune imjof,
imjof, frt
frtony
onyff `fsoa
`fsoa cmrimn
cmrimntfs
tfsoo
bmrbmntud efs.
Dliplsoso 8
 [mptln 6 erfi  Onjodftlr cmnla rmfj 6 ia

 NfGa ;,= erfi  Dfrbl`ojrft 6 erfi

 Fqufjmst 6 aotmr

[mr`otunefn 8
f) Eaudlsf
:?
 9 6 erfi
b) Afgtlsf

ifssf 9 6 erfi
g) Wud
Wudrls
lsff

ifssf 9 6 erfi
j) Ifat
Ifatls
lsff

ifssf 9 6 erfi
m) Ifnotla

ifssf 9 6 erfi

Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Gfipurdfn bmrbfefo ifgfi bf`fn pmibuftfn imjof Euaf-euaf .
 Jobuft jfafi 2;; ia fqufjmst jotfibf` pmptln.


]ntud pmptln, jotoibfne 3 erfi jfafi 6;; ia fqufjmst
 NfGa jotoibfne 7 erfi jfn jogfipurdfn jfafi for pmptln

 Cmnla rmj jotoibfne ;,2 erfi afa joemrus, afrutdfn jfafi 6;; ia fqufjmst.

 ]ntud eaudlsf, afdtlsf, ifatlsf, sudrlsf jfn ifnotla, jobuft pfjf paftm yfne
bmrbmjf jmnefn gfrf yfne sfif. Wmtmaf` otu, jostmroadfn jfafi futlgafvm jfn
jooslaosos jfn josoipfn jfafi amifro pmnjoneon.

23. [mptln
[mptln Uftmr
Uftmr

=;
[mptln wftmr joeunfdfn untud imibujojfyf nln pmioao` iodrllrefnosim, uho onjla jfn
smbfefo bfsfa imjof untud stujo cmrimntfso dfrbl`ojrft.
Dliplsoso 8
 [mptln 6; erfi

 Nftroui dalrojf = erfi

[mr`otunefn 8

[mptln wftmr yfne tmrsmjof 6= erfi jfafi 6 aotmr

Iosfadfn pmptln wftmr yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi
Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne 7 pmptln wftmr, ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr.


Zfibf`dfn fqufjms 2;; ia jfn `lilemndfn.
 [fnfsdf
[fnfsdfn
n jo ftfs
ftfs pmnfnefs
pmnfnefs for sfiboa
sfiboa jofjud
jofjud `oneef
`oneef afr
afrut
ut smipur
smipurnf
nf (hfnefn
(hfnefn
sfipfo imnjojo`) .
 Zurundfn jfro pmnfnefs for jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi tfbune rmfdso.

 Zutup iuaut tfbune jmnefn dfpfs dmrone, ifsuddfn dmjfafi pafstog bmnone, afau
odft jmnefn duft jfn bmro afbma.
 Wtmroadfn jfafi futlgafvm jmnefn su`u 626 ; G jfafi wfdtu 6= imnot.
 dmauf
dmaufrd
rdfn
fn jfro
jfro fu
futl
tlga
gafv
fvm,
m, bofr
bofrdf
dfn
n jo
jone
neon
on jf
jfn
n ifsu
ifsuddf
ddfn
n dmjfa
dmjfafi
fi am
amif
ifro
ro
pmnjoneon.

=6
25. Brfon @mfrt Oncusoln
Oncusoln (B@O)
(B@O) Brlt`

B@O joeunfd
joeunfdfn
fn untud
untud pmrtui
pmrtuibu`f
bu`fn
n bmrifg
bmrifgfi-i
fi-ifgf
fgfi
i iodrll
iodrllref
refnos
nosim
im p`ftlemn
p`ftlemnod
od
(bfdtmro). Bmroso orosfn dmgoa jfro hfronefn ltfd jfn jfpft joeunfdfn untud imnuibu`dfn
bfnyfd bfdtmro smpmrto strmptlglggus, stfp`yalglggus, jaa.
Dliplsoso 8
 Gfac brfon oncusoln 2;; erfi  Nf2@[L:.62@2L 2,= erfi

 Bmmc `mfrt oncusoln 2=; erfi  Jmxtrlsm 2 erfi

 [rltmlsm pmptlnm ftfu emaysftm 6; erfi  Fqufjmst 6 aotmr


NfGa = erfi
[mr`otunefn 8
B@O yfne tmrsmjof 75 erfi jfafi 6 aotmr
Iosfadfn B@O yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf
ifdf 8

erfi

=2
 Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne 5,: B@O, ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr.

 Zfibf`dfn fqufjms 2;; ia jfn `lilemndfn.

 [fnfsdf
[fnfsdfn
n jo ftfs
ftfs pmnfnefs
pmnfnefs for sfiboa
sfiboa jofjud
jofjud `oneef
`oneef afr
afrut
ut smipur
smipurnf
nf (hfnefn
(hfnefn

sfipfo imnjojo`) .
 Zurundfn jfro pmnfnefs for jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi tfbune rmfdso.

 Zutup iuaut tfbune jmnefn dfpfs dmrone, ifsuddfn dmjfafi pafstog bmnone, afau
odft jmnefn duft jfn bmro afbma.
 Wtmroadfn jfafi futlgafvm jmnefn su`u 626 ; G jfafi wfdtu 6= imnot.

 dmauf
dmaufrd
rdfn
fn jfro
jfro fu
futl
tlga
gafv
fvm,
m, bofr
bofrdf
dfn
n jo
jone
neon
on jf
jfn
n ifsu
ifsuddf
ddfn
n dmjfa
dmjfafi
fi am
amif
ifro
ro
pmnjoneon.

20. Afgtls
Afgtlsmm Brlt`
Brlt`

Afgtlsm brlt` joeunfdfn smbfefo imjof untud imnjmtmdso dm`fjorfn dlaoclri jfafi for,
ifdfnf
ifdfnfn,
n, jfn prljud
prljud susu,
susu, smbfefo
smbfefo dfaju
dfaju pmimrd
pmimrdfyf
fyf (prm-m
(prm-mnro
nrog`i
g`imnt
mnt brlt`)
brlt`) untud
untud
Wfailnmaafm jfn jfafi imipmafhfro cmrimntfso afdtlsf lam` bfdtmro pfjf uiuinyf.
[mptln jfn mdstrfd bmmc imnymjofdfn nutromn msmnsofa untud imimtfblaosim bfdtmro.
Afdtlsff imnymjofdfn
Afdtls imnymjofdfn suibmr
suibmr dfrbl`ojrft
dfrbl`ojrft yfne jfpft jocmrimntfso
jocmrimntfso untud lrefnosim
dlaoclri.
Dliplsoso 8
 pmptlnm = er/A

 mdstrfd jfeone (sfpo) 7 er/A

 afdtlsf = er/A

pmr`otunefn 8

=7
 Afgtlsm brlt` yfne tmrsmjof smbfnyfd 67 erfi jfafi 6 aotmr
Iosfadfn afgtlsm brlt` yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi
Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 toibfne 2,3 erfi afgtlsm brlt` jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr

 afrutdfn jmnefn 2;; ia fqufjms sfiboa jo`lilemndfn


pfnfsdfn jmnefn pmnfnefs for sfiboa jofjud `oneef afrut smipurnf
 turundfn jfro pmnfnefs for jfn tufne afrutfn smbfnyfd = ia dmjfafi tfbune
rmfdso yfne bmroso tfbune jur`fi imneeunfdfn spuot
 tutup
tutup iuaut
iuaut tfbune
tfbune jmnefn
jmnefn dfpfs
dfpfs dmrone
dmrone,, ifsudd
ifsuddfn
fn tfbune
tfbune dmjfaf
dmjfafi
i pafst
pafstod
od
bmnone jfn odft pafstod jmnefn duft amiujofn bmro afbma.
 stmroadfn jmnefn futldafc pfjf su`u 626;G smafif = imnot

 dmaufrdfn jfro futldafc jfn bofrdfn joneon afau ifsuddfn dmjfafi duadfs.

2?. Wfamnotm
Wfamnotm Gystmon
Gystmon Brlt` (WGB)
(WGB)

WGB (Wfamnotm Gystmon Brlt`) fjfaf` imjof pmnefyf untud bfdtmro Wfailnmaaf sp. Imjof
ono imnefnjune pmptln, afdtlsf, nftroui clscft buccmr imjoui, sljoui
sljoui smamnotm,
smamnotm, jfn A-
sosto
soston.
n. Ifsone
Ifsone-if
-ifson
sone
e bf`fn
bf`fn imioa
imioaodo
odo pmrfnny
pmrfnnyff smnjor
smnjoro.
o. [mptln
[mptln imnymj
imnymjofd
ofdfn
fn fsfi
fsfi
=:
fionl jfn notrlemn. Afdtlsf imnymjofdfn suibmr mnmreo, jfn nftroui clscft buccmr
imjoui
imjoui untud imipmrtf`fndfn
imipmrtf`fndfn p@. Wljoui Wmamnotm
Wmamnotm imne`fibft
imne`fibft bfdtmro
bfdtmro erfi plsotoc
jfn imnmdfn pmrtuibu`fn mntmrogs erfi-nmeftoc yfne pfaone afon smafon Wfailnmaaf. A-
sosto
soston
n jojoro
jojorodfn
dfn untud
untud imnone
imnonedft
dftdfn
dfn pmiuao
pmiuao`fn
`fn Wfailnmaaf. Wma
Wmamno
mnotm
tm gyston
gystonmm Brlt`
Brlt`

joeunfdfn
joeunfdfn smbfef
smbfefoo pmnefyff
pmnefyffnn smamdt
smamdtoc
oc imjof
imjof untud
untud oslafs
oslafsoo Wfailnmaaf jfro dltlrfn,
dltlrfn,
ifdfnfn, for jfn bf`fn afonnyf.
Dliplsoso 8
 [fndrmfs Ontosfro
Ontosfro jfro Dfsmon =,; erfi

 Afdtlsf :,; erfi

 Nftroui Clscft 6;,; erfi
 Wljoui Wmamnotm :,; erfi

 A-soston ;,;6 erfi

[mr`otunefn 8
WGB yfne tmrsmjof 27 Erfi jfafi 6 aotmr
Iosfadfn WGB yfne jobutu`dfn smbfnyfd 2;; ia, ifdf 8

erfi
Gfrf pmibuftfn 8


Zoibfne :,3 WGB, ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr.

 Zfibf`dfn fqufjms 2;; ia jfn `lilemndfn.

 [fnfsdf
[fnfsdfn
n jo ftfs
ftfs pmnfnefs
pmnfnefs for sfiboa
sfiboa jofjud
jofjud `oneef
`oneef afr
afrut
ut smipur
smipurnf
nf (hfnefn
(hfnefn
sfipfo imnjojo`) .
 Zurundfn jfro pmnfnefs for jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi tfbune rmfdso.

 Zutup iuaut tfbune jmnefn dfpfs dmrone, ifsuddfn dmjfafi pafstog bmnone, afau
odft jmnefn duft jfn bmro afbma.
 Wtmroadfn jfafi futlgafvm jmnefn su`u 626 ; G jfafi wfdtu 6= imnot.

 dmauf
dmaufrd
rdfn
fn jfro
jfro fu
futl
tlga
gafv
fvm,
m, bofr
bofrdf
dfn
n jo
jone
neon
on jf
jfn
n ifsu
ifsuddf
ddfn
n dmjfa
dmjfafi
fi am
amif
ifro
ro
pmnjoneon.
==
2.2. @MIFZLALEO
6. Fadl`l
Fadl`laa 5;%
5;% jfafi
jfafi 6;; ia Fqufjms
Fqufjmstt

Joeunfdfn smbfefo josoncmdtfn sfipaone jfrf`.

Dliplsoso 8
 Fadl`la ?3 % 57 ia
 Fqufjmst fjj 6;; ia
Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 [opmt Fadl`la ?3% smbfnyfd 57 ia.

 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss.

 tfibf`dfn jmnefn fqufjmst sfipfo 6;; ia, `lilemndfn.

 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt/afbma.

2. Afru
Afrutf
tfn
n MJZ
MJZF
F 6; %

=3
 MJZF
MJZF 6;% joeunfd
joeunfdfn
fn smbfef
smbfefoo fntodl
fntodlfeua
feuafn
fn untud
untud imngme
imngmef`
f` dlfeua
dlfeuafso
fso sma jfrf`.
jfrf`.
Rmfemn ono joeunfdfn pfjf `fipor smiuf pmimrodsffn yfne bmrsfnedutfn jmnefn jfrf`
vmnf.
Dliplsoso 8
 MJZF 6; erfi
 Fqufjmst 6;; ia
Gfrf dmrhf 8
 Zoibfne 6; er MJZF (totropamx OOO), ifsudfn dmjfafi emafs doiof.

 Afrutdfn jmnefn Fqufjmst 6;; ia sfiboa jo`lilemndfn.

 Ifsuddfn dmjfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro afbma.

7. Nftro
Nftroui
ui Wotr
Wotrft
ft 7,0%
7,0% jfafi
jfafi 6;;
6;; ia
ia

Joeunfdfn smbfefo fntodlfeuafn jfafi pmimrodsffn AMJ, BWM, jfn @fmilstfsos.

Dliplsoso 8
 Nftroui Wotrft 7,0 erfi

 Fqufjmst fjj 6;; ia

=5
 Gfrf [mibuftfn8
 Zoibfne Nftroui sotrft 7,0 erfi jfn ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss.

 Zfibf`dfn jmnefn fqufjmst sfipfo 6;; ia, `lilemndfn.

 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro afbma.

:. NfGa
NfGa ;,
;,0=
0=-;
-;,?
,?%
%

Joeunfdfn jfafi pmimrodsffn JZL (Jfyf Zf`fn Lsiltod), @fmilstfsos, jfn huef
smbfefo fntodlfeuafn.
Dliplsoso 8
 NfGa ;,? erfi

 Fqufjmst 6;; ia
gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne NfGa ;,? erfi jfn ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss.

 Zfibf`dfn jmnefn fqufjmst sfipfo 6;; ia, `lilemndfn.

 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro afbma.

=. Afru
Afrutf
tfn
n @Ga
@Ga ;,
;,6
6N

=0
 @Ga ;,6 N joeunfdfn jfafi pmimrodsffn `milealbon jmnefn imtljm sf`ao. Afrutfn ono
imneubf` jfrf` imnhfjo `mifton fsfi. [mrubf`fn jfrf` imnhfjo `mifton imibuft
pmrubf`fn wfrnf afrutfn sm`oneef jfpft jobfnjonedfn jmnefn wfrnf stfnjfr.

Dliplsoso 8
 @Ga 75% ;,07 ia

Fqufjmst 6;; ia
Gfrf Dmrhf 8
 ]dur 6;; ia fdufjmst, ifsudfn dmjfafi emafs doiof.

 [opmt (hfnefn jo `osfp!) ;,07 ia @Ga pmdft (62 N) gfipur dmjfafi fqufjmst tfjo
afau `lilemndfn (dmrhfdfn jorufne fsfi)
 Ifsuddfn dmjfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro afbma.

3. GuWL: BH 6;=7

Joeu
Joeunf
nfdf
dfn
n pf
pfjf
jf pm
pmim
imro
rods
dsff
ffn
n @b imtl
imtljm
jm BH.
BH. Afru
Afrutf
tfn
n GuWL
GuWL: imiunedondfn
jotmntudfnnyf dfjfr @b smsmlrfne bmrjfsfrdfn bmrft hmnosnyf.

Dliplsoso 8

=?
  GuWL: 5,?= erfi

 Fqufjmst 6;; ia
Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne GuWL: smbfnyfd 5,?= erfi


Afrutdfn dm jfafi =; ia fqufjmst jojfafi afbu udur
 ]ntud imibuft afrutfn
afrutfn imnhfjo
imnhfjo BH 9 6;=7 ifdf afrutfn
afrutfn tfjo jofiboa smbfnyfd
smbfnyfd
23 ia.
 Ifsu
Ifsuddf
ddfn
n dm jf
jfaf
afi
i af
afbu
bu ud
udur
ur jf
jfn
n jo
joaf
afru
rutd
tdfn
fn fq
fqufj
ufjms
mstt `o
`one
neef
ef =; ia jf
jfn
n
`lilemndfn.
 Ifsuddfn dmjfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro afbma.
5. Afru
Afruttfn @fym
@fymi
i

Afrutf
Afrutfn
n `fymi
`fymi imrupf
imrupfdfn
dfn afrutf
afrutfn
n yfne joeunf
joeunfdfn
dfn untud
untud imn
imne`o
e`otun
tune
e sma mrotls
mrotlsot
ot..
Afrutfn ono smafon untud pmnemngmrfn, joeunfdfn huef untud imaososdfn sma amudlsot jfn
trliblsot sm`oneef `fnyf sma mrotrlsot yfne tmrao`ft sfft pmnefiftfn.

Dliplsoso 8
 6 er NfGa
 ;,= er @eGa2

 = er Nf2WL:

 2;; ia fqufjmst
Gfrf Dmrhf 8
 Zoibfne ifsone-ifsone zft, ifsudfn dmjfafi emafs doiof.
 Zfibf`dfn 2;; ia fqufjmst sfiboa jo`lilemndfn.

Ifsuddfn dmjfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro afbma.

3;
0. Afru
Afruttfn Elwm
Elwmrr
Joeunfdfn smbfefo pmnemngmr jfn untud imaososdfn sma smafon sma mrotrlsot pfjf `otune
huiaf` sma mrotrlsot.
Dliplsoso 8

Nf2WL: ;,2= erfi
 G@7GLL@ 63,3= ia

 Fqufjmst 6;; ia

Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne Nf2WL: smbfnyfd ;,2= erfi jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi bmfdmr eafss

 afrutdfn jfafi smjodot fqufjmst.



[opmt G@7GLL@ smbfnyfd 63,3= ia dmiujofn ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss

yfne bmroso Nf2WL: tfjo.
 tfibf`dfn jmnefn fqufjmst sfipfo 6;; ia, `lilemndfn

 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro afbma.

?. Afrutfn Zur
Zurd

Afrutfn turd imrupfdfn afrutfn yfne joeunfdfn untud imne`otune sma amudlsot smgfrf
fbslautm (ifnufa). Oso afrutfn turd fjfaf` fsfi fsmtft 2% jotfibf` emntofn volamt 6%
sm`oneef
sm`oneef wfrnfnyf
wfrnfnyf uneu iujf. [mibmrofn
[mibmrofn emntofn volamt
volamt bmrtuhufn
bmrtuhufn untud imibmrodfn
imibmrodfn
wfrnf pfjf sma amudlsot. Afrutfn turd bmrsocft imaososdfn sma mrotrlsot jfnn amudlsot
sm`oneef `fnyf tfipfd sma amudlsot pfjf sfft pmr`otunefn sma.

Dliplsoso 8

36
  ;,= ia Fsfi fsmtft (fsfi gudf) eafsofa

 6 ia drostfa volamt 6 %

 6;; ia Fqufjmst
Gfrf dmrhf 8


Buft afrutfn drostfa volamt 6% (6 er Drostfa volamt joafrutdfn jfafi 6;; ia
fqufjmst).
 Dm jfafi 6;; ia fqufjmst jfafi emafs doiof, tfibf`dfn jmnefn popmt ;,= ia
fsfi fsmtft eafsofa jfn 6 ia afrutfn drostfa volamt. @lilemndfn.
 Ifsuddfn dmjfafi bltla emfemn jfn bmro afbma.
6;. Afrutfn
Afrutfn Filnoui
Filnoui Lxfaft 6%
6%

Joeunfdfn smbfefo pmnemngmr jfn untud imaososdfn sma smafon sma trliblsot pfjf `otune
huiaf` sma trliblsot.
Dliplsoso 8


Filnoui Lxfaft 6 erfi
 Fqufjmst 6;; ia
Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne filnoui lxfaft smbfnyfd 6 erfi jfn ifsuddfn smiuf bf`fn dm
jfafi bmfdmr eafss
 tfibf`dfn jmnefn fqufjmst sfipfo 6;; ia, `lilemndfn

 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro afbma.

66. Afrutfn
Afrutfn Rmms
Rmms Mgdmr
Mgdmr

32
 Afrutf
Afrutfn
n rmms
rmms mgdmr
mgdmr joeunf
joeunfdfn
dfn untud
untud pmnemng
pmnemngmrf
mrfn
n jfafi
jfafi `ot
`otune
une huiaf`
huiaf` trlibl
trliblsot
sot..
Afrutfn ono imaososdfn sma amudlsot sm`oneef sfft pmnefiftfn sma yfne joao`ft fjfaf` sma
trliblsot jfn mrotrlsot. [mneeunffn BGB jfafi afrutfn ono imibmrodfn wfrnf pfjf
trliblsot sm`oneef sma trliblsot jfpft tmrao`ft hmafs jfn jfpft jobmjfdfn jfro dltlrfn.
Dliplsoso 8
 7,0 er Nftroui sotrft
 ;,6 er BGB

 ;,2 ia Clrifaon
 6;; ia fqufjmst
Gfrf dmrhf 8
 Zoibfne Nftroui sotrft jfn BGB, ifsudfn dmjfafi emafs doiof.

 Ifsudfn 6;; ia fqufjmst smjodot-smjodot sfiboa jo`lilemndfn.

 Jmnefn popmt udur ifsudfn ;,2

;, 2 ia Clrifaon.
 Fjud rftf, sfrone jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi bltla rmfemn afau jobmro afbma.

62. Afrutfn
Afrutfn Sln Junemrn
Junemrn
Joeunfdfn
Joeunfdfn jfafi pmimrodsffn
pmimrodsffn `otune
`otune huiaf`
huiaf` sma mlsonlcoa.
mlsonlcoa. Afrutfn
Afrutfn ono fdfn imwfrnfo
imwfrnfo
erfnuaf mlsonlcoa.
Dliplsoso 8
 Mlson 2 % 0; ia
 Fsmtln = ia

 Fqufjmst 6;; ia
Gfrf dmrhf 8
 Zoibfne 2 erfi mlson jfn afrutdfn jmnefn 6;; ia fqufjmst

37
  Ifsu
Ifsuddf
ddfn
n af
afru
rutf
tfn
n mlson
mlson tf
tfjo
jo sm
smbf
bfnyf
nyfd
d 0; ia dm
dmjfa
jfafi
fi bm
bmfd
fdmr
mr ea
eafs
fsss jfn
tfibf`dfn fsmtln smbfnyfd = ia.
 tfibf`dfn jmnefn fqufjmst sfipfo 6;; ia, `lilemndfn.
 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro afbma.

67. Afrutfn
Afrutfn Broaaofnt
Broaaofnt Grmsya Baum (BGB)
(BGB)

Joeunfdfn
Joeunfdfn smbfefo
smbfefo afrutfn
afrutfn pmnemngmr
pmnemngmr untud `otune huiaf`
huiaf` rmtodualso
rmtodualsot.
t. Wmafon
Wmafon untud
pmnemngmrfn, afrutfn ono huef imibmrodfn wfrnf boru pfjf roblsli, sm`oneef sfft
jofifto roblsli fdfn tfipfd smpmrto mnjfpfn erfnuaf ftfu coafimnt bmrwfrnf boru.
Dliplsoso 8

BGB 6 erfi
 Nftroui sotrft ;,3 erfi

 Nftroui dalrojf ;,52 erfi

 Fqufjms 6;; ia
Gfrf Dmrhf 8
 Zoibfne smiuf bf`fn jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi bmfdmr eafss

 Afrutdfn jmnefn 6;; ia fqufjms sfiboa jo`lilemndfn

 Ifsuddfn dmjfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro afbma

3:
6:. Afrutfn
Afrutfn Eomisf
Eomisf

[mwfrnffn Eomisf fjfaf` puafsfn yfne tmrjoro jfro mlson, imtoaon fzur jfn imtoamn baum
bmreunf untud imwfrnfo sma jfrf` jfn imafdudfn codsfso smnjoro jmnefn imtoa fadl`la.
Dufaotfs Eomisf imipmnefru`o `fsoa pmwfrnffn pfjf smjoffn `fpusfn jfrf`. Dufaotfs
Eomisf jodftfdfn bfod fpfboaf Eomisf jobuft bfru jfn jodftfdfn durfne bfod fpfboaf
Eomisf yfne sujf` josoipfn ambo` jfro 6 `fro.
Dliplsoso 8
 6 er Eomisf stfon
 3= ia imt`fnla

 :; ia eaosmrla
Gfrf Dmrhf 8
 Zoibfne 6 erfi eomisf stfon, ifsuddfn dmjfafi
d mjfafi emafs doiof.

 Afrutdfn jfafi imt`fnla smjodot jmio smjodot.

 Zfibf`dfn :; ia eaygmrla jfn `lilemndfn durfne ambo` 6-2 `fro.

 Wfrone afrutfn smbmaui joeunfdfn.

 Hodf fdfn imafdudfn pmwfrnffn jmnefn imneeunfdfn afrutfn eomisf, ifdf

afru
afrutf
tfn
n tm
tmra
ramb
mbo`
o` jf`ua
jf`uau
u `f
`fru
russ jo mr
mrgm
gmrd
rdfn
fn jm
jmne
nefn
fn af
afru
rutf
tfn
n bu
bucc
ccmr
mr jm
jmnef
nefn
n
pmrbfnjonefn 6 8 ? (6 ia eomisf 8 ? ia buccmr)
 Jfpft
Jfpft puaf
puaf joafdud
joafdudfn
fn pmnemng
pmnemngmrf
mrfn
n jmnefn
jmnefn imneeun
imneeunfdf
fdfn
n fqufjms
fqufjmstt jmnefn
jmnefn
pmrbfnjonefn 6 8 ? (6 ia eomisf 8 ? ia fqufjmst)

3=
6=. Afrutfn
Afrutfn Buccmr
Buccmr (p@ 3,:)

Afrutfn Buccmr (p@ 3,:) joeunfdfn smbfefo afrutfn pmnemngmr sfft `otune hmnos amudlsot
imtljm eomisf jfn wroe`t..
Dliplsoso 8
 3,37 er D@2[L: (Dfaoui jo`ojrlemn suacft)

 2,=3 er Nf2@[L: (jonftroui `orlemn clscft)

 6;;; ia fqufjmst
Gfrf Dmrhf 8
 Zoibfne ifsone-ifsone zft, ifsudfn dmjfafi emafs doiof
 Afrutdfn jmnefn fqufjmst smjodot-smjodot sfipfo afrut.
 Ifsuddfn dmjfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro afbma.

33
2.7 [FRFWOZLALEO
6. Afrutfn
Afrutfn Efrfi
Efrfi Cosolaleos
Cosolaleos

Afrutfn
Afrutfn efrfi cosolaleo
cosolaleo imrupfdfn
imrupfdfn afrutfn
afrutfn osltlnos
osltlnos yfne imioaodo
imioaodo bfnyfd dmeunffn
dmeunffn
jfafi
jfafi bojfne
bojfne imjos
imjos jfn afblrf
afblrftlr
tlroui
oui.. Jfafi
Jfafi pmimro
pmimrodsf
dsffn
fn pfrfso
pfrfsot,
t, efrfi
efrfi cos
cosola
olaleo
leoss
joeu
joeunf
nfdfn
dfn untud
untud pmimr
pmimrod
odsf
sffn
fn pf
pfrf
rfso
sott us
usus
us imtl
imtljm
jm af
afnes
nesune
une jf
jfn
n imtl
imtljm
jm ro
rotg
tg`o
`omm
.]iuinyf afrutfn efrfi cosolaleo imioaodo dosfrfn dlnsmntrfso ;.?% (b/v) NfGa.
Dliplsoso 8
6) NfGa 8 ;,? erfi
2) Fqufjmst 8 6;; ia
Gfrf [mibuftfn 8

Zoibfne NfGa ;,? erfi jfn ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss.
 tfibf`dfn jmnefn fqufjmst sfipfo 6;; ia, `lilemndfn.
 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt.

2. Afru
Afrutf
tfn
n Mlso
Mlson
n 2%
35
 Afrutfn Mlson imrupfdfn gforfn bmrwfrnf imrf` yfne bmrcuneso untud pmimrodsffn
bmntud dostf jfn vmemtftoc prltlzlf. Afrutfn mlson bofsfnyf joeunfdfn jfafi ojmntocodfso
pfrfsot usus imtljm afnesune.
Dliplsoso 8
6) Mlson 8 2 erfi

2) Fqufjmst 8 6;; ia
Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne Mlson 2 erfi jfn ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss.

 tfibf`dfn jmnefn fqufjmst sfipfo 6;; ia, `lilemndfn.

 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt.

7. Afr
Afrutfn
utfn Auel
Auelaa

Gfrf ono joeunfdfn

joeunfdfn untud pmimrodsffn
pmimrodsffn prltlzlf bmntud trlplzlot
trlplzlot ifupun sostf. Jmnefn
gfrf ono jfpft tmrao`ft hmafs susunfn onto, butor-butor drlifton, dfrsonlif jfn vfdulaf
eaodlemn yfne tmrao`ft bmrwfrnf dunone gldaft. Bmntud trlplzlot jfafi afrutfn ono fdfn

smemrf ifto jfn bmntudnyf imibuaft, sm`oneef fntfrf bmntud trlplzlot jfn bmntud sostf

30
 dfjfne-dfjfne
dfjfne-dfjfne sudfr jobmnjfdfn.
jobmnjfdfn. [fjf pmimrodsffn
pmimrodsffn ono bf`fn, faft jfn gfrf dmrhf sfif
jmnefn pfjf pmimrodsffn jmnefn efrfi cosolaleos.
Dliplsoso 8
6) Oljoui 8 = erfi

2) Dfao
Dfaoui
ui oljo
oljoui
ui 8 6
6;
; erf
erfi
i
7) Fqufjmst 8 6;; ia
Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne Oljoui smbfnyfd 6 erfi jfn Dfaoui Oljoui 2 erfi jfn ifsuddfn dm
jfafi bmfdmr eafss
 Dmiujofn tfibf`dfn smjodot jmio smjodot fqufjmst sfiboa jofjud.
 Wfrone afrutfn jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi bltla rmfemn afau bmro mtodmt.

:. Afrutf
utfn Xn
XnWL: 77%

Joeunfdfn jfafi pmimrodsffn nmiftljm usus imtljm calftfso (pmnefpunefn)

Dliplsoso 8
6) XnWL: 8 776 erfi
2) Fqufjmst 8 6;; ia
Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne 776 erfi XnWL: jfn ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss.

 Zfibf`dfn jmnefn fqufjmst sfipfo 6;; ia, `lilemndfn.

 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro afbma.

=. Afru
Afrutf
tfn
n Clr
Clrif
ifao
aon
n

3?
 Afrutfn clrifaon imrupfdfn bf`fn yfne joeunfdfn untud pmnefwmtfn tmaur gfgone.
Dliplsoso 8
6) Clrifaon 8 75%
2) Fqufjmst 8 6;; ia
[mr`otunefn 8
Jod 8
G6 9 6;%
S6 9 6;; ia
G2 9 75%
Jot 8 S2 9 ……<
Hfwfb 8
G6 x S6 9 G2 x S2
6;% x 6;; ia 9 75% x S2
75 x S2 9 6;;;

S2 9 25,;2 ia
Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 Fiboa smbfnyfd 25,;2 ia clrifaon 75% yfne bmaui jomngmrdfn, dmiujofn
ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss.
 Zf
Zfib
ibf`d
f`dfn
fn fq
fquf
ufjm
jmst
st sfipfo
sfipfo 6;
6;;
; ia dm jf
jfaf
afi
i bm
bmfdm
fdmrr ea
eafs
fsss yf
yfne
ne bm
bmro
roso
so
clrifaon tfjo. Afau `lilemndfn jmnefn imneeunfdfn bftfne pmnefjud.
 Wmtmaf` `lilemn, ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt.

3. Afru
Afrutf
tfn
n Eomi
Eomisf
sf

5;
 [mwfrnffn Eomisf fjfaf` puafsfn yfne tmrjoro jfro mlson, imtoaon fzur jfn imtoamn baum
bmreunf untud imwfrnfo sma jfrf` jfn imafdudfn codsfso smnjoro jmnefn imtoa fadl`la.
Jfafi prfdtodui pfrfsotlaleo afrutfn eomisf joeunfdfn untud ojmntocodfso ifafrof jfn
iodrlcoaf
iodrlcoafrof.
rof. Dufaotfs
Dufaotfs Eomisf
Eomisf imipmnefru`o
imipmnefru`o `fsoa pmwfrnffn
pmwfrnffn pfjf smjoffn
smjoffn `fpusfn
`fpusfn
jfrf`. Dufaotfs Eomisf jodftfdfn bfod fpfboaf Eomisf jobuft bfru jfn jodftfdfn durfne
bfod fpfboaf Eomisf yfne sujf` josoipfn ambo` jfro 6 `fro.
Dliplsoso 8
 6 er Eomisf stfon

 3= ia imt`fnla
 :; ia eaosmrla
Gfrf Dmrhf 8
 Zoibfne 6 erfi eomisf stfon, ifsuddfn dmjfafi
d mjfafi emafs doiof.

 Afrutdfn jfafi imt`fnla smjodot jmio smjodot.

 Zfibf`dfn :; ia eaygmrla jfn `lilemndfn durfne ambo` 6-2 `fro.

 Wfrone afrutfn smbmaui joeunfdfn.

 Hodf fdfn imafdudfn pmwfrnffn jmnefn imneeunfdfn afrutfn eomisf, ifdf
afru
afrutf
tfn
n tm
tmra
ramb
mbo`
o` jf`ua
jf`uau
u `f
`fru
russ jo mr
mrgm
gmrd
rdfn
fn jm
jmne
nefn
fn af
afru
rutf
tfn
n bu
bucc
ccmr
mr jm
jmnef
nefn
n
pmrbfnjonefn 6 8 ? (6 ia eomisf 8 ? ia buccmr)
 Jfpft
Jfpft puaf
puaf joafdud
joafdudfn
fn pmnemng
pmnemngmrf
mrfn
n jmnefn
jmnefn imneeun
imneeunfdf
fdfn
n fqufjms
fqufjmstt jmnefn
jmnefn
pmrbfnjonefn 6 8 ? (6 ia eomisf 8 ? ia fqufjmst)

5. Af
Afru
rutf
tfn
n Bucc
Buccmr
mr (p@
(p@ 3,:)
3,:)

56
 Afrutfn Buccmr (p@ 3,:) joeunfdfn smbfefo afrutfn pmnemngmr sfft ojmntocodfso ifafrof
jfn iogrlcoafrof jmnefn imneeunfdfn eomisf.
Dliplsoso 8
 3,37 er D@2[L: (Dfaoui jo`ojrlemn suacft)

 2,=3 er Nf2@[L: (jonftroui `orlemn clscft)

 6;;; ia fqufjmst

Gfrf Dmrhf 8
 Zoibfne ifsone-ifsone zft, ifsudfn dmjfafi emafs doiof

 Afrutdfn jmnefn fqufjmst smjodot-smjodot sfipfo afrut.

 Ifsuddfn dmjfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro afbma.

0. Afrutf
utfn Ie
IeWL: [mdft

Afrutfn ono bofsf joeunfdfn jfafi ojmntocodfso `maiont jfn prltlzlf imtljm cfust.
Dliplsoso 8
6) IeWL: 8 60= erfi
2) NfGa 8 2?; erfi
7) Fqufjmst 8 6;; ia

Gfrf Dmrhf 8

52
  Zoibfne ifsone-ifsone zft, ifsudfn dmjfafi emafs doiof

 Afrutdfn jmnefn fqufjmst smjodot-smjodot sfipfo afrut.

 Ifsuddfn dmjfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro afbma.

?. Af
Afru
rutf
tfn
n Ifaf
Ifafg`o
g`otm
tm Erm
Ermmn
mn

Afrutfn
Afrutfn ifafg`otm
ifafg`otm ermmn joeunfdfn
joeunfdfn untud ojmntocodfso
ojmntocodfso pfrfsot usus jmnefn imtljm
imtljm dftl-
dftz.
Dliplsoso 8
 = erfi Ifafg`otm Ermmn Lxfaftm
 6;; ia fqufjmst
Gfrf dmrhf 8
 Zoibfne = erfi ifafg`otm ermmn lxfaftm jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi Mramnimymr
 Afrutdfn jmnefn 6;; ia fqufjms sfiboa jo`lilemndfn

 Ifsuddfn dmjfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro afbma.

2.:. DOIOF DAONOD

6. Afrutf
Afrutfn
n Bmnmjogt
Bmnmjogt Dufao
Dufaotft
tftoc
oc
57
 Cuneso 8 ]ntud pmimrodsffn rmjudso uronm.
Dliplsoso 8
 GuWL:.=@2L 6,57 erfi

 Nftroui Wotrft 65,7 erfi

 Nftroui Dfrblnft 6; erfi

 Fqufjmst 6;; ia
Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne smiuf bf`fn jfn ifsuddfn smiuf bf`fn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss

 Afrutdfn jmnefn 6;; ia fqufjmst sfiboa jo`lilemndfn

 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi wftmrbft` yfne sujf` jopfnfsdfn

 Fjud `oneef afrutfn tmrsmbut pfnfs

 Joneondfn jfn ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt

2. Afrutf
Afrutfn
n Bmnmjo
Bmnmjogt
gt Dufnto
Dufntotft
tftoc
oc

5:
 Cuneso 8 ]ntud pmimrodsffn rmjudso uronm.
Dliplsoso 8
 GuWL:.=@2L 6,0 erfi  D(GN)= 62,= erfi

 Nftroui Wotrft 2; erfi  D:Cm(GN)3 =% = ia

 Nftroui Dfrblnft 6; erfi  Fqufjmst 6;; ia

Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne smiuf bf`fn jfn ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss

 Afrutdfn jmnefn fqufjmst 6;; ia sfiboa jo`lilemndfn.

 Zfibf`dfn afrutfn D:Cm(GN)3 =% smbfnyfd = ia

 @lilemndfn afrutfn tmrsmbut, dmiujofn pfnfsdfn afrutfn tmrsmbut pfjf wftmrbft`

 Joneondfn, afau ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt.

7. Afru
Afrutf
tfn
n Cm`
Cm`ao
aone
ne F

5=
 Cunesonyf 8 ]ntud pmimrodsffn rmjudso uronm.
Dliplsoso 8
 GuWL:. =@2L 7,= erfi

 Fqufjmst 6;; ia
Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne GuWL:.=@2L smbfnyfd 7,= erfi jfn ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss.

 Afrutdfn jmnefn fqufjmst 6;; ia sfiboa jo`lilemndfn

 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt.

:. Cm`aone B

Cunesonyf 8 ]ntud pmimrodsffn rmjudso uronm.

Dliplsoso 8
 Dfaoui Nftroui Zfrtrft 65,7 erfi

 NfL@ 3 erfi

 Fqufjmst 6;; ia

Gfrf [mibuftfn 8

53
  Zoibfne dfaoui Nftroui Zfrtrft smbfnyfd 65,7 erfi jfn NfL@ smbfnyfd 3 erfi
jfn ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss.
 Afrutdfn jmnefn fqufjmst 6;; ia sfiboa jo`lilemndfn.
 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt.

=. Afrutf
Afrutfn
n Wtfnjf
Wtfnjfrt
rt Eaudls
Eaudlsff ;,=
;,= %

Cunesonyf 8 ]ntud pmimrodsffn eaudlsm uronm

Dliplsoso 8
 Eaudlsm ;,= erfi
 Fqufjmst 6;; ia
Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne Eaudlsf ;,= erfi jfn ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss.

 Afrutdfn jmnefn fqufjmst 6;; ia sfiboa jo`lilemndfn.

 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt.

3. Afrutf
Afrutfn
n Nftr
Nftroui
oui Notrlc
Notrlcuso
usoj
j =%
=%

55
 Cunesonyf 8 ]ntud pmimrodsffn fsmtln uronm.
Dliplsoso 8
 Nftroui Notrlcusoj =% = erfi

 Fqufjmst 6;; ia
Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne Nftroui Notrlcusoj = erfi jfn ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss.
 Afrutdfn jmnefn fqufjmst sfipfo 6;; ia sfiboa jo`lilemndfn.
 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt.

5. Afru
Afrutf
tfn
n Filn
Filnof
ofd
d 6;%
6;%

Cunesonyf 8 ]ntud pmimrodsffn zft fsmtln uronm.

Dliplsoso 8
 Filnofd 0; ia

 Fqufjmst 6;; ia

[mr`otunefn 8

50
 Jod8 G6 8 2=%
S2 8 2;; ia
G2 8 6;%
Jot 8 S2 8……<

Hwb 8
G6 x S6 9 G2 x S2
2=% x S6 9 6;% x 2;; ia
2= x S2 9 2;;;
S2 9 0; ia
Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 [opmt Filnofd 2=% smbfnyfd 0; ia jfn ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss.

 Zfibf`dfn jmnefn fqufjmst sfipfo 2;; ia afau `lilemndfn.

 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt.

0. Af
Afru
rutf
tfn
n Hmnu`
Hmnu` Filno
Filnoui
ui Wuac
Wuacft
ft

Cunesonyf 8 ]ntud pmimrodsffn fsmtln uronm.

Dliplsoso 8
 Filnoui Wuacft bmrambo`

 Fqufjmst 6;; ia

Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 Ifsuddfn fqufjmst smbfnyfd 6;; ia dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss.
5?
  Zfibf`dfn
Zfibf`dfn filnoui
filnoui suacft
suacft imneeunfdfn
imneeunfdfn smnjld stfonamss
stfonamss dm jfafi bmfdmr
eafss, afau `lilemndfn.
 Zfibf`dfn tmrus filnoui suacft `oneef afrutfn imnhfjo hmnu` sfiboa jofjud
rftf.

Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt.

?. Afru
Afrutf
tfn
n Fsfi
Fsfi Fgm
Fgmtf
tftt

Cunesonyf 8 ]ntud pmimrodsffn dfjfr prltmon jfafi uronm.

Dliplsoso 8
 Fsfi Fgmtft 3 ia

 Fqufjmst 6;; ia
[mr`otunefn 8
Jod8 G6 8 3%
S6 8 6;; ia

G2 8 6;;%
Jot 8 S2 8……<
Hwb 8
G6 x S6 9 G2 x S2
3% x 6;; ia 9 6;;% x S2
S2 9 3 ia

Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 Fiboa fsfi fgmtft smbfnyfd 3 ia, ifsuddfn dmjfafi afbu udur imafauo glrlne
emafs.
0;
  Zfibf`d
Zfibf`dfn
fn jmnefn
jmnefn fqufjms
fqufjmstt sfipfo
sfipfo 6;; ia, afa
afau
u dlgld
dlgld pmraf`
pmraf`fn
fn `oneef
`oneef
`lilemn.
 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt.

6;. Afrutfn
Afrutfn Msbfg`
Cunesonyf 8 ]ntud pmimrodsffn dfjfr prltmon.
Dliplsoso 8
 Fsfi [odrft 2,= erfi

 Fsfi Wotrft = erfi

 Fqufjmst 2=; ia
Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne Fsfi [odrft smbfnyfd 2,= erfi jfn Fsfi Wotrft smbfnyfd = erfi jfn

ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss.

 Afrutdfn jmnefn fqufjmst 2=; ia sfiboa jo`lilemndfn.
 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt.

66. Afrutf
Afrutfn
n Auela

Cunesonyf 8 ]ntud pmimrodsffn urlboaon uronm.

Dliplsoso 8
 Oljoui 6 erfi
 Dfaoui Oljoui 2 erfi

 Fqufjmst 7;; ia
Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne
Zoibfne oljoui
oljoui smbfny
smbfnyfd
fd 6 erfi
erfi jfn dfaoui
dfaoui oljoui
oljoui smbfnyfd
smbfnyfd 2 erfi
erfi jfn
ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss.

06
  Afrutdfn jmnefn fqufjmst sfipfo 7;; ia sfiboa jo`lilemndfn.

 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt.

62. Afrutfn
Afrutfn Wg`amsonem
Wg`amsonemrr

Cunesonyf 8 ]ntud pmimrodsffn urlboaon uronm.

Dliplsoso 8
 Xong Fgmtft 6; erfi

 Fadl`la ?3 % 6;; ia
Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne Xong Fgmtft 6; erfi jfn ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss.
 Afrutdfn jmnefn fadl`la sfipfo 6;; ia jfn `lilemndfn.
 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt.

67. Afrutfn
Afrutfn Mraog
Mraog`
`

Cunesonyf 8 ]ntud pmimrodsffn urlboaon uronm.

Dliplsoso 8
 [frfjoimtoa fionl bmnzoajm`ojf ;,2 erfi
 @Ga 70 % = ia

 Fqufjmst 6;; ia

Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne
Zoibfne pfrfjo
pfrfjoimt
imtoa
oa fionl
fionl bmnzoa
bmnzoajm`
jm`ojf
ojf ;,2 erf
erfi
i jfn ifsudd
ifsuddfn
fn dm jfafi
jfafi

bmfdmr eafss.
 [opmt @Ga 70 % smbfnyfd = ia, ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss tfjo.
02
  Afrutdfn jmnefn fqufjmst 6;; ia sfiboa jo`lilemndfn.

 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt.

6:. Afrutfn
Afrutfn BfGa
BfGa 6; %

Cunesonyf 8 ]ntud pmimrodsffn boaorubon uronm.

Dliplsoso 8


BfGa2 6; erfi
 Fqufjmst 6;; ia
Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne BfGa2 6; erfi jfn ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss.
 Afrutdfn jmnefn fqufjmst 6;; ia sfiboa jo`lilemndfn.
 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt.

6=. Afrutf
Afrutfn
n Clugmo
Clugmo

Cunesonyf 8 ]ntud pmimrodsffn boaorubon uronm.

Dliplsoso 8
 Fsfi Zrog`alrl Fgmtft 2= erfi

 CmGa7 6; % 6; ia

 Fqufjmst 6;; ia
Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 [opmt CmGa7 6; % smbfnyfd 6; ia dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss

 Zfibf`dfn fqufjmst 6;; ia sfiboa jo`lilemndfn.

 Zoibfne fsfi trog`alrl fgmtft smbfnyfd 2= erfi, afau ifsuddfn dm jfafi

afrutfn CmGa7 6;% tfjo jfn `lilemndfn.
07
  Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt.

63. Afrutfn
Afrutfn Wuaglwo
Wuaglwog`
g`
Cunesonyf 8 ]ntud pmimrodsffn dfasoui uronm.

Dliplsoso 8
 Fsfi Afdtft 2,= erfi

 Filnoui Lxfaft 2,= erfi

 Fsfi Fgmtft Eafsofa = ia

 Fqufjmst 6=; ia
Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne Fsfi Afdtft 2,= erfi jfn Filnoui L
Lxfaft
xfaft 2,= erfi

 Fiboa fsfi fgmtft eafsofa = ia ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss


Zfibf`dfn fsfi lxfaft jfn filnoui lxfaft dmiujofn fjud jmnefn bftfne
Zfibf`dfn
pmnefjud.
 tfibf`dfn jmnefn fqufjmst sfipfo 6=; ia afau `lilemndfn.

 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt.

65. Afrutfn
Afrutfn Fsfi Wuaclsfaos
Wuaclsfaosoa
oa 2;%
Cuneso 8 ]ntud pmimrodsffn prltmon uronm.
Dliplsoso 8
 Fsfi Wuaclsfaosoa 2; erfi

 Fqufjmst 6;; ia
Gfrf [mibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne Fsfi Wuaclsfaosoa 2; erfi jfn ifsuddfn dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss.

 Afrutdfn jmnefn fqufjmst 6;; ia jfnboa jo`lilemndfn.

 Ifsuddfn dm jfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt.

60. Afrutfn
Afrutfn Aucc Wg`rlla
Wg`rlla
Cuneso 8 untud fnfaosf dfjfr euaf rmjudso
Dliplsoso 8

0:
  GuWL: 2= er

 Nf2GL7 62= er

 G@7GLL@ =; er

 Fqufjmst 6;;; ia
Gfrf imibuft 8
 Bfeo smiuf bf`fn imnhfjo 2, afrutfn F jfn afrutfn B
 Ifsuddfn G@7GLL@ dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss yfne bmroso fqufjmst smbfnyfd =;
ia smgfrf pmraf`fn-af`fn
 Afrutfn F 8 ifsuddfn GuWL : smbfnyfd 2= erfi dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss, afau
tfibf`dfn fqufjmst smbfnyfd 2= ia
 Af
Afru
rutf
tfn
n B 8 pf
pfnfs
nfsdfn
dfn fq
fqufj
ufjms
mstt :;
:;;
; ia
ia,, sm
smtm
tmaf
af`
` pf
pfnfs
nfs ifsu
ifsudd
ddfn
fn Nf2GL7
smbfnyfd 62= erfi dm jfafi bmfdmr eafss, afau fjud `oneef `lilemn


Gfipurdfn afrutfn G@7GLL@ jfn afrutfn GuWL : dm jfafi afrutfn Nf 2GL7
smgfrf pmraf`fn-af`fn sfiboa jofjud `oneef `lilemn
 Ifsuddfn afrutfn dmjfafi bltla rmfemn jfn tfibf`dfn fqufjmst `oneef 6;;;
ia sfiboa jo`lilemndfn.

6?. Rmfemn
Rmfemn ELZ
ELZ
rmfemn ono tmrbfeo bmnhfjo 2 jfn joeunfdfn jfafi pmimrodsffn ELZ
6) Rmfe
Rmfemn
mn 6 (mnzy
(mnzyim
im rmf
rmfem
emnt
nt))
Zmrjoro jfro 8
 Zros p@ 9 5,0
 A-Fspfrtft

 IJ@

 AJ@

0=
 2) Rmfemn
Rmfemn 2 (stf
(stfrto
rtone
ne rmfe
rmfemnt
mnt))
Zmrjoro jfro 8
 2-lxleautfrft
 [orojlxfa‗ =-p`lsp`ftm p@ 9 ?,3

 Ellj‟s buccmr

2;. Rmfemn
Rmfemn E[Z
E[Z
Rmfemn ono tmrbfeo bmnhfjo 2 jfn joeunfdfn jfafi pmimrodsffn E[Z
6) Rmfem
Rmfemn
n 6 (mnzy
(mnzyim
im rmf
rmfem
emnt
nt))
Zmrjoro jfro 8
 Zr
Zros
os buccm
buccmrr (p@
(p@ 9 5,=
5,=)) 6;
6;;
; iil
iila/
a/A
A

 A-Fafnon =;; iila/A

 AJ@ ≭ 6.2;; unot/A

2) Rmfemn
Rmfemn 2 (stf
(stfrto
rtone
ne rmfem
rmfemnt)
nt)
Zmrjoro jfro 8
 2-lx
2-lxle
leau
autf
tfrf
rftm
tm 6= iil
iila/
a/A
A
 NFJ ;,60 iila/A

 NfGa ;,? %

26. Afrutf
Afrutfn
n NfGa ;,?%
;,?%

03
 Joeunfdfn jfafi pmimrodsffn efiif EZ jfn jfafi pmimrodsffn prltmon cfsm fdut

Dliplsoso 8

 NfGa ;,? erfi

 Fqufjmst 6;; ia
Gfrf pmibuftfn 8

 Zoibfne ;,? erfi NfGa, ifsuddfn dmjfafi bmfdmr eafss

 Afrutdfn jmnefn fqufjmst 6;; ia sfiboa jo`lilemndfn

 Ifsuddfn dmjfafi bltl4 rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt

22. [mrmfdso
[mrmfdso bourmt

Joeunfdfn jfafi pmimrodsffn Efiif EZ jfn prltmon tltfa

Dliplsoso 8
 GuWL:.=@2L 0,= er

 DO 7,3 er

 Nf-sotrft 06 er
 NfL@ 0; er

 Fqufjms 6 aotmr
Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Rmfemn
Rmfem n F8 Afrutdfn
Afrutdf n 0,= erfi GuWL :.=@2L (tmruso) dm jfafi fdufjms 7;
iA. Dlgld sfipfo rftf. Mngmrdfn jmnefn fdufjms sfipfo =; iA.
 Rmfemn B8 Afrutdfn
Afrutdfn 7,3 erfi DO (dfaoui
(dfaoui oljojf)
oljojf) dm jfafi fdufjms 7;
iA. Dlgld sfipfo rftf. Mngmrdfn jmnefn fdufjms sfipfo =; iA.

05
  Rmfemn G8 Afrutdfn
Afrutdfn 06 erfi G7@:L@(GLL@)2GLLNf (Nf-sotrf
(Nf-sotrft),
t), =;
erfi Nf2GL7 jfn 0; erfi NfL@ dm jfafi fdufjms 3;; iA. Dlgld
sfipfo rftf.
 Afnedf` tmrfd`or, tfibf`dfn Rmfemn G jmnefn Rmfemn

F. Dlgld
Dlgld sf
sfip
ipfo
fo af
afru
rut.
t. Af
Afau
au sm
smtm
tmaf
af`
` Rmfe
Rmfemn
mn F jf
jfn
n Rmfe
Rmfemn
mn G af
afru
rutt
smipur
smipurnf
nf tfibf`
tfibf`dfn
dfn Rmfemn
Rmfemn B. Dlg
Dlgld
ld dmi
dmibfa
bfao.
o. Zmrfd`o
Zmrfd`orr mngmrdf
mngmrdfn
n
afrutfn tmrsmbut sfipfo 6;;; iA.

27. [mrmfdso
[mrmfdso efiif-ealbuaon
efiif-ealbuaon
Joeunfdfn jfafi pmimrodsffn Efiif EZ
dliplsoso 8
 Fiilnoui suacft 6,0 er


NfGa 2,?7 er
 Fqufjms 6;; ia
Gfrf Dmrhf 8
 Zoibfne fiilnoui suacft jfn NfGa jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi bmfdmr eafss

 Afrutdfn jmnefn 6;; ia fqufjmst

 Ifsuddfn dmjfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt.

2:. NfL@ ;,6 N

00
 Joeunfdfn untud pmimrodsffn Cmscftfsm Fadfao.
Dliplsoso 8
 NfL@ ;,: erfi
 Fqufjmst 6;; ia
[mr`otunefn 8

Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne ;,: erfi NfL@ jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi bmfdmr eafss

 Afrutdfn jmnefn fqufjmst 6;; ia sfiboa jo`lilemndfn

 Ifsuddfn dmjfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro mtodmt

2=. Afrutfn
Afrutfn Wtfnjfr [-Notrlp`mnl
[-Notrlp`mnlaa [`lsp`ftm
[`lsp`ftm ;,;2 I
Joeunfdfn untud pmimrodsffn Cmscftfsm Fadfao
Dliplsoso 8
 p-notrlp`mnla ;,250 erfi
 buccmr clscft p@ 5,: 6;; ia

Gfrf pmibuftfn 8

0?
  Zoibfne ;,250 erfi p-notrlp`mnla jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi bmfdmr eafss

 Zfibf`dfn buccmr clscft 6;; ia jfn `lilemndfn

 [fnfsdfn afrutfn sfiboa jofjud `oneef afrut

 Ifsuddfn dmjfafi afbu tfdfr jfn bmro afbma.

23. Afrutfn
Afrutfn nftroui
nftroui dfrblnft
dfrblnft 6: %

Joeunfdfn untud pmimrodsffn fsfi urft

Dliplsoso 8
 Nf2GL7 6: erfi
 Fqufjmst 6;; ia
Gfrf pmibuftfn 8
 Zoibfne 6: erfi nftroui dfrblnft jfn ifsuddfn dmjfafi bmfdmr eafss

 Zfibf`dfn 6;; ia fqufjmst sfiboa jo`lilemndfn

 Ifsuddfn dmjfafi bltla rmfemn jfn bmro afbma

BFB OS
[MN]Z][

6.6. DMWOI[]AFN
Rmfemn fjfaf`
fjfaf` suftu zft ftfu smnyfwf
smnyfwf ftfu afrutfn
afrutfn jfafi dlnsmntrf
dlnsmntrfso
so tmrtmntu
tmrtmntu yfne

joeunfdfn untud imnemtf`uo pmnhmafsfn jfro suftu fnfaosf jfro afblrftlroui. Xft ftfu bf`fn-

?;
bf`fn yfne jopfdfo tmrsmbut dmbfnyfdfn imefnjune bf`fyf. Lam` dfrmnf otu pmrau untud
imnemtf`uo bf`fn-bf`fn doiof yfne fjf jojfafi afblrftlroui bmsmrtf socft jfro bf`fn-bf`fn
tmrsmbut.
]ntud imibuft suftu rmfemn
rmfemn yfne tmrambo` jf`uau smlrfne prfdtodfn `frus imne`otune
imne`otune

juau erfi jfro zft yfne fdfn joafrutdfn ftfu jomngmrdfn. Dmiujofn `frus bosf imneeunfdfn
nmrfgf fnfaotod smbfod jfn smmcosomn iunedon. Nmrfgf fnfaotod imioaodo tonedft dmtmaotofn
yfne sfneft toneeo, dfrmnf otu bmdmrhf jmnefn nmrfgf ono `frus smgfrf `faus jfn `fto-`fto.
Imneeun
Imneeunfdfn
fdfn nmrfgf
nmrfgf fnfaot
fnfaotodp
odpun
un `frus
`frus smafau
smafau imafdud
imafdudfn
fn pmimro
pmimrodfs
dfsffn
ffn pmnjf`u
pmnjf`uauf
aufn
n
smbmaui iuafo imnoibfne. Wmtmaf` imnoibfne zft, smlrfne prfdtodfn `frus tf`u bfefoifnf
gfrf imafrutdfn ftfu imnemngmrdfn suftu zft. Bofsfnyf joeunfdfn fqufjms smbfefo pmafrut,
nfiun fjf bmbmrfpf zft tmrtmntu yfne tojfd jfpft joafrutdfn jmnefn fqufjms sm`oneef `frus
joafrutdfn imneeunfdfn pmafrut tmrtmntu.
Imjof pmrtuibu`fn
pmrtuibu`fn iodrllrefno
iodrllrefnosim
sim fjfaf`
fjfaf` suftu
suftu bf`fn yfne tmrjoro
tmrjoro ftfs gfipurfn
nutr
nutros
osoo (nut
(nutro
romn
mnt)
t) yf
yfne
ne joeu
joeunf
nfdf
dfn
n lam`
lam` suft
suftu
u io
iodr
drll
llre
refn
fnos
osim
im un
untu
tud
d tu
tuib
ibu`
u` jf
jfn
n
bmrdmibfnebofd pfjf imjof tmrsmbut.
Imjof bmrcuneso smbfefo tmipft toneefa, suibmr ifdfnfn, jfn pmnymjof nutroso bfeo
iodrllrefnosim yfne fdfn jobofdfn pfjf imjof, smafon otu imjof huef bmrcuneso untud
imibofddfn,
imibofddfn, imnefsonedfn
imnefsonedfn,, imneoroidfn
imneoroidfn jfn imyoipfn
imyoipfn iodrllrefn
iodrllrefnosim
osim jfafi wfdtu
yfne afif
afif jo afblrf
afblrftlr
tlroui
oui.. Imjof
Imjof huef
huef jfpft
jfpft joeunfd
joeunfdfn
fn untud
untud imipma
imipmafhf
fhfro
ro soc
socft-
ft-soc
socft
ft
dlalno/pmrtuibu`fn iodrllrefnosim, smrtf socft-socft boldo
boldoiofwonyf.
iofwonyf. Jo jfafi afblrftlroui
iodrlbolaleo dmjldtmrfn imjof huef jfpft joeunfdfn untud pmibuftfn fntoemn, tldson jfn

untud pfsfso duifn jmnefn tuhufn pmrubf`fn voruamnso jfn afon-afon.

Bf`fn jfsfr pmibuftfn imjof yfotu 8

 For (@2L) smbfefo pmafrut
 Fefr (jfro ruiput afut) yfne bmrcuneso untud pmifjft imjof. Fefr suaot jojmerfjfso
lam` iodrllrefnosim pfjf uiuinyf jfn imngfor pfjf su`u :=lG.
 Emafton huef imioaodo cuneso yfne sfif smpmrto fefr. Emafton fjfaf` plaoimr fsfi fionl

yfne joprljudso jfro dlafemn. Dmdurfnefnnnyf fjfaf` ambo` bfnyfd hmnos iodrlbf yfne
ifipu imneurfodfnnyf jobfnjone fefr.
?6
  Woaogf
Woaogf ema, yfotu
yfotu bf`fn
bf`fn yfne imnefn
imnefnjune
june nftrou
nftroui
i so
soaod
aodft.
ft. Cuneson
Cunesonyf
yf huef
huef smbfef
smbfefoo
pmifjft imjof. Woaogf ema d`usus joeunfdfn untud imifjftdfn imjof bfeo
iodrllrefnosim futltrlc lbaoeft.

JFCZFR []WZFDF

Iuaylnl, 2;;0, Imibuft Rmfemn Doiof jo Afblrftlroui, Hfdfrtf 8 Buio Fdsfrf

Afblrftlroui [ftlaleo Daonod CD-]EI,Zuntunfn

CD-]EI, Zuntunfn [rfdtoduidoiof daonod o,Bfeofn
o,Bfeofn [ftlaleo Daonod CD-]EI,
_leyfdfrtf,, 6??=.
_leyfdfrtf

R. Efnjfslmbrftf,[mnuntun Afblrftlroui Daonod , Jofn Rfdyft, Bfnjune,6??2.

Z`m Rlyfa Glaamem lc [ft`laleosts lc Fustrfafsof, Ifnufa lc ]sm fnj Ontmrprmtftoln lc

[ft`laley Zmsts,
Zmsts, Eroccon [rmss Atj., Nmtamy, Fustrfaof,6??;

Blnfne
Blnfne E. jfn Dlmswfrj
Dlmswfrjlnl
lnl M.W. 6?5?. Iodrlbolaleo Dmjldtmrfn untud Afblrftlroui jfn
daonod. Hfdfrtf 8 Erfimjof

Iosnfjofra
Iosnfjofray.,
y., jfn @ushfon
@ushfon Jhfhfnonerft.
Jhfhfnonerft. 2;6:. Iodrlbolaleo untud Daonod jfn Afblrftlroui.
Hfdfrtf 8 Ronmdf Goptf

Efnjfslmbrftf R. 2;;:. [mnuntun Afblrftlroui Daonod. Hfdfrtf 8 Jofn Rfdyft

?2