Jicj Cm`tulgj

JICJ CM@V^LGJ
Fn ij cûsgej y ni ljgin n` ni Igtmrji neujtmrg
neujtmrgj`m
j`m

Tgicj` Mrfõúnz Gturrjifn

UOJCÊ@ NFGVM\NU
 JICJ\DN@ 
E^JFN\@MU FN OGUVM\GJ W E^IV^\J

:
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

JD\JFNEGCGN@VM

Ji nsergtmr Djlrgni Egs`nrms, prnsgfn`tn fn ij Ejsj

fn ij Euiturj Ln`kjcã` Ejrrgõ` @ûeinm fni
Eogclmrjzm. Xmntj tmtji. Jcgdm y onrcj`m em`
qugn` emcpjrcms ni maegm fn ij pjijlrj y ims
jnetms.

J su Em`Em`sn
snkm
km Nfgt
fgtmrg
mrgji emcp
mcprmcn
mcnfms
fms em` ij
euitur
euiturjj pmpuijr
pmpuijr fn ijs
ijs fgvnr
fgvnrsgf
sgfjfn
jfnss çt`gejs
çt`gejs fn
`unstrm pjãs.

<
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Fnfgejfm j cgs fms lnlçs snúmrgtjs; Kmsnig`n J`joã,

Ejrmig`n Igssnttn. Cês jiiê fni jcmr cês jcmr cgs 
 pnqunújs.

5
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Ni eujrtntm fn ijs pjsgm`ns (fni cm`tuvgm) im em`stuyn` ij dugtjrrj,

ij cuknr, ni ejljiim y ni jdujrfgn`tn, y fn nsn eujrtntm ojen u`j
vjrgj
vjr gjfj
fj y pg`t
pg`tmr
mrnse
nsejj vgf
vgfj,
j, em
em`
` rnrnzj
zjdms
dms fn je
jetu
tufns
fns rmcê`
rmcê`ej
ejss n
gcpui
gc puism
smss qug
qugkm
kmtn
tnse
sems.
ms. Ij dudugt
gtjrr
jrrjj ns ni g`
g`st
stru
rucn
cn`t
`tm
m pr
prnf
nfgi
gine
netm
tm,,
cj`nk
cj `nkj`
j`fm
fm tjcl
tjclgç`gç` em
em`` cj
cjns
nstr
trãj
ãj ij cj
cj`fm
`fmig
ig`j,
`j, ni jemr
jemrfnõ
fnõ`` y ni 
rm`fã`. N` jidu`js pmlijegm`ns nxgstn` jû` ijs ajcmsjs lj`fjs fn
trns g`fgvgfums, j ljsn fn u`j jcjidjcj rjrj fn vgmiã`, rnfmlij`tn y 
lmclm, n`trn ijs qun sn fnstjej yj ij ajcmsj ‟lj`fj fni cjtn‗, euyms
g`strucn`tms sn vgn`n` onrnfj`fm fn pjfrns j ogkms fnsfn ij emim`gj
j `unstrms fãjs. Nsjs lj`fjs ijs mrdj`gzjrm` ims rnigdgmsms nspjúmins
 pjrj eninlrjr ijs nstjs
nstjs pjtrm`jins furj`tn ij fmcg`jeg
fmcg`jegõ`
õ` glçrgej. N`
sus kjrj`js y nstjs qun ns fm`fn ni Cm`tuvgm nstê n` eminevgfjf,
tmej y ej`tj ni ‟jcmr`m‗ y kundj pjpni gcpmrtj`tn ‟ni em`trjpu`tm‗ m
fnsjm fn ims gcprmvgsjfmrns, fm`fn iuen sus eujigfjfns fn pmntj
jduf
jd ufm
m m g` g`dn
dn`g
`gms
msmm, euy
uyjs
js gc
gcpr
prmv
mvgs
gsje
jegm
gm`n
`nss `m
`mss fnkj
fnkj`
` j vnevnens
smrprn`fgfms pmr ni kundm fn gfnjs y pjijlrjs. N` ij Xrmvg`egj fn
Cj`jlã ni tm`m cês pmpuijr ns ij ‟pmiej‗, j euym emcpês fj`zj`
jfcgrjlincn`tn. Nstj ‟pmiej‗ `m ns ij trjfgegm`ji Xmibj nurmpnj, ns
u` tm`m cjrejfm, fn n`tusgjstj emcpês y qun ni cm`tuvgm ljgij em`
djrlm y cjknstjf, qun fj j ijs cuknrns u` jgrn drjegmsm y jtrjevm,
sg` sn`sujigscm `g nxegtjegõ`. Uupm`ncms qun ni `mclrn fn ‟pmiej‗ 
vg
vgn`n
n`n pm
pmrr cjre
cjrejr
jrsn
sn ni cg
cgsc
scmm nc
ncpmpm y cmcmfu
fuije
ijegm`
gm`ns
ns fn ij Xmib
Xmibj
j
cu`fgjicn`tn em`megfj.
N` egnrtjs pmlijegm`ns fn ims \ãms y jû` fni g`tnrgmr fni Dujyjs sn
ej`
j`ttj` y lj
ljgi
gij`
j` tmfj
tmfjvã
vãj
j ijs
ijs pg`t
pg`tmr
mrns
nsej
ejss tm
tm`j
`jfj
fjss fn ‟i
‟ij
j punr
punrej
ej
rjspjfj
rjspjfj‗‗, ‟ni jiz
jizj
j qun tn oj` vgs
vgstm‗
tm‗,, ‟ni smc
smclrn
lrnrgt
rgtm‗
m‗,, nstn
nstn ûi
ûicm
cm n`
jidu`ms pjsjkns sncnkj ji Kjrjln Vjpjm n` ni jetm fn ljgijr ij cmzj
n` ni jij fni smclrnrm fni djiê`. N` Cj`jlã ns emcû`, pmr ij zm`j
`mrtn
`mrtn,, ij ajcm
ajcmsj
sj ‟g
‟gduj
duj`j‗
`j‗,, jqu
jquni
ni ‟jcmr
jcmr`m
`m‗‗ qu
qun
n tj`t
tj`tm
m du
dust
stõ
õ ji 
vgsgtjfmr nspjúmi Qjifçs fn Mejcpm n` ‟Vjclm \ndgm‗ ojen ij argminrj
fn <<8 júms, j su pjsm pmr fgeoj pmlijegõ`, fm`fn sndurjcn`tn
 prnsn`egõ
 prnsn`egõ u` sjrjm pgem. V
Vjclm
jclm \ndgm qun aun iundm Lmfndjs jomrj
Ljljomym.

\mfrgdm fn Vrgj`j (Nstufgms fn gfgmsg`erjsgj rndgm`ji-J`jins fn ij

^`gvnrsgfjf En`trji, Metulrn-Fgegnclrn, júm :75>)

6
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

J CJ@N\J FN X\ÕIMDM

Ni Neujfmr oj sgfm fgvgfgfm n` rndgm`ns pmiãejs y

`jtur
`j turjin
jins.
s. Ij rndgõ
rndgõ`` Igtm
Igtmrrji ns
nstê
tê em
em`s
`stu
tugfj
gfj pmr
sngs prmvg`egjs qun fn `mrtn j sur sm`; Nscnrjifjs,
Cj`jlã, Dujyjs, Uj`tj Nin`j, Ims \ãms y Ni Mrm (j
ijs Gsijs Djiêpjdms sn ijs sunin fjr u` trjtjcgn`tm
jpjr
jp jrttn). Duj
Dujyjs n`nn`n ni `ûcnr
ûcnrmm cês jit
jitm fn
ojlgtj`tns
ojlgtj` tns j `gvni `jegm`ji, 5‗>45.888 pnrsm`js y
ij prmvg`egj qun rnsuitj tnrenrj n` `ûcnrm j `gvni
`jegm`
`je gm`ji
ji ns CCj`jl
j`jlãã em` :‗56>.
:‗56>.888
888 ojlgt
ojlgtj`
j`tn
tns.
s.
Em` nxenpegõ`
nxenpegõ` fn Ims \ãms, tmfjs ijs prmvg`egjs
prmvg`egjs fni
Igtmrji lmrfnj` ijs emstjs fni Meçj`m Xjeãaem, im
euji ins fj su prmpgj ejrjetnrãsej.

Ni jduj cjrg`j
cjrg`j y,
y, n` egnrtms
egnrtms ejsms,
ejsms, ij uvgji
uvgji ns ij
un`tn
un` tn fn cûipin
cûipinss emcpmrt
emcpmrtjcgn`
jcgn`tms
tms euiturj
euiturjins
ins
n` ijs smegnfjfns emstj`nrjs y fni igtmrji. Ni cjr, ij
tncpnrjturj y u`j nxulnrj`egj `jturji prmpgj fni
Vrõpgem cjrej j ims punlims qun sn unrm`
fnsjrrmiij`fm n` nsjs ijtufns2 sg` fufj ni cjr ns
u` rneur
neursm
sm ―emcm
mcm lgn`
lgn` im jpu`
pu`tjrj
jrj nsn
nsn dr
drj`
j`
omclrn qun em`trgluyõ drj`fncn`tn j ij cûsgej
y ji mibimrn, emcm un Dugfm Djrjy- qun g`egfn n`
ij euiturj, n` ij djstrm`mcãj y tjclgç` g`egfn n`
ij cmvgigzjegõ` emcm vãj fn emcu`gejegõ` qun oj
sgfm usjfj j im ijrdm fn ij ogstmrgj
ogstmrgj pjrj trjsijfjrsn
j fgs
fgstj`t
j`tns ijrn
jrns2 oj
ojyy prun
prunl ljs qun
qun pnrcg rcgtn`
jsnvnrjr qun n` çpmejs prnemimclg`js ojlgtj`tns
fn nstjs nrrjs ogegnrm` vgjkns ojstj ijs emstjs fn
Cçxgem. Ims punrtms y rutjs fn g`tnre nrejclgm
emc
em cnreg
nregji
ji j trj
trjvçs fni
fni meçj`
eçj`m m pn
pnrc
rcg
gnr
nrm`
m` jsã 
jsã 
cgsc
cg scm m iinvjr y trjn
trjnrr ninc
nincn` n`ttms euitu
uiturrji
jinns, y
drje
drjeggjs j nst
nstjs egr
egreu
eu`s
`sttj`eg
j`egjs
js sn n`eun`
eun`tr trj`
j`
emcpm`n`tns fgvnrsms n` ijs nxprnsgm`ns
>
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

cusgejins qun sn jsn`tjrm` n` ij rndgõ` igtmrji y

qun iindjrm` g`eiusm nrrj jfn`trm.
Qjrgms dç`nrms cusge sgejin
jins y ej`egm`ns nstê`
rnijegm`jfjs em` ni jduj y em` ni cjr, tji ni ejsm
fn ijs ’jdujs– qun usj` ims g`fãdn`js Eojeogs y
Jrms n` ij prmvg`egj fn Nscnrjifjs; jduj emrtj,
jduj ijrdj, jduj emrrgfj, sm` nxprnsgm`ns sm`mrjs
fn ijs euiturjs `ndrjs n g`fãdn`js n` ijs qun ni
iãqugfm vgtji nstê sg`tm`gzjfm j sus rgtms, nstnkms y
fj`zjs (g`eiusm ―ju`qun `ndjvjcn`tn- pmfncms
rnemrfjr qun pmr ni cjr vg`gnrm` ims nseijvms fn
Êrgej). Ims rãms jsã cgscm sm` ijs onrrjcgn`tjs fn
vgfj
vgfj cês gcpm
gcpmrtrtj`
j`ttns pjr
pjrj ni cm
cm` `tulg
tulgm
m y sus
sus
jevgfjfns jdrãemijs y dj`jfnrjs. Lgn` pmfrãjcms

fna`gr j ijs
emcm ijs nxpr
nxprnsgm`ns
nsgm`ns
Euiturjs sm`mrjs
Cusgejins fni igtmrji emstnr
fni Jduj. emstnrm
m

N` mrcj dn`nrji pmfrãjcms ojenr u` eujfrm em`

ijs gfn`fjfns cusgejins cês cjrejfjs qun sn
punfn` rnem`menr n` ij rndgõ` igtmrji n` fgvnrsjs
çpmejs;
G`fãdn`j, euiturj cusgeji qun jomrj sn n`eun`trj
cgxaejfj em` mtrjs nt`gjs, emcm ns ni ejsm fn ims
Eojeogs, euyj cûsgej n g`strucn`tji mrdj`miõdgem

nstê emcpjrfmiijcjr
qun pmfrãjcms n` u`jFnEjrjetnrgzjegõ` Euiturji
ij cjrgclj, ku`tm j ims
Jrm (fn Neujfmr y Emimclgj) y Vsêeogijs. ^sj`
cjrgclj, dujsê, eu`u`ms y lmclm. Fni pjsjfm
rncmtm,
rncmt m, n` ijs euiturjs
euiturjs Cjeojigii
Cjeojigiij,
j, Eomrnrr
Eomrnrrj,
j, Kjcj,
Cgijdrm, nte., j trjvçs fn ims tnscm`gms
jrqu
jrqunm
nmiõ
iõdg
dgem
ems,
s, ns jel
jelin
in n`em
n`em``tr
trjr
jr u`
u`jj drj`
drj`
ej`fjf fn cunstrjs fn mtrms g`strucn`tms qun
sn ogegnrm` n` ljrrm, enrêcgej, pgnfrj, mrm y ounsm
(mlv
(mlvgj
gjcn
cn` `tn tjcl
tjclgç
gç`
` sn fnlg
fnlgnr
nrm`
m` em`s
em`str
trug
ugrr n`
cjtnrgjins mrdê`gems, smlrn tmfm ejújs). Em`mrcn
1
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

im oj imdrjfm nstjlinenr ij Jrqunmimdãj, ijs

euiitur
eu turjs fni Igtmrji
mrji pm
pmssnãj` u` jijittm drjf
drjfmm fn
fnsjrrmiim cusgeji jsã im tnscm`gj` ij fgvnrsgfjf,
ej`fjf y ejigfjf fn g`strucn`tms cusgejins qun
sn oj` n`en`em`trjf
trjfmm n` Cj` j`jl
jlãã, Ns
Nsc cnrji
nrjifj
fjss y
Dujyjs prg`egpjicn`tn.
 Jarm, euyj pmlijegõ` un trjãfj pmr unrzj fnsfn
Êrgej n` em`fgegõ` fn nseijvgtuf2 u`j fn ijs zm`js
fn jsn`tjcgn`tm n` ij rndgõ` Igtmrji ns ij prmvg`egj
fn Nscn
Nscnrrjifj
jifjs2
s2 ni em
em`k
`ku`
u`ttm fn cj
cjrg
rgcl
cljj ns su
pjreu
pjreuijr
ijrgfj
gfjf.
f. ^sj`
^sj` cjrgc
cjrgclj,
lj, eu`u`
eu`u`ms,
ms, dujz
dujzês,
lmclms, tjclmrns fn fgvnrsm tjcjúms y
emcpjrtn` dç`nrms em` ims jrms fn ij emstj fni
Xjeãaem
Xjeãa em sur fn Emimclgj y em` ims g`fgms Eojeogs.

Cm`tulgj, rnem`megfj rnegn`tncn`tn n` ij

Em`stuegõ` fn ij \npûligej emcm euiturj2 sn ij
vg`euij em` ni ejcpnsg`m fni igtmrji fn ijs fgs`tjs
fgs`tjs
prmvg`egjs2 ij dugtjrrj ns ij qun ej`jigzj sus empijs2
sus fj`zjs
fj`zjs unrm`
unrm` ni jcmr`m, ni jizj, ij ij  punrej
rjspjfj  n`tr
n`trnn mtr
mtrjs2 jetu
jetuji
jicn
cn``tn sn nxprns
xprnsjj j
trjvçs fni pjsjejiin, ni  pjsgiim y empijs fn ijs cês
vjrgjfjs.
Cûsgej fn sjiõ`  (qun `m un prgvjvj fni Igtmrji).

J pjrr ffni
nindj`tns n ijQgnkm
n`trEm``n`tn,
jfj fni vjisunrm`
  y fn ims ljgins
surdgn`fm
dç`nrms
dç`nr ms y ernjegm`ns qun ncuijlj` cusgejicn`
cusgejicn`tn tn
j ij jrgstmerjegj nurmpnj; cjz cjzure
urejs,
js, djv
djvmt
mtjs,
js,
em`trjfj`
em` trjfj`zjs
zjs,, pjsmf mlins  qun sn ernjrm` n`
pjsmfmlins
`uns
`u nstr
trjs
js ime
imejigf
jigfjf
jfns
ns22 jquã
jquã oj
ojyy qun sucsucjr u`
dç`nrm qun tuvm drj` rnprnsn`tjegõ` `jegm`ji y n`
ij rndgõ` emstj y qun pjsõ iundm j ij cûsgej
pmpuijr; ni  pjsgiim, ni cgscm qun `jegõ
g`gegjicn`tn emcm pjrtn fn ij cûsgej fn sjiõ`.
(Euj`fm sn un enrrj`fm ni prmensm fn ij cûsgej
4
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

fn sjiõ` pjrnen snr qun sus euitmrns sn rnpindjrm`

j snr g`strucn`stjs, smlrn tmfm fnstjejrm` emcm
pgj`gstjs).
Cûsgej pmrtnúj. J a`ns fni sgdim _G_ y emcgn`zms
fni sgdim __ g`drnsjrm` `unvms dç`nrms fn cmfj,
yj `m fn Nspjúj, Arj`egj, G`dijtnrrj, Jincj`gj m
Gtjigj, sg`m fni `mrtn fni em``n`tn jcnrgej`m, ni
 amxx trmt,  ni m`
 am m`n
n st np, ni tw
stnp m stnp, vjis lms
twm tm`,
lmstm`
fnsf
fn sfnn ijs
ijs J`i
J`iij
ijss ij ojlj`nrj  y fnsfn ni sur ni
tj`dm, n`trn mtrms. N` lun`j cnfgfj nstms
dç`nrms vgnrm` n` trj`spmrtn cjrãcm, cês jû`
n` ijs prgcnrjs fçejfjs fni sgdim __2 g`drnsjrm`
pmr ni punrtm y `m nrj ij cûsgej fn ims sjim`ns
nindj`tns pjrj ij jrgstmerjegj, sg`m pjrj ims sjim`ns

fn nrd
nc
ncnr ldjng`
intn lquurdnunsn
sns un
y sg`
pj`rtjm`gz
sg ijj`fm
m`gzj` eijsnem`cnnst
fm nsftgjj
cûsgej qun iindjlj j ims cês fgstj`tns iudjrns j
trjvçs fn fgsems y m`õdrjms. Ij cûsgej pmrtnúj
vgn`n j snr u`j nspnegn fn cnszjkn urlj`m qun
surrdgõ
su dgõ fni g`tnre nrejcl
jclgm eui
euitur
turji rnjig
njigzzjfm
jfm n`
punrtm2 cûsgej qun vn`ãj j trjvçs fn vgjknrms, n`
ims luquns, ejrdunrms y ncljrejegm`ns qun trjãj`
tjclgç` g`strucn`tms cusgejins (pgj`ms, jutjs,
eunrfjs fn g`strucn`tms, dugtjrrjs, nte.),
cn
cnejej`g
`gsc
scms
m`õdrjms,mspgj`mijs),
fn rnpr
nprmfue
mf ueeg
egõ`
fgsems,õ` sm
sm`m
`mrrj y (vgt
pjrturjs (vgtrrmijs
mijs,,
cûsgems
qun iindjlj` fn uitrjcjr. Vmfm jquniim qun iindõ j
trjvçs fn nstj vãj g`uyõ fntnrcg`jfjcn`tn n` ni
em`
em `tnxtm
xtm fn ijs
ijs egu
egufjfn
fjfnss prg`
prg`egegpj
pjin
inss fni pj pjãs
ãs..
Xjrnen qun nstn pm fn cûsgej, qun `m n`n u`j
rnpr
prns
nsn`
n`ttjeg
jegõ` n` ij ernj
ernjeg
egõ`
õ`,, n` n`nn su ljs ljsn
nsn`egjicn`tn n` ni usm y u`egõ` y jomrj nstê
em`dim
em` dimcnr
cnrjfj
jfj n`  im trmpg
trmpgej i , qugzê tmcõ nsj
eji 
fgrneegm`jigfjf j pjrr fni lminrm j`iij`m y sus

?
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

fnrgvjegm`ns qun fgnrm` `jegcgn`tm j ijs iijcjfjs

mrqunstjs fn ljgin, sgn`fm ij Mrqunstj Lijegm u`j
fn ijs cês rnprnsprnsn`
n`ttjvjs y pgm`nr
m`nrjs
js.. Emcm
mcm
sgdugn`fm nstj iã`nj, ju`qun su g`drnsm n` çpmejs
em`tnc
em` tncpmr
pmrê`njs
ê`njs sn em`ern
em`erntn
tn fn mtrjs
mtrjs mrcjs,
mrcjs, ij
sjiisj,
sj sj, ni rnddjntõ`  y nxprns
xprnsgm
gm`n
`nss ij`
ij`js
js n` ogp-
omp y mtrjs vjrgj`tns n`n` sus sndugfmrns y u`ms
euj`tms ernjfmrns kuvn`gins.
Cûsgej pmpuijr emstnúj  qun sn un em`smigfj`fm
n`trn a`ns fni sgdim _G_ y emcgn`zms fni __ y qun
sn un
un ja`ej`fm
j`fm fn`tr
n`trm
m fn ims dç`n `nrrms fn ij
iijcjfj ’cûsgej `jegm`ji–, sgn`fm ni  pjsgiim im cês
rnpr
nprnsn`
nsn`ttjv
jvm fn nst
nstn cmfn
cmfnim
im.. Un fgsfgs`du
`duãj
ãj
eijrjcn`tn ji pjsgiim emstnúm, ji pjsjejiin, ji vjis

syuiundm
s rnssn
pnsucjrãj`
evms g`ijstçrnxprnsgm`ns
prntns y rmeminrjs
prn emcpmsgtmem`rns
rndgm`jins. N` jidjidu`ms ejsms emcm ni fn ims
emcpmsgtmrns y ej`tj`tns @gejsgm Ujjfg, Dm`zjim
Qnr
nrj,
j, Ejrims
Ejrims \ulgr
\ulgrjj G`j
G`j`t
`tnn y Kuigm
Kuigm Kjr
Kjrjcgii
jcgiim,
m, su
jpmrtn smlrnpjsõ im rndgm`ji, jiej`zj`fm
rnem`
rn em`meg
megcgn
cgn`t
`tm
m `jegm`
`jegm`jiji n g`tn
g`tnr`j
r`jegm
egm`ji
`ji,, mlrjs
mlrjs
emcm Dujyjqugi fn cgs jcmrns, Eogeoj ig`fj, N`
ijs inkj`ãjs  y \mcj`en fn cg fns`m,  sm` prunlj
fn niim. N` ij jetujigfjf ij cgdrjegõ` y su
g`tnrjeegõ` euiturji y ij jcpigj djcj fn
pmsglgigfjfns fn fgvuidjegõ` fn ims cnfgms j `gvni
`jegm`ji n g`tnr`jegm`ji vj` mrkj`fm gfn`fjfns
n` em``um ukm y ejclgm qun emcm n` cueojs
pjrrtns fn ns
pj nsttn tnrrg
rrgtmrg
mrgm iijc
ijcjfm
jfm Neu
eujf
jfmr
mr sn
fnsn`vunivn smrtnj`fm tmfm pm fn
egreu`stj`egjs; g`nqugfjf, jitj fn mpmrtu`gfjfns,
jeensm j nfuejegõ` y sjiuf, jeuiturjegõ`, pmems
nspjegms pjrj ij g`vnsdjegõ`
g`vnsdjegõ` y fgvuidjegõ`, n`trn
mtrjs sgtujegm`ns.

7
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Enrrj`fm nstj pj`mrêcgej prnsn`tjegõ` fnlncms

cn`egm`jr qun ni Igtmrji oj tn`gfm jidu`ms
g`vn
g`vns
sddjfmrn
jfmrnss fni êrnj
êrnj cusge
cusgeji
ji y mib
mibiõr
iõrge
gejj qun
oj` fnkjfm gcpmrtj`tns trjljkms puligejfms, pnrm
n`trn niims sn fnstjej` `ãfjcn`tn; Cj`uni fn
Knsûss Êi
Knsû Êivvjrnz
jrnz (Ni cm`tulgm y su cûsgej, :7<7),
Cmfnstm Eoêvnz Arj`em (Erõ`gejs fni Dujyjqugi 
j`dum, :758), \mfrgdm Eoêvn
Eoêvnzz Dm`zêin
Dm`zêinzz ( Nstufgms
fn gfgm
gfgmsg`er
sg`erjegj
jegj rndgm `ji , :75>), Kus`m Emr`nkm
rndgm`ji 
(Ej`tjrns fn ij emstj neujtmrgj`j ), Dugfm Djrjy
(Xrmyneegõ` nstçej emstnúj , :747) y n` ncpms
em`
em`tncpm
ncpmrrê`nm
ê`nmss Tgic
Tgicj`
j` Mrfõ
Mrfõúnúnzz (Duj
(Dujyjyjqu
qugigi,,
:717-), qugn` iinvj <> júms fn jevgfjf emcm
fgrnetmr y u`fjfmr fn ij Emcpjúãj fn Fj`zjs
\ntrmv
trmvjf
jfmrmr,, jsã
jsã emcm
emcm u` `utr `utrgf
gfm
m ej
ejttêi
êimd
mdm
m fn
jpmrtns
jpmrt ns g`vnsd
g`vnsdjvjvms;
ms; Ni jcmr`m; ej`tm cjymr 
fni cm`tulgm2 Ni jizj qun tn oj` vgstm; ogstmrgj
smegji fn ij cûsgej y ims ljgins cm`tulgms   y Dugfm
Djrjy u` tnscm`gm `nensjrgm , n`trn mtrms. Unj
çstj puns, ij mpmrtu`gfjf pjrj rnsjitjr su
pnrc
pn rcj`j`n`
n`ttn emcp
mcprmcg
mcgsm em` ni fnsj
fnsj m ququnn
rnsuitj ojenr g`vnsdjegõ` n` ni pjãs, jsã emcm
jdrjfnenr su jnetumsm rneglgcgn`tm euj`fm `ms
oncms trjsijfjfm j su nrrj j emcpjrr
jevgfjfns fn trjljkm y ijrdjs omrjs fn tnrtuigj
cusg
cu sgej
eji.
i. Anig
Anigeg
egtj
tjcm
cmss ij `unv
`unvj puli
pulige
geje
jegõ
gõ`
` fn
`unstrm giustrjfm jcgdm qun jomrj `ms prnsn`tj
-em` ni sjlnr y ejrgúm qun in ejr jrjjetnrgzj- su
tnscm`gm smlrn ni cm`tulgm y sus nxprnsgm`ns
euiturjins.
Agfni Xjlim Dunrrnrm
Cusgeõimdm
Ogstmrgjfmr cusgeji 
Fgrnetmr fn Em`cûsgej
Zugtm, kuigm <8::.

:8
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

G@V\MF^EEGÕ@

 Jû` nxgstn`,
nxgstn`, fn`trm fn ijs pmlijegm`ns rurjins, n` ims ejsnrãms fn ijs
emstjs
emstjs fni igtmrji, jquniims vgnkms ej`tmrns qun, emcm ni pjyjfmr 
jrdn``m, dujrfj` n` sus j`dujs ej`egm`ns, ij nsn`egj, ijs
ûicjs cnimfãjs fn ij cûsgej pmpuijr fni igtmrji. Um` vgnkms
rnfuetms janrrjfms j tjrtjcufnjr ijs ejfn`egjs fn u`j cnimfãj
nspnegji qun `ms ejuvj, `ms g`uyn u` jcmr ji j`enstrm, `ms
g`ynetj u` sn`cgn`tm cuy om`fm j `unstrm ijr y `unstrjs cuknrns.
Vm`jfjs mrgdg`jiãsgcjs, em`strnúgfjs ji vnrsm êspnrm y furm, qun
`ms fmcg`j` em` su in`dujkn emrtjfm y ergmiim, y qun, pmr ij
vjrgnfjf jsmclrmsj fn sus tm`jigfjfns, pmr su cmvms rãtcgems,
sus cmvgcgn`tms nxprnsgvms,
nxprnsgvms, su sniim eiêsgem fn sgcpigegfjf y su
ejrjetnrãsej
ejrjetnrãsej cm`mtm`ãj, lgn` punfn` snr emineegm`jfjs n` u`j
 amrcj egn`ej
egn`ej y snr g`emrpmrjfjs emcm trmz
trmzms
ms sninetms fn `unstrj
cûsgej `jegm`ji, n` ij jenpegõ` fni sn`fm amibiõrgem.

 Kmsç Xjrnfns Igtjrfm

Ni prmlincj fn ij
i j Cûsgej n` ni Neujfmr
Neujfmr.. Dujyjqugi, kuigm fn :751.
\nvgstj Jrtn # :1.

@m tmcn` nstm emcm `nenfjf kõvn`ns. Ugn`tj` ij

anstj, cg nigz anstj cm`tulgj. Ij qun fnsfn ojen
cês fn <8 júms nstnkm em` \ntrmvjfmr j ij
smc
smclrj
lrj fn ijs cês fgv fgvnrsj
nrsjss fga
fgaeuit
uitjf
jfns
ns pjrj
jrj
rnjig
njigzzjr g`v
g`vnsd
nsdje
jegõgõ`
` n` `uns
`unstrtrm
m punr
punrtm
tm y pjãs
pjãs
emcm
emcm lgn`
lgn` snúji
snújijj cg jcgd
jcgdm
m cusg
cusgeõ
eõim
imdm
dm Xjl
Xjlim
im
Dunrrnrm.

Omy qugn
Omy qugnrrm em`v
em`vnr
nrsj
sjrr em`
em` ust
ustnf
nfns
ns22 igigdn
dnrg
rgtm
tm,, sg
sg`
`
pmsns fn g`tninetuji `g jejfçcgem2 sg` pnsjfnz,
smim
sm im em`
em`vnr
vnrsjr
sjr, emcm
emcm em em`
`vnr
vnrsj`
sj` ust
ustnf
nfns ns n` ni
ljrrgm, n` ni emindgm. Zugnrm em`vnrsjr pjrj ku`tms
innr
innr ns
nsttn rnijt
nijtm
m fn fgvu
fgvuid
idjeg
jegõ`
õ` qun
qun trjt
trjtjj smlr
smlrnn
`unstrj cûsgej y iundm g`tnrimeutjr, sã,

::
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

g`tnrimeutjr, emcpjrr jidm qun `ms g`qugntn smlrn

cûsgej, smlrn `unstrj cûsgej y ljgin igtmrjin`sn.

Omy kõ
Omy kõvvn`ns
n`ns,, kust
kustm
m omy
omy qun
qun fneg
fnegfm
fm vmiv
vmivnr
nr j im
cm`tulgm fnserglgn`fm nstj pj`mrêcgej smlrn ij
cûsgej n` ni Igtmrji neujtmrgj`m j trjvçs fn ij
em`vnrsj. ^`j em`vnrsj emcpjrfj. Ij em`vnrsj
qun g`gegç n` cg rnegn`tn iglrm Amibimrn y Umegnfjf;
pjrr
pj rrj
jjf
jfjj smlr
smlrnn im emfg
mfgj` j`mm fn u` Du
Dujjyjqug
jqugii
trjfgegm`ji y cmfnr`m. Ns qun em`vnrsjr ns prmpgm
fn cm`tulgms, ½y fn tmfms ims cmrtjins= W j trjvçs
fn ij em`vnrsj g`sgstm n` ijs emsjs sn`egiijs, n` ijs
emsjs fni jicj y ij mrjigfjf cm`tnsej. Cm`tu`j.
Cm`
Cm `tulg
tulgjj pjr
pjrj rndgm
ndgm`j
`jigigzzjr ni em`e
em`enp
npttm fn su
euiturj y pjrj rnemrfjrins j ustnfns y rnemrfjrcn
j cã qun nstjcms oneoms fn ij cgscj sjvgj.

’^`m vunivm sgncprn j ims vgnkms sgms fm`fn jcõ

ij vgfj– ej`t
j`tj Eojv
ojvnij
nij Qjrd
jrdjs y `jfj
`jfj ns cês
enrej`m j ij rnjigfjf qun nstj jarcjegõ`
smegmeuiturji.
smegmeuitur ji. Jsã vunivm
vunivm j ij pmcjrrmsj
pmcjrrmsj y ji ejukn.
J ij j`duj tjclmrj fn eunrm fn sjã`m y j ijs
susu`djs, ni lmtmtm y ijs jutjs fn ejújs dujfûjs2
vunivm j ij dugtjrrj qun qunfõ n`trn `msmtrms pjrj
jindrjr ni jicj dgtj`j qun iinvjcms fn`trm. Qunivm
ji jemrfnõ` qun cn rnvniõ ijs mrcjs emrnmiõdgejs
emrnmiõdgejs
fni pjsnm y ij vunitj fni Ljgin fn eojclgtjs n` ij
rnvmiuegõ` fni vgnkm y qunrgfm Nimy. Qunivm ji cgtm
jzjrmsm fni ejcpm cm`tulgm n` u` rnemrrgfm qun
ims g`eiuyn kõvn`ns. ^`m vunivn, sgncprn vunivn,
`u`ej mivgfn` nstm.

Zugnr
Zugnrm
m em` nstnstm tn`fnr
`fnr ij cnsjnsj y ojl
jliijr em`
ustnfns.
ustnfns. Ojlijrins igdnrgtm
igdnrgtm ejsg ej`tj`fm ji mãfm fn
su sn`sglgigfjf kuvn`gi. Vn`fnr ij cnsj y fnegrins
:<
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

qun ji ojli
qun ojlijr
jr ej`t
j`tncm
ncms ku`t
u`tms
ms22 qun ji ojli
jlijr
ej`tncms u`j fj`zj j ij jdrgeuiturj cm`tulgj m ji
ojlijr ej`tncms u` ej`tm j ij emsneoj igtmrjin`sn.
Zun ej`tncms u` rmcj`en m u`j ljijfj
trjfgegm`ji m cmfnr`j2 jquniij ljijfj Vus mkms fn
\mfrgdm fn Vrgj`j. Jsã ustnfns vmivnrê` su
jtn`egõ` j im cês enrej`m fn su rnjigfjf
sgclõigej. J su rnjigfjf euiturji igtmrjin`sn. Nstj
rnjigfjf qun un fn sus jlunims y pjfrns y qun
omy ins pnrtn`nen j ustnfns.

Vus mk
mkms
ms sm
sm`
` fmfmss iu
iueenr
nrms
ms//n` ij
ijss `meo
`meonsns fn tu
tuss
mknrjs/snrê` smins cjúj`nrms/euj`fm pgn`sns qun
cn qugugn
nrj
rjs/
s/sg
sg cn cgrjs cn js jsns
nsgg`j
`js/
s/sg
sg`m
`m cn
cgrjs cn cunrm/pmr tus cgrjfjs fgvg`js/ojrç im
qun `u`ej qugnrm.

Kjcêss kõvn
Kjcê kõvn`n
`nss cn jsmc
jsmclrlrõ
õ sj
sjln
lnrr qu
qunn ust
ustnf
nfns
ns
nstê` oneoms fn cûsgej. Zun ustnfns sm` kõvn`ns
cmfnr`ms. Zun sm` kõvn`ns n` cmvgcgn`tm. Zun
fgetj n` ustnfns u`j fgjiçeej
fgjiçeej emrpõrnj
emrpõrnj cmfnr`j.
Zugç` `m n`n`fj nstm `m n`tn`fnrê kjcês ij
rjduj mdmsj fn ij vgfj. Ij vgfj qun n` ustnfns
 kõvn`ns ns purj
purj vgfj y `m vgfj msgigz
msgigzjfj.
jfj.

Nstm kõvn`ns qun ns tj` smim u`j em`vnrsj smlrn

`unstrj cûsgej igtmrjin`sn fnln pnrcj`nenr n`
lmej fn ustnfns. Fnln snr su cûsgej y su vnrlm.
Fnln,
Fnl n, qug
qugzzês, ojstj
ojstj snr su jitnr ndm nseç`gem. Uu
rnprnsn`tjegõ` gfn`tjrgj fj`zjfj. Unr su Eiãm y
su Nnlm. N` tmfm ejsm snr , qun pjrj ojenr 
emrrnspm`fn u`j igdnrj fgstj`egj.

Umim fms
Umim fms emsj
emsjs,
s, -½qu
-½qugz
gzês
ês trns
trns== (n
(nsstn qugz
qugzês
ês trns
trns
tõcn`im em` sêrj y kmemsgfjf pmr ims qun fgen`
:5
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

sjlnr cês y qugzês `m snpj` `jfj fn cûsgej `g fn

ij emfgj`gfjf fn ustnfns)- n`n`fm eijrm;
euj`fm u`m `m sjln smlrn su cûsgej, ns qun `m sn
ij n`sn
n`snúj
újrrm` ims
ims cjns
cjnstr
trms
ms m qugz
qugzês
ês `u`e
`u`ejj sus
sus
snrns enrej`ms ins ej`tjrm` ji mãfm.

½N`t
N`tm`en
m`enss ljgijgijr su cûsg ûsgej tjc
jcppmem sjln jln`=
Fnsem`m fn nstm. On vgstm j ims kõvn`ns ljgijr
lgn` su cûsgej. @unstrj cûsgej. Vji emcm ljgij`
omy rnddjntõ`  y  pnrrnm  ljgij` tjclgç` u`
pjssjeji
pj jejiiin, u` vji jiss m u` jcmr
jcmra a`m.
`m. Lj
Ljggij` u`j
tm`jfj, zjpjtnj` em` mrduiim sus Ljgins fn
iêcpjrj. Ims Ljgins fn ejkõ`  y dmipn fn nrrj  qun
ljgijrm` sus j`tnensmrns. W ims on vgstm ljgijr em`
dustm. Ljgijr em` ni cgscm pijenr fni ljgin
cmfnr`m pmrtnúm. Em` ni pijenr cmfnr`m fn ij
fnsg`oglgegõ` kuvn`gi `jegn`tn. Xnrrnm m jcmra`ms,
`jfj g`tnrpnij j ims kõvn`ns, sm` iglrns, y mkjiê
sgncprn sgdj` sgn`fm iglrns. Mkjiê yj `jfgn msn
fnse
fn seji
jiga
gaej
ejrr sus
sus `un
`unvjs cj`n
cj`nrrjs fn lj ljgigijr
jr sus
sus
ljgins. Zun `jfgn msn sjtj`gz
sjtj`gzjr
jr sus ljgins fn ustns
ejr`jins y iu`êejs jindrãjs.

Ugdj` ljgij`fm kõvn`ns `m sn fnkn` rmljr ij

jindrãj. W tjcpmem pnrcgtj` qun rmln` su cûsgej
y sus ljgins2 su cûsgej y ljgi jgins igtmrj
mrjin`sns.
Jcmra`ms, eogdùjims, tm`jfjs, pjsjejiins, vjisns,
pjsgiims emstnúms2 n` a`, nstms ljgins y ej`tjrns
qun ims fna`n` y ejrjetnrgzj`. Zun ins fj sn`fm
y pn
pnrrtn`n`
n`n`eg
egj.
j. Zun ins
ins fj gfn`
n`fjf,
jf, pjijijl
jlrrj
’prmejz– qun sgd`gaej im qun sn ns y rnprnsn`t
rnprnsn`tj.
j.

N`tm`ens u`egm`j ij em`vnrsj, fn nstm trjtj nstn

pnqu
pnqunúnúm
m iglr
iglrm.
m. Ns
Nstn
tn prgc
prgcnr
nr igiglr
lrm
m fn Ji
Jicj
cjrrdn`,
dn`,
Eujf
Eu jfnnr`
r`ms
ms fn ogsogstmrg
mrgj y euitu
uiturrj. Xrm
Xrmynet
netm fn
:6
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Uoêcj`
Uoêc j` Nfgtmrn
mrns y fn trn trns jin
jindrns
drns drns
drns,, -½m
qugzês eg`em= (ojlim fn ijs ’sojcj`js– js– qun
g`tndrj`
g`tndrj` jquçi
jquçi eiul iin`m
iin`m fn sãclmims)-, qun vgvn`
vgvn`
dusstmsms
du msms ij cmfn
cmfnr` r`gf
gfjf
jf sg`
sg` fn
fnkj
kjrr fn ijfm
ijfm u`u`jj
trjfgegõ` qun n`rgqunen ij cncmrgj.

Tgicj` Mrfõúnz Gturrjifn

:>
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Ej`tjr cm`tulgm

Ij Emstj ojy qun em`menrij

Vmfj ij Emstj ns rjfgj`tn
Ug Dujyjqugi ns ij pnrij
Ij Emstj tmfj ns fgjcj`tn

Cm`tulgm ns su pnrsm`jkn
Ni jcmra`m ns su ej`egõ`
Qj ji djimpn n` su pjgsjkn
Zun n`drj`j su emrjzõ`.

N` tmfj ij Emstj ojy lrgsj

N` tmfj ij Emstj ojy smi
Ns ij cm`tulgj
cm`tulgj sm`rgsj
W ns ni cm`tulgm u` ergsmi.

Un pjsj fni omclrn fn igstm

Ij cuknr lniij y imzj`j
N` ni Jizj qun tn oj` vgstm
Ni ejejmtji sn n`djij`j.

Iuz y rnsem n` ij cjúj`j

Vrjdm y jcmr iueoj y jrrj
Ug ns qun sn nseueoj Ij Gduj`j
Ns qun vglrj ij dugtjrrj.

Qjimr jrrmkm prmcntn

Im cm`tulgm ojenrim cjeom
Em` ejrjlg`j y cjeontn
^` ¡Qgvj Jijrm! Ejrjeom.

Ij Emstj tmfm im eulrn

:1
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Ns cj`tm fn drj` vjimr

Drjegjs ji 7 fn Metulrn
Zunfõ iglrn ni Neujfmr.
Neujfmr.

Ej`tjr cm`tulgm ej`egm`ns

Zun surdn` fn ij ejljúj
Zun j`gcj` ims emrjzm`ns
Ug ni jicj vg`m fn Nspjúj.

\mfrgdm Eoêvnz Dm`zêinz

-\mfrgdm fn Vrgj`j-
(dujyjquginúm)

Fni iglrm J`tmimdãj fn ij igtnrjturj cm`tulgj.

cm`tulgj .
G`vnsdjfmrns Unrdgm Enfnúm, Jinkj`frm Dunrrj,
Tgicj` Mrfõúnz, Dnrcê` Jrtntj.

:4
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Xrgcnrj em`vnrsj.

Fn ij cûsgej n` ni Igtmrj
Igtmrjii neujtmrgj`m

Ij cûsgej n` ni Igtmrji nstê em`stugfj pmr vjrgms

rnnrn`
rn nrn`tn
tnss smegme
smegmeuit
uitururjin
jins,
s, sgclõi
sgclõigem
gemss y nsv
nsvms
ms
qun ij fgnrn`egj` n`trn sã y n`trn ijs mtrjs
cûsgejs fni pjãs. Nstms rnnrn`tns n`n` qun vnr
em` ij em`strueegõ` fn ijs gfn`fjfns, ijs
nt`gegfjfns, ij emfgj`gfjf y ims prmensms smegjins
n ogstõrgem
ogstõrgemss qun sn ernjr
ernjrm`
m` y rnernjr
rnernjrm` m` n`trn
n`trn ims
g`fg
`fgms `jtu
`jturrjins
jins prneminemimc
mclg
lg`m
`ms,
s, imimss lij`
lij`eems
nspj
ns pjúúmins
mins,, ims er
erggmii
miims
ms,, ims zjclm
jclmss y cuij uijtms
ejszms qun sn eruzjrm` n`trn eunrpms, vmens y
ncp
n cpms
ms fnsf
fnsfnn ni sgdi
sgdim
m _QG
_QG ojs
jsttj ni sg sgdi
dim
m _Q
_QGG
GGGG
euj`fm ij giustrjegõ` ojeãj su jpjrgegõ`
supm
su pm`g
`gn`
n`fm
fm ejclg
jclgmsms n` ijs ijs cn`
cn`tjijigf
gfjf
jfns
ns prn
prn
cmfnr`js.

Ims `j
`jtu
turrjin
jins prnemi
nemimc
mclglg`m
`mss jpmr
jpmrttjrm`
jrm` em`
nincn`tms imejins qun ni n`tmr`m y ni cjr ins
prmvnãj`. Ims eogieogins, ijs mejrg`js, ijs jutjs fn
ounsms, ims tjclmrns fn ejrjpjeoms fn tmrtudjs

ead
adur
m`urj`
nj`
eegmn`tr
n`
`jtrn
lnj`ims
imsy g`s
g`sntr
truc
knucn`
eutn`t
jltjms
` qu
qun
pjnrj ims
imsrgtg`fg
g`
msfgms
msy
onigigmi
on mijjtr
trãj
ãjss n` omcn`
mcn`jk jknn j fgms
fgmsns
ns y cgt
cgtms qun qun
ojlgtjlj` sus gcjdg`jrgms.

@m mlstj`tn snr nstn pnrgmfm gcpmrtj`tn pjrj ij

cûsgej igtmrjin`sn, ni eigcj, ims rnjsn`tjcgn`tms,
ij fnsjpjrgegõ` fn ijs nt`gjs y u` ijrdm nteçtnrj
gcpgfgõ qun ij trjfgegõ` pufgnsn em`snrvj rvjr
rndgs
ndgstr
trms
ms cusg
cusgej
ejin
inss y emr
emrnmdr
nmdrêa
êaem
emss fn je
jetu
turrj
g`fãdn`j emstnúj, jdrãemij y `jvndj`tn. Ug`
Ug`
:?
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

ncljrrdm nxgs
nclj xgstn` n` fnpõs
npõsgt
gtms
ms y cusn
cusnmsms fn ij
egufjf fn Dujyjqugi y ij rndgõ` vjigmsms
g`sstr
g` truc
ucn`n`ttms fn ljrr
ljrrmm, ouns
ounsm m y enenrrêcge
êcgejj qun
qun
jrqunõimdms dujyjquginúms y nxtrj`knrms
prnm
pr nmeueupj
pjfm
fmss fn g`geg
g`gegms
ms fni
fni sg
sgdi
dim
m __ ([ ([nv
nvji
jiim
ims,
s,
Omic, Xjr
Xjrfueeg
fueeg,, Utmtonr
Utmtonr,, Nstrj
Nstrjfj,
fj, nte.)
nte.) pufgnr
pufgnrm`
m`
rneup
rneupnr
nrjr
jr -n` nxej
nxejvj
vjegm
egm`n
`nss g` sgtu-
sgtu- y em`
em`snr
snrvj
vjrr
pjrj ni nstufgm pmstnrgmr fn ijs cncmrgjs y
pjtrgcm`gms cusgejins y nsvms fn nstjs euiturjs
emstnújs fnsjpjrnegfjs.

Ij cûsgej n` ni Igtmrji emim`gji ns fn

jsn`
jsn`tj
tjcg
cgn`
n`ttm ogsp
ogspê`
ê`ggem.
em. Ni jrpj
jrpj,, ij dugt
dugtjr
jrrrj, ij
lj`
lj `fmi
fmig`j
`j,, ni pgj`
pgj`mm fn pnfji
nfji,, sn jsuc
sucn imeji
meji
euj`fm ims nspjúmins emim`gzj` ijs euiturjs
`jturjins prmfuegn`fm u` sg`ernscm cnszm qun
fnvgn`n n` ergmiim pnrm jfncês n` cm`tulgm y
eomim emcm prmfuetm fn ij ijfg`gzjegõ` y eruen fn
rjzjs
jzjs.. Ij cûsg
cûsgejej n` nst
nstn pnrg
pnrgmf
mfmm sg lg
lgn`
n` ns fn
trjfgegõ` mrji, em` g`un`egj jrm-g`fãdn`j-lij`ej
y cm`tulgj, tjclgç` ns eijsgstj, pmpuijr y
lurinsej. Ij pnm`jfj y ims ojen`fjfms cjrej`
nstjs fgstj`egjs cusgejins n` ijs anstjs pûligejs
n` omcn`
omcn`jknjkn ji rny
rny, ims u`ms2
u`ms2 y ijs fni
fni cm`tn
cm`tn y
jifnjs qun sn nstnkjlj` emcm rnspunstj ji jlusm
y nxpimtjegõ`, ims mtrms2 ims pnm`ns ―j qugn`ns
ogegnrm` sn`r g`nrgmrns ni pmfnr maegji, ij Gdinsgj,
ij pmiãej y ij nem`mcãj fn jitm emtur`m-,
rnspm`fãj` em` cêsejrjs, sêrjs y vnrsms
gcprmvgsjfms j qugn`ns ims jvjsjiijlj` y mn`fãj`.

Cgn`trjs ims pjtrm`ns ljgijlj` Cjzurejs, Qjisns,

Xmiejs, Erjemvgj
vgj`js, Eoms, Em`trjfj`zjs js,,
Cg`
Cg`unt
untms,
ms, y Eujfr
ujfrggiijs,
js, ims pmlr
pmlrns
ns ljgi
jgijlj`
jlj`

Aj`
j`fj
fj`d
`dms
ms,, Eojc
Eojclj
ljs,
s, Anrn`
nrn`dm
dmss y Ej
Ej`f
`fgigins
ns n`
:7
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

tm`ms
m`ms,, ejej`
`tns
tns y rgtc
rgtcms
ms emcm
emcm ni jizj qun tn oj`
vgstm   (Jizj jizj qun tn oj` vgstm/`m tn oj` vgstm,
vgstm
vgstm `jf
`jfj/
j/ssmim smim tn oj` vgstm/ij n`jduj
n`jd
n` jduj
uj lm
lmrf
rfjf
jfj… )2 ij gduj`j  (Ug
j…)2 (Ug qu
qugn
gnrn
rn`
` sjln
sjlnr 
r 
snúmrns/ij vgrtuf fn ijs gduj`js/puns sn suln` pmr 
ni trm`em/y sn ljkj` pmr ij rjcjs…)2 ij punrej
rjspjfj (Xunrej punrej cn pnfgstn/punrej punrej
tn on fn fjr/vgvj ij punrej rjspjfj/sjidj` tmfms
j ljgijr…)2 ni têlj`m (Ni têlj`m cn pgej/cn pgej
jquã/quãtn`cn nsn têlj`m/qun vm j cmrgr…), nte.

Undû` cg lgsjlunij Cnrenfns Cjunim (jiinegfj)

 ―fn qugn` rnemdã ij intrj
intrj y cûsgej fn nst
nstjj ej`egõ`-
ni ljgin Ujej tu pgn  un cuy fgsputjfm n` ijs
emrrnrãjs cm`tulgjs;

Ujej sjej tu pgn

Fnkj qun ni mtrm tn pnrsgdj
@m fnsej`sns ojstj vnrim
Fmcg`jfm n` su lurfgiij
Ujej sjej tu pgn
Fjin ij cnfgj vunitj
[jpjtnrm j tu zjpjtm
Ij smtj`j j ij Gdinsgj
Ujej sjej tu pgn
Fnkj ni pm`eom n` ni pgsm
Zun sg im pgsj ji qun im ogzm
In emstjrê ij ejlnzj
Em` vnrsms fn em`trmvnrsgjs
Ujej sjej tu pgn
[jpjtnj unrtn ni ljgin
Zun ij fmúj qun sn n`trndun
Unrê ij euipj fni rjgin
Ujej sjej tu pgn

[jpjtnj unrtn ni ljgin.

<8
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Ij anstj pûligej fni ejr`jvji pusm vgsglin nstms

ljgins fn ejiinkjs qun sn fn`mcg`jrm` fn
Fgjligems, Eoj`zjs y Durujns em`trjrgj`fm j ij
Gdinsgj n` sus anstjs fn Emrpus. N` nstjs anstjs
ljgijlj` ims pmlrns em` ejijljzm fn cjtn j`eom y
trm`ems jounejfms fn dujeojpniã y pjim prgntm,
qun ji sm`jrims em` ijs pjicjs fn ijs cj`ms nstms
lrmtjlj` fgvnrsjs ’vmens– pnreusgvjs y sm`mrjs. N`
ni ej`tõ` Kukj` fn ij prmvg`egj fni Dujyjs, nstms
fgjligems y durujns sn iijcj` Cmkgdms. Ims
Cmkgdms sm` pnrsm`jkns n`cjsejrjfms qun ljgij`
sjit
sj itj`
j`fm
fm em` lj`f
lj`fjs
js fn punl
punlim
im iiiind
ndjf
jfjs
js fn ij
sgnrrj y fn Ujclmrm`fm` qun g`tnrprntj` fgvnrsms
rgtcms cusgejins.

N`trjfj
N`tr jfj ij \n \npû
pûlig
ligej
ej (:?58)
(:?58),, ni pjsje
pjsjejii
jiinn (Jrrm
(Jrrmzz
qunlrjfm pjrj ims pufgn`tns pmsemim`gjigstjs) y ni
pjsgigiim
pjs im (ljgin
(ljgin nind
nindj`
j`tn
tn fn pjsms
pjsms eruzj
eruzjfms
fms),
), -fn
mrgdn` nurmpnm-, unrm` ims rgtcms qun ims ergmiims
fn cnfgm pnim nkneutjlj` n` pgj`ms fn pnfji y
drj`
drj`fn fnss sjij
sjijss fn ejsjs
jsjs fn us
ustns rnpul
npuligigej
ej`j
`jss
n`trn zjpjtnjfms y jcmr`ms qun ims cm`tulgms
ljgijlj` y ej`tjlj` n` sus ejsjs fn ejúj y ejfn
qun nstuv
nstuvgnr
gnrm`
m` jsn`t
jsn`tjfj
jfjss n` ljrrgm
ljrrgmss pmpui
pmpuijrjrns
ns
emcm Ni Jsiinr
Jsiinrmm m Ij Em`emrf
Em`emrfgj.
gj. N` ij eg
egufjf
ufjf fn
Dujy
ujyjqugjqugii. Wj qun
qun n` ni ejcp jcpm, ij fçegc egcj, ni
jcmra`m y ims rmcj`ens fn lj`fminrms sn
ej`tjlj` y ljgijlj` emcm dmipn n‗ nrrj, kurõ`, m
eogdùjims.

Euj`fm
Euj` fm sn ernj
ernj ij Xrm
Xrmvg`e
vg`egj
gj fn Du
Dujjyjqug
jqugii (sg`
(sg`
em`s
m`sn`
n`sm
sm n`
n`tr
trnn ims
ims og
ogsstmrg
mrgjfm
jfmrns su neo
neoj fn
u`fjegõ`. J`duj Dmlnr`jegõ` fn Dujyjqugi (:415-

:?<8), tji emcm sn iijcjlj n` ij Emim`gj)   g`tndrjfj

<:
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

pmr ejsg tmfm ni igtmrji ji-- (em` ej`tm`ns emcm

Dujjyjqug
Du jqugi,
i, Fjui
Fjuin,n, Xunl
Xunlim
im Qgnk
Qgnkm
m, Ljlj
Ljlj,, Qg`e
Qg`ens ns,,
Cmrrm, Ljljomym, Uj`tj Nin`j y Cjeojij) j ims
ej`tms y ljgins ejcpnsg`ms ni Fr. Cmfnstm Eoêvnz
Arj`
Arj`em
em,, er
erm`
m`gs
gsttj fn ij eg
eguf
ufjf
jf fn DuDujjyjqug
jqugi,i, im
imss
fn`mcg
fn`m cg`õ
`õ Ljgi
jgins rndg
ndgm`
m`ji
jins
ns fn iêcpj
êcpjrrj. Zu
Zunn
sndû`
sndû` ni eom`nr
eom`nrm m Cj`un
Cj`unii fn Knsûs Êivjr
Êivjrnz
nz Immr
(n` sus Nstufgms mibiõrgems smlrn ni cm`tuvgm y su
cûsg
cû sgeej fn
fnii jú
júm
m :7<7
:7<7)) nstu
nstuvvm g`t
g`tnd
ndrrjf
jfm
m pmr
pmr ni
jcmra`m qun sn im jemcpjújlj em` dugtjrrj y ims
ljgins fn pjsnm y vunitj  em` tjclmrj fn eunrm fn
sjã`m y fms jutjs fn ejúj dujfûj, u`j onclrj y
mtrj cjeom, pjrj jrcm`gzjr ij cnimfãj.

Fn jquniims jcmra`ms sm` nstms nkncpims;

Ij `gúj qun nstê ljgij`fm

Xjrnen ig`fj jzuen`j
W ni djiê` qun ij jemcpjúj
Xjrnen ê`gcj n` pn`j.

Umy emcm sgiij vjqunrj

Xji ejljiim qun ns fnidjm
Xj ijs cuknrns lm`gtjs
Vn`dm u` vnrsm fnigejfm.
fnigejf m.

Ij snúmrgtj fn ji rn`tn
Zun ljgij em` jrrnljtm
[jpjtnj lgn` ni tm`m
\ncmij`fm ni djrjljtm.

N` ni trj`seursm iglnrji ij cûsgej ejclgj n` ni

Igtmr
mrjji neujtmrgj`m. Un vunivn rmcê`ej y
rnvmiuegm`jrgj. Ns u`j cûsgej qun j trjvçs fni

ljgin rndgm`ji fj eun`tj fni fgjrgscm emcljvm

<<
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

fn ims cm`tm`nrms rjfgejins. N` nstn pnrgmfm ni

ljgin fn Nr Djimpn (J cg `m cn dustj nr ejukn `g 
tjc
jcpm
pmeem nr ej`g
`gsstnr
nr/`
/`gg ij dujy
dujyjl
jlj
j ejknr
jknr `g ij
egrdunij tjcpmem/pmr joã fgen` qun nr cniõ` ns ni 
rny fn ijs arutjs/nr piêtj`m j cã cn dustj vnrfn
jcjrgiim y pg`tõ`…) rnijtj ij trjdnfgj fn ij dunrrj
n`trn iglnrjins y em`snrvjfmrns.
Nstj j`duj ej`egõ`, -qun cn ej`tõ cg lgsjlunij
Cnrenfns Cjunim Q Qgtnrg
gtnrg - ns tnsdm
tnsdm fn jquniijs
jquniijs
sunrtns;

Fgen` qun fgen`

Zun vgnrm` pjsjr
Xmr ij sjlj`j
^` vgnkm iglnrji
Drgtj`fm ¡¡Qgvj Jijrm!!
Jljkm ni dmlgnr`m
Cm`tulgms y `ndrms
J nstn punlim iglnrjrê`
Xmrqun smcms Eojpuims
Xmrqun smcms cm`tm`nrms
Dimrgj fn Jijrm
Fn rmcê`ems dunrrnrms.

Ni sgdim __ n` ejclgm ns u`j fgêspmrj fn cûsgejs

jrmejrglnújs n` `unstrm Igtmrji. Ns ni punrtm fn
Dujyjqugi pmr fm`fn g`drnsj ij cûsgej vn`gfj fn
Emimclgj, Xj`jcê, Xnrû, Cçxgem, Jrdn``j, Eulj,
(fnsfn ni cjr ji dmim),
dmim), nte., euyj
euyj cûsgej
cûsgej lusej nini
rãm Dujyjs qun pmr su euneun`e
`ejj y ju
jun`tnss iindj j
n`tn
trjvçs fn ims vjpmrns j ims sgms cm`tulgms pjrj
qunfjrsn y vmivnrsn cês rurji y sjlj`nrj. Fn nstjs
cûsgejs prmvgn`n ij cmfnr`gfjf. \gtcms emcm ni
pmrrm, ij dujrjeoj, ni emrrgfm, ni vjisn ergmiim, sn

g`emrpmrj` n` ij euiturj cm`tulgj igtmrjin`sn. Ij

<5
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

rurjigfjf cgcnzj su trjfgegõ` cusgeji ogspj`j

em` ij pmrtnúj pj`jcnjcnrgej`j. Ni jc
jcmr
mr`
`mm fn
zjp
jpjt nms y em`trmvnrsgjs sn vunivn nsvm y
jtn
ljgijlin n`trn ni vjis
jisn erg
ergmiim y ni pjsjejiin
cm`tu`m. Ij sn`sglgigfjf cm`tulgj sn trmpgejigzj y
rj`eonrgzj. Ij rjfgm pn`ntrj y ij mrjigfjf
cm`tulgj sn nxn`fn. Ni omclrn fni ejcpm vj
fnspmlij`fm su iudjr `jtji y sn ojen pmrtnúm. Ij
urln im jtrjpj. Ij cmfnr`gfjf cusgeji nfuiemrj
sus sn`fms. Ij rmemij ojlgtj n` ims cm`tulgms.

Ni sgdim __G ns u` drgtm fnsnspnrjfm. Ij euiturj

maegji,
maeg ji, ni pmfnr
pmfnr, -j eun`tm
eun`tm fn im cmfnr`m-
cmfnr`m-,, vn ni
ejcpm smim emcm nspjegm fn prmfueegõ`. Ns `uij
ij pnrenpegõ` maegji smlrn ijs rnijegm`ns
smeg
sm egme
meui
uitu
turrjins
jins y sgclsgclõi
õiggejs fni
fni ejc jcppm y ims
cm`tulgms. Ims kõvn`ns cm`tulgms jeuiturgzjfms
omy ljgij` rnddj ddjntõ` y sn nclmrrjeoj` em`
tne`meogeoj iindjfj jfj fn Lmigvgj y ni Xnrû. Ij
tne`meogej y ij ljeojtj sn rmemigzj pjrj qun ni
jfuitm cm`tulgm ljgin y lnlj. Ni sgdim __G ns u`
drgt
drgtm
m fnsn
fnsnsp spnr
nrjf
jfm.
m. Im
Imss cm`
cm`tutulg
lgms
ms yj sn unr
unrm`
m`
ljrrrj`e
lj j`em jljk ljkm. Ij cû cûsgsgeej fni sgsgdi
dim
m __G
__G n` ni
ejcpm sn nseueoj jû` j trjvçs fn ij rjfgm. Ij
tninv
ninvgs
gsgõ
gõ`
` im imss ojen
jen em`su
m`sucgcgrr vgfn
vgfnms
ms cusg
cusgej
ejin
inss
mrê`nms. Ni eniuijr y ni gpmf dujrfj` ijs cûsgejs
qunn im
qu imss kõvn
kõvn`n `nss em`s
em`sucucn`n`.. Nxg
Nxgsstn u`
u`jj rje
rjetu
turrj
n`trn ni jfuitm qun rnernj ij trjfgegõ` y ims
 kõvn`ns qun rnernj`
rnernj` ij cmfnr`gfjf. Ims kõvn`ns
n` ijs ejlnenrjs ej`tm`jins cm`tulgjs vn`
Dujjyjqug
Du jqugii emcm
emcm cmfn
cmfnim im fn fg fgvvnrsg
nrsgõ`
õ` urlj
urlj`j`j..
Nxgstn u` cjrejfm fgstj`egjcgn`tm n`trn ij cûsgej
fn ijs ejlnenrjs ej`tm`jins em` ij cûsgej fn ims
rneg`tms. Nxgstn` rjeturjs. Fgstj`egjcgn`tms.

<6
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

<>
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Undu`fj em`vnrsj.

Dujyjs, Cj`jlã, Ni Mrm, Ims \ãms; u`j rndgõ`

fn cûsgej cm`tulgj y pmrtnúj ansvj,
sjrgej y lurinsej.

Ims cm`tulgms fn ims rneg`tms y ejsnrãms

(jdr
(jdrge
geui
uitm
tmrrns)
ns) fn ijs
ijs prmv
prmvg`
g`eg
egjs
js igigtm
tmrrjin`
jin`sn
snss (`m
(`m
ejrtmdrjajfms) nspnrj` tmfjvãj ni a` fn sncj`j
’pj ljkjr jr punlim– j fgvnrrsn. N` sgms cês
jpjr
jp jrtj
tjfm
fmss fni
fni igt
igtmr
mrji
ji ij du
dugt
gtjr
jrrrj sg
sgdudunn sg
sgn`
n`fm
fm ni
g`strucn`tm fn prnfgineegõ` cusgeji. Ni rnqug`tm
ns su jemcpjúj`tn fnsfn ij prgcnrj cgtjf fni
sgdi
sgdim
m vng`
Fgegnclrnng`tn. N`cns
ns ni Cj`j
Cj`jlã
fnlãsu smlr
smlrnv
nvgv
gvnnNi ni
nstnkm. eogd
eogdùj
ùjim
eogdùjim im..
n`
Cj`jlã ns u`j anstjanstj pmpuijr qun eninlrj
eninlrj im fgvg`m
y im oucj`m. Ni N i @gúm Fgms m Cj`unigt
Cj`unigtm m ns ni en`trm
fn ij anstj. Ni amibimrn snerntm
snerntm rnjpjrnen n` kundms
fn runfjs emcm Ni mrõ` y Ni Euqugclm. Ni
eogdùjim ns ni vgiij`egem (ej`em, emcpmsgegõ` y
nstrglgiim2
nstrglgiim2 pjr
pjrjj `msmtrms tm`m m tm`jfj). Ij ogstmrgj
ogstmrgj
eun`tj;

Qgn`n, vgn`n yj/vgn`n, vgn`n, yj/ ni kundm fni `gúm,

fn ij @jvgfjf/`jen` ims pjstmrns, prm`tm ljkjrê,
ni `gúm Cj`unigtm, fn ij @jvgfjf.  

Nspnrn
Nspnrncm
cmss ji jind
ndrn
rns/
s/ns
nspn
pnrn
rncm
cmss emem`
`tn`
n`ttms
ms/q
/qun
un
`jzej ni @gúm Fgms/n` ni sjdrjfm jpmsn`tm.

N` `mclrn fn Fgms/fni ogkm tmfm/pnrcgsm

`gúg
`gúgttm/
m/sn
snrr qu
qun
n jfm
jfmrm
rm//eu
eulrg
lrgrn
rncm
cmss tu rm
rmst
strm
rm//em
em`
`
fnemrm/vjcms j kudjr/ni djiigtm fn mrm.

<1
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Mo Qgrdn` fn Jitjdrjegj, mo Qgrdn` vn`nrjfj, n`

mtrjs ejsjs lrg`fj`, jquã `m lrg`fj` `jfj.

Uun`j` ijs dugtjrrjs; iindj ni ljgin fn tjlijs m ljgin

fn iêcpjr
iêcpjrjj. @m
@m lj
ljggin fn jrrm
rrmz qun
unlr
lrjfm emcm
jfm
qugsm ni nspjúmi, ni ergmiim y ni eurj jemcpinkjfm,
qun iijcês
iijcêsncm
ncmss j `unst
`unstrrms ljgins
ljgins trjfg
trjfgegm
egm`ji
`jins
ns
cm`tulgms. Nstn emrrgfm ns ni jlrn lmej fni
nstnkm;

Zug oulm, qug oulm, in zuclj ni cj`dm, j cg 

 pjrnkj yj lgn` sjlns qun smy omclrn, nstm `m ns
ruclj, `g cn`ms tj`dm, pnrm ji ljgijr, sã snúmr, in
zuclj ni cj`d `dm
m, j ij pjrnkj sn ij tmcj em`
eugfjfm, y ojy qun fjrin u` pmqugtm fn emcpês,
ju`qun ins fgdj` qun snrê` u`j emquntjs,
rncmim`js, cuy lrg`em`js, lgn` nstê.

Eogduji
Eogdujinnj`
j`fm
fm (ljg
(ljgiij`fm
j`fm,, ej`t
j`tj`fm
j`fm,, kud
udj`j`ffm,
em`trjpu`tnj`fm jcmra`ms) n`trn niims y niijs;

Djiig`jzm fn fõ`fn vgn`ns, em` tu ejlnzj pnijfj,

ym vn`dm fn tmfjs pjrtns, qun ij tn`dm
jemstuclrjfj. M kudj`fm j ij pêkjrj pg`tj,
sn`tjfgtj n` u` vnrfn igcõ`, em` ni pgem
rnemdgn`fm u`j rjcj, em` ij rjcj rnemdgn`fm u`j
 mr.. ½Fõ`fn nstjrê ssu
 mr u jcmr= 

N` ni kund
kundmm fn runfj
unfjss ims jfuit
uitms ej`t
j`tj` u`j
u`j
vnrsgõ` fn ij ejcg`j`tn;

Vu cjfrn nstê n` Xjrãs, tu pjfrn nstê n` ljtjiijs,

 arndjfm ojst
ojstj
j ij jdjiij, cmrfgfm fn kjljiã, y tu
cjcjegtj ig`fj, qunrgfj pmr cã.

<4
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Iundm kundj` j Ij Fm`eniij;

Fm`enii
Fm`en iij
j fni prjfm/
prjfm/fni
fni ejcpm
ejcpm sji
sjigs
gstn
tn/j
/j rnemd
rnemdnr 
nr 
 mrns/fn cjym y jlrgi/ym tmcç nstj `gúj/pmr snr 
ij prgcnrj/pmr snr ij cês lniij/fn tmfm ni 
vnrdni/jquã ij on n`em`trjfm/jquã oj fn
qunfjr/fn`trm fn ij runfj/tn`frê qun ljgijr.

Ij anstj fni eogdùjim n` Cj`jlã em`eiuyn em` ni

 kundm fn runfj  cês ijrdm qun n`n nstj mrcj
vgiiij`
vg ij`ense
nsej fn eninl
ninlrrjr ji @gúm cj`uni
`uniggtm; Ni
Umclrnrgtm;

Ni kun
undm
dm fn
fnii sm
smc
clr
lrn
nrg
rgttm/
m/qu
qun
n sn kukund
ndj
j fn ns
nsttj
cj`nrj
cj` nrj/fj
/fj`fm
`fm ij cnf
cnfgjgj vun
vunit
itj/f
j/fj`fm
j`fm ij vun
vunit
itjj
n`tnrj/ni qun `m qugnrj ljgijr/qun sn sjidj fn ij
runfj/em`
runfj/em` ni smclrnrm n` ij cj`m/pm`gç`fmsnim j
eujiqugnrj. Jsã, cûsgej, ljgin, ej`egõ`, vnrsms y
 kundm, sm` u`m smim.

Ij cûsg
cûsgeej n` ijs prm prmvg`e
vg`eggjs cm`tu
m`tulg
lgjs
js sg
sgdu
dunn
vgjkj`fm n` rj`eonrjs (eogvjs). Umim qun omy ns
Arnsgj Ujjvnfrj, Jijfg`m, Undu`fm \msnrm, \mlnrtm
Ejinrm, Cêxgcj Cnkãj, Kn``y \msnrm, Kuigm
Kjrjcg
Kjrjcgiiiim2
m2 Jvn`t
vn`tur
urj,
j, Ims Anr`
Anr`ê`f
ê`fnz
nz (Jinkj
(Jinkj`fr
`frm
m y
Qgen`tn), Cjrem J`tm`gm Umiãs, Jieg Jemstj, Eoudm
Vmljr
mljr, ni Eomim
Eomim Lnr
Lnrrm
rmeji
eji,, Igzj
Igzj`fr
`frm
m Cn
Cnzjzj,, Fni`
Fni`
Zugsopn y Ij Vgdrnsj fni @mrtn, qugn`ns
jem
jemcpjú
pjúj` j ims vgjk
vgjkj`
j`ttns fn ejrr
jrrntnrjs sgsg`
`
pjvgcn`tjr (ejcg`ms fn trmeoj).

N` ijs rj`eonrjs sn punfn nseueojr pjsgiims fn

emrtn rmeminrm y u`m qun mtrm j`dum fn
prg`egpgms fni sgdim __. Ni vjisn ergmiim sgdun
dusstj`fm
du j`fm ji jfui
jfuittm cm`
cm`tulg
tulgm.
m. N` ij
ijss rj`eo
j`eonr
nrjs
js

<?
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

tjclgç` sn nseueoj` vgnkjs euclgjs iindjfjs fn

Emimclgj y ljstj`tn vjiin`jtm.

N`trn ij trjfgegõ` y ij cmfnr`gfjf vgnkms ej`tmrns

fn Cj`jlã, Dujyjs, Ims \ãms y Ni Mrm, sn jpmfnrj`
fni mãfm, ni ljgin y ij dugtjrrj cm`tulgj. Xjtrgegm
fn Cjem`tj (Cj`uni Nspg`jins. Ajiinegfm.
\nernjfmr fn ij cûsgej fn tm`ms y tm`jfjs
cm`tulgjs) n` Cj`jlã em``ûj
rntrj`scgç`fmsn pmr Cj`jvgsgõ` fn Xmrtmvgnkm
(ij jcgigj fn fm` Xjtrgegm eustmfgj` sus
drjljegm`ns y emcpmsgegm`ns). Ims cj`jlgtjs `m
mivgfj` j su cûsgem eiêsgem; Em`stj``m Cn`fmzj
(jiinegfm). Cûsgem jejfçcgem qun in fgm j Cj`jlã 
vjrgjs pgnzjs fn n`mrcn jeturj (ij ogkj, -cûsgem
tjclg
jclgç`ç`--, su nspm
nspmsj
sj y ni jreo
jreoggvm og
ogsstõrge
õrgem
m fn
Xmrtmvgnkm eustmfgj` nstjs pjrturjs).

N` ij prmvg`egj fn Ni Mrm ni Eojzm Kjrj (jiinegfm)

ns ni rnnrn`tn fn ij cûsgej fn sus :6 ej`tm`ns. J
ij pmib
mibj Ims Vrjvgns
vgnsms
ms fn CjCjur
urm
m Cjtjcmrjcmrms
ms
(
(ji
jiin
ineg
egfm
fm)) qun
qun ljgi
ljgijr
jrjj ni Eujf
Eujfrrm Cm
Cm``tulg
tulgmm fn
\mfr
frggdm fn Vrgj`j
j`j (+)
(+) y Dugfm
ugfm Djr
jrjjy (+
(+)) n` ij
fçeejfj
fç jfj fni
fni snsn
snsn``tj ij Ej
Ejsj
sj fn ij Eui
Euitur
urjj qu
qunn
prnsgfn ni Fr. Iugs Unrrj`m ij fneijrjrê pjtrgcm`gm
g`cjtnrgji mrn`sn. Xunrtm Lmiãvjr ns u`j punrtj
jlgnrtj j ljrns, ej``js y sjim`nrjs pûligejs. N`
Cjeojijjij sn ljgij em` cûsgej fn mrqunstjs y
fgskmebny. Un nseueoj tjclgç` ojrtj cûsgej ergmiij
iindjfj fni Xnrû.

Ij Xrmvg`egj fn Ims \ãms n`n vgvm j u`m fn sus

cnkm
cn kmrrns ernj
ernjfm
fmrrns fn cûsg
cûsgej
ej cm
cm``tulg
tulgjj n` ij
jetujigfjf, fm` Jrãsfns Xgnfrjogtj Ljojcm`fn.
Ni cgscm qun ernjrj pgnzjs fn emrtn sjrgem y
<7
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

lurinsem emcm Ni Ijdjrtm em` ij ijdjrtj y Ij imcj

fn cg pjtrm`j.

Ni Ijdjrtm em` ij Ijdjrtj

(Xmrrm-dujrjeoj)
Unúmrns ins vmy j em`tjr
^`j ogstmrgj qun pjsõ n` ni rãm
^` ijdjrtm em` u`j ijdjrtj
Un ku`tjrm` em` cueom rãm
W ni ijdjrtm n`jcmrj j ij ijdjrtj
Emcm in ojen ni djiim j ij djiig`j
Emcm in ojen ni vneg`m j ij vneg`j
Emcm in ojen cg pjfrg`m j cg cjfrg`j.
W eõcm in ojen emcpjn…
In ojen u` ejclgm jrrglj
In ojen u` ejclgm jljkm
W cuy fnspjegtm
Em` cueom trjljkm
In jejrgegj ni rjlm
Invj`tj ij pjtj
W ni ijdjrtm fgen;
Fn jquã ym `m cn ljkm.

Ij imcj fn cg pjtr
pjtrm`j
m`j
(Xmrrm-dujrjeoj)
Ij imcj fn cg pjtrm`j
Ij tn`dm qun trjljkjr
Em` cg cjeontn jaijfm
Ij tn`dm qun fnstjkjr.
Xjtrm`j cuy lun`j cmzj
Uu imcj nstê cm`tjúmsj
Xjtrm`j ig`fj y onrcmsj
Uu imcj `m ns eujiqugnr emsj.
Xjtrm`j sg ustnf cn nscj

58
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

In vn`dm j pnfgr u` jvmr

Zun cn fn u` ijfgtm fn ejsj
Xjrj trjljkjr cnkmr.
Xjtrm`j, pjtrm`j
Uu imcj nstê cm`tjúmsj
Xjtrm`j, pjtrm`j
Uu imcj `m ns eujiqugnr emsj.
Wj emcm tmfms sjln`
Zun smy lun` trjljkjfmr
Zun j`fm fn imcj n` imcj
Xmr tmfm ni Neujfmr.
Em` cg cjeontn jaijfm
Wm in trjljkm su imcj
Xjtrm`j cuy lun`j cmzj
Uu imcj nstê cm`tjúmsj
Xjtrm`j ig`fj y onrcmsj
Uu imcj `m ns eujiqugnr emsj.
Ij imcj fn cg pjtrm`j
Ij tn`dm qun trjljkjr
Em` cg cjeontn jaijfm
Ij tn`dm qun fnstjkjr.
fnstjkjr.
Xjtrm`j cuy lun`j cmzj
Uu imcj nstê cm`tjúmsj
Xjtrm`j ig`fj y onrcmsj
Uu imcj `m ns eujiqugnr emsj.

Nstn cûsgem y emcpmsgtmr (m jlunim fni Xjyjfmr

fn Qg`ens \mlnrtm Ejinrm Xgnfrjogtj) vgvn n` ni
rneg`tm Enrrm fni Dusj`m jrrglj fn Qg`ens. N` ij
Xrmvg`egj fn Ims \ãms ni jcmra`m sgdun maegj`fm
ijs Qnijfjs fn trjfgegõ` mrji. Ni vjisn sn oj oneom
rgmsn`sn, cês cm`tulgm (ni ej`tmr Ajustm
Oujyjcjln ns ni cês rnem`megfm g`tnrprntn fn
vjisns). N` ims sjim`ns sn nseueoj cûsgej rmeminrj,

ljeo
ljeojjtjs,
js, pjsg
pjsgiiiims
ms,, vjisn
jisnss y sn lj
ljgigijj u` og
oglr
lrgf
gfm
m
5:
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

n`trn cnrn`dun y euclgj n` ijs anstjs pûligejs. Ni

jun`tn fni rãm Qg`ens sgdun sgn`fm ni N`eun`trm
fn ims sj`tms Uj` Imrn`zm fn Qg`ens y Uj`
Vmin``m fn Xjin`qun. N` nstn n`eun`trm sn rnzj`
igturdgjs y ej`tj` ej`egm`ns j im fgvg`m. Ag`jigzjfj
ij anstj rnigdgmsj ims cm`tulgms tnrcg`j`
ej`t
j`tj`f
j`fm y ljg
ljgij`fm
j`fm em` trã
trãms fn dug ugttjr
jrrrjs y
pnqu
pn qunú
nújs
js mrqu
mrquns
nsttjs n` ims
ims sjim
sjim`n
`nss prnp
prnpjrjrjf
jfms
ms
pjrj ij mejsgõ`. Migcpm Eêrfn`js (+) qun `jegõ n`
Qg`ens ns júmrjfm n` ijs anstjs fn ejsjs y iudjrns
pûligems. Eustmfgm Uê`eonz (+) ns u` sãclmim fn ij
cûsgej rgmsn`sn qugç` tmfj su vgfj prmfuevj ij
rnji
jigz
gzõ
õ n` Duj
Dujyjqu
jqugi emcpm
mcpm` `gn`f
gn`fmm cû
cûsg sgeej y
trjljkj`fm pmr cueoms júms pjrj ni sniim Õ`gx fn
Anrjuf Duzcê`.

Ij prmvg`egj fni Dujyjs tuvm su Lj`fj fni Cjtn.

G`tndrjfj pmr ij jcgigj \udni y ij jcgigj Zugkgkn j
a`ns fni sgdim _G_ y prg`egpgms fni __. Fn lmej fn
fm` Kuj` \udni (jiinegfm) fn ij jetuji pjrrmqugj Ni
Cjtn pnrtn`negn`tn j Uj`tj Iueãj (j`tnrgmrcn`tn
j Fjuin) \mfrgdm Eoêvnz Dm`zêinz pufm rnemdnr ni
ljgin rnpuligej`m Nr Djimpn. W pgnzjs fn ij
trjfgegõ`
trjfgegõ` cm`tulgj emcm Nr djiig`jegtm
djiig`jegtm y Nr sjej tu
pgn (euyj
(euyjss vnrs
vnrsgm`
gm`ns
ns cm`tul
cm`tulgjs
gjs fnsjpj
fnsjpjrnrnegn
egnrrm`,
qunfj`
qun fj`fm
fm vnrs
vnrsgm`
gm`ns
ns pmrtn
pmrtnújs
újs qun
qun dujrf
dujrfmm n`tr
n`trnn
cgs jreogvms). Zun j prg`egpgms fn ims júms vng`tn,
euj`fm Dujyjqugi eninlrjlj ij Agnstj \ndgm`ji fni
Cm`tulgm (:< fn metulrn fn :7<1) sn ej`tjlj` y
ljgijlj` j pu`tj fn jutjs, tjclmrjs, vgmiã` fn
cjf
cj fnrj
nrj fn cm`cm`tn, ejij
ejijlj
ljzzm, ej
ejkõ
kõ`
` y du dugt
gtjr
jrrrj2
fm`f
fm `fnn nrj
nrj rnqun
nqunrg
rgfj
fj nst
nstj lj`
lj`fj fn cûsgcûsgememss
cm`tulgms.

5<
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Qjrgms unrm` ims emcpmsgtmrns fn cûsgej

cm`tulgj qun sn vg`euijrm` j \mfrgdm fn Vrgj`j n`
ij Ag
Agnnstj \ndgm`ji Cm`tulgj pjrj emcpm`nr
tm`jf
m`jfjsjs fn jcmr
jcmra`
a`msms y vnrsm
nrsmss djij`
jij`tn
tns.
s. N`
N`tr
trnn
mtrms adurj` Qgrdgigm Emr`nkm2 Ejrims Jrgkgtj2 Ijurm
Fêvgij2 Eustmfgm Uê`eonz2 Jilnrtm Dugiiç`2 @gejsgm
Ujjfg2
Uj jfg2 Ejsg
Ejsgcg
cgrrm Jrni
Jrniij
ij`m
`m,, [uin
[uincj
cj Lijeg
Lijegm2
m2 Km
Kmsç
sç
Qgen`
Qgen`tntn Lijegm
Lijegm22 Eçigc
Eçigcmm Ljsfj
Ljsfjs2
s2 nte.
nte. Nstj
Nstj anstj
anstj
em`trgluyõ ljstj`tn pjrj ij nsergturj fn pmnsãjs
qun jiufn
jiufn`` ji u`gv
u`gvnr
nrsm
sm smegme
smegmeuit
uitur
urji
ji cm`tul
cm`tulgm.gm.
Agdurjs igtnrjrgjs emcm Kmsç fn ij Eujfrj2 Kmjquã`
Djiiiind
Dj ndms
ms Ijr
Ijrj, \mfrg
mfrgdm
dm fn Vrgj`
rgj`j2
j2 Cjrã
Cjrãjj Xgnf
Xgnfjf
jf
Ejsiim2 Jlni \mcnm, Kmsç J`tm`gm Ejcpms2 Oudm
Cjym2 Unrdgm Inõ` Jspgjzu2 nte., pusgnrm` tjin`tm
y rgdmr n` nstjs emcpmsgegm`ns.

Dujyjs n` su ogstmrgj cusgeji cmfnr`j oj

em`
em `tjfm
jfm em` vjrgm jrgmss fun
funtms Gljú
Gljúnnz-Uj
z-Ujjf
jfg2
g2 Ims
Ims
Xmrtnúms2 onrcj`ms Cm`tneni2 Jdujym-
Oujyjc
Ouj yjcjln2
jln2 Ijs onrcj`js
onrcj`js Cn`fmz
Cn`fmzj-Uj`d
j-Uj`durgc
urgcj2 j2
trãm
trãmss Jcçrg
cçrgej
ej,, Unúm
Unúmrgrgji
ji,, Ims
Ims Lrgi
Lrgiij
ij`
`tns,
ns, ntnte.
e.,, y
smigstjs emcm Kuigm ―ni rugsnúmr fn Jcçrgej- y Xnpn
Kjrjcgiim
Kjrjcg iim -ni Unúmr fni pjsgiim-2 Arnsgj Ujjvnfrj,
Ujjvnfrj, ’ij
sg` pjr dujrjeonrj– fn ims júms eg`eun`tj.
Jijfg`m, ni cjdm fn ij rmemij2
rmemij2 Fn mrgdn` cm`tulgm
y eomim `jegfm n` Dujyjqugi jsã emcm ni drj`fn ij
cûsg
cû sgeej ems
emstnúj
núj y neuj
neujttmrgj
mrgj`j
`j Ejri
Ejrimsms \ulgr
ulgrjj y
G`j`tn qun ogegnrm` prmin y u`j fgijtjfj ejrrnrj
cusgeji.

N` ij prmvg`egj fni Dujyjs, ij cûsgej sn fgvgfn

n`trn im rnigdgmsm (ij Agnstj fni Ergstm @ndrm n`
Fjuin)2 Uj` Kjeg`tm fn Wjdujeog2 @jregsj fn Knsûs
n` @mlmi
mlmi y im emfg
mfgj`
j`mm (tn
(tncpmr
cpmrjf
jfjj pijy
ijynrj;

nsvjins fn rmeb, tne`meuclgj, sjisj, cnrn`dun,

55
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

ljeojjtj y rme
ljeo mem
mij)2
ij)2 Agn
Agnstjs eãvg
eãvgeejs,
js, smeg
smegji
jins
ns,, y
jrrjljinrjs (cûsgej sm`nrj y rmeminrj fn ljrns,
sjismt
sjismtne
nejs
js y ejljr
ejljrnts
nts).
). N` nstm
nstm ûicm
ûicm n`n
n`n u`
pjrnegfm em` ij prmvg`egj fn Cj`jlã. Jfncês fni
usm cmfnr`m fni jemrfnõ` qun cûsgems kõvn`ns im
nstê` rnu`egm`jigzj`fm n` ijs cûsgejs imejins.

Fgvnrsms ej`tm`ns fn Cj`jlã, Dujyjs, Ims \ãms y

Ni Mrm sgdun` ljgij`fm em` ijs em`megfjs lj`fjs
fn punlim. <6 fn Cjym, Uj`tj J`j, Eom`n, Xjkê`,
Micnfm (Cj`jlã)2 Ujclmrm`fm`, Wjdujeog, Ljizjr,
Ni Ncpjicn, Fjuin, Cgijdrm, @mlmi, Ujigtrn, Uj`tj
Iueã
Iu eãj,
j, (Duj
(Dujyyjs)2
js)2 Qg`e
Qg`ens
ns,, Xjin`
jin`qu
qun,
n, Ljlj
Ljljom
omyym,
Zunvn
Zun vnfm
fm,, Cm`tj
Cm`tjivivm,
m, (Ims
(Ims \ãms)2
\ãms)2 Cjeoj
Cjeojij,
ij, Uj`tj
Uj`tj
\msj, Ni Dujlm, [jrucj, Xgújs, Jtjoujipj,
Xmrtm
rtmvnim
nim (Ni Mrm)
Mrm)22 n` sussus anst
nstjs pjtr
pjtrm
m`ji
`jins,
ns,
eãvgejs, rnigdgmsjs, sgdun` ojegn`fm usm fn nstjs
lj`fjs fn cûsgems pmpuijrns.
pmpuijrns.

N` ij cmfnr`gfjf n`tn`fncms ij cûsgej n` ni

Igtmrji emcm u`j cûsgej trj`svnrsji, g`tnreuiturji
n g`tnrdn`nrjegm`ji. Ijs g`fustrgjs euiturjins qun
`jegnrm` em` ij cmfnr`gfjf nstê` g`vgrn`fm cês
n` ijs rjfg
jfgms y ij tnin
ninvgsg
vgsgõ
õ` (s
(sgg` fnseu
nseuggfjr ni
g`tnr`n
nr`ntt qun
qun sn jlrn pjsm
pjsm n` ni ejcpm) pm) pjrjrjj
prmcmegm`jr sus prmfuetms
prmfuetms fn em`sucms
em`sucms cjsg
cjsgvms
vms
n`trn ims cm`tulgms fn ims sgms y ejsnrãms
jpjrtjfms y ims cnszms fn ijs ejlnenrjs
ej`tm`jins qun sgn`fm fn rjãens cm`tulgjs, sn oj`
jeuiturgzjfms y em`sucn` prmfuetms tne`miõdgems
emcm eujiqugnr ojlgtj`tn fn ijs drj`fns egufjfns.

Ij cûsgej n` ni Igtmrji nstê vgvj. Ns pjtrgcm`gji y

cmfnr`j.
cmfnr`j. Ijs g`fust
g`fustrgjs
rgjs euitur
euiturjins
jins im sj
sjln`.
ln`. Ims
Ims

cm`tulgms y ims pmrtnúms ij n`rgqunen`. Ns cûsgej

56
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

pjrj ljgin. Cûsgej pjrj ej`tjr. Cûsgej qun sgrvn ji

em`trjpu`tm fn jcmra`ms. Cûsgej pjrj fnserglgr
eujfrms emcm nstms qun unrm` cuy sn`fms n`
cg iglrm Jizj qun tn oj` vgstm, ogstmrgj smegji fn ij
cûsgej y ni ljgin trjfgjfgegm`ji cm`tulgm (Cjr
Jlgnrtm/Nsbnintrj. <8:8);

 [jpjtnms
 [jpjtnms y zjpjt
zjpjtnjfms,
njfms, ij cûsge
cûsgej
j cm`tulg
cm`tulgj
j sgncpr
sgncprn
n iinv
iinvõ
õ ni emcp
emcpês
ês
em` ni dmipn fn nrrj, fni tjem y pu`tj, fni pu`tj y tjiõ`, fni dmipn fn
ij lmtj
lmtj em
em`
` ijs
ijs rm
rm`e
`ejfm
jfmrjs
rjs fn pijt
pijtj
j fn :< pu
pu`t
`tjs
js n` ni pgs
pgsm
m, tj`
tj`
 aunrtn,, emcm sg ni cm`tulgm
 aunrtn cm`tulgm g`tuynr
g`tuynrj
j qun nsn pmfrãj snr ni ûicm
zjpjtnj
zjpjtnjfm
fm fn su vgfj
vgfj.. Cûsge
Cûsgej
j qun pjr
pjrj
j ni ljgin
ljgin ni cm`t
cm`tulgm
ulgm `u`
`u`ej
ej
fnkõ
fnkõ fn vns
vnsrs
rsn
n fn ij cn
cnkm
kmrr dj
djij
ij vjq
vjqun
unrj
rj y ji j`fjr
j`fjr n` su lrg
lrgmsm
msm
ejljiim y lij`fgr su pgstmij ji eg`tm, su dujrfjcj`m, su puújintj, su
dugtjrrj eruzjfj, su pm`eom fn ogim, su smclrnrm fn ij cês `j pjkj
tmqugiij, su ejcg`nrj em` eueoueom fn cm`tn y jdujrfgn`tn fn ij
cnkm
cnkmrr ej
ejúj,
új, su pjúun
pjúunim
im rm
rmkm
km m fn emi
emimrn
mrns,
s, ej`j
ej`j`j
`j fn fms pu`tj
pu`tjss
 pjsjfj pmr su pneom, nsempntj
nsempntj fn pmivmrj furcgn`
furcgn`fm
fm n` ij jkmrej
jkmrej fni 
ejljiim, su pj`tjiõ` emimr lngs y ij emtm`j cês jicgfm`jfj y lij`ej
qun `u`ej kjcês sn ojyj vgstm n` ij rndgõ`. ½W ij cuknr=, ji j`ej fni 
ejljiim,
ejljiim, em` çi, smigfjr
smigfjrgj
gj y dujrgeoj, vnsfj fn pjstmrj furcgn`fm n`
su nspjifj fn j`eom rãm, em` lniims jfmr`ms j ims emstjfms, trn`zjs
tupgfjs eruzjfjs em` ijzm rmkm m fn emimrns, png`ntj fn ejrny m rmsj
fn jcjrj`tm jfmr`jfj n` u`j nsqug`j fn su lniim ejlniim em` emrtn
rnetm n` ni en`trm, lmtjs fn `m eunrm y pijejs fn jenrm sn`egiim y 
rniu
rniueg
egn`
n`tn
tn n` ims
ims tje
jems
ms,, lius
liusj
j jkus
jkusttjf
jfj
j fn`m
fn`mcg
cg`j
`jfj
fj pm
pmie
iej,
j, em`
lmtm`ns en`trjins fn tjduj j cnfgm pneom, u`j drj` pmiinrj fn tnij
nxtrj`
nxtrj`knrj
knrj y n`jduj j ij jitur
jiturj
j fn ij ejã
ejãfj
fj fn ij ajif
ajifj,
j, pjúmiõ`
pjúmiõ` fn
emimrns vgvms ji euniim, jrntns drj`fns ji cnkmr nsim fn ijs dgtj`js,
ej`j`j j ij eg`turj em` pgs
pgstmij
tmij ji eg`tm y u`ms ijlgms jzui ― drj`j fni 
emimr fn ijs prjfnrjs. Jsã sn vgsnrm` ims cm`tulgms qun emcljnrm`
n` ijs eujfrgiijs fn dunrrgiinrms emcj`fjfjs pmr ni Emrm`ni @gemiês
G`aj`tn,
G`aj`tn, ni Dn`nrji Cj`uni Unrrj`m, ni Dn`nrji Nimy Jiajrm,
Jiajrm, ni Emrm`ni 
Xnfrm K. Cm`tnrm, ni Emrm`ni Qjrdjs Vmrrns y tj`tms cês vjign`tns
Eojpuim
Eojpuimss fni dimr
dimrgms
gmsm
m prm
prmens
ensm
m rnv
rnvmiue
miuegm`
gm`jrgm
jrgm fn ims emcljn
emcljn`t
`tns
ns
emstnúms fni iglnrjigscm neujtmrgj`m. Ji fnserglgr nstj amrcj fn vnsr 
fn ims cm`
m`tu
tul
lgms, y fni ej`tjr y lj
ljggijr sus vnr
nrsm
smss, gcjdg`m
ejlj
ejljidj
idj`fm
`fm pm
pmrr ijs
ijs sm
smin
injfj
jfjss sjl
sjlj`j
j`jss ji dr
drj`
j` Ergsp
Ergspã`
ã` Enr
Enrnz
nzm
m y su
ntnr`m jcmr Inm`mr Ejreog. Zun eujfrm cês onrcmsm y rmcê`em

qun fntjiij u`j ogstmrgj y u` ncpm.

5>
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

51
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Vnrenrj em`vnrsj.
Gfn`fjfns cusgejins pmr prmvg`egj;
X\MQG@EGJ
X\MQG@E GJ FNI D^J
D^JW
WJU

Ij trjfgegõ` ogstõrgej y smegmpmiãej eun`tj qun

Dujyjs sn em`vgnrtn n` prmvg`egj ni ? fn
`mvgnclrn fn :?<8, j cnsns fn ij G`fnpn`fn`egj
fn Dujyjqugi. Ij cûsgej n` ij prmvg`egj, n`tm`ens,
nstê igdjfj ji prmensm rnvmiuegm`jrgm fn
G`fnpn`fn`egj y j fms cj`nrjs fn eninlrjr ij
anstj. Ij prgcnrj pmr pjrtn fn ims ergmiims qun
jcn`gzjlj` sus imdrms em` cûsgej fn emrtn
ljrrmem-jrgstmerêem y ij sndu`fj em` tm`ms fn
 kmtjs j`fjiuzjs  qun ji pjrne
jrnenr
nr fnvg
fnvg`g
`gnr
nrm`
m` n`
jcmr
jc mr`
`ms
ms fn tjl
jlijs, ns fnegr
ijs, fnegr, jcmr
jcmra`ms-
a`ms-fj`z
fj`zjs
js
qun pnrcgnrm` ljgijr ims tm`ms cm`tulgms.

Cgn`trjs ims ergmiims ljgijlj` (em` pgj`m fn pnfji

y jrpjs) cûsgejs fn eo eom
ms,
s, pm
pmie
iejs
js,, rnfm
rnfmvj
vjs,
s,
em`trjfj`zjs, eujfr
jfrgiijs, vjisns,
ns, cjzur ureejs,
js,
erjemvg
erjemvgj`js,
j`js, cg`unts, nte.
cg`unts nte.,, ims
ims cm`tu
m`tulg
lgms
ms ―qun
―qun
tjclgç` pninjrm` n` ijs jsm`jfjs- nstnkjlj` em`
ljgigins
lj ns fn jcmr`ms, jizjs y  djimpns. Ij mrcj fn
jem
je mcpjúpjújr ij cûsg
cûsgeej cm`t
m`tul
ulggj nrj `jtu
`jturrji y
sgncprn fgspunstj ji ejrnm fn ims vnrsms
rnpn`
npn`s sttjs n`tr
n`trnn ej`t
j`tjfmr
jfmrns
ns y lj ljgigijf
jfmr
mrns
ns fn
pjrnkjs sunitjs y jemcpjújfjs em` pjúmim`ns y
pmiinrjs fn trns pu`tjs.

54
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

^` rnijt
nijtm m j`d
j`dum
um eun`
eun`tjtj qun
qun egegnr
nrttm cm`t
cm`tululgm
gm
pjrrj lj
pj ljgigijr
jr em`
em` u`j
u`j cm`tu
m`tulg
lgjj n`e
n`ej`j`ttjfmr
jfmrjj u`
ljgin fn tjlijs  prnvgm ji fnsej`sm fn u` emcljtn
n` ij cm`tjúj, çstn, pusm enrej fn ij cm`tulgj su
smclrnrm emcm snúji fn djij`tnrãj y pnrcgsm. Ji
vnr ij cmcm`
`tulg
tulgjj ni smcl
smclrrnrm
nrm, im jenp
jenpttõ emcm
emcm
rnspunstj y rntm. N`tm`ens ims fms cm`tulgms sn
fgknrm`;

Xjrj n`jcmrjr u`j cm`tulgj `m sn `nensgtj pijtj,

tn`nr u` eunrpm igdnrm y neojrin cj`m j ij pjtj.

Ij cm`tulgj in em`tnstj;

Xjrj ejiijr j u` cm`tulgm, sn `nensgtj fms tm`ms,

u`m fn zjpjtnm y mtrm fn nclm`m.  

Ims qun prnsn`egjrm` rgnrm` y puyjrm`. N`tm`ens

imss cm`t
im cm`tululgm
gmss zjpjt
jpjtnj
nj`f
`fm
m u` tm`
m`mm fn jcmr`m
fn tjtjlij  sn emdgn
lij mdgnrrm` fn ijs cj`ms
j`ms y ljg
ljgijrm`
jrm`
unrtn u`j rj`eonrgtj , qun ji a` fn eun`tjs, nrj u`
ljgin lgn` pndjfm emcm ni mreõ` (lminrm fni sgdim
__)  pjrnegfm ji  kjijãtm rjspjm ( ljgin
ljgin ejcpnst
ejcpnstrnrn
dujyjsn`sn -nx`tm- pjrnegfm ji ljgin fni tm`fnrm
n` Xnrû).

Ij jrqunmimdãj fn Dujyjqugi -n` ij çpmej

prnem
prnemimc
imclg`
lg`j-
j- `ms ojlij
ojlij fn cûsgej
cûsgej y fj`z
fj`zjs fn
emrtn rgtuji y fn mrn`fjs. Xnrm ni ncpm
fnsjpjrnegõ
fnsjpjrneg õ nstj cûsgej, qunfj`fm fn tnsdms ims
g`strucn`tms jrqunmiõdgems qun sn em`snrvj` n`
jreo
jreoggvms cusnãusnãssems fn ij egu
egufjf
fjf-p
-pu
unr
nrttm. Ij
Emim`gj n` ejclgm pusm ni  aj`fj`dm emcm anstj
pûli
pû lige
gejj fn  kêejrjs y cmkgdj`djs  (ljgins fn ejiins

jsg`erõ`gems) ejr`jvjinsej. Vj`tm, qun ims

5?
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

pnrsm`j
pnr sm`jkn
knss fgs
fgsrrjzjf
jzjfmsms fn fgjl
fgjligigem
emss y du
duru
rujn
jnss
(pnr
(pnrsm
sm`j
`jkn
knss fgs
fgsr
rjz
jzjf
jfms
ms em`
em` nj
njss cêse
cêsejrjrjs
js qun
qun
rnprnsn`tj` ims fgvnrsms fncm`gms meegfn`tjins)
qunn jp
qu jpjr
jrne
neãj
ãj`
` n` ijsijs ans
anstjs fn Emrpus  ojegn`fm
fn ijs suyjs n`trn ims jsgstn`tns ergmiims.

Ni gcpmrtj`tn pnrãmfm iglnrji-rjfgeji fn Jijrm y

sus emcljn`tns cm`tm`nrms, ernjrm` u` pm fn
cûsgej y ljgin jemrfn ji cmcn`tm ogstõrgem fn su
prme
pr mens
nsm.
m. Nst
Nstjs cûsg
cûsgejejss y ljgi
ljgins
ns qun
qun pmfr
pmfrãj
ãjcm
cmss
fn`mcg
fn` mcg`jr
`jr jijrg
jijrgst
stjs
js n`n`
n`n` su jse
jsen`
n`sm
sm ns
nstç
tçe
em
m
u`j vnz qun ni Dn`nrji iindj ji pmfnr ni > fn ku`gm
fn :?7>, prnsn`tê`fmsn, -pmr pjrtn fn ims
iglnrjins-rjfgejins-, u`j drjfuji prnmeupjegõ` n`
ijs nxprns
prnsggm`ns
m`ns euit
euitur
urji
jins
ns fn ims cm`tu
m`tulg
lgms
ms,,
rnvjimrj`fm su pjtrgcm`gm ji em`snrvjr y eustmfgjr
sus ernjegm`ns.
ernjegm`ns.

N` ij cmfnr`gfjf
cmfnr`gfjf (a`ns fni fni sgdim _G_ y prg`egpg
prg`egpgms
ms
fni __) ij cûsgej n` ij prmvg`egj fni Dujyjs n`n
u`j cjre
cjrejfj
jfj g`un
g`un`eg
`egjj jrm-e
jrm-ejrg
jrglnú
lnújj fn mrg
mrgdn`
dn`
pmrtujrgm y iglnrji. Ij cûsgej y ni ljgin sm` fn
tjclmrns y cjrjejs j`iij`js (qun ni cm`tulgm,
-iutognr y cûsgem-, empgj em` cjtnrgjins fn cjtn
j`eom n` mrcj fn lmtmtm ji qun rjyjlj` u`j vnz
snem y nijlmrjlj` tjclgç` ni dùgrm).

\gtcms
\gtc ms emcm
mcm ni  pmrrm, ij
ij euclgj, ijs dujrjeojs2
fn Emimc
mimclg
lgjj y Eulj,
ulj, trmp
trmpggejig
jigzj` ims
ims sji
sjim`ns
m`ns
em`snrvjfmrns fn ij çpmej. Ni tj`dm jrdn``m y ni
lminrm  cnxgej`m rntmr`j` j `unstrj cûsgej ’u`
ns
ns im cjzjfmjfm y rmcê`
mcê` em– sukn
suknttm ji rnijt
ijtm
frjc
fr jcêêem.
em. Vgnc
Vgncpmpm n` qun
qun imimss stnp  (m`n y twm
stnp)
stnp) ni eojrinstm` y ni mx ejusjlj` sn`sjegõ` n`

ij urln pmrtnúj. W n` ij rurjigfjf, ims cm`tulgms

57
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

snduãj` ljgij`fm sus ljgins fn pjsnm y vunitj   em`

fgsnúms fn U n` vunitjs ijrdjs y ? eruzjfms em`
jtrnvgfms zjpjtnms fn tmrlniig`ms.

J pjrr fn ij prgcnrj cgtjf fni sgdim vng`tn, ij

cûsgej ergmiij pnruj`j ―j ij qun fçejfjs fnspuçs
sn sucj ni rnqug`tm y ij rmemij- in fj gfn`fjf j ij
cûsgej cnszj fni ejcpm. Ij cgscj qun ojen su
g`drnsm ’ji mãfm cm`tulgm– j trjvçs fn ims ljrems
fn vjpmr m uvgji emcm ni Eogclmrjzm fni snúmr
Jurnigm Xnrngrj fn Uj`tj \msj-Ni Mrm m ni Kjclniã,
ni Micnfm, ni Fjysg, Ni \niêcpjdm, Ni Emiõ`, nte.

Omy ij cûsgej n` ij prmvg`egj fni Dujyjs oj rmtm

em` tmfms ims pjrjfgdcjs imejins. Cgn`trjs n` ijs
ejlnenrjs ej`tm`jins fni ejcpm (vui`nrjlins j ij
jeuiturjegõ`) ims kõvn`ns ljgij` rnddjntõ`  y
cûsgej fgsem2 ims jfuitms sn rnsgstn` j fnsjpjrnenr
ijss mrcj
ij mrcjss j`d
j`duj ujss fni
fni nstn
nstnkm
km jcmr`nrm  y fn
cûsgej fn trãms fn dugtjrrjs em` rgtcms fn vjisns
ergmi
erg miims
ims,, pjs
pjsgi
giims
ims,, em
emrrg fms  y  pjsjejiins  qun im
rrgfms imss
gfn`
fn`aej`.j`. N` ij egufjf ufjf,, n` ejclgm lgm, sn ljg
ljgij
cûsg
cû sgej
ej nine
ninetr
trõ`
õ`ge
gej,
j, rnddjntõ`, sjisj
sjisj,, ljeoj tj  y
ljeojtj
cnrn`dun fmcg`gej`m (qun fn ij cûsgej djij`tn y
fn em`t m`tn`gf
n`gfm
m sm smeg
egji
ji fn Kuj`
Kuj` Iugs
Iugs Dunr
Dunrrrj sn oj
iiiind
ndjf
jfmm j ij fn fnii dr
drup
upmm Jvn`tu
n`turrj fn em` m`ttn`gf
n`gfmm
rmeminrm). Ni punrtm fn Dujyjqugi sgdun sgn`fm ni
cnfg
cn fgm
m pjr
pjrj qun nst nstj prm
prmvg`
vg`egj
egj rneg
neglj cûsg
cûsgeej
mrê`nj.

68
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

6:
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Xrmvg`egj fn Cj`jlã

J`tns fn ij iindjfj fn ims nspjúmins Cj`jlã nrj

em`nfnrjvj y fn u` n`mrcn sgstncj euiturji y
pmiãem.
pmiãem. Ij Em`nfnr
Em`nfnrjegõ`
jegõ` Cj`tnú
Cj`tnúj-Ouj
j-Ouj`ej
`ejvgie
vgiejj
eninlrjlj sus ej`tms y fj`zjs j trjvçs fn rnzms j
sus fngfjfns. Ims sgiljtms nrj` em`neegm`jfms fn
ounsm y enrêcgej. Ij ejúj ljclû sgrvgõ pjrj ojenr
ju`ns2 y ijs tjclmrjs em` qun jemcpjújlj`
suss nst
su nstnkms
nkms nst
nstjlj`
jlj` nijl
nijlmr
mrjf
jfjs
js em`
em` pgpgni
nins
ns fn
j`gcjins sjivjkns fn ij rndgõ`. Cgtms
u`fjegm`jins emcm ni fn ij Fgmsj ^cgúj sn
rnernjlj` em` ej`tms y jijlj`zjs qun g`vmejlj` j
ims nspãrgtus fn sus j`tnp
j`tnpjsjfms.
jsjfms.
Ij prns
prnsn`
n`eg
egjj emim
emim`g
`gji
ji fn ij dn`n`ttn fn uitr
uitrjc
jcjr
jr
fntn
fntnrc
rcg`
g`õ
õ cmfg
cmfgae
aeje
jegm
gm`n
`nss sg
sgd`
d`ga
gaej
ejv
vjs
js n` imimss
pjtrm`
pjtrm`ns
ns euitur
euiturjins. Cueojs
Cueojs nxprns
nxprnsgm`ns
gm`ns imejins
imejins
unrm` fnstrugfjs pmr ims em`qugstjfmrns.

Ij euiturj cusgeji cm`tulgj n` ij Emim`gj jvgstõ

u`jj cûsg
u` cûsgej
ej n`cj
n`cjsesejr
jrjf
jfjj y sjr
sjrge
gej.
j. Cû
Cûsgsgej
ej fn
rnspunstj j ijs fgetjs einrgejins y tmtjigtjrgjs qun
nk
nknr
nreã
eãjj ij Gd
vnrn`tns Gdin
insg
n`nsgjjnstj
y ims
imcûsgej
s rndgf
ndgfmr
mrns
ns fn ni
emim`gji; tu
tur`
r`m.
m. Vrns
 aj`fj`dm
nspj
ns pjú
úmi,
mi, ni eogdujim  y ni ljgin fn runfj. N` ijs
anstjs fn ims em`smrtns ergmiims ni cm`tulgm pufm
nsen
ns en`g
`gae
aejr
jr jutm
jutmss frjc
frjcêêem
emss qun
qun sjr
sjrgz
gzjl
jlj`
j` ij
em`fuetj rnigdgmsj fn ims emim`gjigstjs. Fgegnclrn
nrj nspnrjfm pjrj fnsg`oglgr ni dmen. Ims
cm`tulgms cj`jlgtjs
cj`jlgtjs kudjlj` j ej`tej`tjr
jr y ljgijr -n`
sus ljgins fn ej`fgi m fn iêcpjrj- pjrj n`trndjrsn
ji nrms luriê`fmsn fn im maegji rnprnsgvm y ims
eurueoupjs jprn`fgens fn cm`jdugiims. Ni ljgin fn
6<
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

runfj  un ni nxtr

xtrncus
ncus emrpus fn sus gcjdg`jrgms
emrpus
nsvms.

N` ij \npûligej ij cûsgej n` Cj`jlã sn tmr`j

fnigl
fni glnr
nrj`
j`tn
tn.. Amrt
Amrtjin
jinegn
egn`fm
`fm sus sãclmi
sãclmims
ms imejin
imejins.
s.
Aunn cûsge
Au ûsgejj fn ljt
ljtjiim
jiim`n
`nss y jsm`
jsm`jf
jfjs
js.. Cûsg
Cûsgeej
emcljvj, rndgm`ji y cn`ms prmsjgej.
Vrj`
j`ssnrn`
nrn`eg
egjj igt
igtmrji
mrjin`
n`snsn qun
qun sn em`s
em`str
truy
uyõõ fn
cj`nrj em`ku`tj em` ijs mtrjs prmvg`egjs emstnújs.

Cês jfn
jfnij`t
j`tn, -trj`seurrgfm u` drj` trjcm
rnpuligej`m- ni jemrfnõ` un fn usm pmpuijr n`trn
ims cûsgems cm`tulgms fn ij rurjigfjf ejcpnsg`j
cj`jlgtj onrnfjfm fn ims emcljn`tns.
G`strucn`tm qun, ku`tm j ij dugtjrrj,
rnu`
nu`eg
egm`
m`ji
jigz
gzõ
õ ni eogdùjim  emcm ej`tm y
em`trmvnrsgj fn em`trjpu`tm fn vnrsms fn runfjs.
Ni eogdùjim, qun prmvgn`n fni vgiij`egem  nspjúmi sn
tmr`j ljgijlin y iûfgem. N` çi sn jreuij ni kundm, ij
ej`egõ`, ni ljgin y ni vnrsm2 nstn eogdùjim (qun sn
fgnrn`egj fni eogdùjim nscnrjifnúm) ns
pjtrgcm`gm sm`mrm vgvm fn ij gfn`fjf
smegmeuiturji cm`tulgj cj`jlgtj.

Cj`j
Cj`jlã
lã nstê
nstê ojlg
ojlgttjfj
jfj pmr
pmr fms
fms euit
euitur
urjs
js çt`g
çt`gej
ejss
prncmfnr`js (ij eomij y ij cm`tulgj) qun `m oj`
eruzjfm ims cêrdn`ns fn sus rnnrn`tns, punstm
qun `g u`j `g mtrj sn pjrnen`. Xmr niim ims
cm`tulgms, -emcm prmensm y prmfuetm
smegme
smegmeuit
uitur
urji
ji cns
cnsz
zm-,
m-, oj eninlr
eninlrjfm
jfm -y eninlr
eninlrj-
j-
sus anstjs em` cûsgej fn emrtn ogspj`m, cnxgej`m
y emimclgj`m. \nem`mencms ij g`un`egj ogstõrgej
qun ijs fgvnrsgfjfns çt`gejs prnemimclg`js
Cj`tn
Cj` tnúj-
új-Ouj
Ouj`ej
`ejvgi
vgiej
ej oj` jpmrt
jpmrtjfm
jfm j ij eui
euitur
turjj
cusgeji eomij. Euyms vnsdgms fn sgiljtms y jutjs

65
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

sn dujrfj` n` rnsnrvjs. Xnrm ij cûsgej fni cm`tn,

ij cm`tulgj, nstê vgvj. W fn çstj, ij euiturj cusgeji
eomij, oj onrnfjfm sus eruzjcgn`tms.

66
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Xrmvg`egj fn Ims \ãms

J fgnrn`egj fn sus onrcj`js Dujyjs y Cj`jlã, ij

prmvg`egj fn Ims \ãms `m pmsnn ’drj`fns– vnsdgms
fn gfn`
gfn`f
fjf
jf sge
sgejj prne
prnemi
mimc
mclg
lg`j
`j n` eu euj`
j`ttm j
cûsgej y fj`zjs sn rnanrn (cn rnanrm j mlkntms;
vnsfms, g`strucn`tms, nte., yj qun sjlncms qun
ij cûsgej y ij fj`zj ns g`cjtnrgji). Ni smim oneom
fn snr nstj prmvg`egj u` nkn fn ukm cgdrjtmrgm fn
pjsms emcnregjins, g`tnreuiturjins y fn eruen fn
sjlnrns `jturjins y sgclõigems, pm`n j Ims \ãms n`
u` pu`tm jsnrvm fn su cnszjkn.

Im qun sã fnlncms mlsnrvjr ns qun nstj prmvg`egj

vgvg
vgvgõ
õ cmc
cmcn`t
n`tms fn drj`
drj` g`enr
`enrfuc
fuclrn
lrn n` ni
pnrãmfm nseijvgstj fni Em`enrtjkn. Cmcn`tms fn
rnprn
rn prnsgõ`
sgõ` nu
nufji
fji ojen`fjt
ojen`fjtjrgj
jrgj qun pusm ji pnõ`
n` ni pij`m fn kmr`jinrm. Qjrgms unrm` ims
pjin`quns fn `ndrms qun ij prmvg`egj fn Ims \ãms
cj`
cj `tuv
tuvm emcm
mcm pjrt
jrtn fni sg
sgsstnc
ncjj fn mnrtj
rtj y
fncj`fj fn cj`m fn mlrj jsjijrgjfj, ij cgscj
qun nrj vn`fgfj sg` nserûpuims n` suljst jstjs

pûligejs fn ljkj cmrji egufjfj`j.

Ij cûsgûsgej n` nst
nstn nsp
nspjeg
jegm rnernj
ernjlj
lj cgt
cgtms fn
jsen`fn`egj jrgej`j-nspjúm júmij. Ims `ndrms,
zjclms y cuijtms ljgijlj` y ej`tjlj` em`
tjclmrns oneoms fn sjã`m y trm`em jounejfm. Ijs
fj`zjs nrj` drgtms fn rnlnifãj. \negç` n` ni sgdim
_G_
_G _ ims
ims `ndr
`ndrms
ms fn nst
nstms pj
pjin
in`q
`qununss sn vuni
vunivvn`
iglnr
lnrtms y egc
egcjrr
jrrm`ns
m`ns euj`f
uj`fmm fnsfn
nsfn ni pmfnrfnr
maegji sn fneijrj `uij ij trjtj y vn`tj fn nseijvms.
Ij cûsgej n`tm`ens sn ojen pûligej n`trn
6>
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

 aj`fj`dms  fn cm`tn  y ljgins fn dmipn n‗ nrrj .

Xnrãmfm n` qun ijs jutjs fn ljclû sn
rnu`egm`jigzj` pjrj jemcpjújr ij cûsgej fn ij
ejiin.

Ims \ãms un ni ncpmrgm pmr nxenin`egj fn ij

nem
nem`m
`mcãcãjj duj
dujyjqug
jqugin
inúj
új y rnd ndgm
gm`j
`jii fni
fni Igt
Igtmr
mrji
ji
neujtmrgj`m. Xmr Ljlj y Qg`ens pjsjfj tmfj ij
prmfueegõ`, cnrej`eãj y egreuijegõ` fni ejejm, ni
ejueom y ij tjduj prmfuegfj pmr ims cm`tulgms
`jtu
`j turrjins
jins n` ims
ims zm`js
m`js ojlg
ojlgttjf
jfjs
js pmr
pmr çs
çsttms.
ms. Ij
jdrgeuiturjj fn Ims \ãms sgtuõ j ij rndgõ` y ji pjãs n`
jdrgeuitur
rnijegm`ns smegjins, euiturjins, pmiãejs y
emcnregjins em` Nurmpj. Fn joã qun j Qg`ens sn ij
em`mzej emcm ’Xjrãs Eogqugtm– y j Ljlj emcm ij
’@mlin y Vmrnrj–.

Ij ogstmrgj `ms fgen qun ims dujyjquginúms fn eijsn

pufgn`tn glj` j pjsjr sus vjejegm`ns fn g`vgnr`m
n` nst
nstms pu`tms ejcpns
cpnsgg`ms.
`ms. Ijs ogkjs
kjs fn ims
ims
tnrrjtn`gn`tns qun ojlãj` gfm j nstufgjr cûsgej n`
Nurmpj iinvjlj` j nstjs imejigfjfns ni pgj`m fn
emij, ni jrpj, ij lj`fmig`j y ij lj`furrgj pjrj -n`
sus cmcn`tms fn pjsjncpm- nkneutjr cûsgej fn
rnfmvjs, erjemvgj`js, eoms, fj`zjs, eujfrgiijs   y
em`trjfj`zjs.  

Ni cm`tulgm qun vnãj fn inkms eninlrjlj n` sus

ejsjs fn ejúj y ejfn pgnzjs fn ljgins eruzjfms,
n`tr
n` trni
nijz
jzjf
jfms
ms y su
suni
nittms,
ms, emcm
emcm ni emsiijr, ni jizj
qun tn oj` vgstm  y ij djtj rjlm`j. Vjclgç`, n` ij
Emim
Em im`g
`gj,
j, sndû
sndû`
` rnijt
nijtms
ms fn rndgf
ndgfmr
mrns
ns y er
erm`
m`gs
gstj
tjss
emim`gjins, sn ljgijlj`  aj`fj`dms, eojcljs,
 anrn`dms y ej`fgins. Qjrgms kugegms j nstn pm fn

nst
nstnkm
nkm sn fgnr
fgnrm`
m` n` Ljlj
Ljlj,, Qg`e
Qg`ens
ns y ij j`d
j`duj
uj
61
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Lmfndjs (omy Ljljomym). (\nvgsjr iglrm Jizj qun tn

oj` vgstm, ogstmrgj smegji fn ij cûsgej y ni ljgin
cm`tulgm,, fn cg jutmrãj).
cm`tulgm

Fni cgscm cmfm n` ims nstnkms pmsemim`gjins ni

cm`tulgm rnjpjrnen nstnkj`fm jcmr`ms,
fçegcjs fn pgn amrzjfm  y rmcj`ens fn lj`fminrms.
Em`trjvg`gn`fm sndû` supm`ãj ij cmrji pûligej fn
ims em`trg
em`trgluy
luyn`
n`tn
tnss ojen`f
ojen`fjtjtjrg
jrgms
ms sus g`tn
g`tnrn
rnsns
sns
imej
imejin
ins.
s. Ims
Ims ejr`
ejr`jjvjins
jins jsus
jsusttjrm`
jrm` j cês
cês fn u`
ergmiim euj`fm ims cm`tulgms vnsfms fn cmkgdms
sjiãj` j eninlrjr sus emrrnrãjs ejcpneoj`js. Enrej
fn Ljljomym, n` ni ej`tõ` Kukj` (Jirnfm
Ljqunrgzm Cmrn`m) fn ij prmvg`egj fni Dujyjs n`
ni cns fn jdmstm sn eninlrj ij sjigfj ims cmkgdms
n` omcn`jkn j su sj`tm pjtrm`m.

N` ij cmfnr`gfjf ij cûsgej fn ij Xrmvg`egj fn Ims

\ãms ns cûsgej fn ljijfjs mibiõrgejs qun ojlij`
fn rmcj`
mcj`enenss trjg
trjgeg
egm`
m`jf
jfms
ms,, lj`f
lj`fmi
minr
nrms
ms y iueo
iueojs
js
smeg
sm egji
jins
ns.. Ni nstufg
tufgms
msm
m fn ij euit
euitur
urjj cm`tu
m`tulg
lgjj
\mfrgdm fn Vrgj`j imdrõ rneupnrjr fn nstn pnrgmfm
iglnr
lnrji-r
ji-rjf
jfggeji -qun igfnr
fnrõ ni Emr
Emrm`n
m`ni @gemiês
miês
G`j`tn Fãjz n` Ims \ãms- j a`ns fni sgdim _G_ ij
pgnzj cm`tjúnrj Ij ejsgtj inkj`j;

^`j ejsgtj inkj`j

smlrn ij imcj n`emrvjfj
u`j smlnrlgj cj`jlj
smlrn cgrj`fm ni rnnkm…
nte.
 
Ij cûsgej fn nstj prmvg`egj n` ni sgdim __ sn ej`tj
y ljgij n` bjrjmbns y anstjs fn ejsjs n
g`tn`fn`egjs pûligejs. Wj `m sn pnrsgdun ij cûsgej

64
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

`g ij anstj emcm sn ijs pnrsnduãj n` ij Emim`gj. Ij

Ugnrrj -j trjvçs fn Zunvnfm (j`tns un ij jcmsj
vãj Aimrns ij qun pnrcgõ ni pjsm n`trn u`j y mtrj
prmvg`egj)- oj indgcjfm ij cûsgej fn
tne`meuclgj  y eogeoj n` n`tr
trnn ims
ims em`s
em`suc
ucgf
gfmr
mrns
ns
imejins fn sgnrrj y emstj qun fnsnclmej` n` ni
punlim.

Ims cm`tulgms cês j`dums sgdun` ljgij`fm n`

sus rneg`tms tm`jfjs y vjisns cm`tulgms
jemcpjújfms fn trãms fn dugtjrrjs y ej`tmrns. Ims
a`ns
a` ns fn sncj
sncj`j `j sgdu
sgdun`
n` sg
sgn`
n`fm
fm fn n`eu
n`eun`
n`tr
trms
ms
pmlij`m
j`ms enrej fni rneg`tm m ejsnrãm fm`fn
ojlgtj` ims cm`tulgms. Ij mrcj fn fnspijzjrsn ni
cm`tulgm ji punlim enrej`m ns j ejljiim, cmtm m
lgegeintj. Ijs ej``js sn iin`j`. Ij cûsgej sgdun
sgn`fm fn rmemij, cnxgej`j y emimclgj`j j`dujs.
^`m qun mtrm ’cm`tulgm urlj`m– qun vgvn ’fn ij
tmejf
mejfjj cusgusgeji–
ji– pjsj
jsj pmr
pmr ims
ims ljrns
jrns ej`t
j`tj`fm
j`fm
pjsgiims, vjisns, dujrjeojs y pjsjejiins em`megfms.

Ni kmvn` fnsen`fgn`tn fn cm`tulgms sn jeuiturgzõ.

Em`sucn cûsgej nxtrj`knrj. Ni rmfnm ejfj cns fn
metulrn fj iudjr j ijs ej`egmegm`ns fn rj`eonrjs
cnxgej`js y jcmra`ms fn em`trjvnrsgjs. Ij
euclgj  emimclgj`j y ni  pmrrm-dujrjeoj  sgdun
sgn`fm ij prnfgineegõ` fn ims cm`tulgms cjymrns
n` ijs anstjs pjtrm`jins y eãvgejs. Ims sjim`ns y
lgiijrns -fm`fn sn ej`tj, lnln y ljgij, n` nstj
prmvg`egj- nstê` jlgnrtms ijs <6 omrjs fni fãj. Ij
cûsg
cû sgej
ej n` Ljlj
Ljljom
omym
ym (su
(su ejln
ejlnen
enrrj ej`
ej`tm`ji
m`ji)) ns
ljeojtnrj y cnrn`dunrj punstj pmr fgskmebny y ijs
rjfgms fn tur`m. Ims cm`tulgms em`sgfnrjfms fn
enpj ej`tj` y ljgij` tmfjvãj tm`ms fn zjpjtnms  y

6?
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

jcmr`ms. Fn Xjin`qun ns ni ljgin trjfgegm`ji Nr 

Vêlj`m. Ims cm`tulgms im fgsrutj`;
 
Nr têlj`m cn pgej,
cn pgej jquã,
quãtn`cn nstn têlj`m,
qun vm j cmrgr.
Ujrtjr,, sj
Ujrtjr sjrtjr
rtjr,, pj fjrin
ij dunrtj jr têlj`m…nte.

67
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

>8
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Xrmvg`egj fn Ni Mrm

Ij cûsgej n` ij prmvg`egj fn Ni Mrm sn prmfuen n`

ni pjsjfm prnemimclg`m fn ij gsij Xu`ê y punrtm
Kniãiã.. Ij g`un
Kn g`un`e
`egj
gj fn nst
nstj cûsg
cûsgej
ej ns fn mr mrgdgdn`
n`
cjymgfn sndû` ogpõtnsgs fn jidu`ms ogstmrgjfmrns
n`trn niims ni g`vnsdjfmr y mibimrgstj \mfrgdm fn
Vrg
rgj`j`j.j. Ij cûsg
cûsgej
ej ns çt`g
çt`gej
ej n g`t
g`tnr
nreu
euit
itur
urji
ji22 em`
eruens fn sjlnrns em` mtrms g`fgms fn punrtms qun
emc
em cnreg
nregjl
jlj`
j` em` ims
ims g`fg
g`fgms
ms `jtu
`jturrji
jins
ns mrn`
mrn`sn snss
euj`fm jû` nstms cj`tn`ãjs rnijegm`ns
nem`õcgejs fn trunquns em` ijs em`eojs
nspm`fyius  y ims iijcjf jcjfm ms pjtjem`
jem`ns
ns (pm
(pm fn
cm`nfj emcnregji).

Ni mtr
mtrm mr
mrggdn` fn ij cûsgûsgej mrn`
mrn`sn
sn nst
nstê n` ij
euiturj Eogcû pnruj`j. Ims vnsdgms qun
smlrnvgvgnrm` ji ncpm sn n`eun`trj`
eusstmfgj
eu mfgjfm
fmss n` ijs ijs rnsnr
nsnrvvjs jrqu
jrqunm
nmiõ
iõdg
dgeejs fn
Dujjyjqug
Du jqugi,i, Zugt
Zugtm
m y Eun`
Eun`eej2 ej
ejsg
sg `jfj
`jfj em`s
em`snrv
nrvjj
Cjeojij qun fnlnrãj snr su prg`egpji eustmfgj.

Ij cûsgej fn nstn ncpm emcm pjtrgcm`gm

g`cjtnrgji
g`cjt nrgji fnsjpjrneg
fnsjpjrnegõ.
õ. @m nxgstn`
nxgstn` -n` ij cncmrgj
smegji- rndgstrms sm`mrms ji rnspnetm. Un eustmfgj`
n` ims fnpõsgtms
fnpõsgtms jiufgfms sgiljt
sgiljtms,
ms, mejrg`js, jutjs

fn ounsm, nte., emcm rnnrn`egj cûsgem-nsvj sg`

>:
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

cjymrns jtn`egm`ns j quç ej`tjlj` m ljgijlj` ims

g`fgms pu`jns, eogcûs, m fn mtrjs euiturjs
prnemimclg`js.

N` ij Emim`gj
Emim`gj ij cûsgej
cûsgej mrn`sn n`n emcm emcm un`tn
un`tn
fn rnnrn`egj im ogspj`m y cûsgej fn mtrms pjãsns
nurmpnms. Ij enrenrej`ãj
ej`ãj rm`tnrgzj
rm`tnrgzj fn ij prmvg`egj
prmvg`egj fn
Ni Mrm em` ni Xnrû vg`euij ij cûsgej surnúj em` ij
ergmiij fn ij zm`j `mrtn y ij pmrtujrgj fn Xgzjrrm y
Ni Ejiijm pnruj`m. Ims fmeucn`tms ogstõrgems fn
Ij ogstmrgj fn ij prmvg`egj fn Ni Mrm fni nstufgmsm
dujyj
duj yjqug
quginú
inúmm \mfrgd
mfrgdm
m Eoê
Eoêvn
vnzz Dm`z
Dm`zêinz
êinz (ejsj
(ejsjfm
fm
em` ij fjcj mrn`sn fmúj Jãfj Xjzcgúm) g`fgej`
qunn n` ij Emim`
qu mim`gj
gj ims erg
ergmii
miims ime
imejins
jins ljg
ljgijlj
jlj
cûsgej fn  pjrvn`û  nurmpn
nurmpnm m emcm
emcm  pmiejs, ijs
em`trjfj`zjs  y ijs eujfrgiijs. Cgn`trjs qun n` ij
\npûl
npûligigej
ej ims
ims cm`
cm`tulg
tulgms
ms,, g`u
g`un`
n`eg
egjf
jfms
ms pmr
pmr ij
rndgõ`,
rndgõ`, ljgijlj`
ljgijlj` tm`ms fn punrej rjspjfj y ljgins
fn ej`fgi m iêcpjrj.  G`tnrpr
G`tnrprnt
ntjfms
jfms em` vgdùnij,
vgdùnij,
ejijljzms y dugtjrrjs jeûsejs.

N` ni sgdim _G_ sn ljgij` fj`zjs  y djimpjs n` ejsj

fn ojen`
jen`fj
fjfm
fm,, qun
qun ijs snúm
snúmrrgtjs ogk
gkjs
js fn ims
tnrr
nrrjtn`
jtn`gn
gn`
`tns
tns nkne
nkneut
utjl
jlj`
j` n` pgj`
pgj`ms
ms fn pnfj
pnfji,i,

emij, jrpjs, lj`furrgjs

rnpuligej`js fn Cjeojijy lj`fmig`js.
ijs \m`fjiijsN`lurdunsjs
ijs ejsjs
nkneutjlj` nstjs cûsgejs fn`mcg`jfjs fn sjiõ` m
emrtnsj`js.

Emcm punrtm Lmiãvjr ns fn drj` ejijfm, ij euiturj

pmrtujrgj jrmejrglnúj g`drnsõ cûsgej fn
mrqunstjs n` ims prgcnrms júms fni sgdim __. Ni
punr
pu nrttm fn Duj
Dujyjqug
jqugii tjclg
jclgç`
ç` un
un punrt
unrtm
m fn
prgcnrj n`trjfj euj`fm pjrtn fn ij prmvg`egj fn Ni

><
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Mrm g`tndrjlj ij fn`mcg`jfj Xrmvg`egj Iglrn fn

Dujyjqugi.

Cjeojij, n` ij \npûligej y ims prgcnrms júms fn ij

cmfnr`gfjf un en`trm fn sgd`gaejvms nvn`tms y
sçqugtms ljgijlins sndû` eun`tj ni erm`gstj fn ij
egufjf, ni g`vnsdjfmr y nsergtmr Qmitjgrn Cnfg`j.
Cjeo
Cj eoji
jijj tuv
tuvm drj`
drj`fn
fnss sjim
sjim`n
`nss fn ans
anstjs j ims
ims
eujins jeufãj` ijs eijsns jitjs j ljgijr ims rgtcms
fn cmfj n` ims prgcnrms júms vng`tn.

N` ij fçejfj fni snsn`tj euj`fm \mfrgdm

\mfrgdm fn Vrgj`j
yj ojlãj pmsgegm`jfm ij Ejcpjúj smlrn im
cm`tulgm n` ij rndgõ`, ni cûsgem Cjurm
Cjttjcmr
Cj jcmrms
ms fn JrnJrn`gi
`giijs emcp
mcpusm
usm ij pg
pgnnzj Ims
Vrjvgnsms  n` rgt
rgtcm fn  pmiej  pjrj ni ljgin rurji
ejcpnsg`m.

Fn nst
nstj vjr
jrggjl
jliin fn cûsg
cûsgeej cm`
cm`tulg
tulgjj `je
jenn ij
em`megfj Xunrej \jspjfj fn mrgdn` iglnrji-rjfgeji
mrn`sn.

N` ni pnrgmfm rnpuligej`m ij cûsgej sn urlj`gzj y

vunivn cês em`snrvjfmrj y nstrueturjfj. Ni Eojzm

Kcn
jrj
jrjsznms nfin cNijymr
cns rnnrn`
Mrm.
Mrm. nrNs
n`t
tntn ej`t
Nst fnitjut
j` juej`t
j`
tmrtm emcpu
pmp
pmppusm
mc uijr
ij
smr
cûsgej em` rgtcms pmpuijrns fni pjãs y u` dç`nrm
prmp
prmpggm ji qu qunn fn`m
fn`mcg
cg`õ
`õ XgXgiõ
iõ`
` (-
(-½U
½Unr
nrêê jejsm
jejsm ni 
cgscm
cg scm pgiõ
pgiõ`
` eul
eulj`m =-) qun `m tuvm nnetm n` ni
j`m=-)
punlim mrn`sn.

Ims ljgi
Ims ljgins
ns cm`
cm`tulg
tulgms
ms n` nst
nstn pn
pnrã
rãmf
mfm
m sm`
sm` fn
cmvgcgn`tms iglrns, pjúmim`ns jizjfms y fn u`j
`m fneijrjfj grm`ãj smegmpmiãej qun gcprnejlj`
ims g`tnrnsns
g`tnrnsns fn ims em`snrvjfmrns fni cnfgm.
>5
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

N`trn ij cgtjf fni sgdim __ y a`ns fni cgscm sgdim

ij cûsgej n` ij prmvg`egj fn Ni Mrm `m n`n ij
g`un`egj cmfnr`j qun sus onrcj`js fn Cj`jlã,
Ims \ãms y Dujyjs. Em`sgfnrjrãj qun ij euiturj fn ij
prmv
prmvg`
g`eg
egjj fntu
fntuvm
vm prne
prnemmzcn`
zcn`ttn ij jeui
jeuitu
turrjeg
jegõ`
õ`
cnfgêej fn ijs g`fustrgjs fn em`sucm cjsgvm.

>6
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

J`nxms

Ag`ji fn ij em`vnrsj.
Ij Eojclgtj; u` ljgin cm`tulgm fn ij
\nvmiuegõ` Jiajrgstj

Ij EoEojc
jclglgtj
tj un
un u` ljgi
ljginn trjf
trjfge
gegm
gm`j
`jii cm`
cm`tulg
tulgm
m
(cnszm) fn ij Xrmvg`egj fni Dujyjs. Uu pnrgmfm
ogsstõ
og tõrg
rgem
em (r(rmc
mcê`
ê`e
em)
m) nstê
nstê emcp
emcprrn`fg
n`fgfm
fm fnfnsf
sfnn
:?78
:? 78 ojs
ojstj :7:8
:7:8 (ûi
(ûicj
cj fçej
fçejfjfj fni
fni sg
sgdi
dim
m _G_
G_,,
prgcnrj fçejfj fni sgdim __). Ni `jegcgn`tm fn nstn
ljgin tuvm rnijeg jegõ` ji emcprmcgsm qun ijs
dujrgeojs (cm`tm`nrjs) js) jfqugrgnrm` n` ims
emcljtns fn ij dunrrj Iglnrji-\jfgeji fni Dn`nrji
Nim
Ni my Ji
Jijrm
jrm Fn
Fnid
idjf
jfmm n` ijsijs jdr
jdrnst
nstns cm`
cm`tjújs
jújs
igtmrjins fn `unstrj prmvg`egj. Fneãjsn Eojclgtj j
ijs cuknrns emcljn`tns qun fgsgpjlj` ni megm fn
ims dunrrg
dunrrgiinr
iinrms
ms n` cmcn
cmcn`t `tms
ms fn cjcjymr
ymr tn`
tn`sgõ`
sgõ`
fni em`getm. Ug lgn` su jenpegõ` (Eojclj) rnanrn
ji trjljkm, ns cuy prmljlin qun çstj tn`dj qun vnr
-sndû` ij g`tnrprntje jeggõ` cm`tulgj- em` ij
cntêmrj fn ij cuknr ijlmrgmsj, unrtn y smigfjrgj
em` su ejusj y fns`m.

Ijs Dujrgeojs (cuknrns qun sunin` jemcpjújr j

ims smifjfms) ji vnr qun sus emcpjúnrms n` jrcjs
emclj
emc ljj`
j` cm`tj
cm`tjrrjens ji nkn
nknre
regt
gtm
m rnpu
npuli
ligej
gej`m
`m y
ojstj pjsjlj` fãjs sg` fmrcgr, lusejlj` ni
cmcn`tm (iûfgem y nsvm) pjrj rnernjr ni sn`fm
y ij u`egõ` qun ni emcljtn ins rnprnsn`tjlj. Fms

fn nstms vnrsms (jcmra`ms) qun fgm pgn y

>>
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

sn`tn`egj ji ljgin, unrm` nstms qun rnemdã fn lmej

sn`tn`egj
fni dugtjrrnrm Qgiijilj;

Eojclgtj `m snjs jsã 

Fjcn pgqun y fjcn pjsn
Zun qugnrm vnrtn cmvnr
Fnsfn ni emdmiim ji jtn.

Im qun ij cm`tulgj g`tnrprntjlj

g`tnrprntjlj emcm g`sg`ujegõ`
y pgejrfãj, ji ncpm qun rnspm`fãj em` smr`j ims
sgdugn`tns vnrsms;

Cm`tulgm qun nstês jquã 

Xgfgn`fm pgqun y pgfgn`fm pjsn
J vnr sg nrns tj` cjeom
Euj`fm tn emkj ji ejtrn.

Nstm un jsgr y lurij (sndû` ni cm`tulgm Qgiijilj)

fn ims emcljn`tns qun vgnrm` qun Ij Eojclgtj
fgspunstj ji ljgin jejljlj jlj fn smrprn`fnr ji
dunrrgiinrm qun in ij`zõ ims g`sg`ujsns vnrsms.

Ni ej`tn, ims vnrsms y ij emrnmdrjj fn Ij

Eojclgtj qun pufn rnem`strugr un oneom n` ljsn

ji rnij
nijtmfn qun
nspmsm qu
cgnjniUogriny
cm`
cm`tulg
tuGturrjifn
lgm
m ej`
j`ttm(+)
r -fni
Qg
Qgiiijilj
jirãm
lj Ims
(+
(+))
Jcjrgiims- fni Ej`tõ` Ugcõ` Lmiãvjr (Xrmvg`egj fni
Dujyjs) cn g`fgejrj n` rjtms fn rjtnr`m fgêimdm
n` su ejsj fn ejúj y ejfn j mrgiijs fn Ims Jcjrgiims
n` u`j jcpigj sjij iin`j fn sj`tms y cjeontns
eruzjfms ’pj nspj`tjr j ij cunrtn–.

Ni cm`tulgm Qgiijilj cn ej`tõ ims sgdugn`tns vnrsms

(qun fgkm; j su vnz sn ims ojlãj ej`tjfm su m
jlunim y çi vgm ljgijr enrej`m j ims :: júms);
>1
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Eojclgtj sg tû cn qugnrns
Uji j ljgijr n`sndugfj
Xm`in pu`tj y pm`in tjem
Ojstj qun nseijrnzej nr fãj.
Xm`in pu`tj y pm`in tjem
Ojstj qun nseijrnzej nr fãj

Invê`tjtn fn jrrnljtm ¡¡nr pmiinrõ`!!

[jpjtnj ni nstrglgiim
Vn`tn n` pgn euj`fm ym eruen
Nr fmliõ` fn tu smrfg`j.
Vn`tn n` pgn euj`fm ym eruen
Nr fmliõ` fn tu smrfg`j.

Eojclgtj qun nr ljgin sjlns

W ji jemrfnõ` fmcnsejs
Knrru`tjtn pj qun punfj
Undugr jr pgn ij cmig`j.
Knrru`tjtn pj qun punfj
Undugr jr pgn ij cmig`j.

Invê`tjtn fn jrrnljtm ¡¡nr pmiinrõ`!!

Ij n`jduj
@ndrgtj qun
sg tû cncn jemqug`j.
qugnrns
Uji j ljgijr ij eojclgtj
@ndrgtj sg tû cn qugnrns
Uji j ljgijr ij eojclgtj
Invê`tjtn fn jrrnljtm ¡¡nr pmiinrõ`!!
Ij n`jduj qun cn jemqug`j.
@ndrgtj sg tû cn qugnrns
Uji j ljgijr ij eojclgtj
@ndrgtj sg tû cn qugnrns
Uji j ljgijr ij eojclgtj.
>4
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Ug lgn` ims vnrsms fn Ij Eojclgtj sudgnrn` qun ns

ni cm`tulgm qugn` g`vgtj j ljgijr j ij cm`tulgj m
in g`sg`ûj g`gegjr u`j rnijegõ` emgtji fnspuçs fni
ljgin, ns ij cm`tulgj qugç` jemcntn ni g`gegm fni
ljgin emcm sg unrj j emcljr su ûicj ljtjiij.

Vgncpm fnspuçs, rndrnsj`fm ji rãm Ims Jcjrgiims,

euj`
eu j`fm
fm ims cmkgdms  ojen` su jdmstm n` ij anstj
rnigdgmsj fn Uj` Jdus`, vg ljgijr Ij Eojclgtj pmr
u` drup
drupmm fn ejcpn
cpnsg`
sg`ms (cm`
(cm`tutullgms
ms)) qun sn
rnu`ãj` pjrj emdnr ji eoj`eom n`enljfm. Nstm un
im qun vg;

N` tmr`m j u` nspjegm jlgnrtm, tjpjfms pmr u`j

rjcjfj, ojlãj enrej fn vng`tn pjrnkjs rnu`gfjs
qun kudjlj` ji eoj`eom n`enljfm y rnãr cueom,
emcm sg aunrj ij ûicj vnz qun rngrãj`
eminevjcn`tn. Aun n`tm`ens euj`fm u`
cm`tulgm jfuitm sn snpjrõ fn ij rjcjfj y rnemdgõ
fn u`j nsqug`j u` u`j j dugtjrrj fn cjfn fnrrj qu
qun
n
nspn
nspnrj
rjl
lj gcpjeg
pjegn`
n`ttn ni rnr
rnrm
m fn su fu fun
núm
úm.. Ni 
cm`t
m`tulg
ulgm pg
pgfg
fgõ
õ sn g`g `geg
egjr
jrjj ni ljg
jgiin. ½E
½Euê
uêi,
i, in
 prndu`tjrm` ijs gcpjegn`
gcpjegn`tns tns cuknrns= J im qun ni 

c mjclg
`tulgt
Eojc
Eo ltgm duginc
j, lj gtncms
ljgi jrrms
nrm ni yljegin
ljgi jn`tIj
mr Eo
emjclg
Eojc`tnlgt
sttõ
j; qu
Ij
qun
n
smiãj` ljgijr cgs jlunims. Uã, sã, drgtjlj` tmfms y 
 aun n`tm`e
n`tm`ensns euj`fm ejfj qugç` tmcõ u`j pjrnkj
y pusm n` emsm su eunrpm.

Ni cm`tulgm ej`tjlj;

Eojclgtj qun nr ljgin sjlns

W ji jemrfnõ` fmcnsejs
Knrru`tjtn pj qun punfj
>?
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Undugr jr pgn ij cmig`j.

Knrru`tjtn pj qun punfj
Undugr jr pgn ij cmig`j.

Vmfms
mfms fjlj` vun vunit
itjj jirnfn
jirnfnfmr
fmr fn ij pjrnkj
pjrnkj em`
n`tr
n` trjf
jfjj y sji
sjigfj fn su iudiudjr fn g`g
`geg
egm.
m. Iun
unddm,
-emdgfms
-em dgfms fn
fn ijs cj`ms-,
cj`ms-, ojeãj`
ojeãj` runfj
runfj y trm`
trm`jlj`
jlj`
ijs pjicjs ji rjtm qun snduãj` ni nstrglgiim;

Knrru`tjtn pj qun punfj

Undugr jr pgn ij cmig`j.
Knrru`tjtn pj qun punfj
Undugr jr pgn ij cmig`j

Jetm sndugfm ims cm`tulgms, n` pjrnkjs, -emcm sg

unrj` j ljgijr u`j pmiej-, fjlj` sjitms em`
unr
u nrttns dmip
dmipns
ns fn zjpjjpjtnms
tnms.. Ni ljgi
ljginn tn
tnrc
rcg`
g`jl
jljj
ejclgj`fm fn pjrnkjs y vmivgn`fm ji eãreuim fni
mrgdn`. Ij cnimfãj ij rneunrfm jsã; ijijrjijrjijrjij,
ijijrjijrjijrjij, ijijrjijrjijrjij, ijrjijrjijrjijrjij.

Zun jdrjfjlin anstj. Umim jitõ ni jemrfnõ`, ji

qun jiufãj` ims vnrsms. Nstm un ojen vng`tn júms.
Unrãj lun`m rndrnsjr ji rãm Ims Jcjrgiims.

>7
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Ni pun`tn sn oj qunlrjfm; ni jcmr`m y ni

pjsgiim n` trêdgem
trêdgem funim (:7<8-:768)

Ni tuim ojen jiusgõ` j u`j rupturj y u`

qunlrj`tm. J u`j sminfjf y u` cmcn`tm-prmensm
psge
psgems
msme megj
gjii fn cjr
cjrnkjf
nkjfj.
j. -Vsu
-Vsucj
cj`g
`g (jdu
(jdujj n` ni
punrtm) qun cuy n` lmdj nstê-. Im euji sgd`gaej
qunn ij eui
qu euitur
turj cm`tu
m`tulg
lgjj y ij eui
euiturj
urj pmrt
mrtnúj
núj
n`trjrm` n` em`getm fn eijsns y em`egn`egj smegji
n` ni igtmrji ’cmfnr`m– fnsfn ij fçejfj fni vng`tn
fni sgdim j`tnrgmr sg` ojlnr sgfm ejpjens fn
pnrreglg
pn eglgrr ijs rnijenijeggm`
m`ns
ns fn pmf pmfnr y fgfg`n
`nrrm qun
nstuvgnrm` n` kundm j`tns fn ernjrsn ni prgcnr
pjsg
pj sgiiiim
m emst
mstnúm
núm fn Arj`Arj`eg
egse
sem
m Xjrnf
jrnfns
ns On
Onrr
rrnr
nrjj y
Cnfjrfm Ê`dni Ugivj, Ni jicj n` ims ijlgms.

Nstjs rnijegm`ns fn pmfnr y kundm `jen` n` ni

fmcg
fm cg`g`gm
m y cjcj`g`gpu
puij ijeg
egõ`
õ` fn ij ergs
ergsgs
gs ejejm
jejmttnrj
nrj
(ergsgs fni erjeb jcnrgej`m y dunrrj cu`fgji) qun
fnspijzj u` `ûcnrm sgd`gaejvm fn cm`tulgms j
ij egufjf-punrtm euj`fm ijs rj`kjs cês fçlgins fn
ij jdrg
jdrgeu
euit
itur
urjj sn rmcpg mcpgnr
nrm`
m` pm
pmrr n`
n`nr
nrcncnfj
fjfn
fnss
`jtu
`j turrjins
jins y fnspfnspgigijrr
jrrms fni
fni ejpg
ejpgttji nem`
nem`õc
õcgegem
m
oneom y ijlrjfm em` sufmr y iijdj ejcpnsg`j n`
 kundms fn jzjr
jzjr nurmpnms y tmpns tmpns ergmiims rglnrnúms.
rglnrnúms.

Ni jcmra`m (jrtn mrji y rnijegõ` smegmogstõrgem) y ni

pjsgiim (cûsgej y fj`zj fn sjiõ` urlj`m)
fmcg`j`tns
fmcg`j`t ns fni gcjdg`jrgm rurji-pmrtujrgm
rurji-pmrtujrgm nstjlj`

18
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

sukntms j smegnfjfns trjfgegm`jins y cmfnr`js sg`

vã`euims cm`ntjrgms n`trn sã. Ij trjfgegõ` rndgm`ji
fn sus sus eui
euitur
turjs ims
ims u`ã
u`ãj uclg
uclgiigejic
jicn`t
n`tn. Ug`
Ug`
ncl
nc ljrjrddm, ij emcpi
cpinkj
nkj ogst
gstmrg
mrgj fn im cncnsszm-
ergm
ergmiiiim
m, ogz
ogzm qun
qun nsn
nsn pnqun
nqunúmúm pun`
pun`ttn qun im
imss
jenrejlj sn rmcpgnrj y unrj ljrrj`em jljkm.

Ni cu`fm
u`fm cns
cnszm
zm ergm
ergmiiiim
m sn jvnrdnrdm`
m`zzõ fn sus
sus
rjãens g`tnrgmrj`js euj`fm jvgstõ ij rnjigfjf fn ims
sukn
su knttms cm`
cm`tulg
tulgms
ms jpn`
jpn`js js nst
nstms jrrg
jrrglj
ljrrm` j ij
egufjf em` prmin y sg` rneursms y j qugn`ns
tuvgnrm` sucgfms emcm pnm`ns n` u`j rnijegõ` fn
em`trjtm ojen`fjtjrgm nufji qun gcpnfãj j ims
cm`tulgms snr pnqunúms prmpgntjrgms y `ndmegjr
fn cj`nrj`nrjj fgr
fgrnet
netj sus
sus prmfprmfue
uettms.
ms. G`
G`ge
gegm
gm fn u`
frjc
frjcjj y pjrjfjrjfmk
mkjj qun
qun ’g`u’g`u`f
`fjr
jrãj
ãj–– fn pnpn`j
`j ji
jcmr
jc mra`
a`mm pjr
pjrj ej`
ej`tjrsn
jrsn n` ims ims cêrdn
êrdn`n
`nss fn ij
egufjf sg` ni juxgigm fni em`trjpu`tm qun n` ij
rurjigfjf un vgfj y anstj eminevj.

Ni cm`tulgm iindjfm j ij egufjf tuvm qun nsem`fnr

nstj pn`j n`trn ims g`tnrsegms fni jicj y u`j
emfgj`j pmlrnzj. Ij cj`m fn mlrj rurji, -qun un
 kmr`jinrj-,
 kmr`jinrj-, sn ogzm eijsgstj y mlrnrj
mlrnrj n` ni punrtm. Ni

p unfnr
cmfn
cm rtmr`gfj
ojfstjfnsn
`gfjf n``eou
fnsn`etmou
`enjfj
s j ofni
jf jliãj ejcp
fn g`gpegmjfm
jc n` usu
`js
sus
rnijegm`ns fn mnrtj y fncj`fj. Ij Nsemlj fn ij
lrukj y Ij cm`giij, ins ernõ u` sgstncj fn
emcp
em cpin
inkm
kmss y eu
euip
ipjs
js qun fur furjr
jrãj
ãj ojs
ojstj ims ims júms
júms
eg`eun`tj euj`fm ni lmmc lj`j`nrm y ni pntrõinm
ims vmivgõ j ulgejr n` ims `gvnins fn prmspnrgfjf ji
qun nstuvgnrm` jemstuclrjfms.

Ij sjigfj fn ims cm`tulgms fn sus tjlijfjs y sgms

inkj`ms ojegj ni punrtm supusm n` nstms ejclgms
1:
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

fn pjrjfgdcjs smegmeuiturjins
smegmeuiturjins qun ims pmrtnúms fn
sjiõ` vgnrm` prmvneomsm pjrj rnpjrjr em` niim ij
nem`mcãj imeji fnslj`ejfj. Xjrj ni cm`tulgm nstn
ejclgm fn pjrjfgdcj ins rnsuitõ ln`naegmsm n` ij
cnfgfj qun ims pusm j `ndmegjr g`fgrnetjcn`tn
em` ims eouiqunrms su cj`m mlrj. Nstn jcmra`m ns
u` nkncpim fn niim;

Jquã nstmy pmrqun ony vn`ãm

Xmrqun ony vn`ãm jquã nstmy
Ug ustnfns qugnrn` cn qunfm
Ug `m cn qugnrn` cn vmy.

Zunfjrsn sgd`gaeõ, -pjrj ni cm`tulgm-, jeenfnr j

mrcj
mrcjss euitur
turjins
jins fgs
fgs`tjs j ijs ojlg ojlgttjf
jfjs
js y
rnernjfjs pmr niims n` ni ejcpm. Fgêspmrj fni `m
rntmr`m. Cgrjfj ojegj u`j rãj drj`fn qun
emc
em cnreg
nregjl
jljj em`
em` punr
punrttms fn cj cjyymr ej
ejttndmr
ndmrãj
ãj..
Cgrjfj tjclgç` iucpnsej fni pjtrõ` qun
cj`gpu
cj` gpuiõ
iõ nstm
nstmss ejclg
ejclgms
ms euitu
euiturrjin
jinss n` ln`
ln`nanaegm
egm
fni stjtu qum. Im qun sgd`gaeõ tjclgç` pjrj ni
cm`tulgm ej`tjr su û`gej pn`j2 ij pn`j fn fnkjr
su ejsj-tnrrgtmrgm y nspjegm smegmeuiturji fn vgfj y
trjljkm;

^`j ejsgtj j im inkms

Umlrn u`j imcj n`emrvjfj
^`j smlnrlgj cj`jlj
N`trn fmrjfms rnnkms
Jcmra`m fn qunrniij
Furcgn`fm n` ni cj`sm rãm
^` lgm jcmr fn lmoãm
Ljkm u`j `meon fn nstrniijs
^` emrjzõ` n` pnfjzms su jcjrdurj vj drgtj`fm
^`j cm`tulgj ej`tj`fm ij giusgõ` fn ims smijzms
1<
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

^` iglrn trmtn fgen jidm

N` ij sminjfj sjlj`j
W n` ij mrgfj cjúj`j
Un myn ni ijfrgfm fn u` djidm
Euj`fm ni jcmr rnvnrfnen
Ej`tj ni cm`tulgm qun júmrj
W sn ij pn`j sn jernen
Ni jicj cm`tulgj iimrj…

Ij pn`j fni pmrtnúm, n` ejclgm, nstuvm n` ni

pjsgiim Jicj n` ims ijlgms;

Euj`fm fn `unstrm jcmr

Ij iijcj jpjsgm`jfj
Fn`trm tu pneom jcj`tn
Em`tncpins yj nx`dugfj
Wj qun smim pmr 
Ij vgfj cn ns jcjfj
Ni fãj n` qun cn jitns
Cn jrrj`ejrç ij vgfj…

Ug `ms pnrejtjcms, ni cm`tulgm jiufn j su

u`gvnrsm smegmeuiturji y sgclõigem. Ni pmrtnúm j su
cu`fm g`fgvgfuji. Emsj qun fncunstrj fms

nstjfgms
y rnem`
nem`me gcjdg`jrgms
menn u`j
u`j u` fgs`tms2
u`egõ`
eg mtjinifn
õ` tmtji u`mijpgn`sj,
euiturjjernj
euitur `m
sukntj
sukn tj j im prgvjfm
prgvjfm `g ji pnspnsjr
jr g`fgvgfu
g`fgvgfuji. ji. Ni mtrm,
mtrm,
pgn`sj, ernj y rnem`men u`j u`egõ` sn`cn`tji
sukntj j ij psgqugs, qun ’`m n`eun`trj jigvgm j su
fmim
fm imrr prm
prmu`u`fm
fm–– (pjs
(pjsgigiim
im Ijcp
Ijcpjrjrgigiij
ij).
). Ni fmfmimimrr
prmu`fm fni cm`tulgm ns ni fnsjrrjgdm. Ni pjsgiim
g`eg
g`egpg
pgn`
n`ttn, -cmf
-cmfnrnr`m
`m-,
-, `m ns fn fnsj fnsjrr rrjg
jgdm
dm.. Ij
`jturjinzj y ij euiturj fni punlim `m eun`tj`. N`
ni jcmra`m eun`tj ij `jturjinzj y ij euiturj fni
punlim.
15
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Mtrm nkncpim fn im g`fgvgfuji n` ni pjsgiim nstê n`

\mcj`en fn cg fns`m;

Vmfm im qun qugsn ym

Vuvn qun fnkjrim inkms
Ugncprn tn`dm qun nsejpjrcn
W jlj`fm`jr im qun qugnrm
Wm smy ni luqun j`tjscj
Zun `m punfn j`eijr n` punrtms
J`fm lusej`fm rnudgm
N` rntrjtms y n` nspnkms
N` ejrtjs jpmigiijfjs
W n` pnrucjfms rneunrfms
Xmr cês qun nsrm ijs cês cj`ms
@u`ej tn jiej`zm iuenrm…

W ni cm`tulgm vunivn j su `jturjinzj. J su euiturj;

Wm smy ni omclrn qun sgncprn vgvn

N`trn ij snivj fni igtmrji
Wm smy ni ogkm fn ijs ejcpgújs
Umy ni cm`tulgm
Fni dujyjlji…

Ni pun`tn sn oj qunlrjfm/em` qun im

emcpm`ncms/em` ejsejrjs fn ounvm/qun pjsn ni
rny/qun oj fn pjsjr/ni ogkm fni em`fn/sn oj fn
qunfjr…NNstn ns ni pun`tn fni jcmra`m y ni
qunfjr…
pjsg
pjsgiiim. N` ij nsen
nsen`
`j smeg
smegji
ji ims fms
fms qun
qunfjr
jrm`
m`
rnzjdjfms
rnzjdjfms n` ij cmfnr`gfjf. J pnsjr qun ni pjsgiim
sn smstuvm drjegjs j u`j g`egpgn`tn g`fustrgj qun
`m vjegiõ n` g`vnrr ims lgn`ns y dj`j`egjs pjrj
emcprjr fnrneoms y iinvjr ji Fûm Neujfmr Gljúnz-
16
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Ujjfg j @unvj Wmrb y drjljr ni prgcnr fgsem fn

jentjtm qun gcprgcgõ Dujyjqugi fn cgs jcmrns fn
Ijurm Fêvgij y @gejsgm Ujjfg.

@m punfn nxpigejrsn nstjs rupturjs y

fnsn`eun`trms n`trn ims cm`tulgms y ims pmrtnúms
sg`m
sg`m nxpig
xpigej
ejcm
cmss nst
nstjs jclg
jclgvvjin`
jin`eg
egjs
js n`tr
n`trnn ni
jcmra`m rurji y ni pjsgiim urlj`m. Ij vn`tjkj n`trn
ni u`m y ni mtrm nstê n` im qun sn eun`tj. Ni vnrsm
ns u` succus euiturji  n`
 n` ni jcmra`m. N` ni pjsgiim
sm`
sm ` r
rjd
jdccn`t
n`tms. Wm qunlr
unlrjf
jfms
ms.. Ar
Arnn`tn j u`j
nxpigejegõ`
nxpigejegõ` rndgm`ji fn u` punlim qun sn nxtrjúj y
sn n`trjúj j sã cgscm. Ns pmsglin qun nstjs mrcjs
fn em`tjr fni pjsgiim ojyj` sgfm pjrtn fn ij
fnej
fn ejfn
fn`e
`egj
gj fni
fni pmfn
pmfnrr nem`
nem`õcõcge
gemm rnd
ndgm
gm`j
`jii qun
qun
tuvm smlnrlgms ejpgtjins
ejpgtjins y qun ogzm fn ij lurdunsãj
dujyjquginúj u`j lurdunsãj n` em`getm em` su
jicj. Jfncês fn u`j lurdunsãj ndõijtrj
ndõijtrj n g`ejpjz
fn vnr, jsgcgijr y emcprn`fnr ij euiturj cm`tulgj.

Aun n` Ij Agnstj fni Cm`tuvg vgm

m qun mrdj`gzõ
\mfrgdm fn Vrgj`j (:< fn metulrn fn :7<1) qun
nstj lurdunsãj cgrõ ojegj fn`trm. Ij g`gegjvj un
fn \mfrgdm. Ogstmrgjfmr y mibimrgstj qugç`

cj`
cj`ggns
pnruj`mnstjr
tjrj
yjpjsgiim
qun ’nstj
ns tj jcjid
jcjidjcj
emimclgj`m– jcj rjrj
jrj fn yj
limqunjlj yjr
n`rjvã 
jvniã 
punrtm ij rnernjegõ`
rnernjegõ` fni jcmra`m ’e ’emcm
mcm prmfuetm
dn`ug`m fn `unstrms
`unstrms cm`tulgms
cm`tulgms igtmrjin`sns–
igtmrjin`sns–.. @m
cn fntn`frç n` nstm pmr jitj fn nspjegm. Umim
fgrrç qun
fg qun Eoê
Eoêvnz Dm`z
Dm`zêiêinnz tuv
tuvm rjz jzõ`
õ` n` nsnsttn
ncpm pjrj jrj jarcjr im fgeom. Im euji omy ns
gcpn`sjlin jarcjr nstm sg `m nxpi xpigejcms ni
prmlincj fnsfn ij g`tnreuiturjigfjf y ims usms y
jprmpgjegm`ns
jprmpgjegm` ns fn nincn`tms
nincn`tms ugfms fn ijs euiturjs
snrrj`js em` ni punrtm, ims pmrtnúms y ims
1>
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

cm`tulgms n`trncnzeijfms n` ij
’pmscmfnr`gfjf– urlj`j.

Ni pun`tn sgdun qunlrjfm. Im rjrm ns qun nstj

cgsc
cg scjj g`fu
g`fusstrgj
trgj smij
smijpj
pjfjfj fn mimibi
bimr
mrnn ur
urlj
lj`m
`m y
`mstjidgjs fn u` pjsjfm n`nrcm fn pn`js oj
rnjpjrnegfm. Cnrejfnrns fn ij cûsgej oj`
rnpmsgegm`jfm ni pjsgiim em` cn`rjs gclnrlns. Ni
jcmra`m ns cm`tulgm, ni pjsgiim ns urlj`m. ’Ni
pjsgiim ns fn ij egufjf, euitm–. ’Ni jcmra`m ns fn
cm`tulgms, sg` eijsn–. ½Eijsn= Ug, eijsn. Nstm fgen`
imss cnrej
im nrejfn
fnrrns.
ns. Xnrm
nrm emcm
mcm tmfmfm m ns eãei
eãeige
gem
m, ij
em`egn`egj smegji oj vunitm. Ni jcmra`m sn nstê
rnpmsgegm`j`fm. Ims cm`tulgms yj `m sn
fnsl
fn sljr
jrrrj`ej
j`ej`.
`. N` ij eguf
egufjf
jf,, im
imss cm`t
cm`tululgm
gmss oj`
oj`
vunitm j tmcjr ij g`gegjvj. Ij em`egn`egj smegji oj
vunitm. ½Nstm ns lun`m, m `m=

11
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

14
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

IGLN\JIGUCM, UMEGNFJF W LJGIN \NDGM@JI

CM@V^LGM; U^LQN\VGN@FM NI E^N\XM N@
D^JW
D^J WJZ^GI W CJ
CJ@JLÃ.
@JLÃ.

Ims eogscns fn zjduj`ns n` Dujyjqugi eun`tj` qun ni

Dn`nrji
Dn`nr ji Ni
Nimy
my J
Ji
ijrm
jrm `m l
ljgij
jgijlj
lj vji
vjiss tj` lgn` emcm im
ogegnrj ni Dn`nrji Ugcõ` Lmiãvjr. W nstm ns nxpigejlin.
Lmiãvjr `jegõ n` u`j jisgcj jrgstmerjegj prn-
rnpuligej`j ejrjqunúj qun nseueojlj cûsgej nurmpnj
fn jitj jeturj emrtnsj`j y sus rnijegm`ns fn pmfnr
jcnrg
jc nrgtj
tjlj
lj`` vã`e
vã`eui
uims
ms nx
nxei
eius
usgv
gvms
ms fn ’sj sj`d
`drn
rn `m
`mli
lin–
n–..
Gcpn`sjlin fn ljgijr fj`zjs imejins fn emrtn trjfgegm`
trjfgegm`ji
ji
vn`nzmij`m qun ij pinln ljgijlj y ej`tjlj n` kmidmrgms
fn eojrj`dj pmlrnzj.

Jijrm `jegõ n` Cm`tnergs. Xunlim cm`tulgm cj`jlgtj

qunn j pn
qu pnsj
sjrr fn ojln
ojlnrr sgfm
sgfm u` enen`t`trrm jr
jrttnsj`
nsj`ji
ji fn
gcpmrt rtjj`egj n` ij rnpûligej, su fncmdrjj nrj
n`tn
n` tnrrjcn`
jcn`ttn fn j jcg
cgigigjs
js pm
pmlr
lrns
ns ejejcp
cpns
nsg`
g`js
js qun
qun j
fgjjrg
fg rgm
m sn fn fnfg
fgeejl
jljj` j ij jdrg rgeu
euiitu
turrj y ij sgnc
gnclrj
lrj,
emsneoj y tnkgfm fn ij pjkj tmqugiij. Jijrm nstufgõ n`
Cm`tnergs. Fnsfn Cm`tnergs jyufõ j su pjfrn n` ni

emcnregm fn prmfuetms imejins. Ug lgn` lurduçs -n` ni

tçrcg`m fn eijsn y pmsgegõ` smegji- Jijrm un onrnfnrm
fn ij
ijss em
emcg
cgsg
sgm`
m`ns
ns qun
qun su pjpjfr
frnn sm
smiãiãjj rnt
ntrg
rglu
luggri
rinn j
ejcl
ejclgmgm fn su
suss sn
snrv
rvge
gegm
gmss n` ij nc
ncprprns
nsjj jcjcgigigj
gjrr fn
fnii
emcnregm.

Ij prg`egpji mrcj fn nstnkjr fn nstn punlim cm`tulgm

unn em`
u em` ljlj`f
`fjs
js fn cûsge
ûsgems
ms,, u
und
ndmsms pgr
pgrmt
mtçe
çe`g
`gem
emss y
tr
trmv
mvjfm
jfmrnrnss fn ej
ejsjl
sjlnn qun nkn
nkneu
eutjtjlj`
lj` g`s
g`stru
trucn
cn`t
`tms
ms
`jtu
`j turrjin
inss (sus
(susu
u`d
`djjs y lmtmtmt
mtms
ms)) pr
prm
mvn`g
`gn`
n`ttns fni
fnscm`tn y ni emrtn fn cjfnrj2 sulstj`egjins
1?
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

nincn`t
n`tms fn emc
mcnnregjigzjegõ` em` ims punrtms
enrej`ms.

Ims g`tnrnsns fn Lmiãvjr sn en`trjrm` n` ni emcljtn

em`trj ims rnyns nspjúmins qun fmcg`jlj` ij Jcçrgej
ogspj`j. Ims fn Jijrm
Jijrm nstuvgnrm` fnspindjfms em`trj ni
em`snrvjfurgscm ejtõigem y ijs nstrueturjs fn dmlgnr`m
n`trn Nstjfm n Gdinsgj fn unrtn fmcg`jegõ` nem`õcgej
y pmiãej.

Eõcm ljgijrãj vjis nurmpnm Jijrm sg su mãfm y

sn`s
sn`sgglgig
lgigfj
fjf
f uunr
nrm`
m` fn fnttnr
nrcg
cg`j
`jfjfjss pmr
pmr ni n`tm
n`tmr` r`m
m
cm`tulgm qun j su vnz `m rnem`meãj ij cûsgej mrê`nj
fn pgj`mijs y jrpjs qun nkneutjlj` ims ojen`fjfms n`
suss ns
su nsttj`
j`eg
egjs
js vnvnrrj`
j`ggndjs
ndjs.. Ns
Nsttn mã
mãfm
fm y sn sn`s
`sgglgig
lgigfj
fjff
nstjlj` sg`ernzjfjs n` anstjs pjtrm`jins n`
omcn`jkn j Ij Qgrdn` fn Cm`snrrjtn y n` anstjs fn
ej`fg
ej`fgins
ins (jr
(jrrm
rmzz qun
qunlrlrjfm
jfm pjr
pjrjj ims ergmii
ergmiims)
ms) fm`fn
fm`fn sn
ljgijlj ij vnrsgõ` cj`jlgtj fn Ij punrej rjspjfj;

Emkn ij punrej/joã vgn`n ij punrej

Emkn ij punrej/joã vgn`n ij punrej
Ij punrej rjspjfj/ij punrej snljfj
Qgn`n sjitj`fm/ij punrej rjspjfj
Qgn`n lrg`ej`fm/ij punrej rjspjfj
Jcjrrj ijs pjtjs/j ij punrej rjspjfj
Jcjrrj ijs pjtjs/j ij punrej rjspjfj
Ij punrej rjspjfj/ij punrej snljfj…
(G`mrcj`tn fmúj Dimrãj Cnkãj (+) fn Vmsjduj)

y ni eogdujim Fm`eniij fni prjfm;

Fm`eniij fni prjfm

Zun ji ejcpm sjigstn
J rnemdnr mrns
Fn cjym y jlrgi.

17
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Wm smy ij `gúgtj fni Em`fn Ijurni

Zun sjidm j ljgijr
W `m n`eun`trm em` qugn`.
W sgn`fm tj` lniij
½@m n`eun`trjs em` qugn`=
Nsemdn j tu
Zun jquã dustm
ojy cês fn egn`…

Un ljgijlj` nstms tm`ms j pu`tj fni kjinm fn pjicjs,

ej`tms rjspjms y ij nkneuegõ` fn vgdùnij y ejkm`ns fn
a`ms trm`ems jounejfms.

Jijrm sn g`gegj nsemijrcn`tn em` ims `gúms cm`tulgms

cm`t
cm `tne
nerg
rgsstn`
n`en
enss og
ogkkms fn pnm`pnm`ns
ns.. Lmiã
Lmiãvvjr pmr
pmr sususs
emcm
emcmfgfgfj
fjfnfnss tu
tuvm
vm tututm
tmrr. Ni pj
pjfr
frnn fn Ji
Jijr
jrm
m u
unn u`

rnpuligej`m nspjúmi nxgigjfm. Ni pjfrn fn Lmiãvjr un

cgnclrm
cgnclr m fn ij jrgstmer
jrgstmerjegj
jegj ejrjqunúj. Ni `mclrn maegji
fn Lmiãvjr un Ugcõ` Kmsç J`tm`gm fn ij Uj`sgcj
Vrg`gfjf Lmiãvjr y Xjijegms fn Jdugrrn, Xm`tn-J`frjfn
y Lij`em. Ni fn Jiajrm aun Kmsç Nimy Jijrm Fnidjfm.

N`trn ims fms ni ncpm y ims prmensms fn `jegcgn`tm,

fnsj
fn sjrr
rrmi
miiim y nk
nknr
nreg
egeg
egm
m cgig
gigtjr un
unrrm` fg
fgsspjr
pjrnk
nkms
ms y
fgstj`tns. Lmiãvjr fni sgdim _QGGG y Jijrm fni sgdim _G_.
Ijs em`egn`egjs fn nstms fms drj`fgmsms omclrns sã sn
rjdujrm` n` ij rnvmiuegõ` n giustrjegõ` rj`ensj. Im qun
cês jiiê fn ijs gfnmimdãjs qun ims u`ãj m snpjrjlj nstj
rnvmiuegõ` un vgtji pjrj sus imdrms. Xmr niim `m ns fn
fnsc
fn scnrnrne
nenr
nr ij pm
pmsg
sglg
lgigigfj
fjf
f qu
qunn ij cûsge
ûsgejj fn sj
sjiiõ`
emrt
rtnnsj`m `m ojyj sgfm fni jdrjfm fni Dn`nrji
cj`jlgtj. @m pmr niim tjcpmem punfn fnegrsn qun sg ni
Dn`nrji Lmiãvjr ljgijsn vjis emcm rmclm n` trmclj
çstn unsn dmlnr`jfm pmr im smclrãm fn su pmsgegõ`
smegji. Ujlnr
Ujlnr qun ni Dn
Dn`nrji
`nrji L
Lmiãvjr
miãvjr `m n`n pjrj`dõ`
pjrj`dõ`
n` Jcçrgej pmr sus emrrnrãjs onrmgejs, nkncpijrns, fn

48
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

g`tjeojlin cmrji, ns suaegn`tn pjrj n`tn`fnr qun ni

vji
jis,
s, ku
ku`t
`tm
m j ij erje
erjemv
mvgj
gj`j
`j y ni cg cg`u
`unnt2 unr
unrm` im
imss
dç`nrms fgseursgvms fni aitrnm smegji y pmiãem fn a`ns
fni sgdim _QGGG y prg`egpgms fni sgdim _G_.

Im fni
fni dn
dn`n
`nrrji Ni
Nimy
my Jijr
ijrm
m Fnid
Fnidjf
jfm m, sg
sg`
` pj
pjrrj`
j`ddõ`
tjclgç` n` `unstrj Jcçrgej, ji gduji qun Kmsç Cjr m
J`tm`gm Kmsç fn Uuern2 n`n rninvj`egj. Ns qugç` n` ni
prmensm fn em`vnrsgõ`
em`vnrsgõ` iglnrji j`einrgej
j`einrgejii ji rjfgejigscm,
rjfgejigscm,
`ms cunstrj ij euiturj cm`tulg lgjj emcm eui uitturj,
gfn`fjf n ogstmrgj rndgm`ji. Ns qugn` `ms fgen y pm`n
vgsglin qugn`ns sm`, qun ojen`, fm`fn ojlgtj` y emcm
sm` ims cm`tulgms fni igtmrji neujtmrgj`m. Ni smim oneom
fn fgsujfgr j ims ojen`fjfms qun ni cm`tulgm snj

trj
trjtjf
jfm
m emc
mcm m pnõ
nõ`` oj
ojli
lijj fn u` Ji
ijr
jrm
m qun vn ij
smegnf
smegnfjf
jf ne
neuj
ujtm
tmrg
rgj`
j`jj n` ni cjr
cjrem fn ij fg
fgvvnr
nrsg
sgfj
fjf
f
çt`gej fn ijs rndgm`ns.

Umigegtjlj Jijrm ni trjtm oucj`m j ims cm`tulgms. Ij

`ndmegjegõ`, -qun ij ogstmrgj `m eun`tj y qun ij mrjigfjf
(ju`qun un`tn rêdgi sndû` ims purgstjs fn ij ogstmrgj)
vjigfj-, j ij qun Jijrm iindõ em` ij lurdunsãj
tnrrjtn`gn`tn, un qun u`j vnz qun tnrcg`jrj ij dunrrj
em`
em` ims
ims em
em`s
`snrv
nrvjf
jfmr
mrns
ns rn
rnpu
puli
lige
gej`
j`ms
ms,, çs
çstm
tmss pu
punf
nfj`
j`
dmzjr fn sus fnrneoms pmiãems y smegjins., im qun egnrtm
ns, qunfõ n` prmcnsj pmr ij trjgegõ` iglnrji
em`snrvjfmrj qun sn ojlãj n`djrzjfm jstutjcn`tn n`
su dmlgnr`m.

Ij smegnfjf
fjf lu lurrdun
unssj y ni igln
lnrrjigscm rjfg
fgeeji y
em`snrvjfmr qun iindj ji pmfnr iindj sg` ims cm`tulgms.
Ju` euj`fm unrm` ims cm`tulgms qugn`ns ku`tms j ims
`ndrms, zjclms, cuijtms n g`fgms y cnszms snrrj`ms,
imss qun
im qun r
rn`
n`ttnj
njrrm` em` un
unddm y ejr
jr`n
`n ji n`
n`nc
ncgdgdm.
m.
Dj`j`fm ij dunrrj fn jsen`sm fni Dn`nrji n` su prgcnr
4:
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

dmlgnr`m rjfgeji
rjfgeji y n` ni sndu
sndu`fm
`fm cês eem`snrvjfmr
m`snrvjfmr qun
ni prgcnrm. Ns nstn cgscm iglnrjigscm em`snrvjfmr y
nein
ne insg
sgês
êse
emm fn Zu Zuggtm
tm,, DuDujjyjq
jqug
ugii y Cj`j`jl
jlã,
ã, qugç
qugç``
a`jic
a`j icn`t
n`tnn fnr
fnrrm
rmtj
tjrrj ji dn`nr
dn`nrji
ji n` rrj`e
j`ejj eim
eimje
jejj fn
cunrtn. ’Cgins fn lugtrns ejiijrm` n` nstj sgin`egmsj
fj`z
fj `zjj (…)
(…) cj
cjif
ifgt
gtm
m lj
ljgiginn fn cucunr
nrtm
tms,
s, põ
põiv
ivmr
mrjj fn ij
cjúj`j– ej`tj Iugs Nfujrfm Jutn em` cueoj rjzõ` y
jdm`ãj n` ij rncncmrgj fn ij @jegõ` emcm `megõ` y
rnprnsn`tjegõ` djreãjcjrqugj`j.

½Uulvnrr ni eunrpm j`tn cgins fn lugtrns= Uulvnrr ni

eunrpm, ni mrfn`. Uulvnrr ij rj`ejeonij ogpõergtj fni
smiijpj
sm pjfm
fm iglg
lgfm
fm fn ims qu
qunn n`n
n`n`` pmf
mfnr
nr y ljljggij`
nsem`fgfms. Fn ims qun ljgij` n` pûligem y `m n`n`

pmfnr jidu`m. Fn ims qun `u`ej ljgij` y sm` ims pnmrns.

Ug Ugcõ` Lmiãvjr ljgiõ vjis y Jijrm Ij punrej rjspjfj
em` lj`fj fn punlim, pjrj ims fms ni ljgin un smim ni
prnt
pr ntnx
nxtm.
tm. Mtrms
Mtrms gfn
gfnjin
jinss cm
cmvgn
vgnrm
rm`` j `un
`unst
strm
rmss oçrmns
oçrmns
ij`mjcnrgej`ms y nstm ns pmr fncês em`megfm pmr
tmfms. Jomrj ni jsu`tm ns fnkjr prnvgsglin ni pmrquç
Jijrm `m pufm ljgijr vjis emcm ’ij smegnfjf ergmiij– fn
su ncpm im ’nxgdãj–. Ug rnemrfjcms, ims fms unrm`
pnqu
pn qunúm
númss n` ij pj
pjrt
rtnn sge
sgej.
j. Ji
Jijr
jrm
m fn cj
cjyymr cj
cjsj
sj
cuseuijr
cuseui jr,, Lmi
Lmiãv
ãvjr
jr cês fni fnidj
djfm.
fm. Ns
Nstmtm,, pjr
pjrjj ij fj`
fj`zj
zj,,
gcpmrtj y cueom. Jomrj, ni vjis qun sn ljgijlj n` ij
çpmej fn Ugcõ` Lmiãvjr sn nkneutjlj n` eãreuims y nrj
fn cmvgcgn`tms rêpgfms (cn rnanrm ji vjis vgn`çs `m ji
vjis g`diçs m lmstm`) y ims tm`ms cm`tulgms emcm Ij
punrej rjspjfj m ni eogdujim fn Ij fm`eniij, nrj` cês
sgcpins y ejrneãj` fn cmvgcgn`tms egreuijrns. Ug lgn`
nstm
nstmss ljgi
ljgins
ns sn en
en` `tr
trj`
j` n` u` eãeãrreuim
euim,, ij mrcj
mrcj fn
nkneutjrsn ns ojegn`fm n`trjfjs y sjigfjs rn`tn j ij
pjrnkj qun meupj nin i iudjr fn jemcpjúj`tn.

4<
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

Ij jcgigj fn Jijrm `m ns qun `m tuvm pgj`m y jrpj. Ims

tuvm. Xnrm su cgrjfj nstuvm emfgj`jcn`tn
rni
nije
jeggm`j
m`jfj em` ij eu euiitu
turrj `j
`jtu
turrji ejcpnsg
pnsg`j
`j.. Ns
pmsglin, -pjrj ij lurdunsãj imeji-, qun n` Cm`tnergs y
Cj`j
Cj `jlã
lã mstn
mstn`t
`tjr
jr nstm
nstmss g`
g`sstr
truc
ucn`
n`tm
tmss nr
nrjj sn
snúj
újii ’fn
lun`j nfuejegõ`– y cn`ms fn pmsgegõ` nem`õcgej. Ni
nspãrgtu qun j`gcjlj j ims iglnrjins rnpuligej`ms nrj ni
fn snr, -n` jidu`ms smim pjrnenr-, nfuejfms rn`tn j u`j
smegnfjf ergmiij qun sn prnegjlj fn ’euitj– pmr ni euivm
fn ij cûsgej fn sjiõ`.

Xjrj ij jcgigj fn Lmiãvjr, -pmr su pmsgegõ` fn

jrgs
jrgstõ
tõer
erjt
jtjs
js-,
-, im
imss fn ’eijs
eijsnn lj
ljkj
kj––, nrj`
nrj` vg
vgsstm
tmss em
emcm
cm
pinlns. Nstm fnlgõ snr ni dnrcn` pjrj qun ni dn`nrji

Lmiã
miãvjr fn
fneegfg
fgnr
nrjj tmcjr fgstj`e `egj
gj fn su jcg jcgigigjj y
ncpr
nc prn`f
n`fnr
nr ijs ejejcpj
cpjújs
újs rn
rnvm
vmiue
iuegm`
gm`jrg
jrgjs
js j j
jvm
vmrr fn
nstj eijsn qun `m un vgstj emcm dn`tn. @g n` tmfm `g n`
pjrt
pj rtnn pu
punfnfnn sje
sjejr
jrsn
sn fn em`m`ttnxt
xtmm cg og ogpõ
põttns
nsgs
gs.. Ij
cgrjfj smegji fn Ugcõ` Lmiãvjr un ij fn u` `m
jrgst
jrgstõer
õerjt
jtj.
j. ^` omc omclrlrnn fn nin
ninvj
vjfãs
fãsgc
gcjj sn`sg
sn`sglgi
lgigf
gfjf
jf
oucj`j. Fn nseijrnegfj cgrjfj ojegj ims pmlrns. Un
nxpigej n`tm`ens pmrquç ljgiõ cnkmr vjis qun Jijrm.
Xnrm `m cn`ms egnrtm tjclgç` qun u`j vnz g`gegjfj su
iueoj pmr ims pjãsns qun iglnrtõ fnlgõ ojlnr ljgijfm
u`j qun mtrj fj`zj fn emrtn ejcpnsg`m.

Im ququnn nxpig
xpigeej tjclg
jclgç`
ç` qu
qunn ni dn` n`nr
nrji
ji Nimy
Nimy Ji Jijr
jrm
m
ljggijrj
lj jrj vjisnsnss ju`
u`qu
qunn `m iind
ndjr jrjj j ij oj
ojlg lgiigfjf
fjf y
fnstrnzj fn Lmiãvjr. N` a`, ni nspjegm `ms gcpgfn sndugr
fj`fm kmrmlj. Fnkncms qun sgdj` ojlij`fm n`
Dujjyjq
Du jqug
ugii qu
qunn Ji
Jijr
jrm
m `m lj
ljgigiõ
õ emcmcmm Lm
Lmiãiãvvjr y qunqun
Lmiãvjr `m oulgnsn ljgijfm emcm Jijrm. Im gcpmrtj`tn
ns qun ni eunrpm y ij em`egn`egj fn ims fms g`cmrtjins
sn sulvgrnrm` pjrj ni lgn` fn ij oucj`gfjf. Nkncpim

45
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

fn pmems y drj`
drj`fns
fns omclrns. Im fncês ns purm eogscn,
purm eogscn fn zjduê`.

46
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

4>
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

J@N_M
XJ\
J\VG
VGV^
V^\
\JU FN JID^
JID^@J
@JUU XGN[
XGN[JU
JU FN CÛUG
CÛUGEJ
EJ
CM@V^LGJ V\JFGEGM@JI W FN J^VM\ (J\EOGQM

XJLIM D^N\\N\M. EM@CÛUGEJ.).

41
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

44
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

4?
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

47
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

?8
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

?:
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

?<
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

?5
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

?6
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

?>
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

?1
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

?4
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

LGLIGMD\JAÃJ EM@U^IVJFJ
-  Jisnfm y Onrrnrj, Fgm`gsgm fn. Emcpn`fgm
ogstõr
ogs õrggem fn ij pr prm
mvg
vg`e
`eggj, pjr
jrf
fm
ms, egu
gufj
fjfn
fns,
s,
jsiinrms, rãms y punrtm fn Dujyjqugi n` ijs emstjs
fn ij cjr fni Uur . GcprGcprn`
n`ttj fn ij \nvnrn`
nrn`fj
fj
Eêcjrj Jpmstõigej. Cjfrgf, :46:.

-   Eo
Eoêêvnz Arj`
Arj`emem,, Cmfn
Cmfnsstm. Erõ`
Erõ`ge
gejs
js fni 
Dujy
Dujyjq
jqug
ugii j`
j`d um..  Vmcms G y GG. Gcprn`tj
dum
Cu`gegpji. Dujyjqugi,
Dujyjqugi, :758 y :766.

-  Ejcpms, Arj`egsem. Qgjkn pmr ij prmvg`egj

fn Dujyjqugi.  Gcprn`tj fni Emcnregm, Dujyjqugi,
:?44.

-   Aj
Ajzg
zgm
m An
Anr`
r`ê`f
ê`fnz
nz,, Cjrgj`
Cjrgj`m.
m. Ni Dujyjqugi 
emim
emimclg
clgj`m
j`m,, :?<:?<<-:?58..  Jreo
<-:?58 Jreogv
gvm
m Og
Ogsstõrge
õrgem
m fni
Dujyjs. Dujyjqugi, :7??.

-   Dujyjqugi j trjvçs fn ims sgdims   (vjrgms

jutmrns
jut mrns).
). Xrõi
Xrõimd
mdm
m y `mt
`mtjs pmr
pmr Ni
Nigç
gçen
enrr N`
N`rã
rãqu
qunnz.
Vjiinrns Drêaems @jegm`jins. Zugtm, :761.

-   Ijvgj`
vgj`jj Eun
Euntms,
ms, Cjr jrããj Iugs
gsjj. Nstufgms
smlrn ni Dujyjqugi emim`gji.   Jreogvm Ogstõrgem fni
Dujyjs. Dujyjqugi, :777.

-   Immr
Immr Cmr
Cmrngr
ngrj, Tgi
Tgirg
rgfm
fm.. Ij Xrmvg`egj fn
Dujyjqugi n` iueoj pmr su g`fnpn`fn`egj. Nfgtmrgji
Drndmrgm fn Xmrtmvgnkm, :746.

-  Cjrems, Kmrdn D. Ims punlims `jvndj`tns

fni Neujfmr prnogspê`gem. Jlyj-W
 Jlyj-Wjij.
jij. Zugtm,
Z ugtm, <88>.
<88 >.
??
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

-   Mr
Mrffõú
õúnnz Gt
Gtur
urrrjifn
jifn,, Tgi
Tgicj`.
cj`.  Jcmr`m,
ej`tm cjymr fni cm`tulgm.  Jdms Jdmsttm, <8
<886
86,,
Dujyjqugi.

-   Mrfõ
Mrfõún
únzz Gt
Gtur
urrrjifn
jifn,, Tg
Tgiicj`.
cj`. Xmrtnúms;
ogstmrgj fn ij cûsgej y ni lj ljggin trjfgegm`ji
`ji y 
 pmpuijr n` Dujyjqugi. Nfgtmrgji Cjr Jlgnrtm fn ij
^`gvnrsgfjf Nimy Jijrm fn Cj`tj. Cj`tj, <8:8.

-   Xg`m \mej, K. Djlrgni.

Inyn`fjs,
trjfgegm`ns y pêdg`js fn ij ogstmrgj fn Dujyjqugi.
Vmcms G y GG. Dujyjqugi, :758 y :715. Gcprn`tj y
Vjiinrns Cu`gegpjins.

-  [ûúgdj, @nptjiã Fr.2 Fgjrgm g`çfgtm fni vgjkn

fn Ouclmit pmr ij prmvg`egj fn Dujyjqugi.
Igtmdrj
drjj n Gcprn`tj fn ij ^`gvnrsgfjf fn
Dujyjqugi. Dujyjqugi, :7?5.

-   [nvjiims Cn`ç`fnz, Ejr Ejrims. @unstrjs

rjãens duj`ejvgiejs. Vjiinrns Drêaems fn ij Ejsj fn
ij Euiturj @ûeinm fni Dujyjs. Dujyjqugi, :77>.

Fmeucn `tjEfjjcpfmns, ij KmsXçrmvg`Je`gjtm`gfmn. i D
Ougsjtm
yjrgsj.
-

Cu`gegpjigfjf fn Dujyjqugi, :777. Fni tmcm G ji

tmcm
mcm Q. Xulig
uligej
ejeg
egõ`
õ` fni XrmyXrmynenettm fn \nsej nsejttn
Nfgtmrgji.

-   Êiv
Êivjrnz
jrnz,, Ugiv
Ugivgj
gj.. Nt`g
Nt`geg
egfj
fjfn
fnss n` ij Emst
Emstjj
neujtmrgj`j. Jlyj-Wjij, Zugtm, <88<.

?7
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

-   Emrrnj
Emrrnj Lustjc
Lustjcj`t
j`tn,
n, Arj`egs
Arj`egsem.
em. Ej`
Ej`tjr
tjrns
ns
G`mivgfjl
G`mivgfjlins
ins fni Neujfmr
Neujfmr.. Fms tmcms.
tmcms. Dujyjq
Dujyjqugi,
ugi,
:771. Nfgtmrgji Kusegj y Xjz.

-   EGFJX. Emineegõ` Ij euiturj pmpuijr n`

Neuj
Neujfm
fmrr. Vmcm
mcm G_,
G_, Eun`
Eun`ej
ej,, <8
<88<
8<.. Xrmv
Xrmvg`
g`eg
egjj fn
Cj`jlã. Vmcm _G, Eun`ej, <887. Xrmvg`egj fn Ims
\ãms.

-   Êivjrnz, Cj`uni fn Knsûs. Ns

Nsttufgms
mibiõrgems smlrn ni cm`tuvgm y su cûsgej.
Gcprn`tj Ij Nspnrj`zj fn Eom`n, :7<7.

-   Xjrfu
jrfuee
eegg, \ns
nsj. Xjrfu
jrfuee
eegg, Gl
Glrrjo
joããc.

G`sstruc
G` trucn`
n`ttmsprnogspê`gem.
neujtmrgj`m cusg
usgejins
jins Dujyjqugi,
fn vgn
vgn`tm:7?1.
fni
fni igtmrji
mrji

-   Xjrfueeg,
jrfueeg, \nsj.
\nsj. G`strucn
G`strucn`t
`tms
ms cusgejins
cusgejins
fn pnreusgõ` fni igtmrji
igtmrji prnogspê`gem
prnogspê`gem neujtmrgj`m.
neujtmrgj`m.
Dujyjqugi, :7?1

-   Fnidjfm Enpnfj, Oudm. Fj`zjs

trjfgegm`jins
trjfgegm`jins fn ij emstj
emstj fni Neujfmr
Neujfmr.. Dujy
Dujyjqugi,
jqugi,
:7?:. ^`gvnrsgfjf fn Dujyjqugi.

-   @nv
@nvjifm
jifm [jclr
jclrj`
j`mm, Fmcg
Fmcg`d`dm.
m. Am
Amib
ibim
imrrn
igigtn
tnrrjrgm
jrgm,, euit
euitur
urjj pmpu
pmpuij
ijrr y trjf
trjfge
gegm
gm`n
`nss mrji
mrjins
ns..
Xmrtmvgnkm, n`nrm <886

-   Enfnúm, Ugcõ` L. @nvjifm [. Fmcg`dm.

Jcmr
Jc mra
a`ms,
`ms, empi
empijs
js,, em`
em`trjp
trjpu`
u`tm
tms,
s, eogd
eogduj
ujim
imss y
ljgins mibiõrgems cj`jlgtjs. Xmrtmvgnkm, s/.
s/.

78
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

-  Vrgj`j, \mfrgdm fn. Ij tjclmrj cgstnrgmsj.

Jre
Jreui
uim
m fn ’j trjv
trjvçs
çs fn cg iupj
iupj––. Ni ^`gv
^`gvnr
nrsm
sm,,
fmcg`dm < fn ku`gm fn :71?.

-   Vrgj`
rgj`j,
j, \mfrg
mfrgdm
dm fn.
fn. RE
REoê
oêvvnz Dm`z
Dm`zêi
êinnz,
\mfrgdmS. ’Ij Gduj`j–. N`; Uncj`j drêej, @m.
5>7, fn cjym, p. 4. Dujyjqugi, :75?.

-   Mrfõúnz Tgicj`. Fn ij cm`tjúj ji rãm.

Jreogvm Ogstõrgem fni Dujyjs, Dujyjqugi, ku`gm fni
<885.

-   Dunrrnrm
Dunrrnrm Duçrrnz
Duçrrnz Xjlim.
Xjlim. N`egeimpnfgj
N `egeimpnfgj fn
ij Cûsgej Neujtmrgj`j. Vmcms G y GG. Emrpmrjegõ`

Cusge
Cusgemiõ
miõdge
Cûsgej dgejj Neuj
Nej`j,
Neujtmrg ujtm
Neujtmrgj`j,tmrg
rgj`j
j`j..<886-<88>.
Zugtm Jreog
Jreogvm
vm Um`mr
Um`mrm
m fn ij

-   Emr`nk
Emr`nkm,m, Kus
Kus`m
`m.. Eogduj
Eogdujigt
igtm-E
m-Eogd
ogduji
ujiõ.
õ.
Lgmd
Lgmdrrjj
jj emcp
emcpininttj fni
fni vgii
vgiij`
j`eg
egem
em neuj
neujtm
tmrg
rgj`
j`m.
m.
^`ggvnrsg
^` nrsgfj
fjf
f fn Duj Dujyjqug
jqugii, fnpjpjrrtjc
jcnn`tm fn
puligejegm`ns,
puligejegm` ns, júm :7>7.

-   Jcj
Jcjyj
yj,, A.2
A.2 Dgtj`ms y ej`tn km`fm.  F^_.
Ljrenim`j. U/A.
U/A. Nfgeg
Nfgegõ`.
õ`.

-  Ejcpms, Arj`egsem. Qgjkn pmr ij prmvg`egj

fn Dujyjqugi.  Gcprn`tj fni Emcnregm, Dujyjqugi,
:?44.

-   Fur
urê`
ê` Cuú
Cuúmz, Djr jreã
eãj.
j.  J`fjiueãj y su
ej`tn. Drêaejs Qnrsji. Cjfrgf, :71<.

-   Ii
Iimr
mrn`
n`ss Jcge
Jcgem,
m, Kmsç
Kmsç J`t
J`tm`gm
m`gm.. Eo
Eome
mej`
j`m
m
Xjrnfns, \mfrgdm. Enijkns, mrnstjs y snerntms; u`j

7:
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

ogstmrgj fni vjis pmpuijr igcnúm.  G`stutm @jegm`ji

fn Euiturj. Igcj, <887.

-   Cmsems
Cmsemsm,m, Cjrãj
Cjrãj Nudn`
Nudn`gj.
gj. Ij ej`egõ` fn
rmemij. Nfgtmrgji Ni Em`nkm. Neujfmr, :777.

-   @ûúnz, Kmrdn. Du Dujy

jyjq
jqug
ugi,
i, u`
u`jj eg
eguf
ufjf 
jf 
emim`gji fni trõpgem. Jreogvm Ogstõrgem fni Dujyjs,
:774. Dujyjqugi.
-   Dunrrnrm, Kuj` Jdus`. Ij cûsgej
neujtmrgj`j fnsfn su mrgdn` ojstj :?4>.

-  Eoêvnz Dm`zêinz, \mfrgdm. Ogstmrgj fn ij

Xrmvg`egj fn Ni Mrm.

-  Nstrjfj, Ncgigm. Ims Ouj`ejvgiejs. ^icjs

egvgigzjegm`ns prn-ogstõrgejs fn ij Emstj fni Dujyjs.
Xuli
Xu lige
geje
jegõ
gõ`
` fni
fni Cus
Cusnm Qãet
Qãetmr
mr Ncgi
Ncgigm
gm Nstr
Nstrjf
jfj.
j.
Dujyjqugi,
Dujy jqugi, ku`gm fn :7>4.

-  @ûúnz Uê`eonz. Kmrdn. Ni Xjsjejiin, Ogc`m

fn ij Xjtrgj Eogej. Ug`jl, jdmstm, :77?, Zugtm.

-   Cmriês Duçrrnz, Jilnrtm. Aimrgindgm fni

pjsgiim neujtmrgj`m. Zugtm, :71:.
-   Dmfm
Dmfmyy Jdug
Jdugrr
rrn,
n, Cjrg
Cjrgm.
m. Aimr
Aimrgigind
ndgm
gm fn ij
cûsgej neujtmrgj`j. U/ fn nfgegõ`.

-  Emrrnj Lustjcj`tn, Kmsç. Vmfm Dujyjs n`

sus cj`ms. ^NNU. Dujyjqugi, <88<.

-   Xjrnf
jrnfnns Igtjrf
jrfm, Kmsç.
msç. Ims Eojp
Eojpuuims
ims
(Vgncpms fn mivgfm). Dujyjqugi, :7?8. Un`nnifnr.
Un`nnifnr.

7<
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

-   Fn Ij Eujfrj, Kmsç. Ni Cm`tuvgm

neujtmrg
neujtmrgj`m.
j`m. Iglrnsj-^`
Iglrnsj-^`gv
gvnrs
nrsgfjf
gfjf J`fg`j.
J`fg`j. Zugtm,
Zugtm,
:771.

-   Xjrnfns \jcãrnz, Tgiig`dtm`. Ims

Cm`tuvgms, nt`gj smegmeuiturji g`vgsgigzjfj. Lj`em
En`trji-Jreogvm Ogstõrgem. Dujyjqugi, <881.

-   Êiv
Êivjrm
jrm Ugi
Ugivj, Dust
ustjvm _jvg
_jvgnr
nr.. Js
Jsãã ns
Cj`jlã. ^injc. U/ nfgegõ`.
-   Xjrnfns Igtjrfm, Kmsç. Ujvgj y \jãz
Cm`tulgj. Ejsj fn ij Euiturj fni Dujyjs.
Dujyjqugi, :741.

-
  Cj
Cjrã
omy. G`stutmrãjjfnEmrt
Emeuiturj
rtêz
êzjr
jr,, cm`tulgj
Kmsç
Kmsç.. Xjin`
jin`qu
qun,
fn n, jynr
ynr y
Xjin`qun-
Ims \ãms, <888.

-   Dmg
Dmgsmi
smim Jrr
Jrrgjd
gjdj, Xnig
nig. Ni Cm`t
m`tul
ulggm.
Drupm Cgsgm`nrm Qjsem. Gcprnsm n` Zugtm, :77?.

-   NI Vnsmrm Cm`tulgm. EF-\MMC fni

G`sstut
G` tutm
m fn Euit
Euitur
urjj Cm`
Cm`tulg
tulgjj fn Xjin`
jin`qu
qun-
n-Im
Imss
\ãms. <88>.

-   Cjriim Cm`snrrjtn, Kmrdn. Qgjkj`fm pmr

punl
punliims emst
mstnúms
núms.. Au`f
u`fjeg
jegõ` Xnf
nfrrm Qgen
Qgen`
`tn
Cjifm`jfm. Dujyjqugi,
Dujyjqugi, :77:.

-   Cm
Cmrrj Umiõ
Umiõrz
rzj`
j`mm, Cnfj
Cnfjrrfm.
fm. QgQgsstjz
tjzms ji
Cj`j
Cj `jlã
lã prm
prmu`
u`fm
fm.. Cjr
Cjr Jlgn
Jlgnrt
rtm
m Nfg
fgttmr
mrgj
gjii fn ij
^INNJC n` emnfg
^I mnfgeg
egõ`
õ` em` nsbnisbninntrjn
trjnfgfgttmrg
rgji
ji..
Gcprnsm n` Zugtm, <8:8.

75
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

-  Emr`nkm, Kus`m. Xrm Vnrrj Xjtruc. Ejsj

fn ij Euiturj fn Ims \ãms, :77?.

-   Xjzcgú
Xjzcgúm
m Duzcê`,
Duzcê`, \mlnrt
\mlnrtm.
m. \nigdgm
\nigdgmsgfjf
sgfjf
Cm`tulgj. Dujyjqugi, <887.

-   [nvji
[nvjiims
ims Ê`dnij.
Ê`dnij. [jclr
[jclrj`m
j`m,, \j
\jycu`
ycu`fm.
fm.
Xrmy
Xrmyne
nettm fn rneup
neupnr
nrje
jegõ
gõ`` fn ij trjf
trjfge
gegõ
gõ`
` mr
mrji
ji
cj`jlgtj. Xmrtmvgnkm, <886.

-   Jrêuz, Cjrgtzj. Xunlims fn g`fgms n` ij

Emstj neujtmrgj`j. Jreogvm Ogstõrgem fni Dujyjs,
:777.

-
ji.   Nstrjfj,
En`trji.
En`tr Cusnm QãNcgigm.
Cusnm Qãet etmr Jrqunmimdãj
mr Ncgig
Nc gigm
m Nstrjfj..fni
Nstrjfj DujCj`jlã 
Dujyj
yjqug
qugii
:71<.

-  Nstrjfj, Kn``y. Ni Cm`tulgm, u` mrkjfmr

fn gf
gfn`
n`f
fjf
jf.. Lj`e
Lj`emm fni
fni Xrmd
Xrmdrrnsm.
nsm. Duj
Dujyjqug
jqugi,
i,
:771.

-   Zug`tj`j,
j`j, Cj`uni y Xjijegms, Iugs.
Cm`mdrjj y êiluc fn ij Xrmvg`egj fn Ims \ãms.

-  Dunrrnrm, J`frçs. Ims migdjrejs fni ejejm.

Ni Em`nkm, Zugtm, :7?5.

-  Zug`tj`j, Cj`uni. Qgfj fni rãm y jvn`turj

fni eojpuim. Ejsj
jsj fn ij Euiturj fn Ims \ãms.
Ljljomym, :74>.

-   Curgiim Ejrrgõ`, \mfrgdm. Xrmvg`egj fn Ni

Mrm,
Mrm, iud
iudjr
jrns
ns y ncpms
ncpms.. ^`gvn
^`gvnrs
rsgfj
gfjf
f Vçe`
çe`ge
gejj fn
Cjeojij. Cjeojij, <884.
76
 

 Jicj Cm`tulgj

-   Xmcj, Cn`fmzj, Qgen`tn. Ni Mrm, :??6,

prme
prmens
nsm
m fn prmv
prmvg`
g`eg
egji
jigz
gzje
jegõ
gõ`.
`. Jdn`
Jdn`eg
egjj Nfgt
Nfgtmr
mrgj
gjii
<CGI. U/ nfgegõ`.

-  Jstufgiim Ujcj`gndm, Eimfmvnm. Umegnfjf

Mrn`sn n` ni Ugdim __. Cjeojij, <887.

-   Aimrns Djreãj, \mfrgdm. Ij euiturj

cm`
cm `tulg
tulgjj n` ij pr
prm
mvg`e
vg`egj
gj fn Ni Mr
Mrm.
m. Cj
Cjeo
eoji
jij,
j,
<887.

-   Dj
Djrrjy, Dugf
Dugfm.
m. Ij Xrm
Xrmyneeg
neegõ`
õ` Nst
Nstçe
ejj
Emstnúj. Zugtm, :7?1. Lj`em En`trji fni Neujfmr.

\nvgstj Mpus.
-   Jr
Jreo
eogv
gvm
m fn ij cûsg
cûsgej
ej trjf
trjfge
gegm
gm`j
`jii fn ij
rndgõ` Igtmrji Tgicj` Mrfõúnz. Zugtm, Em`cûsgej.

-  Qjrgms jreuims smlrn cûsgej cm`tulgj fn

\mfrgdm fn Vrgj`j, Dugfm Djrjy (Dujyjqugi), Kmsç
Xjrnf
jrnfns
ns Igtj
Igtjrrfm (Ims
(Ims \ãms
\ãms),
), Qmitj
mitjgr
grnn Cnfg
Cnfg`j
`j (Ni
(Ni
Mrm),
Mrm), Em`st
Em`stj` j``m
`m Cn`fm
Cn`fmzzj y Cj`
Cj`uniuni fn Knsûs
Knsûs
Êivjrnz Immr (Cj`jlã)2 n` fgnrn`tns fgjrgms fn ij
rndgõ`.
-  Mtrjs lgligmdrjjs em`suitjfjs.

7>