Y@YHU 

YHU@]@W@A Y@DN@WNB

Gnsusua fdhj;

UXLN^@ XC@UHDD@ (U9000>0092)

YUFMU@C _WXGN _@UK@A@ LHYHU@]@W@A

B@LXDW@_ NDCX LHYHU@]@W@A
XANRHU_N@W@_ J@_@AXGGNA
 C@L@__@U 
5959
 

L@W@ YHAM@AW@U 

Yukn syulur l`cn p`ak`tl`a lhj`gnr`t @dd`j _]W l`rha` thd`j chdncp`jl`a r`jc`t g`a

jng`
jng`y`
y`ja
jay`
y` lhp`
lhp`g`
g` lntt`
ln shcu
shcu`.
`. _yul
_yulur
ur @dj`
@dj`c
cgu
guddndd
dd`j
`j l`cn
l`cn g`p`
g`p`tt cham
chamhr
hrkk`l
`l`a
`a

tum`s C`l`d`
C`l`d`j
j g`rn c`t`
c`t` ludn`j Lhphr`w`t`a
Lhphr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb
p`dn`tnb g`a Chakhd`a
Chakhd`am
m @k`d that`
that`am
am e`m`nc
e`m`nc`a`
`a`

Yhr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb.
  L`cnn cfjfa
L`c cfjfa c``
c``bb `p`en
`p`end`
d` g`d
g`d`c
`c phau
phaudns
dns`a
`a c`l
c`l`d`
`d`j
j nan thr
thrg`p
g`p`t
`t e`ay`
e`ay`l
l lhs`d
lhs`d`j`
`j`a
a

gng`d`
gng`d`cay`
cay`.. L`r
L`rha`
ha` l`c
l`cnn cha
chay`g
y`g`rn
`rn e`j
e`jw`
w` g`d
g`d`c
`c phay
phayusu
usua`a
a`a d`p
d`pfr`
fr`a
a nan c`s
c`snj
nj k`u
k`uj
j g`r
g`rnn

shcpura`, uatul ntu l`cn s`am`t chamj`r`pl`a lrntnl g`a s`r`a y`am snb`tay` chce`amua mua`

chayhcpura`l`a d`pfr`a l`cn shd`akutay`. L`cn ehrj`r`p d`pfr`a nan g`p`t ehrc`ab``t e`mn

l`cn ucucay` g`a ljususay` lhp`g` phce`o`.

  C`l`ss`r, @mustus 5959

  Yhayusua
 

L`t` Yham`at`r ....................................................................................................... n

G`bt`r nsn ................................................................................................................. nn

E`e N Yhag`judu`a ................................................................................................. 0

0.  D`t`r Ehd`l`am............................................................................................. 0

5.  Uucus`a C`s`d`j........................................................................................ 0

?.  Wuku`a C`s`d`j............................................................................................ 5

E`e NN Yhce`j`s`a ................................................................................................. ?

0.  Ghbnansn Lhphr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb...................................................................... ?

5.  @sphl-@sphl G`d`c Yhd`y`a`a Lhphr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb................................ 7

?.  Wnc g`a Whcp`t Yhr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb............................................................ 7

7. E`m`nc`a` phr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb y`am sug`j gnd`lul`a……………………

8. Uhao`a` shthd`j dudus……………………

dudus………………………………………………
……………………………….
…….

E`e NNN Yhautup....................................................................................................... 09

0.  Lhsncpud`a ................................................................................................ 09

5.  _`r`a .......................................................................................................... 09

?.  G`bt`r Yust`l` ........................................................................................... 05

E@E N
 

YHAG@JXDX@A

0.  D@W@U EHD@L@AM

Yhr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb chrup`l`a phaghl`t`a uatul chanaml`tl`a lu`dnt`s jngup p`snha g`a
lhdu
lhdu`r
`rm`
m` g`
g`d`
d`c
c chchamj
amj`g
`g`p
`pnn ph
phay
ay`ln
`lntt y`
y`am
am ch
cham
am`a
`ao`c
o`c kn
knw`
w`,, gh
gham`
am`a
a o`
o`r`
r` ch
chrn
rnam
am`a
`al`a
l`a
 phaghrnt``a thrj`g`p r`s` s`lnt g`a chcehrnl`a guluam`a bnsnl, psnlfsfsn`d g`a spnrntu`d y`am

gncud`n shk`l thm`lay` gn`mafsh jnamm` `ljnr lhjngup`a p`snha (]frdg Jh`dtj Frm`anz`tnfa,
5907).
590 7). Yhr
Yhr`w`
`w`t`a
t`a p`d
p`dn`t
n`tnb
nb kum
kum`` chr
chrup`l
up`l`a
`a su`
su`tu
tu pha
phaghl`
ghl`t`a
t`a g`d
g`d`c
`c phrphr`w`
`w`t`a
t`a p`s
p`snha
nha y`am
thrnat
thrnathmr
hmr`sn
`sn gham
gham`a
`a thr
thr`pn
`pn pha
phamfe`
mfe`t`a
t`a uat
uatul
ul cha
chamfpt
mfptnc`
nc`dl`
dl`aa lu`d
lu`dnt`
nt`ss jng
jngup
up p`s
p`snha
nha gham
gham`a
`a
 phay`lnt lrfans `t`u cham`ao`c knw` (A`tnfa`d Ofashasus Yrfkhot bfr Pu`dnty Y`ddn`tnvh O`rh,
599>).
Yhd`y`
Yhd`y`a`a
a`a phr
phr`w`
`w`t`a
t`a p`d
p`dn`t
n`tnb
nb y`a
y`am
m gne
gnehrn
hrnl`a
l`a chc
chcndn
ndnln
ln ehe
ehehr`
hr`p`
p` `sp
`sphl
hl y`n
y`ntu
tu bn
bnsnl
snl,,
 psnlfdfmns, sfsn`d, g`a spnrntu`d. @sphl bnsnl g`d`c phr`w`t`a chdnputn phcehrn`a `suj`a
thrj`g`p rh`lsn p`tfbnsnfdfmns shphrtn ayhrn, mhk`d` d`na g`a hbhl s`cpnam y`am gn`d`cn p`snha.
@sphl
@sp hl sfo
sfon`d
n`d g`d
g`d`c
`c phr
phr`w`
`w`t`a
t`a y`n
y`ntu
tu chc
chcehr
ehrnl`a
nl`a phc
phc`j`
`j`c`a
c`a lhp`
lhp`g`
g` p`s
p`snha
nha g`a lhd
lhdu`r
u`rm`
m`
that`am phay`lnt g`a lfcpdnl`snay`, mhk`d`, hbhl s`cpnam g`rn phamfe`t`a shphrtn lho`o`t`a
y`am
y`a m ehr
ehrpham
pham`ru
`ruj
j thr
thrj`g
j`g`p`p jueu
jueuam`a
am`a nat
nathrp
hrphrs
hrsfa`d
fa`d,, l`p`
l`p`snt
snt`s
`s p`s
p`snha
nha uat
uatul
ul cha
chahrn
hrnc`
c` g`a

l`p`sn
l`p` snt`
t`ss lh
lhdu
du`r
`rm`
m` uat
uatul
ul ch chay
ayhg
hgn`
n`l`
l`a
a lh lheu
eutu
tuj`
j`a
a phr
phr`w
`w`t
`t`a
`a.. @s
@sphl
phl pspsnl
nlfd
fdfmn
fmnss y`n
y`ntu
tu
chcehrnl`a `suj`a thrj`g`p rh`lsn shphrtn ghprhsn, strhss, lhohc`s`a, shrt` phd`y`a`a thrj`g`p
 prfshs ehrgul` g`a lhjnd`am`a. @sphl spnrntu`d g`d`c phr`w`t`a chdnputn phcehrn`a `suj`a
thrj`g`p c`s`d`j lh`m`c``a shphrtn j`r`p`a g`a lht`lut`a, c`la`, tuku`a, lhphro`y``a that`am
lhjngu
lhj ngup`a
p`a sht
shthd`
hd`j
j lhc
lhc`tn
`tn`a,
`a, r`s
r`s`` ehr
ehrs`d
s`d`j,
`j, pha
pham`c
m`cpua`
pua`a
a g`a lhj
lhj`gn
`gnr`a
r`a rfj
rfj`an
`an`w`
`w`a
a shs
shsu`n
u`n
lhnamna`a p`snha g`a lhdu`rm`.

5.  UXCX_@A C@_@D@J

G`rn d`t`rehd`l`am gn`t`s, c`l` rucus`a c`s`d`j she`m`n ehrnlut.
0)  @p`l`j Ghbnansn Lhphr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb 6
5)  @p`s`k`l`j @sphl Yhd`y`a`a G`d`c Yhr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb 6
?)  _n`p` s`k`l`j Wnc G`d`c Yhd`y`a`a Lhphr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb 6
7)  @p`s`k`l`j Cfghd G`d`c Yhd`y`a`a Lhphr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb 6
8)  E`m`nc`a`l`j Nagnl`sn Yhd`y`a`a Lhphr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb6
2)  @p`s`k`l`j Yrnasnp g`aD`aml`j-d`aml`j g`d`c Yhd`y`a`a Lhphr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb 6
?.  WXKX@A
G`rn rucus`a c`s`d`j gn`t`s, c`l` tuku`aay` she`m`n ehrnlut.
0)  Chamht`jun Ghbnansn Lhphr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb 
5)  Chamht`jun @sphl Yhd`y`a`a G`d`c Yhr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb 
?)  Chamht`jun Wnc G`d`c Yhd`y`a`a Lhphr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb 
7)  Chamht`jun Cfghd G`d`c Yhd`y`a`a Lhphr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb 
8)  Chamht`jun Nagnl`sn Yhd`y`a`a Lhphr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb 
2)  Chamht`jun Yrnasnp g`a D`aml`j-d`aml`j g`d`c Yhd`y`a`a lhphr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb 
 

E@E NN
YHCE@J@_@A

0. Ghbnansn Lhphr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb 

Yhr`w`t`a
Yhr`w` t`a p`dn`tnb `g`d`j phaghl`
phaghl`t`a
t`a uatul chanam
chanaml`tl`a
l`tl`a lu`dnt`s
lu`dnt`s jngup p`snha g`a
lhdu
lhdu`r
`rm`
m` g`g`d`
d`cc ch
chamj
amj`g
`g`p
`pnn ph
phay
ay`ln
`lntt y`
y`am
am ch cham
am`a
`ao`c
o`c knknw`
w`,, gh
gham`
am`a
a o`o`r`
r` ch
chrnrnam
am`a
`al`a
l`a
 phaghrnt``a thrj`g`p r`s` s`lnt g`a chcehrnl`a guluam`a bnsnl, psnlfsfsn`d, g`a sprntu`d y`am
gncud`n shk`l thm`lay` gn`mafsns jnamm` `ljnr lhjngup`a p`snha.
Yhr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb chrup`l`a lheutuj`a y`am s`am`t hshasn`d e`mn p`snha-p`snha y`am
cham`d`cn lfagnsn chgns thrthatu g`a sug`j shp`tutay` tha`m` chgns g`d`c j`d nan gflthr,
sphsn`dns
sphsn`dns,, phr`w`
phr`w`tt g`a kum` `jdn d`na shphrt
shphrtnn eng`am sprntu`d
sprntu`d ehrlfd
ehrlfd`efr`s
`efr`snn g`d`c phr`w`t`a
phr`w`t`a
 p`dn`tnb (O`cpehdd,590?< Dnddhy ht `d., 5902).
_hphrtnn y`am thro`atuc g`d`c ]frdg Jh`dtj Frm`anz`tnfa,
_hphrt Frm`anz`tnfa, phr`w`
phr`w`t`a
t`a p`dn`
p`dn`tnb
tnb `g`d`j
 phaaghl`t`a y`am
y`a m ehrtuku`a chanaml`tl`a lu`dnt`s jngup p`snha e`nl ntu p`snha ghw`s` c`upua
`a`l-`a`l shrt` lhdu`rm`ay` g`d`c chamj`g`pn phay`lnt y`am cham`ao`c knw`, gham`a o`r`
chrnam`al`a phaghl`t`a r`s` s`lnt chd`dun nghatnbnl`sn gngan, phaml`kn`a y`am shcpura`, g`a
 pha`t`d`ls`a``a ayhrn shrt` c`s`d`j d`naay` e`nl bnsnl, psnlfdfmns, sfsn`d g`a sprntu`d. Wuku`a
ut`c`a
ut`c`ay`y` y`n
y`ntu
tu cha
chanam
naml`t
l`tl`a
l`a lu`d
lu`dnt`
nt`ss lhjn
lhjngup`
gup`a
a e`n
e`nl
l e`mn p`s
p`snha
nha g`a kum
kum`` lhd
lhdu`r
u`rm`a
m`ay`.
y`.
Yhr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb chrup`l`a lfd`efr`sn g`rn tnc y`am thrgnrn g``rn gflthr, phr`w`t, g`a tha`m`
`jdn d`naay` uatul chayhgn`l`a guluam`a. Yhr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb ens` uatul p`snha usn` ehr`p` s`k`
g`a p`g` st`mh s`lnt ehr`p` s`k` shrt` g`p`t ehrg`cpnam`a gham`a phr`w`t`a lur`tnb (R`gnvhdu,
L`yh `ag Ehrmhr, 590?< Y`atnd`t ht `d., 5908).
Chaurutt Lhchat
Chauru Lhchatrn`a
rn`a Lhshj`
Lhshj`t`a
t`a Uhpued
Uhpuednl
nl Nagfah
Nagfahsn`
sn` prnas
prnasnp
np phd`y`
phd`y`a`a
a`a lhphr`
lhphr`w`t`a
w`t`a
 p`dn`tnb y`ntu chamjnd`aml`a ayhrn g`a chaohm`j tnceuday` mhk`d` shrt` lhduj`a bnsnl d`naay`,
 pha`ammud`am`a ayhrn, chamj`rm`n lhjngup`a g`a cham`amm`p
cham`am m`p lhc`tn`a she`m`n prfshs afrc`d,
tng`l ehrtuku`a chcphrohp`t `t`u chamj`ce`t lhc`tn`a, chcehrnl`a guluam`a psnlfdfmns,
sfsn`d g`a sprntu`d, chcehrnl`a guluam`a `m`r p`snha g`p`t jngup sh`ltnb cuamlna, chcehrnl`a
guluam`a lhp`g` lhdu`rm` s`cp`n c`s` gul`ont`, shrt` chammua`l`a phaghl`t`a tnc uatul 
cham`t`sn lheutuj`a p`snha g`a lhdu`rm`ay` (Lhchalhs UN, 590=).
5. @sphl-@sphl G`d`c Yhd`y`a`a Lhphr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb 
Yhd`y`a`a
Yhd`y` a`a lhphr`
lhphr`w`t`a
w`t`a p`dn`tnb y`am gnehrgnehrnl`a
nl`a chchndnln ehehr`p` `sphl y`ntu bnsnl,
 psnlfdfmns, sfsn`d, g`a sprntu`d. @sphl bnsnl
bnsnl g`d`c phr`w`t`a chdnputn phcehrn`a `suj`a thrj`g`p
rh`lsnn p`tfb
rh`ls p`tfbnsnfd
nsnfdfmns
fmns shphrtn ayhrn, mhk`d` d`na g`a hbhl s`cpnam y`am gn`d`cn p`snh p`snha.
a. @sphl 
sfsn`d
sfsn`d g`d
g`d`c
`c phr
phr`w`
`w`t`a
t`a p`d
p`dn`t
n`tnb
nb y`n
y`ntu
tu chc
chcehr
ehrnl`
nl`a
a phc
phc`j`
`j`c`a
c`a lhp`
lhp`g`
g` p`s
p`snha
nha g`a lhd
lhdu`r
u`rm`
m`
that`am phay`lnt g`a lfcpdnl`snay`, mhk`d`, hbhl s`cpnam g`rn phamfe`t`a shphrtn lho`o`t`a
y`am ehrpha
ehrpham`ruj
m`ruj thrj`g`p juueuam
juueuam`a `a nathr
nathrphrsf
phrsfa`d,
a`d, l`p`sn
l`p`snt`s
t`s p`snha uatul chahrnc` g`a
l`p`
l`p`sn
snt`
t`ss lh
lhdu
du`r
`rm`
m` uat
uatul
ul chchayayhg
hgn`
n`l`
l`a
a lhlheu
eutu
tuj`
j`a
a phr
phr`w
`w`t
`t`a
`a.. @s
@sphl
phl pspsnl
nlfd
fdfmn
fmnss y`n
y`ntu
tu
chcehrnl`a `suj`a thrj`g`p rh`lsn shphrhtn ghprhsn, strhs, lhohc`s`a, shrt` phd`y`a`a thrj`g`p
 prfshs ehrgul` g`a lhjnd`am`a. @sphl sprntu`d g`d`c phr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb chdnputn phcehrn`a
 

`suj`a thrj`g`p c`s`d`j lh`m`c``a shphrtn j`r`p`a g`a lht`lut`a, c`la`, tuku`a, lhphro`y``a
that`am
that`am lhjngu
lhjngup`a
p`a shthd
shthd`j
`j lhc`t
lhc`tn`a,
n`a, r`s` ehrs`d`j,
ehrs`d`j, pham`c
pham`cpua`a
pua`a g`a lhj`gn
lhj`gnr`a
r`a rfj`an
rfj`an`w`a
`w`a
shsu`n lhnamna`a p`snha g`a lhdu`rm`.
?. Wnc g`a Whcp`t Yhr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb 
Yhaghl`t`a phr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb chdne`tl`a ehre`m`n gnsnpdna ndcu y`ntu phlhrk` sfsn`d, `jdn
`m`c`, phr`w`t, gflthr, psnlfdfm, rhd`w`a, `pfthlhr, `jdn mnzn, bnsnfthr`pn, g`a flup`sn thr`pn.
C`snam-c`snam prfbhsn thrdne`t shsu`n gham`a c`s`d`j y`am gnj`g`pn phaghrnt`, g`a phayusua`a
tnc phr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb gnshsu`nl`a gham`a lheutuj`a p`snha g`a thcp`t phr`w`t`aay`.
Y`snha g`p`t chcndnj gnc`a` namna gnr`w`t, cns`day` ;
0) Uuc`j s`lnt
Wnc phr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb chrup`l`a lfd`efr`sn `at`r` nathrgnsnpdna ndcu g`a en`s`ay` thrgnrn
g`rn shfr`am gflthr g`a `t`u phr`w`t shanfr ehrs`c` gham`a s`tu `t`u dhenj phlhrk` sfsn`d g`a
 phcul` `m`c`/rfj`an`w`a. _he`m`n_h e`m`n t`ce`j`a, tnc thrsheut kum` gne`atu thc`a shk`w`t g`rn mnzn
g`a rhj
rhj`en
`endnt
dnt`sn
`sn,, shp
shphrt
hrtnn bns
bnsnft
nfthr`
hr`pns
pns `t`
`t`u
u pht
phtum`
um`ss thr
thr`pn
`pn flup
flup`sn
`sn.. Lfas
Lfasudt
udt`sn
`sn `w`
`w`dd en`
en`s`a
s`ay`
y`
gnd`lul`a fdhj gflthr `t`u phr`w`t y`am ehrjueuam`a gham`a lheutuj`a p`snha g`a lhdu`rm`
g`a kum` chcehrn rukul`a lhp`g` gflthr ut`c` y`am cha`am`an p`snha thrsheut. Whrl`g`am kum`
lfasudt`a phr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb gndne`tl`a uatul chce`atu lfcuanl`sn gham`a lhdu`rm`.
Yhr`w`t`a
Yhr`w` t`a p`dn`
p`dn`tnb
tnb ehre`sns ruc`j s`lnt g`p`t gnshdgnshdhamm`r
hamm`r`l`a
`l`a g`d`c ehehr`p` tnaml tnaml`t
`t `t`u
cfghd, y`ntu prnchr, shluaghr, g`a thrs
cfghd, thrsnhr.
nhr. Yhrt`c`, phr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb
p`dn`tnb prnc
prnchr
hr j`rus thrshgn`
thrshgn` gn
shcu` ruc`j s`lnt
s`lnt.. Y`g` tnaml`t nan, cnanc`d ldnansn j`rus chcndnln phagngnl`a
phagngnl`a that`a
that`amm g`s`r
g`s`r--
g`s`r phamhdfd``a ayhrn g`a mhk`d` d`na. Cfghd prnchr ehrbflus p`g` phanaml`t`a phd`y`a`a
y`am sug`j `g` g`a phagngnl`a e`mn ldnansn. L`rha` ntu, cfghd nan ofofl e`mn nastntusn y`am
chcndnln lhthre`t`s`a sucehr g`y`.
Lhgu`, phr`w`t`a p`d`tnb shluaghr chchrdul`a shcu` tha`m` lhshj`t`a y`am thrdne`t g`d`c
 phr`w`t`a p`snha uatul chcndnln dhvhd lfcphthasn cnancuc g`a chchrdul`a p`r` sphsn`dns
y`am chayhgn`l`a phr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb chd`dun tnc lfasudt`sn nathrgnsnpdnahr, uant ljusus, c`upua
lhgu`ay`.
Lhtnm`
Lht nm`,, prf
prfmr`
mr`c
c tnatnaml`
ml`tt thr
thrsnh
snhrr g`p`
g`p`tt chd
chdne`
ne`tl`a
tl`a frm
frm`an
`ans`s
s`snn thr
thrsnh
snhr,
r, shp
shphrt
hrtnn ruc
ruc`j`j s`l
s`lnt
nt
 phagngnl`a g`a pus`t-pus`t phagngnl`a gham`a tnc `jdn g`d`c phr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb. Y`g` dhvhd nan,
 prfmr`c y`am gneu`t g`p`t gnk`gnl`a she`m`n lfasudt`a e`mn dhvhd pr`ltnl prnchr g`a shluaghr 
`t`upua
`t`upu a she`m`
she`m`nn prfmr
prfmr`c
`c phrofa
phrofatfj`a
tfj`a e`mn pus`t
pus`t-pus`t
-pus`t phamhce`am`a
phamhce`am`a d`naay
d`naay`.
`. Yr`lt
Yr`ltnsn
nsn g`a
nastntusn
nast ntusn y`am thrd
thrdne`t
ne`t g`d`c dhvhd phr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb thrsnhr kum` j`rus ehrp`rtnsnp`s
ehrp`rtnsnp`snn g`d`c
`ltnvnt`s-`ltnvnt`s phagngnl`a g`a phahdntn`a.
5) Jfspnoh
 Jfspnoh chr
chrup`l
up`l`a
`a thc
thcp`t
p`t p`s
p`snha
nha gham
gham`a
`a pha
phay`ln
y`lntt st`
st`gnu
gnuc
c thr
thrcna
cna`d
`d y`a
y`am
m tn
tng`l
g`l g`p`
g`p`tt
gnr`w`
gnr`w`tt gn ruc
ruc`j
`j a`c
a`cuaua tn
tng`l
g`l chd
chd`lu
`lul`a
l`a tna
tnag`l
g`l`a
`a y`a
y`amm j`r
j`rus
us gnd
gnd`lul
`lul`a
`a gn ruc
ruc`j
`j s`l
s`lnt
nt..
Yhd`y`a`a y`am gnehrnl`a tng`l shphrtn gn ruc`j s`lnt, tht`pn g`p`t chcehrnl`a phd`y`a`a uatul 
chamhag`dnl`a mhk`d`-mhk`d` y`am `g`, gham`a lh`g``a shphrtn gn ruc`j p`snha shagnrn.
?) Uuc`j

Yhr`a lhdu`rm` dhenj chafakfd l`rha` she`mn`a phr`w`t`a gnd`lul`a fdhj lhdu`rm`. Lhdu`rm`
`t`u fr`am tu` she`m`n o`rh mnvhr gnehrnl`a d`tnj`a phagngnl`a lhphr`w`t`a g`s`r. Yhr`w`t`a gn
 

ruc`j j`ay` cuamlna gnd`lul`a end` p`snha tng`l chchrdul`a `d`t ljusus `t`u lhthr`cpnd`a
 phr`w`t`a y`am cuamlna gnd`lul`a fdhj lhdu`rm`.
7. Cfghd/Whcp`t Yhr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb O`rh
0) Uuc`j _`lnt (Jfspnoh Jfspnt`d O`rh), Yfdnldnanl, U`w`t _naml`t, U`w`t Na`p
5) Uuc`j (Jfspnoh O`rh)
?) Jfspns (Jfspnoh O`rh)
7) Yr`lthl Ehrs`c`, Wnc/Lhdfcpfl Yhr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb 
Whcp`t uatul phr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb g`p`t gnd`lul`a gn ;
0) Uuc`j s`lnt
s`lnt,, uatul
uatul p`snha
p`snha y`am
y`am j`rus
j`rus chag`p`t
chag`p`tl`a
l`a phr`w`t`a
phr`w`t`a gham`a pham`w`
pham`w`s`a
s`a lht`t,
lht`t,
tnag`l`a ljusus `t`u chchrdul`a phr`d`t`a ljusus.
5) Yuslhsc`s, uatul p`snha y`am chd`lul`a r`w`t k`d`a.
?) Uuc`j snamm`
snamm`j j `t`u
`t`u p`atn
p`atn (jfspns),
(jfspns), uatul p`snh
p`snha
a y`am tng`l chchr
chchrdul`a
dul`a pham`w`s
pham`w`s`a
`a lht`t,
lht`t,
tnag`l`a `t`u phr`d`t`a ljusus, tht`pn ehduc g`p`t gnr`w`t gn ruc`j l`rha` c`snj chchrdul`a
 pham`w`s`a tha`m` lhshj`t`a.
7) Uuc`j Y`snha, uatul p`snha y`am tng`l chchrdul`a pham`w`s`a lht`t, tnag`l`a `t`u phr`d`t`a
ljusus, shrt` lhthr`cpnd`a phr`w`t`a ens` gnd`lul`a fdhj `ammft` lhdu`rm` (Lhchalhs UN,
590=)
8. Nagnl`sn Yhd`y`a`a Y`dn`tnb 
Y`g` st`gnuc d`akut, p`snha gham`a phay`lnt lrfans tng`l j`ay` cham`d`cn ehre`m`n
c`s`d`j bnsnl shphrtn ayhrn, shs`l a`b`s, phaurua`a ehr`t e`g`a, m`ammu`a `ltnvnt`s tht`pn kum`
cham`d`cn m`ammu`a psnlfsfsn`d g`a spnrntu`d y`am chcpham`rujn lu`dnt`s jngup p`snha g`a
lhdu
lhdu`r
`rm`
m`ay`
ay`.. C`
C`l`l` lh
lheu
eutu
tuj`j`a
a p`
p`sn
snha
ha p`g
p`g`` st
st`gn
`gnuc
uc d` d`ak
akut
ut su
su`t
`tu
u ph
phay
ay`ln
`lntt tn
tng`
g`ll j`
j`ay
ay``
 phchauj`a/phamfe`t`a mhk`d` bnsnl, a`cua kum` phatnamay` guluam`a thrj`g`p lheutuj`a
 psnlfdfmns, sfsn`d g`a spnrntu`d y`am gnd`lul`a gham`a phaghl`t`a nathrgnsnpdna y`am gnlha`d
she`m`nn phr`w`
she`m` phr`w`t`a
t`a p`dn`
p`dn`tnb.
tnb. C`sy`r`l`t
C`sy`r`l`t cham`a
cham`amm`p
mm`p phr`w`
phr`w`t`a
t`a p`dn`
p`dn`tnb
tnb j`ay` uatul p`snha
lfagn
lf agnsn
sn th
thrc
rcna
na`d
`d y`
y`am
am `l`l`a`a sh
shmh
mhr`
r` ch
chan
anamm
amm`d
`d.. A`c
A`cuaua lflfas
ashp
hp e`r
e`ruu ph
phr`
r`w`t
w`t`a
`a p`d
p`dn`
n`tn
tnb 
b 
chahl`al`a phatnamay` nathmr`sn
nathmr`sn phr`w`t`a
phr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb
p`dn`tnb dhenj gnan `m`r c`s`d`j
c`s`d`j bnsnl,
bnsnl, psnlfsfsn`d
psnlfsfsn`d
g`a spnrntu`d g`p`t gn`t`sn gham`a e`nl. Yhr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb `g`d`j phd`y`a`a lhshj`t`a y`am
 ehrsnb`t jfdnstnl g`a thrnathmr`sn gham`a chdne`tl`a ehre`m`n prfbhsn gham`a g`s`r b`ds`b`j
 e`jw` shtn`p p`snha ehrj`l chag`p`tl`a phr`w`t`a thre`nl s`cp`n `ljnr j`y`tay` (Y`atnd`t ht 
`d.,, 5908).
`d.
Yhr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb threultn g`p`t chcehrnl`a hbhltnbnt`s g`a hbnl`snay` gnc`a` mhk`d`-
mhk`d`
mhk `d` g`p`
g`p`tt dhe
dhenj
nj ehr
ehrlur
lur`am
`am g`a gnt
gnthrn
hrnc`
c` shp
shphrt
hrtnn ayhr
ayhrnn g`a ghp
ghprhs
rhsn,
n, cha
chanamnaml`t
l`tl`a
l`a lu`
lu`dnt
dnt`s
`s
lhjn
lh jngu
gup`
p`a
a sh
shrt
rt`` ch
cham
amur
ur`a
`amn
mn ch
cham
ammua
mua````a
a NONOX,
X, d` d`c`
c` r` r`w`
w`tt na
na`p
`p shshrt
rt`` en
en`y
`y`` ph
phr`
r`w`
w`t`t`a.
a.
Yhr`w`
Yhr `w`t`a
t`a p`d
p`dn`t
n`tnb
nb shr
shrt`
t` phr
phro`l`
o`l`p`a
p`a `at
`at`r`
`r` gflt
gflthrhr g`a p`sp`snha
nha cha
chamha`
mha`nn tuk
tuku`a
u`a g`a pndpndnj`
nj`aa
 phr`w`t`a c`a` y`am dhenj gnsul`n e`mn lhphatnam`a p`snhaay` a`cua kum`
chcphrtnce`aml`a futofchs  e`mn lhdu`rm`ay`. Lhdu`rm` y`am gntnamm`dl`a dhenj shgnlnt
cham`d`cn c`s` ehrl`euam y`am ehrlhp`ak`am`a g`a ghprhsn. Yhr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb gnnathmr`snl`a
g`d`c
g`d `c phr
phr`w`
`w`t`a
t`a shc
shchak
hak`l
`l p`s
p`snha
nha gng
gngn`m
n`mafs
afs`` gham
gham`a`a phay
phay`ln
`lntt y`a
y`amm chc
chce`te`t`sn
`sn lhj
lhjngu
ngup`a
p`a

 p`snha, shphrtn y`am gnm`ce`rl`a p`g` gn`mr`c (Y`atnd`t ht `d.,

`d., 5908).
 

2. Yrnasnp g`a D`aml`j-d`aml`j Yhd`y`a`a Y`dn`tnb 

Yhr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb chamut`c`l`a phaghl`t`a y`am ehrtuku`a chcphre`nln lu`dnt`s
jngup p`snha g`a lhdu`rm` y`am chamj`g`pn c`s`d`j y`am ehrjueuam`a gham`a phay`lnt y`am
g`p`t cham`ao`c knw`, chd`dun phaohm`j`a g`a chamur`amn phaghrnt``a chd`dun nghatnbnl`sn
gnan g`a phand`n`a y`am thrtne shrt` pha`am`a`a
pha `am`a`a ayhrn g`a c`s`d`j-c`s`d`j d`na, bnsnl, psnlfsfsn`d
g`a spnrntu`d (Mrugzha ht `d.,
`d., 5909).

@g`pua prnasnp g`d`c phr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb y`ntu ;

0) Chamj`rm`n shtn`p lhjngup`a.
5) Cham`amm`p lhc`tn`a she`m`n prfshs y`am afrc`d.
?) Wng`l chcphrohp`t `t`u chauag` lhc`tn`a.
7) Chamj`rm`n lhnamna`a p`snha g`d`c cham`cend lhputus`a.
8) Chamjnd`aml`a ayhrn g`a lhduj`a d`na y`am cham`ammu.
2) Chamnathmr`snl`a `sphl psnlfdfmns, sfsn`d, g`a spnrntu`d g`d`c phr`w`t`a p`snha g`a lhdu`rm`.
=) Chamjnag`rn tnag`l`a chgns y`am sn`-sn`
:) Chcehr
Chc ehrnl`
nl`a
a gul
guluam`
uam`a
a y`am gnphrdul
gnphrdul`a
`a `m`r p`snha
p`snha tht`p
tht`p `ltnb shsu`n
shsu`n gham`a
gham`a lfagnsn
lfagnsnay`
ay`
s`cp`n `ljnr j`y`t.
>) Chcehrnl`a guluam`a lhp`g` lhdu`rm` g`d`c c`s` gul` ont`
Wuku`a ucuc lhenk`l`a p`dn`tnb she`m`n p`yuam juluc g`a `r`j`a e`mn phr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb gn
Nagfahsn`. _hg`aml`a tuku`a ljususay` `g`d`j thrd`ls`a`ay` phr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb y`am ehrcutu
shsu
shsu`n
`n stst`a
`ag`
g`rr y`y`am
am ehehrd
rd`l
`lu
u gn sh shdu
duru
ruj
j Na Nagf
gfah
ahsn
sn`,
`, ththrs
rsus
usua
uaay
ay`` ph
phgf
gfc`
c`a-
a-ph
phgf
gfc`
c`a a
 phd`ls`a``a/kuld`l phr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb, thrshgn`ay` tha`m` chgns g`a afa chgns y`am thrd`tnj,
thrshg
thrshgn`a
n`ay`
y` s`r
s`r`a`
`a` g`a pr`pr`s`r
s`r`a`
`a` y`am gnp
gnphrd
hrdul`a
ul`a.. _`s
_`s`r`
`r`a
a lhen
lhenk`l
k`l`a
`a phd
phd`y`a
`y`a`a
`a p`d
p`dn`t
n`tnb 
nb 
`g`d`j shduruj p`snha (ghw`s` g`a `a`l) g`a `ammft` lhdu`rm`, dnamluam`a y`am chchrdul`a
 phr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb gn c`a`pua p`snha ehr`g` gn shduruj Nagfahsn`. Xatul phd`ls`a` phr`w`t`a
 p`dn`tnb ; gflthr, phr`w`t, tha`m` lhshj`t`a d`naay` g`a tha`m` thrl`nt d`naay`.
Yhd`y`a`a
Yhd`y`a `a p`dn`
p`dn`tnb
tnb y`am gnd`l
gnd`ls`a`l`
s`a`l`a
a chcn
chcndnln
dnln d`aml`j-d`aml`j
d`aml`j-d`aml`j ucuc y`am chak`
chak`gn
gn g`s`r 
g`d`c chd`lul`a phd`y`a`a. @g`pua d`aml`j-d`aml`j g`rn phd`y`a`a p`dn`tnb `g`d`j she`m`n
 ehrnlut ;
0) Chahatul`a tuku`a phr`w`t`a g`a j`r`p`a p`snha
5) Chce`atu p`snha g`d`c chceu`t
chceu`t @gv`aohg
 @gv`aohg O`rh Yd`aanam (w`sn`t `t`u lhnamnam`a thr`ljnr 
?) Yhamfe`t`a phay`lnt phayhrt` g`a `sphl sfsn`d y`am cuaoud
7) W`t` d`ls`a` mhk`d` ( shsu`n p`agu`a gne`w`j )
8) Nabfrc`sn g`a hgul`sn phr`w`t`a p`snha
2) Guluam`a psnlfdfmns, ludtur`d g`a sfon`d
=) Uhspfa p`g` b`sh
b`sh thrcn
thrcna`d;
a`d; chcehr
chcehrnl`a
nl`a tnag`l`
tnag`l`a
a shsu`n
shsu`n w`sn`t
w`sn`t `t`u lhputu
lhputus`a
s`a lhdu`rm`
lhdu`rm` end`
w`sn
w` sn`t
`t eh
ehdu
duc
c gngneu
eu`t
`t,, cn
cns`
s`da
day`
y`;; ph
phamj
amjha
hatn
tn`a
`a `t
`t`u
`u tntng`
g`l
l ch
chce
cehrhrnl
nl`a
`a pha
phamf
mfe`t
e`t`a
`a y`
y`am
am
chcphrp`ak`am prfshs chauku lhc`tn`a (rhsusnt`sn, vhatnd`tfr, o`nr`a, gdd)
:) Yhd`y`a`a thrj`g`p p`snha gham`a b`sh thrcna`d Hv`du`sn `p`l`j ;

`. Ayhrn g`a mhk`d` d`na thr`t`sn gham`a e`nl 

 e. _trhss p`snha g`a lhdu`rm` ehrlur`am
 

o. Chr`s` chcndnln lhc`cpu`a uatul chamfatrfd lfagnsn y`am `g`

g. Ehe`a lhdu`rm` ehrlur`am
h. Jueuam`a gham`a fr`am d`na dhenj e`nl 
b. Lu`dnt`s jngup chanaml`t
m. Y`snha chr`s`l`a `rtn jngup g`a ehrtuceuj sho`r` spnrntu`d
j. Knl` Y`snha CHAN
CHANAMM@D
AMM@D gnd`l
gnd`lul`a
ul`a Yhr`w`t`a
Yhr`w`t`a kha`z`
kha`z`j,
j, lhdhaml`p`a
lhdhaml`p`a sur`
sur`tt g`a lhphrd
lhphrdu`a
u`a
 phc`l`c`a, guluam`a c`s` gul` ont` (ehrl`euam) (Lhchalhs UN, 590=)
 

E@E NNN

YHAXWXY

0.  LH_NCYXD@A

0)  Yhr
Yhr`w`
`w`t`a
t`a p`d
p`dn`t
n`tnb
nb chr
chrup`
up`l`a
l`a lheu
lheutuj
tuj`a
`a y`a
y`am
m s`a
s`am`t
m`t hsh
hshasn
asn`d
`d e`m
e`mnn p`s
p`snha
nha-p`
-p`snh
snha
a y`am

cham`d`cn lfagnsn chgns thrthatu g`a sug`j shp`tutay` tha`m` chgns g`d`c j`d nan gflthr,

sphsn`dns, phr`w`t g`a kum` `jdn d`na shphrtn eng`am spnrntu`d ehrlfd`efr`sn g`d`c phr`w`t`a

 p`dn`tnb (O`cpehdd,590?< Dnddhy ht `d., 5902).

5)  Yhd`y`a`a lhphr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb y`am gnehrnl`a chchndnln ehehr`p` `sphl y`ntu bnsnl, psnlfdfmns,

sfsn`d, g`a sprntu`d.

?)  Yhag
Yhaghl`
hl`t`a
t`a phr
phr`w`
`w`t`a
t`a p`d
p`dn`t
n`tnb
nb chd
chdne`
ne`tl`
tl`a
a ehr
ehre`m`
e`m`nn gns
gnsnpd
npdna
na ndc
ndcu
u y`n
y`ntu
tu phlh
phlhrk`
rk` sfs
sfsn`d
n`d,, `jd
`jdnn

`m`c`, phr`w`t, gflthr, psnlfdfm, rhd`w`a, `pfthlhr, `jdnmnzn, bnsnfthr`pn, g`a flup`snthr`pn.

7)  Cfghd/thcp`t phr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb gn`at`r`ay` ; Uuc`j s`lnt, Uuc`j (Jfspnoh O`rh), Jfspns

(Jfspnoh O`rh), Yr`lthl Ehrs`c`, Wnc/Lhdfcpfl Yhr`w`t`a Y`dn`tnb.

8)  Yhr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb threultn g`p`t chcehrnl`a hbhltnbnt`s g`a hbnl`snay` gnc`a` mhk`d`-mhk`d`

g`p`t dhenj ehrlur

ehrlur`am
`am g`a gnthr
gnthrnc`
nc` shphr
shphrtn
tn ayhrn g`a ghprhs
ghprhsn,
n, chanam
chanaml`tl`a
l`tl`a lu`dnt`s lhjngup`a

shrt` chamur`amn phammua``a NOX, d`c` r`w`t na`p shrt` en`y` phr`w`t`a.

2)  Yhr`w`t`a p`dn`tnb chamut`c`l`a phaghl`t`a y`am ehrtuku`a chcphre`nln lu`dnt`s jngup

 p`snha g`a lhdu`rm` y`am chamj`g`pn c`s`d`j y`am ehrjueuam`a gham`a phay`lnt y`am g`p`t

cham`ao`c knw`, chd`dun phaohm`j`a g`a chamur`amn phaghrnt``a chd`dun nghatnbnl`sn gnan g`a

 phand`n`a y`am thrtne shrt` pha`am`a`a ayhrn g`a c`s`d`j-c`s`d`j d`na, bnsnl, psnlfsfsn`d g`a

spnrntu`d (Mrugzhaht
(Mrugzhaht `d.,
`d., 5909).

5.  _@U@A

Yhr`
Yhr`w`
w`t`
t`ap
ap`d
`dn`
n`tn
tnbn
bnan
ans`
s`am
am`t
`tgn
gnph
phrd
rdul`
ul`au
auat
atul
ul fr`a
fr`am-
m-fr
fr`am
`am gham`
gham`at
at`j`
`j`p
p thrc
thrcna
na`d
`d

shjnamm`ens`dhenjchcphrsn`pl`agnrngham`atuku`auatulchanaml`tl`alu`dnt`sjngupg`rnp`snha._h

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@dgrngmh, C. G. ht `d. (5908) ‚Hguo`tnfa , ncpdhchat`tnfa , `ag pfdnoy e`rrnhrs tf mrh`thr nathmr`tnfa fb 

 p`ddn`tnvh o`rh ; @ dnthr`turh rhvnhw„, Y`dnd`tnvh

rhvnhw„, Y`dnd`tnvh Chgnonah.
Chgnonah . gfn; 09.00==/952>502?08292278.

O`cpehdd,
O`cpehdd, C. D. (590?) Aursh
(590?) Aursh tf Aursh Y`ddn`tnvh O`rh ; Hxphrt Nathrvhatnfas
Nathrvhatnfas.. Bnrst. Ahw ^frl; CoMr`w-

Jndd Ofcp`anhs. gfn; GFN; 09.09?2/99=07>?5?>.

Gfydh, G. `ag ]ffgrubb, U. (590?) Wjh N@JYO C`au`d fb Y`ddn`tnvh O`rh.

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Lhddhy, @. _. `ag Cfrrnsfa, U. _. (5908) ‚Y`ddn`tnvh O`rh bfr tjh _hrnfusdy Ndd„, Wjh Ahw Hamd`ag Kfra`d fb  

 Chgnonah,, ?=?(:), pp. =7=‟=88. gfn; 09.0982/AHKCr`07972:7.

 Chgnonah

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Lhchalhs UN (590=) YUFBND
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Ufojc`w`tn, H., ]nhojud`, U. `ag Ua, L. O. (5902) ‚Ourrhat st`tus fb p`ddn`tnvh o`rh shrvnohs na Nagfahsn` ;

` dnthr`turh rhvnhw„, Nathra`tnfa`d
rhvnhw„, Nathra`tnfa`d Ofuaond
Ofu aond fb Aurshs
Aurshs,, pp. 0:9‟0>9.