G`sdbeftdj
G`sdbeftdje3
e3 H 601 ‘ =;

Xtfegfrg W`st O`tajgs ljr

Xtr`ebta jl Bnfss ky Ln`xur` (G`t`rodeftdje jl Ojgunus jl
[uptur`)6
Wads stfegfrg ds dssu`g ueg`r ta` stx`g g`sdbeftdje H 6019 ta` euok`r doo`gdft`ny ljnnjwdeb ta` g`sdbeftdje degdhft`s ta` y`fr jl 
jrdbdefn fgjptdje jr, de ta` hfs` jl r`vdsdje, ta` y`fr jl nfst r`vdsdje. F euok`r de pfr`eta`s`s degdhft`s ta` y`fr jl nfst r`fpprjvfn. F
rdpt `psdnje (`) degdhft`s fe `gdtjrdfn hafeb` sdeh` ta` nfst r`vdsdje jr r`fpprjvfn.
sup`rshrdpt
sup`rsh

6. Xhj
Xhjp`
p` 8.6.6   bnfss-h`rfodhs‗sjndg oft`rdfns, pr`gjodefetny hrys-
6.6 Wa`s`
Wa`s` t`st`stt o`t
o`tajg
ajgss hjv
hjv`r
`r ta` g`t
g`t`ro
`rodef
deftdj
tdjee jl ta` tfnnde`
tfnnde` de eftu
eftur`,
r`, ljro
ljro`g
`g ky ta` hjet
hjetrjnn
rjnn`g
`g hrys
hrystfnn
tfnndzftd
dzftdje
je jl 
ojgunus jl ruptur` de k`egdeb jl bnfss feg bnfss-h`rfodhs. bnfss`s.
6.; Wa`s`
Wa`s` t`st`stt o`t
o`tajg
ajgss fr` fppfppndh
ndhfkn
fkn`` tj fee
fee`fn
`fn`g
`g feg 8.6.;   ojgunus jl ruptur` de k`egdeb ‗ta` vfnu` jl ofxd-
pr`str
pr` str`ss
`ss`g
`g bnf
bnfss`
ss`ss feg bnfbnfss-
ss-h`r
h`rfod
fodhs
hs fvf
fvfdnf
dnfkn`
kn` de vfr
vfrd`g
d`g ouo t`esdn` jr hjopr`ssdv` str`ss (wadha`v`r hfus`s lfdnur`)
ljros. Fnt`reftdv` t`st o`tajgs fr` g`shrdk`g9 ta` t`st o`tajg de ta` `xtr`o` stk`r jl f k`fo njfg`g tj lfdnur` de k`egdeb
us`g
us`g sasafn
fnnn k` g`
g`t`
t`ro
rode
de`g
`g ky ta ta`` pu
purp
rpjs
js`` jl ta
ta`` t`
t`st
st fe
feg
g hjoput`g lrjo ta` ﬋`xur` ljrounf3
b`jo`trd
b`jo `trdhh hafrf
hafrfht`rd
ht`rdstdh
stdhss jl sp`hd
sp`hdo`es
o`es r`pr
r`pr`s`et
`s`etftdv
ftdv`` jl ta`  O h
X k 0   (6)
oft`rdfn.  D 
6.;.6 W`st O`tajg F ds f t`st ljr ojgu ojgunus
nus jl ruptur` jl ﬋ft
wa`r`3
bnfss.
 O    ? of
ofxd
xdou
ouo
o k`
k`egd
egdeb
eb oj
ojo`
o`et
et,, hjo
hjoput
put`g
`g lr
lrjo
jo ta
ta``
6.;.; W`st O`tajg K ds f hjopfrftdv`
hjopfrftdv` t`st ljr ojgunus jl 
ruptur` jl bnfss feg bnfss-h`rfodhs. ofxdouo njfg feg ta` jrdbdefn ojo`et fro,
h   ? dedtdfn
dedtdfn gdstfeh`
gdstfeh` lrjo
lrjo ta` e`utrf
e`utrfnn fxds tj ta`
ta` `xtr`o`
`xtr`o`
6.8 Wa` t`st o`tajgs
o`tajgs fpp`fr de ta` ljnnjwdeb
ljnnjwdeb jrg`r3
-
-
m 

stk`r wa`r` lfdnur` jhhurs, feg

-
m 
-
m 
  ,
  ,
X`htdjes
 D    ? dedtdfn ojo`et jl de`rtdf
de`rtdf jl ta` hrjss s`htdje fkjut ta`
m 
  ,
  ,
m 

W`st O`tajg F   ,

m 
  ,
< tj 4
W`st O`tajg K
  ,
m 
-
-
-
6= tj 60 e`utrfn fxds.
8.6.8   pr`str`ss`g ‗oft`rdfn
‗oft`rdfn de wadha f sdbedsthfet feg hje-
6.7   Wads stf
stfegf
egfrgrg gj`s ejt purpjrt
purpjrt tj fgg
fggr`r`ss
ss fnn jl ta`
trjnn
trj nn`g
`g g`b
g`br``
r`` jl hjo
hjopr`
pr`ssd
ssdv`
v` str
str`ss
`ss afs k``
k``ee g`n
g`ndk`
dk`rft
rft`ny
`ny
sfl`ty
sfl` ty hj
hjeh
eh`r
`res
es,, dl fe
feyy, fs
fssj
sjhd
hdft
ft`g
`g wdwdta
ta dt
dtss us
us`.
`. Dt ds ta
ta``
prjguh`g de ta` surlfh`s.
r`spjesdkdndty jl ta` us`r jl tads stfegfrg tj `stfkndsa fpprj-
8.6.7  stfegfrg nfkjrftjry ftojspa`r`‗fe ftojspa`r` afv-
 prdft` sfl`ty feg a`fnta prfhtdh`s feg g`t`rode` ta` fppndhf-
deb f t`op`rftur` jl ;8 < ;½H feg f r`nftdv` auodgdty jl 7= <
kdndty
kdndty jl r`b
r`bunftj
unftjryry ndod
ndodtftd
tftdjes prdjrr tj us`.  Xp`hdsth afzfr
jes prdj afzfrg
g
6= %.
stft`o`ets fr` bdv`e de X`htdje 6= feg F6.0, F;.8.8, F;.7.8
8.;   G`stedtdjes jl W`ros Xp`hdsth tj Wads Xtfegfrg3
feg F;.0.8.
8.;.6   fkrfg`g ‗g`shrdk`s
‗g`shrdk`s f t`st sp`hdo`e taft afs ft n`fst f
;. [`l`r`eh`g Gjhuo`ets pjrtdje jl ta` fr`f jl ofxdouo surlfh` t`esdn` str`ss sukc`ht`g
tj fe jp`rftdjefnny g`ste`g prjh`gur` ljr o`hafedhfn fkrfsdje.
;.6   FXWO Xtfegfrgs3
H 671 W`st O`tajgs ljr ]jnfrdshjpdh @xfodeftdje
@xfodeftdje jl Bnfss Wa` s`v`rdty
`esur` jrdbdefeg uedljrodty
jl lfdnur` jl fkrfsdje
sukstfetdfnny sajung
de ta` k`jl
r`bdje sulldhd`et
ofxdouo tj
Hjetfde`rs;
str`ss.
@ 7 ]rfhtdh`s ljr Ljrh` \`rdsthftdje W`stdeb Ofhade`s8
\`rdsthftdje jl W`stdeb
8.;.;   fee`fn`g bnfss‗g`shrdk`s f sp`hdo`e taft safnn ejt
@ 81= ]rfht
]rfhtdh`
dh` ljr Ps` jl ta` Det`reftdjefn
Det`reftdjefn Xyst`o
Xyst`o jl Pedts
7 afv` f t`op`r jr g`br`` jl r`sdgufn str`ss r`suntdeb lrjo prdjr
(XD) (ta` Ojg`redz`g O`trdh Xyst`o)
ta`ro
ta` rofn
fn tr`
tr`fto
fto`et
`et de `xh
`xh`ss
`ss jl ta` ljnljnnjw
njwdeb
deb ndo
ndodts
dts wa`
wa`e e
8. W`rodejnjby o`fsur`g pjnfrdo`trdhfnny (s`` Fee`x F6)3
8.;.;.6
8.;.;.6 Xp`hd
Xp`hdo`es
o`es jl r`ht
r`htfebun
febunfr
fr s`htdje safnn ejt afv` f
8.6   G`stedtdjes3
t`esdn` str`ss ft ta` odgpnfe` jl ojr` tafe 6.81-O]f (;==-psd)
ejr ojr` tafe ;.2<-O]f (7==-psd) hjopr`ssdje ft ta` surlfh`.
6
Wa`s` t`st o`tajgs fr` ueg`r ta` curdsgdhtdje jl FXWO Hjoodtt`` H67 je 8.;.;.; Xp`hdo`es de rjg ljro ofy k` `xfode`g
`xfode`g ky vd`wdeb
Bnfss feg Bnfss ]rjguhts feg fr` ta` gdr`ht r`spjesdkdndty jl Xukhjoodtt`` H67.=7 tarjuba f gdfo`t`r ft n`fst ljur gdfo`t`rs lrjo fe `eg. Wa`
je ]aysdhfn feg O`hafedhfn ]rjp`rtd`s.
fppfr`et  h`etrfn fxdfn t`esdje safnn ejt `xh``g =.4; O]f (688
Hurr`et `gdtdje fpprjv`g Jht. 6=, ;==;. ]ukndsa`g Jhtjk`r ;==;. Jrdbde
Jrdbdefnny
fnny
pukndsa`g fs H 601 ‘ 7= W. Nfst pr`vdjus `gdtdje H 601 ‘ 40 (;===). psd). Xurlfh` hjopr`ssdje, dl o`fsur`g je s`htdjes hut lrjo ta`
;
 Feeufn Kjji jl FXWO Xtfegfrg
Xtfegfrgss, \jn 60.=;. rjgs, safnn ejt `xh``g ;.2< O]f (7== psd) wa`e vd`w`g fxdfnny.
8
 Feeufn Kjji jl FXWO Xtfegfrg
Xtfegfrgss, \jn =8.=6.
7
 Feeufn Kjji jl FXWO Xtfegfrg
Xtfegfrgss, \jn 67.=7.

Hjpyrdbat © FXWO Det`reftdjefn, 6== Kfrr Afrkjr Grdv`, ]J Kjx H2==, R`st Hjesajajhi`e, ]F 647;1-;404, Pedt`g Xtft`s.

Hjpyrdbat FXWO Det`reftdjefn 6

]rjvdg`g ky DAX ueg`r ndh`es` wdta FXWO
Ej r`prjguhtdje jr e`twjrideb p`rodtt`g wdtajut ndh`es` lrjo D AX Ejt ljr [`sfn`
 

H 601 ‘ =;
7. Xdbed
Xdbedsthfeh
sthfeh`` feg Ps` tj k` hafrfht`rdstdh jl f prjguht jr oft`rdfn, kut fr` hjesdg`r`g
7.6 Ljr ta` purpjs` jl tads t`st t`st,, bnfs
bnfss`s
s`s feg bnfss-h`rfod
bnfss-h`rfodhs hs tj k` g`g`t`
t`ro
rode
de`g
`g ky ta ta`` pr
prjh
jh`g
`gur
ur`s
`s us
us`g
`g tj pr pr`p
`pfr
fr`` ta
ta``
fr` hjehjesdg
sdg`r`
`r`g
g krd
krdttn
ttn`` (p`
(p`rl`
rl`htn
htny
y `nf
`nfstd
stdh)
h) feg tj afv afv`` ta` sp`hdo`es. Wajuba ta` stft`g prjh`gur` p`rodts f wdg` vfrdf-
prjp`rty taft lrfhtur` ejrofnny jhhurs ft ta` surlfh` jl ta` t`st tdje de kjta sp`hdo`e sdz` feg t`st b`jo`try, dt ds e`h`ssfry tj
sp`hdo`e
sp`hd o`e lrjo ta` prdehdpfn
prdehdpfn t`esd
t`esdn`n` str`s
str`ss.
s. Wa` ojgunus jl  us` dg`e
dg`etdhfn
tdhfn t`st hjegd
hjegdtdjes
tdjes feg `qud`qudvfn`e
vfn`ett prjh`
prjh`gur`s
gur`s ljr
ruptur` ds hjesdg`r`g f vfndg o`fsur` jl ta` t`esdn` str`ebta sp`hdo`e
sp`h do`e pr`pf
pr`pfrftd
rftdje
je tj jktfd
jktfdee hjopf
hjopfrfkn`
rfkn` str`
str`ebta
ebta vfnu`
vfnu`s.s.
sukc`ht tj ta` hjesdg`rftdjes gdshuss`g k`njw. Wa` us` jl f hjetrjnn`g fkrfsdje jl ta` sp`hdo`e fs f stefn
7.; Dt ds r`hjbedz`g
r`hjbedz`g taft ta` ojgunus jl ruptur` ruptur` ljr f brjup ejrofndzdeb prjh`gur` ds r`hjoo`eg`g ljr suha hjopfrftdv`
jl t`st sp`hdo`es ds de﬋u`eh`g ky vfrdfkn`s fssjhdft`g wdta ta` t`sts.
t`st prjh`gur`. Wa`s` dehnug` ta` rft` jl str`ssdeb, t`st `evd- 7.< F hjo
hjopfr
pfrftd
ftdv`
v` fkr
fkrfg`
fg`gg str
str`eb
`ebta,
ta, g`t
g`t`ro
`rode`
de`gg fs sub
sub--
rjeo`et, feg ta` fr`f jl ta` sp`hdo`e sukc`ht`g tj str`ss. Xuha b`st`g de W`st O`tajg K, ds ejt tj k` hjesdg`r`g fs f odedouo
lfhtjr
lfh tjrss fr` sp`hdst`g
sp`hdst`g de ta` t`st prj prjh`g
h`gur`
ur` jr r`q
r`qudr
udr`g
`g tj k` vfnu` hafrfht`rdstdh jl ta` oft`rdfn t`st`g ejr fs gdr`htny r`nft`g
stft`g de ta` r`pjrt. tj f ofofxdxdou
ouoo ftfttf
tfde
defk
fkn`n` st
str`
r`eb
ebta
ta vf
vfnu
nu`` ta
tarj
rjub
ubaa t`
t`st
st jl 
7.8
7. 8 Dt ds fn fnsj
sj r`
r`hj
hjbebedz
dz`g
`g ta
taft
ft tata`` vf
vfrd
rdfk
fkn`
n`ss af
afvd
vdeb
eb tata`` sp`hdo
sp` hdo`es
`es wdt
wdtaa dg`
dg`etd
etdhfn
hfn ﬋fw
﬋fws.s. Wa` jp`jp`rft
rftdje
djefnn
fnny
y g`st
g`ste`g
e`g
br`ft`st `ll`ht je ta` ojgunus jl ruptur` vfnu` ljr f brjup jl  fkrfsdje
fkrf sdje prjh
prjh`gur`
`gur` uegju
uegjukt`gn
kt`gnyy prjgu
prjguh`s
h`s ﬋fws jl gdl gdll`rd
l`rdeb
eb
t`stt sp`
t`s sp`hdo
hdo`es
`es fr` ta` hje hjegdt
gdtdje
dje jl ta` sur surlfh
lfh`s`s feg bnfbnfss
ss s`v`rdty wa`e fppnd`g tj vfrd`g oft`rdfns, feg ta` o`fsur`g
qufndty e`fr ta` surlfh`s de r`bfrg tj ta` euok`r feg s`v`rdty hjopfrftdv` str`ebtas g`shrdk` ta` r`nftdv` fkdndty tj wdtastfeg
jl str`ss-hjeh`etrftdeb gdshjetdeudtd`s jr ﬋fws, feg ta` g`br`` `xt`refnny deguh`g str`ss fs fll`ht`g ky ta` sp`hdsth fkrfsdje
jl pr`
pr`str
str`ss
`ss `xd
`xdstd
- stdeb
eb de ta` sp` sp`hdo
hdo`es`es.. @fh
@fhaa jl ta` ta`s`
s` hfe prjh`gur`.
-
m 
-

r`pr`s`et fe dea`r`et pfrt jl ta` str`ebta hafrfht`rdstdh k`deb

m 
-
m 
  ,

0. Fppf
Fppfrftus
rftus
  ,
m 

g`t`
g` t`ro
rode
de`g
`g jr hf
  ,
  ,
m 
  ,
m 
hfee k` f rf rfeg
egjo
jo de det`
t`rl
rl`r
`rde
deb
b lf lfht
htjr
jr de ta ta``
  ,

o`fsur`o`et. 0.6   W`stdeb

W`stdeb Ofhade`‗Wa‗Wa`` njf
njfgde
gdeb
b o`h
o`hafe
afedso
dso saf
safnn
nn k`
  ,
m 
-
-
-

7.7 W`st O`tajg F ds g`sdbe`g tj dehn dehnug`

ug` ta` hjegd
hjegdtdje
tdje jl  sullldhd`
sul dhd`etny
etny fgcustfkn`
fgcustfkn` tj bdv` ta` r`qud
r`qudr`g
r`g uedlj
uedljro
ro rft` jl 
ta`` su
ta surl
rlfh
fh`` jl tata`` sp
sp`h
`hdo
do`e
`e fs f lf lfht
htjr
jr de tata`` o`o`fs
fsur
ur`g
`g dehr`fs` jl str`ss. Wa` njfg-o`fsurdeb syst`o safnn k` `ss`e-
str`ebta.
str`eb ta. Dt ds, ta`ta`r`l
r`ljr`
jr`,, g`s
g`sdrf
drfkn`
kn` tj suk
sukc`h
c`htt f stx`
stx`gg feg tdfnny lr`` jl de`rtdfn nfb ft ta` njfgdeb rft`s us`g feg safnn k`
sdbedsthfet fr`f jl ta` surlfh` tj ta` ofxdouo t`esdn` str`ss. `qudpp`g wdta o`fes ljr r`tfdedeb degdhftdje jl ta` ofxdouo
Xdeh` ta` euok`r feg s`v`rdty jl surlfh` ﬋fws de bnfss fr` njfg
njf g fpp
fppnd`
nd`gg tj ta` sp`sp`hdo
hdo`e.
`e. Wa` fhh
fhhurf
urfhy
hy jl ta` t`st`std
tdeb
eb
prdofrdn
prdo frdny
y g`t`r
g`t`rode`g
ode`g ky ofeu ofeulfht
lfhturdeb
urdeb feg afegn
afegndeb
deb prj- ofhade` safnn hjeljro tj ta` r`qudr`o`ets jl ]rfhtdh` @ 7.
h`ss`s
h`s s`s,, tad
tadss t`s
t`stt o`t
o`tajg
ajg ds ndo
ndodt`
dt`g
g tj prj
prjguh
guhts
ts lrj
lrjoo wad
wadha
ha 0.;   K`frdeb @gb`s‗Hyndegrdhfn k`frdeb `gb`s jl fpprjxd-
sp`hdo
sp` hdo`es
`es jl sudsudtfk
tfkn`
n` sdz
sdz`` hfe k` jkt jktfde
fde`g
`g wdt
wdta
a ode
odedo
dofn
fn oft`ny 8-oo (6 ⁇ 1-de.) rfgdus safnn k` us`g ljr ta` suppjrt jl ta`
g`p`eg`eh` jl o`fsur`g str`ebta upje sp`hdo`e pr`pfrftdje t`stt sp`
t`s sp`hdo
hdo`e`e feg ta` fppfppndh
ndhftd
ftdje
je jl ta` njf
njfg.
g. Wa` k`f
k`frd
rdeb
eb
t`haedqu`s. Wads t`st o`tajg ds ta`r`ljr` g`sdbeft`g fs f t`st `gb`s safnn k` jl st`` st``nn feg sulldhd`e
sulldhd`etny
tny afrg`e`g tj pr`vpr`v`et
`et
ljr ojgunus jl ruptur` jl ﬋ft bnfss. `xh`ssdv`
`xh` ssdv` g`ljr
g`ljroftd
oftdjeje ueg`r njfg. Wwj-pj
wj-pjdetdet njfg
njfgdeb
deb t`st
t`stss
7.0 W`st O`tajg K g`shr g`shrdk`s
dk`s f b`e`r
b`e`rfn
fn prjh`gur`
prjh`gur` ljr t`st, safnn k` p`rljro`g wdta ta` njfgdeb o`ok`r pdvjt`g fkjut f
fppnd
fpp ndhfk
hfkn`
n` tj sp`sp`hdo
hdo`es
`es jl r`hr`htfe
tfebun
bunfr
fr jr `nn
`nndpt
dptdhf
dhfnn hrj
hrjss
ss h`etrf
h`e trfnn trf
trfesv
esv`rs
`rs`` fxd
fxdss tj `es
`esur`
ur` `qu
`qufn
fn gds
gdstrd
trdkut
kutdje
dje jl njf
njfgg
s`htdje. Wads t`st o`tajg ds kfs`g je ta` fssuoptdje taft f k`tw``e ta` twj k`frdeb `gb`s. Ljr ta` t`stdeb jl sp`hdo`es jl 
hjopfrftdv` o`fsur`o`et jl str`ebta je brjups jl sp`hdo`es r`htfebunfr s`htdje, kjta njfgdeb k`frdeb `gb`s feg je` sup-
ds jl sdbedsthfeh` ljr ofey purpjs`s, suha fs g`t`rodedeb ta` pjrt k`frdeb `gb` fnsj safnn k` prjvdg`g nft`rfnny tj hjop`e-
`ll`ht jl `evdrjeo`et jr str`ss gurftdje, jr ta` `ll`htdv`e`ss jl  sft`` ljr drr`bun
sft drr`bunfrd
frdtd`
td`ss jl ta` t`st sp`
sp`hdo
hdo`e.
`e. Ldb
Ldb.. 6 saj
sajws
ws f
vfrd`g pr`st
vfrd`g pr`str`ssd
r`ssdeb
eb t`ha
t`haedqu`
edqu`ss jr str`
str`ebtas
ebtas hafrf
hafrfht`rd
ht`rdstdh
stdh jl  sudtfkn` frrfeb`o`et
sudtfkn` frrfeb`o`et usdeb pdee`
pdee`gg k`fr
k`frdeb
deb `gb`
`gb`s.
s. De t`st jl 
bnfss-h`rfodhs jl gdll`rdeb hjopjsdtdje jr a`ft tr`fto`et. De sp`hdo`es jl f hdrhunfr jr `nndptdhfn s`htdje, ta` stx`g hyndegrd-
tads t`st o`tajg ta` surlfh`s jl ta` sp`hdo`es fr` ejt fssuo`g hfn suppjrt `gb`s ofy afv` f hurvftur` jl fpprjxdoft`ny 2<

LDB. 6 ]dee`g K`frdeb @gb`s

Hjpyrdbat FXWO Det`reftdjefn ;

]rjvdg`g ky DAX ueg`r ndh`es` wdta FXWO
Ej r`prjguhtdje jr e`twjrideb p`rodtt`g wdtajut ndh`es` lrjo D AX Ejt ljr [`sfn`
 

H 601 ‘ =;
oo (8 de.) de ta` pnfe` jl ta` k`frdeb `gb` tj stfkdndz` ta` 2. ]rjh
]rjh`gur
`gur``
fndbeo`et jl ta` sp`hdo`es. Xuha suppjrt `gb`s fr` sajwe de 2.6 Xpfh` ta` suppjrtde
suppjrtdeb
b `gb`s jl ta` t`st stxtur`
stxtur` ;== oo
Ldb. ;.

LDB. ; Ldx`g Hyndegrdhfn

Hyndegrdhfn Xuppj
Xuppjrt
rt @gb`s

W@XW O@WAJG F‗W@XW LJ[ OJGPNPX JL (1.== de.) fpfrt feg h`etrfnny pjsdtdje ta` njfgdeb `gb`s wdta f
[P]WP[@ JL LNFW BNFXX s`pfrftdje jl 6== oo (7.== de.). Kr`fi sp`hdo`es afvdeb hut
`gb`s wdta ta` hutt`r ofris je ta` lfh` ueg`r hjopr`ssdje.
<. W`st Xp`hdo`es Hfr`lunny pnfh` `fha sp`hdo`e de ta` t`st stxtur` tj odedodz`
<.6   ]r`pfrftdje jl Xp`hdo`es‗W`st sp`hdo`es safnn k` hut pjssdkn` gfofb` feg tj `esur` fndbeo`et jl sp`hdo`e de ta`
stxtur`.
stxtur `. Wa` p`ro
p`rodssd
dssdkn`
kn` ofxd
ofxdouo
ouo stk`r str`str`ss
ss gu` tj dedt
dedtdfn
dfn
lrjo ta` sa``t stjhi wdta f gdfojeg jr f huttdeb wa``n. Kjta
njfg
njfg je tata`` sp
sp`h
`hdo
do`e
`e sa
safn
fnnn ej
ejtt `x
`xh`
h``g
`g ;0 % jl ta ta`` o`
o`fe
fe
njebdtugdefn huts safnn k` je ta` sfo` jrdbdefn surlfh` feg eje`
ojgunus jl ruptur`. Njfg ta` sp`hdo`e ft f hjestfet rft` tj
jl ta` jrdbdefn `gb` jl ta` sa``t safnn k` us`g fs f njebdtugdefn
lfdnur`. Ljr fee`fn`g bnfss ta` rft` jl njfgdeb safnn hjrr`spjeg
sdg` jl ta` sp`hdo`e. @eg huts ofy k` je `dta`r surlfh`. Wa`
tj f rft` jl dehr`fs` jl ofxdouo str`ss jl 6.6   <  =.; O]f/s
gdr`htdje jl huttdeb jl afnl jl ta` tjtfn euok`r jl sp`hdo`es
(6= ===   <   ;=== psd/o
psd/ode).
de). W`st pr`str`ss`g
pr`str`ss`g bnfss
bnfss`s
`s wdta ta`
safn
safnnn k` p` p`rp
rp`e
`egd
gdhu
hunf
nfrr tj ta
ta`` gd
gdr`
r`ht
htdj
dje
e jl huhutt
ttde
deb
b jl tata``
dehr`fs` jl ofxdouo str`ss p`r odeut` k`tw``e 1= feg 6;= %
r`ofdeg`r. Xp`hdo`es taft oust k` hut lrjo sa``t stjhi prdjr
jl ta` ojgunus jl ruptur`. Wa` strst sdx sp`hdo`es jl ta` brjup
tj ta` us` jl f pr`str`ssdeb tr`fto`et safnn afv` ta` hjre`rs jl  ofy k` t`st`g ft f njfgdeb rft` kfs`g je fe `stdoft` jl ta`
ta` njebdtugdefn
njebdtugdefn `gb`s rjue rjueg`g
g`g tj oded
odedodz`
odz` gfofb` tj ta` ojgunus jl ruptur` feg ta` fv`rfb` vfnu` ljr ta`s` sp`hdo`es
`gb`s
`gb `s de ta` pr` pr`str
str`ss
`ssdeb
deb prj
prjh`s
h`ss.
s. Fnn jp`
jp`rft
rftdje
djess saf
safnn
nn k` us`g tj hjrr`ht tads `stdoft`. Dl rfeb` jl wdgta feg tadhie`ss
p`rljro`g wdta ta` gdr`htdje jl brdeg jr pjndsa pfrfnn`n tj ta` vfrdftdje de ta` sp`hdo`es ds n`ss tafe 0 %, ta` o`fe vfnu`s
njebdtugdefn fxds. Wa` rfgdus jl ta` hjre`r safnn ejt `xh``g 6.< ofy k` us`us`gg tj r`p
r`pr`s
r`s`et
`et fnn sp`
sp`hdo
hdo`es
`es ljr ta` purpjs`
purpjs` jl 
oo (6 ⁇ 6<
6<  de.).
hfnhunftdje jl rft` jl njfgdeb.
<.;   Xdz` jl Xp`hd o`es‗Wa` sp`hdo`es
Xp`hdo`es sp`hdo`es safn
safnnn k` fppr
fpprjxd-
jxd- 2.; G`t`r
G`t`rode`
ode` ta` tadhie`ss
tadhie`ss feg wdgta jl `fha sp`hdo`e
sp`hdo`e tj
oft`ny ;0= oo (6= de.) de n`ebta feg 81.6 < 8.; oo (66 ⁇ ; < <6 %. Wj fvjdg gfofb` lrjo bfbdeb de ta` hrdtdhfn fr`f, tfi`
6
 ⁇ 1  de.) de wdgta. Wa` vfrdftdje de wdgta jr tadhie`ss safnn ejt o`fsur`o`ets prdjr tj t`stdeb e`fr `fha `eg wdta f s`pfrftdje
`xh``g 0 % lrjo je` `eg tj ta` jta`r. `qufn tj ta` suppjrt spfe, feg fv`rfb` ta` vfnu`s. O`fsur`-
<.8   Euok`r jl Xp`hdo`es‗Ft n`fst 8= sp`hdo`es safnn k` o`ets ljnnjwdeb t`st safnn k` de ta` uedljrony str`ss`g r`bdje
us`g ljr je` t`st feg safnn pr`l`rfkny k` tfi`e lrjo s`v`rfn jl ta` sp`hdo`e.
sa``ts, jr r`bdjes jl f sdebn` sa``t. 2.8 G`t`r
G`t`rode`
ode` ta` njhftdje
njhftdje jl pjdet jl lfdn
lfdnur`
ur` feg ejt` dt fs
<.7   @xfod
@xfodeftd
eftdje
je jl Xp`hd o`es‗F
Xp`hdo`es ‗Feyey sp
sp`h
`hdo
do`e`e of
ofyy k` `gb`
`gb` jr lflfh`
h` jr
jrdb
dbde
de.. ]n
]nfs
fstd
tdhh jr jt
jta`
a`rr tf
tfp`
p` jl nj njw
w `n`nfs
fstd
tdhh
r`c`ht`g prdjr tj t`st ljr jks`rvfkn` g`l`hts hjesdg`r`g ndi`ny tj ojgunus0 ofy k` us`g je ta` hjopr`ssdv` surlfh` tj hjetfde
    -

fll`ht ta` ojgunus jl ruptur`. Wj k` hjesdg`r`g r`pr`s`etftdv` ta` lrfbo`etftdje feg fnnjw jks`rvftdje jl pjdet jl lfdnur` ljr     -
    -
        m
  ,
  ,
        m

jl fee`fn`g bnfss ta` sp`hdo`es oust o``t ta` r`qudr`o`et jl  adbany
adbany pr`
pr`str
str`ss
`ss`g
`g sp`
sp`hdo
hdo`es
`es.. [`p
[`pjrt
jrt fnn vfn
vfnu`s
u`s,, fnt
fntaju
ajuba
ba   ,
        m
  ,
  ,
        m
  ,

s`br`bftdje jl `gb` kr`fi vfnu`s ds p`rodtt`g.

  ,
        m

8.;.;. Ft n`fst 8= % jl ta` sp`hdo`es safnn k` `xfode`g ljr

    -
        m
    -
        m
    -
    -

r`sdgufn str`ss. Dl fey jl ta`s` lfdn tj o``t ta` r`qudr`o`et, ta`

1. Hfnh
Hfnhunft
unftdje
dje
r`ofde
r`o fdeg`r
g`r jl ta` sp`
sp`hdo
hdo`es
`es saf
safnn
nn k` `xf
`xfod
ode`g
e`g feg tajtajs`
s`
`xh``gdeb ta` stft`g ndodt safnn k` r`c`ht`g. 1.6 Hfnhunft` ta` ojgunus jl ruptur`,
ruptur`, dedtdfn ofxdouo
ofxdouo stk`r

<.0   Lnjft Bnfss‗Wa` surlfh` jl ﬋jft bnfss de hjetfht wdta str`ss, feg rft` jl dehr`fs` jl str`ss fs ljnnjws3
str`ebta  (2)  fs hjopfr`g tj
tde afs k``e ljueg tj k` njw`r de str`ebta (2)
ta` „fdr‟ surlfh`.
surlfh`. Ljr hjop
hjopfrft
frftdv`
dv` t`st
t`sts,
s, ta`r
ta`r`ljr`
`ljr`,, surlf
surlfh`
h` 0
Xhjtha Krfeg pnfstdh tfp`, Hftfnjb Ej. 646-F, ofeulfhtur`g ky 8O Hj., 8O
jrd`etftdje sajung k` i`pt hjestfet. H`et`r, Xt. ]fun, OE 00677, afs k``e ljueg sudtfkn` ljr tads purpjs`.

Hjpyrdbat FXWO Det`reftdjefn 8

]rjvdg`g ky DAX ueg`r ndh`es` wdta FXWO
Ej r`prjguhtdje jr e`twjrideb p`rodtt`g wdtajut ndh`es` lrjo D AX Ejt ljr [`sfn`
 

H 601 ‘ =;
1.6.6 Ojgun
Ojgunus
us jl rupt
ruptur`3
ur`3 str`ss
str`ss k`
k`tw
tw``
``ee ta
ta`` nj
njfg
fgdedeb
b `g
`gb`
b`s,
s, fe
feg
g dt sa
saju
jung
ng hj
hjv`
v`rr f
8 Nf sdbedsthfet lrfhtdje jl tads fr`f.
X  0   (;) 6=.8 Ljnnjwdeb fe fkrfsdje
fkrfsdje prjh`gur`, f odedouo
odedouo tdo` jl 6
kg ;
a oust `nfps` k`ljr` tfpdeb jr t`stdeb jl sp`hdo`es (s`` F;.;).
1.6.; Ofxd
Ofxdouo
ouo str`ss gu` tj dedt
dedtdfn
dfn njfg dl pr`s
pr`s`et3
`et3 6=.7
6=. 7 G`﬋`htjo
G`﬋`htjo`t` `t`rs,
rs, dl us`
us`g
g gur
gurdeb
deb t`s
t`stde
tdeb,
b, saj
sajung
ung ejt
8  N =f hjetfht ta` t`esdje lfh` jl ta` sp`hdo`e.
X = 0   (8)
kg ; 6=.0 Dl t`sts fr` p`rl
p`rljro`g
jro`g ft t`op`rftur`s
t`op`rftur`s g`vdftdeb
g`vdftdeb lrjo
1.6.8 [ft` jl dehr`fs` jl ofxdouo str`ss3
str`ss3 fokd`et, dt ds e`h`ssfry tj fnnjw ta` sp`hdo`e tj r`fha ta`rofn
`qudndkrd
`qud ndkrduo
uo tj `ndo
`ndodeft
deft`` ta` pr`s
pr`s`eh`
`eh` jl ta`ro
ta`rofnny
fnny deguh`g
 [ 0 8f; 8 G N   (7) str`ss`s de ta` sp`hdo`e. Wa` r`pjrt sajung degdhft` ta` ta`rofn
kg  Gt 
adstjry prdjr tj t`stdeb.
X =
 [ 0 X  ; 66. W`st Xp`hdo`es
t 
66.6   ]r`pfrftdje jl Xp`hdo`es3
wa`r`3 66.6.6
66.6.6 Xp`hd
Xp`hdo`es
o`es jl r`ht
r`htfebun
febunfr
fr hrjss s`htdje ofy k` pr`-
X    ? ojgu
ojgunus
nus jl ruptu
ruptur`,
r`, O]f (psd
(psd),),
pfr`g
pfr `g ky fey s`qs`qu`e
u`eh`
h` jl hjehjev`e
v`etd
tdjef
jefnn jp`
jp`rft
rftdje
djess suh
suhaa fs
X =   ? of
ofxd
xdou
ouoo stkstk`r
`r str`
str`ss
ss gu`
gu` tj dedt dedtdf
dfnn nj
njfg
fg dl 
huttdeb, sfwdeb, brdegdeb, jr pjndsadeb. Njebdtugdefn `gb`s je
pr`s`et, O]f (psd),
ta`` lf
ta lfh`
h` tj k` pn pnfh
fh`g
`g de t` t`es
esdj
djee sa
saju
jungng k` ha
hafo
fol`
l`r`
r`g
g jr
 [   ? rft` jl dehr
dehr`fs`
`fs` jl ofxd
ofxdouo
ouo stk`r str` str`ss,
ss, O]f/
O]f/ss
rjueg`g. Wa` hjre`r rfgdus safnn k` f odedouo vfnu` sulldhd`et
(psd/ode),
tj `ndodeft` `gb` kr`fis feg safnn ejt `xh``g je` t`eta ta`
 N   ? kr`f
kr`fideb
ideb njfg dehnu
dehnugdeb
gdeb dedt
dedtdfn
dfn njfg
njfg,, E (nkl
(nkl),
),
 N=   ? dedtdfn njfg
njfg,, E (nkl
(nkl),
), tadhie`ss
tadhie`ss de sp`hd
sp`hdo`es
o`es fpprjfhadeb
fpprjfhadeb f squfr
squfr`` hrjss s`htdje.
s`htdje.
f   ? ojo`
ojo`et et fro jr gdstf
gdstfeh`
eh` k`tw
k`tw``e``e fgcf
fgcfh`et
h`et sup- Xp`hdo`es safnn afv` `qudvfn`et sdz` feg ofeulfhturdeb prj-
pjrt feg njfgdeb `gb`s, oo (de.), h`gur`s de brjups tj k` hjopfr`g. Wa` sp`hdo`e n`ebta safnn
k   ? wdgt
wdgtaa jl sp`hd
sp`hdo`e,
o`e, oo (de.)
(de.),, k` ft n`fst 6;.2 oo (6 ⁇ ;  de.) br`ft`r de n`ebta tafe ta` suppjrt

g   ? tadhie`ss
tadhie`ss jl sp`hd
sp`hdo`e,
o`e, oo (de.)
(de.),, spfe us`g de t`st. Wa` wdgta tj tadhie`ss rftdj ds r`hjoo`eg`g
t    ? tdo` lrjo stfr
stfrtt jl hjetd
hjetdeujus
eujus njfgd
njfgdeb
eb tj rupt
ruptur`,
ur`, tj k` k`tw``e ;36 feg 6=36. Wa` odedouo wdgta safnn k` 4.0
s (ode), feg oo ( 8 ⁇ 1 de.), fntajuba sp`hdo`es jl br`ft`r wdgta fr` g`sdrfkn`.
G N/ Gt    ? rft` jl dehr`fs
dehr`fs`` jl njfg,
njfg, E/s (nkl
(nkl/ode
/ode).
). Wa` vfrdftdje de wdgta jr tadhie`ss safnn ejt `xh``g 8 % jv`r
ta` n`ebta jl ta` sp`hdo`e `qufn tj ta` suppjrt spfe.
4. [`pjr
[`pjrtt 66.6.;
66.6.; Xp`Xp`hdo
hdo`es
`es de rjg ljro of ofy y k` pr`
pr`pfr
pfr`g
`g fs grfgrfwewe
4.6 [`pjr
[`pjrtt ta` ljnnjwdeb3
ljnnjwdeb3 hfe`` jr ky prj
hfe prjh`g
h`gur`
ur`ss suh
suha
a fs hjr
hjr`` grd
grdnnd
nndeb
eb feg h`e h`et`r
t`rn`s
n`sss
4.6.6 W`st o`tajg
o`tajg us`g, brdegdeb. @qudvfn`et sdz`s feg ofeulfhturdeb prjh`gur`s safnn
4.6.; Dg`etdsthftdje jl ta` bnfss
bnfss t`st`g, dehnugdeb fey sp`hdfn
sp`hdfn k` us`g je sp`hdo`es ljr hjopfrdsje. Wa` sp`hdo`e n`ebta
tr`fto`et
tr`fto`et (ljr sp`h
sp`hdo`e
do`ess g`rd
g`rdv`g
v`g lrjo ofeulfhturdeb
ofeulfhturdeb prj- safnn k` ft n`fst 6;.2 oo (6 ⁇ ;  de.) br`ft`r tafe ta` suppjrt spfe
h`ss`s taft fr` fsyoo`trdh de eftur`9 ljr `xfopn`, ta` ﬋jft us`g
us `g de ta ta`` t`
t`st
st.. Wa
Wa`` gd
gdfo
fo`t
`t`r
`r sasafn
fnnn k` jpjptd
tdje
jefnfn,, wd
wdtata f
prjh`ss, ta` sdg` jl ta` sa``t pnfh`g de t`esdje gurdeb t`st safnn oded
od edou
ouo o vf vfnu
nu`` jl 7.
7.2<
2< oo (  ⁇ 6<
8
6<   de.).
de.). Wa
Wa`` vfvfrd
rdft
ftdj
dje
e de f
k` dg`etdst`g, dl pjssdkn`), o`fsur`g gdfo`t`r safnn ejt `xh``g 8 % jv`r ta` n`ebta jl ta`
4.6.8 Hnfss
Hnfssdsthft
dsthftdje
dje fs fee`f
fee`fn`g
n`g jr pr`st
pr`str`ss`
r`ss`g
g bnfss
bnfss,, sp`hdo`e
sp`h do`e `qufn tj ta` suppj suppjrt
rt spfe. Wa` n`eb n`ebta-tj
ta-tj-gdfo
-gdfo`t`r`t`r
4.6.7 W`st `evdrjeo`et
`evdrjeo`et dl jta`r tafe stfegstfegfrg
frg nfkjr
nfkjrftjry
ftjry rftdj safnn k` br`ft`r tafe 6=36. Xp`hdo`es ofy k` `nndptdhfn de
ftojspa`r`, s`htdje, kut ta` odejr gdfo`t`r safnn ejt k` n`ss tafe 1= % jl 
4.6.0 [ft` jl dehr`fs` jl ofxdouo str`ss,str`ss, ta` ofcjr gdfo`t`r. Wa` sp`hdo`e safnn k` strfdbat wdtade 8
4.6.< \fnu` jl ojgu
ojgunus
nus jl ruptu
ruptur`
r` ljr `fha sp`hdo`e
sp`hdo`e feg oo de 6== oo (jr   6 ⁇ 1   de. de 7 de.). Wa` hurvftur` safnn k`
g`sdbeftdje jl pjdet jl lfdnur` fs `gb` jr lfh`, feg ndod
ndodt`
t`gg tj f sd sdeb
ebn`
n` pn
pnfe
fe`` hj
hjet
etfd
fded
edeb
eb tata`` of
ofcjcjrr jr od odejejrr
4.6.2 Fv`
Fv`rfb`
rfb` vfnu` jl ta` ojgunus jl ruptur` ljr ta` brjup gdfo`t`r jl fey `nndptdhdty, dl tads `nndptdhdty `xh``gs 0 %.
feg ta` stf
stfegf
egfrgrg g`v
g`vdft
dftdje
dje `st
`stdo
doft`
ft` jl ta` o`f
o`fe.
e. X`p
X`pfrf
frft`
t` 66.;  Euok`r jl Xp`hdo`es3
vfnu`s ofy k` g`t`rode`g ljr `gb` feg lfh` jrdbdes. 66.;.6 Dt ds r`hjoo`eg`g taft ft n`fst n`fst 8= sp`hdo`es safnn k`
fvfdnfkn` ljr je` t`st dl f hjetrjnn`g fkrfsdje prjh`gur` ds ejt
EJW@   6‗X``
6‗X`` Fee
Fee`x`x F8 ljr hje
hjev`r
v`rsdje
sdje lrj
lrjo
o deha
deha-pj
-pjueg
ueg uedt
uedtss feg
jta`r eje-XD uedts tj XD uedts. us`g fs f ejrofndzdeb prjh`gur`. Ptdndzftdje jl l`w`r sp`hd-
o`es ds p`rop`rodssd
dssdkn`
kn` dl hjehn
hjehnusdje
usdjess jl sftd
sftdslfht
slfhtjry
jry stft
stftdstd
dstdhfn
hfn
W@XW O@WAJG K‗HJO]F[FWD\@ W@XW LJ[ vfndgdty fr` pjssdkn`, tajuba f odedouo jl t`e sp`hdo`es ds
OJGPNPX JL [P]WP[@ JL BNFXX FEG BNFXX- r`qudr`g.
H@[FODHX 66.;.;
66.;.; Ft n`fst 6= sp`hdo`es
sp`hdo`es safnn k` us`g ljr je` t`st dl f
hjetrjnn`g fkrfsdje ds us`g tj ejrofndz` ta` surlfh` hjegdtdje
6=. Afzf
Afzfrgs
rgs jl ta` sp`hdo`es.
6=.6 Hfr` sajung
sajung k` `x`r
`x`rhds`
hds`g
g de fnn afegndeb
afegndeb jl sp`hd
sp`hdo`es
o`es 66.8   @xfodeftdje jl Xp`hdo`es3
tj fvjdg ta` detrjguhtdje jl rfegjo feg s`v`r` ﬋fws. 66.8.6
66.8.6 Fey sp`hdo`es
sp`hdo`es ofy k` r`c`ht`g
r`c`ht`g prdj
prdjrr tj t`std
t`stdeb
eb ljr
6=.; Fkrfsdje jl sp`hdo`es
sp`hdo`es jl r`htfebunfr s`htdje
s`htdje sajung k` g`l`hts hjesdg`r`g ndi`ny tj fll`ht ta` ojgunus jl ruptur`.
p`rljr
p`r ljro`g
o`g sj taf
taftt hjr
hjre`r
e`rss fr` ejt suk
sukc`h
c`ht`g
t`g tj fkr
fkrfsd
fsdje.
je. 66.8.; Xp`hdo`es jl bnfss g`shrdk`g fs fee`fn`g fee`fn`g oust o``t
Fkrfsdje sajung k` ndodt`g tj ta` r`bdje jl uedljro t`esdn` ta` r`qudr`o`ets jl 8.;.;. Ft n`fst 8= % jl ta` sp`hdo`es safnn
--m-m-m,,m,,m,m,,m---

Hjpyrdbat FXWO Det`reftdjefn 7

]rjvdg`g ky DAX ueg`r ndh`es` wdta FXWO
Ej r`prjguhtdje jr e`twjrideb p`rodtt`g wdtajut ndh`es` lrjo D AX Ejt ljr [`sfn`
 

H 601 ‘ =;
k` `xfode`g ljr r`sdgufn str`ss. Dl fey jl ta`s` fr` ejt wdtade lfh` de t`esdje. Gj ejt fnnjw ta` dedtdfn njfg je ta` sp`hdo`e
ta` r`q
r`qudr
udr`o`
`o`ets
ets,, ta` r`o
r`ofde
fdeg`r
g`r jl ta` sp`
sp`hdo
hdo`es
`es saf
safnn
nn k` tj prjguh` f ofxdouo stk`r str`ss de `xh`ss jl ;0 % jl ta`
`xfode`g feg tajs` `xh``gdeb ta` stft`g ndodt safnn k` r`c`ht`g. o`fe
o`f e ojg
ojgunu
unuss jl rup
ruptur
tur`.
`. Ped
Pedljr
ljrony
ony fpp
fppny
ny ta` njf
njfg
g uet
uetdn
dn
lfdnur`
lfdnur` jhhurs. Ljr fee`
fee`fn`g
fn`g bnfss, ta` rft` jl njfgd
njfgdeb
eb safnn
6;. W`st Hjegdtdjes hjrr`spjeg tj f rft` jl dehr`fs` jl ofxdouo str`ss jl 6.6 < =.;
6;.6   Xp`hdo`es jl [`htfebunfr X`htdje‗Wa` ojo`et fro O]f/s (6= ===   <  ;=== psd/ode). Ljr pr`str`ss`g bnfss`s feg
jr s`pfrftdje jl fgcfh`et suppjrt feg njfgdeb `gb`s safnn k` bnfss-h`r
bnfs s-h`rfodh
fodhs,
s, ta` dehr
dehr`fs`
`fs` jl ofxd
ofxdouo
ouo str`
str`ss
ss p`r odeu
odeut`t`
br`ft`r tafe ta` wdgta jl ta` sp`hdo`e feg ft n`fst ljur tdo`s safnn k` k`tw``e 1= feg 6;= % jl ta` ojgunus jl ruptur`. Wa`
ta` tadhie`ss jl ta` sp`hdo`e. Wa` s`pfrftdje jl ta` njfgdeb strst ;= % jl ta` brjup ofy k` t`st`g ft f njfgdeb rft` kfs`g je
`gb`s safnn k` ejt n`ss tafe 64 oo ( 8 ⁇ 7  de.) feg ft n`fst tar`` fe `stdoft` jl ta` ojgunus jl ruptur` feg ta` fv`rfb` vfnu` ljr
tdo`s ta` tadhie`ss jl ta` sp`hdo`e. Rdtade ta`s` ndodtftdjes ta`s` sp`hdo`es us`g tj hjrr`ht tads `stdoft`. Ljr sp`hdo`es jl 
ta` t`st b`jo`try ofy k` fgcust`g tj fhhjoojgft` ta` njfgdeb r`htfebunfr s`htdje, g`t`rode` feg r`hjrg ta` pjdet jl lfdnur` fs
rfeb` jl ta` t`stdeb ofhade`. Dt sajung k` ejt`g taft ljr adbany `gb` jr lfh` jrdbde ljr sp`hdo`es wdtajut fkrfsdje, feg r`hjrg
pr`str
pr` str`ss
`ss`g
`g oft
oft`rd
`rdfns
fns ta` pjs
pjssdk
sdkdnd
dndty
ty jl `xh
`xh`ss
`ssdv`
dv` ﬋`xu
﬋`xur`
r` dt fs tj jhhurr`eh` de fkrfg`g fr`f ljr sp`hdo`es afvdeb suha
(br`ft`r tafe fpprjxdoft`ny je` afnl ta` sp`hdo`e tadhie`ss) fkrfsd
fkr fsdje.
je. Wa` us` jl pnfpnfstd
stdhh jr jta
jta`r
`r njw
njw-oj
-ojgun
gunus tfp``0 ds
us tfp
feg `eg snjp` ofy `xdst ft nfrb` spfe-tj-tadhie`ss rftdjs. p`rodtt`g je ta` hjopr`ssdv` surlfh` tj hjetfde ta` lrfbo`e-
6;.;   Xp`hdo`es
Xp`hdo`es jl [jueg jr @nnd@nndptdh
ptdhfn
fn X`htdje‗Wa` oj-
X`htdje tftdje feg p`rodt jks`rvftdje jl pjdet jl lfdnur`. [`pjrt fnn
o`et fro jr s`pfrftdje jl suppjrt feg njfgdeb `gb`s safnn k` vfnu`s, fntajuba s`br`bftdje detj fpprjprdft` hnfssdsthftdje ds
ft n`fst ljur tdo`s ta` v`rtdhfn gdfo`t`r jl ta` sp`hdo`e. Wa` p`rodtt`g.
s`pfrftdje jl ta` njfgdeb `gb`s safnn k` ejt n`ss tafe 64 oo ( 8 ⁇ 7
de.) feg ft n`fst tar`` tdo`s ta` v`rtdhfn gdfo`t`r. Rdtade ta`s` 67. Hfnhunftdje
-

ndodtftdjes ta` t`st b`jo`try ofy k` fgcust`g tj fhhjoojgft`

-
m 
-
m 
- 67.6 Hfn
67.6 Hfnhun
hunft`
ft` ta` ojg
ojgunu
unuss jl rup
ruptur
tur`,
`, ded
dedtdf
tdfnn ofx
ofxdou
douoo
m 

ta` njfgdeb rfeb` jl ta` t`stdeb ofhade`. Dt sajung k` ejt`g taft

  ,
  ,
m 
  ,
  ,
stk`r str`ss, feg rft` jl dehr`fs` jl str`ss fs ljnnjws3
m 

njw ojo`et fro-tj-gdfo`t`r rftdjs ofy r`sunt de ueg`sdrfkn`

  ,
m 
  ,
  ,
m 
-
-
-
67.6.6
67. 6.6 Ojg
Ojgunu
unuss jl rup
ruptur
tur`` ljr sp`
sp`hdo
hdo`es
`es jl r`h r`htfe
tfebun
bunfr
fr
adba hjetfht str`ss`s lrjo ta` k`frdeb `gb`s. s`htdje3
6;.8   Xdebn` ]jdet Njfgdeb‗Fntajuba ejt b`e`rfnny r`hjo-
8 Nf
o`eg`g, sdebn`-pjdet njfgdeb ds fhh`ptfkn` ueg`r ta` ljnnjwdeb X  0   (0)
hdrhuostfeh`s3 kg ;
6;.8.6 Ljr `stfkndsadeb `xp`rdo`etfn
`xp`rdo`etfn hjrr`nftdje wdta `xdst- Ljr sp`hdo`es jl `nndptdhfn s`htdje3
deb sdebn`-pjdet njfgdeb gftf, feg 0.=4  Nf
6;.8.; Ra`e ta` gdstrdkutdj
gdstrdkutdje
e jl bnfss g`l`hts
g`l`hts jr ﬋fws (s`` X  0   (<)
kg ;
7.8)) ds suh
7.8 suhaa taf
taftt ta`
ta`dr
dr pr`
pr`s`e
s`eh`
h` ds uef
uefvjd
vjdgfk
gfkn`
n` wdt
wdtade
ade ta`
odedouo gdstfeh` k`tw``e ta` njfgdeb pjdets fs sp`hdst`g de 67.6.; Xtr`s
Xtr`sss gu` tj dedtdfn
dedtdfn njfg dl pr`s
pr`s`et
`et ljr sp`hdo`es
sp`hdo`es jl 
6;.6 feg 6;.;. Xuha g`l`hts jr ﬋fws oust k` ejehafrfht`rdstdh r`htfebunfr s`htdje3
tj ta` bnfss hjopjsdt
hjopjsdtdjedje feg jl ej prd
prdofr
ofry
y det
det`r`
`r`st
st tj ta` 8 N=f
str`ebta stugy. X = 0   (2)
kg ;
6;.8.8 Ljr sdebn`-pjdet
sdebn`-pjdet njfgdeb,
njfgdeb, ofi` ta` s`pfr
s`pfrftdj
ftdje
e jl ta`
njfgdeb `gb`s z`rj wadn` ofdetfdedeb fnn jta`r r`qudr`o`ets de Ljr sp`hdo`es jl `nndptdhfn s`htdje3
6;.6 feg 6;.;. 0.4=  N =f
X = 0   (1)
kg ;
68. ]rjh
]rjh`gur
`gur``
67.6.8 [ft` jl dehr`fs` jl ofxdouo
ofxdouo str`ss ljr sp`hdo`es
sp`hdo`es jl 
68.6   O`fsur`o`et jl Xp`hdo`es3
r`htfebunfr s`htdje3
68.6.6 Degd
Degdvdguf
vdgufnny
nny o`fs
o`fsur`
ur` sp`hd
sp`hdo`es
o`es jl r`htf
r`htfebunf
ebunfrr s`h-
8f G N
tdje
tdje lj
ljrr wd
wdgtgta
a fe
fegg ta
tadh
dhie
ie`s
`sss tj =.=.=;
=; oo (= (=.==
.==6
6 de
de.)
.).. Dl f  [ 0 8   (4)
kg ; Gt 
hjetrjnn`g fkrfsdje ds ejt utdndz`g, ndodt o`fsur`o`ets prdjr tj
ta` t`st tj r`bdjes e`fr ta` `egs, s`pfrft`g ky f gdstfeh` `qufn Ljr sp`hdo`es jl `nndptdhfn s`htdje3
tj ta` suppjrt spfe, feg r`hjrg ta` fv`rfb` vfnu`.
0.=4 G N
68.6.; ]nfh` sp`hdo`es jl `nndptdhfn
`nndptdhfn jr rjueg s`htdje
s`htdje je f s`t  [ 0  8
Gt 
  (6=)
kg ;
jl su
supp
ppjr
jrtt `g
`gb`
b`ss jl fp
fppr
prjp
jprd
rdft
ft`` sp
spfe
fe,, fe
feg
g ej
ejt`
t` f ej
ejro rofn
fn
`qudndkrduo pjsdtdje. Ofri ta` v`rtdhfn fxds, feg o`fsur` ta` Ljr sp`hdo`es jl fey s`htdje3
v`rtdhfn feg ajrdzjetfn gdfo`t`rs tj =.=; oo (=.==6 de.). Dl f X  ; X =
hjetrjnn`g fkrfsdje ds ejt utdndz`g, ndodt ta` o`fsur`o`ets prdjr  [ 0   (66)
t 
tj t`stdeb tj r`bdjes e`fr ta` `egs ft f s`pfrftdje `qufn tj ta`
suppjrt spfe, feg r`hjrg ta` fv`rfb` vfnu`s. wa`r`3
68.;  Njfgdeb tj Lfdnur`‗Hfr`lunny njhft` ta` sp`hdo`es de X    ? ojgun
ojgunus
us jl rupt
ruptur`,
ur`, O]f (psd
(psd),
),
ta` t`st stxtur` tj odedodz` gfofb` tj ta` sp`hdo`e feg tj X =   ? ofx
ofxdodouo
uo stk`r
stk`r st
str`
r`ss
ss gu` tj de
dedt
dtdf
dfnn nj
njfg
fg,, dl 
`esur` fndbeo`et wdta fxds jl ta` stxtur`. Xp`hdo`es de rjg pr`s`et, O]f (psd),
 [   ? rft` jl dehr`
dehr`fs`
fs` jl ofxd
ofxdouo
ouo stk`r str`
str`ss,
ss, O]f/s
ljro safnn afv` ta` degdhft`g v`rtdhfn fxds sj njhft`g gurdeb
(psd/ode),
t`st. Ljr sp`hdo`es jl r`htfebunfr s`htdje, pnfh` ta` fkrfg`g

Hjpyrdbat FXWO Det`reftdjefn 0

]rjvdg`g ky DAX ueg`r ndh`es` wdta FXWO
Ej r`prjguhtdje jr e`twjrideb p`rodtt`g wdtajut ndh`es` lrjo D AX Ejt ljr [`sfn`
 

H 601 ‘ =;

 N   ? kr`fid
kr`fideb
eb njfg, E (nkl)
(nkl),, 60.6.1 [ft` jl dehr`fs` jl ofxdouo str`ss,
str`ss,
 N=   ? dedtdfn njfg
njfg,, E (nkl
(nkl),
), 60.6.4 \fnu` jl ta` ojgunus jl ruptur` ljr `fha sp`hdo`e
sp`hdo`e
f   ? oj
ojo`e
o`ett fro
fro jr jr s`pfr
s`pfrftdftdje
je jl
jl fgcfh
fgcfh`et
`et njf
njfgde
gdeb
b (ta` pjdet jl lfdnur` ljr sp`hdo`es jl r`htfebunfr s`htdje safnn
feg suppjrt `gb`s, oo (de.), k` degdhft`g wdta r`bfrg tj lfh` jr `gb` jrdbde ljr sp`hdo`es
k   ? wdg
wdgtata jl
jl sp`hd
sp`hdo`o`ee jr ajrdajrdzje
zjetfn
tfn gdf
gdfo`t
o`t`r
`r,, oo ejt sukc`ht`g tj fkrfsdje, feg wdta r`bfrg tj jhhurr`eh` de ta`
(de.), fkrfg`g fr`f ljr sp`hdo`es sukc`ht`g tj f hjetrjnn`g fkrfsdje),
g    ? tadh
tadhie`ss
ie`ss jl sp`hd
sp`hdo`e
o`e jr v`rtv`rtdhfn
dhfn gdfo
gdfo`t`r
`t`r,, oo feg
(de.), 60.6.6
60.6.6=
= Fv`r
v`rfb`
fb` vfnu` jl ta` ojg
ojgunu
unuss jl rup
ruptur
tur`` ljr ta`
t    ? tdo` lrjo stfr
stfrtt jl hjetd
hjetdeujus
eujus njfgd
njfgdeb
eb tj rupt
ruptur`,
ur`, brjup
brj up feg ta` stfstfegf
egfrg
rg g`v
g`vdft
dftdje
dje `st
`stdof
doft`t` ljr ta` o`fo`fe.
e.
s (ode), feg X`pfrft` vfnu`s ofy k` g`t`rode`g ljr ta` sp`hdo`es s`br`-
G N/ Gt    ? rft` jl dehr`fs
dehr`fs`` jl njfg,
njfg, E/s (nkl
(nkl/ode
/ode).
). bft`g ky pjdet jl jrdbde.

60. [`pjr
[`pjrtt 6<. ]r`h
]r`hdsdj
dsdje
e feg Kdfs
60.6 [`pjr
[`pjrtt ta` ljnn
ljnnjwdeb
jwdeb33 6<.6   ]r`hdsdje‗ Wa` pr`hdsdje jl ta`s` t`st o`tajgs ds f
60.6.6 W`st o`tajg us`g, luehtdje
luehtdje jl ta` t`s t`stde
tdeb
b ofh
ofhade
ade`` (s`
(s``` ]rf
]rfhtd
htdh`
h` @ 7), ta` t`s
t`stt
<
60.6.; Dg`et
Dg`etdsthft
dsthftdje
dje jl ta` oft`rdfn
oft`rdfn t`st
t`st`g,
`g, dehn
dehnugdeb
ugdeb fey stxtur`s   (6) , feg ta` ejrofndzdeb prjh`gur`s (s`` Fee`x F;).
stxtur`s
sp`hdfn tr`fto`et, Xjo`` jl ta`
Xjo ta`s`
s` fsp
fsp`ht
`htss fr` gdshuss`
gdshuss`g g de X`h
X`htdj
tdjes
es 7 feg 60.
60.6.8 Hnfssdsthftdje fs fee`fn`g jr pr`str`ss`g
pr`str`ss`g oft`rdfn, Wypdh
ypdhfn
fn hj`l
hj`llldhd`
dhd`ets
ets jl vfrd
vfrdftdje
ftdje ljr ajojb
ajojb`e`j
`e`jus
us oft`
oft`rdfn
rdfnss
60.6.7 Ljro feg sdz` jl sp`hdo`es,
sp`hdo`es, rfeb` lrjo 8 tj 6= %.
60.6.0 O`tajg jl pr`p pr`pfrft
frftdje
dje jl sp`hd
sp`hdo`es
o`es feg fkrfs
fkrfsdje
dje 6<.;   Kdfs‗Ej stft`o`et ds ofg` fkjut ta` kdfs jl ta`s`
prjh`gur` us`g, dl fey, o`tajgs ljr g`t`rodedeb ta` ojgunus jl ruptur` sdeh` ta`r` ds
60.6.< W`st `evdrjeo`et
`evdrjeo`et dl jta`
jta`rr tafe stfegfrg nfkjrftjry
nfkjrftjry ej stfegfrg r`l`r`eh` oft`rdfn (X[O) fvfdnfkn`.
ftojspa`r`,
60.6.2
60.6.2 W`st b`jb`jo`t
o`tryry feg hje
hjegdt
gdtdje
djess jl njf
njfgde
gdebb (sd
(sdebn
ebn`-
`- <
Wa` kjnglfh` euok`rs de pfr`eta`s`s r`l`r tj f ndst jl r`l`r`eh`s njhft`g ft ta`
pjdet jr twj-pjdet), `eg jl tads stfegfrg.

FEE@Q@X
-
-
m 
-
m 
-
m 
  ,
  ,
m 
  ,
  ,
m 
(Ofegftjry Deljroftdje)
  ,
m 
  ,
  ,
m 
-
-

F6. G@W@[ODEF
G@W@[ODEFWDJE
WDJE JL [@XDGPFN XW[@XX
-

F6.6 Wa` r`qudr`g

r`qudr`g g`t`rode
g`t`rodeftdjftdjee jl r`sdgufn
r`sdgufn str`ss hfe
hfe k` r`bdje jl ta` sp`hdo`e. Wa` njebdtugdefn str`ss ofy ta`e k`
hfrrd`g jut wdta `dta`r f pjnfrdzdeb odhrjshjp` jr f pjnfrdshjp` g`t`rode`g fs ljnnjws3
(pjnfrdo`
(pjnfrdo`t`r)
t`r) `qudp
`qudpp`g
p`g wdta sudtfsudtfkn`
kn` o`fe
o`fess ljr qufet
qufetdtft
dtftdv`
dv`  [
o`fsur`o`
o`fsu r`o`etet jl kdr`
kdr`lrde
lrdeb`eh`
b`eh`.. Xudt
Xudtfkn`
fkn` g`vd
g`vdh`s
h`s dehnu
dehnug`
g` ta` X  0   (F6.6)
it 
K`r`i jr Kfkde`t hjop`esftjrs fs w`nn fs ta` hjokdeftdje jl 
f qufrt`r-wfv` pnft` feg rjtftdeb fefnyz`r r`l`rr`g tj fs ta` wa`r`3
Xäefrojet   (;)< jr Lrd `g`nn   (8)   hjop`es
Lrd`g` hjop`esftj
ftjrr. O`t
O`tajg
ajg K jl  X    ? njebd
njebdtugde
tugdefn
fn str`ss
str`ss,, ]f (jr
(jr psd),
psd),
O`tajg H 671 r`qudr`s ta` us` jl ta` nftt`r ljro feg dehnug`s i    ? str`ss jptdhfn
jptdhfn hj`lldh
hj`lldhd`et,
d`et, eo/o²]f
eo/o²]f (jr eo/de.²psd),
f g`shrdptdje jl f typdhfn fppfrftus.  [   ? r`nf
r`nftdv`
tdv` r`tf
r`tfrgftd
rgftdje,
je, eo,
eo, feg
feg
t    ? ndba
ndbatt pfta
pfta n`ebta
n`ebta de
de sp`hdo`
sp`hdo`e,
e, o (jr
(jr de.).
de.).
F6.; Rdta fnn o`tajgs jl hjop`esftdje,
hjop`esftdje, ta` o`fsur`o`ets
o`fsur`o`ets F6.8 Wa` str`ss-jptd
str`ss-jptdhfn
hfn hj`ll
hj`lldhd`
dhd`et
et safnn k` g`t`
g`t`rode
rode`g
`g ljr
fr` ofg` wdta ta` pjnfrdz`r feg fefnyz`r hrjss`g tj prjguh` f ta` bnfss k`deb o`fsur`g. Ljr hjooje sjgf-ndo` bnfss`s ta`
gfri st`ng. Wa` pfta jl ta` ndbat tarjuba ta` sp`hdo`e safnn k` vfnu` ds fpprjxdoft`ny ;.02 8 6=∛8 eo/o²]f (=.61 eo/ho. ljr
p`rp`egdhunfr tj ta` njebdtugdefn fxds jl ta` sp`hdo`e, feg ljr str`ss jl 6 psd). Wa` r`nftdv` r`tfrgftdje ds prjpjrtdjefn tj ta`
f sp`hdo`e jl r`htfebunfr safp` safnn k` pfrfnn`n tj ta` lfh`s jl  fnb`kr
fnb`krfdh
fdh gdl
gdll`r
l`r`eh
`eh`` jl ta` prd prdehd
ehdpfn
pfn str
str`ss
`ss`s
`s de ta` pnf
pnfe`
e`
ta` sp`hdo`e taft wdnn k` pnfh`g de t`esdje feg hjopr`ssdje. ejrofn tj ta` ndbat pfta, fv`rfb`g jv`r tads ndbat pfta. Wa`
Wa` jrd`etftdje jl ta` sp`hdo`e oust k` wdta ta` njebdtugdefn o`tajg jl hfnhunftdje fssuo`s ta` prdehdpfn str`ss ejrofn tj
fxds jl ta` sp`hdo`e ft 70½, wdta ta` pnfe` jl pjnfrdzftdje jl  ta` lfh`s jl ta` sp`hdo`e tj k` z`rj. Wads fssuoptdje ds vfndg
ta` pjnfrdz`r. Dl ejt iejwe, ta` pnfe` jl pjnfrdzftdje hfe k` ljr sp`hdo`es us`g de W`st O`tajg F, jr jta`rwds` pr`pfr`g
g`t`rode`
g`t`r ode`g
g fs k`deb pfrf
pfrfnn`n
nn`n tj ta` njebdtugdefn
njebdtugdefn fxds jl ta` suha taft ofcj
ofcjrr t`op
t`op`rft
`rftur`
ur` brfg
brfgd`ets
d`ets gurdeb hjjndeb afv`
sp`h
sp `hdo
do`e
`e wa
wa`e
`e ta
tads
ds fx
fxds
ds ds rjrjtf
tft`
t`g
g k`k`tw
tw``
``e
e ta
ta`` hr
hrjs
jss`
s`g
g k``e p`rp`egdhunfr tj ta` lfh`s jl ta` sp`hdo`e. Wads ofy ejt
pjnfrdz`r feg fefnyz`r tj prjguh` odedouo krdbate`ss de ta` k` tru
tru`` ljr fnn sp`
sp`hdo
hdo`es
`es pr`pfr`g
pr`pfr`g ljr W`st O`tajg
O`tajg K, feg
sp`hdo`e. Flt`r prdjr jrd`etftdje jl ta` sp`hdo`e, ta` ofbed- jks`rvftd
jks`r vftdjes
jes jl kdr`
kdr`lrdeb
lrdeb`eh`
`eh` sajun
sajung g k` p`rl
p`rljro`
jro`gg wdta ta`
tug` jl ta` kdr`lrdeb`eh`, jr r`nftdv` r`tfrgftdje de efejo`t`rs, ndbat pfta p`rp`egdhunfr tj kjta t`st surlfh` feg `gb` jl ta`
ds g`t`
g`t`rode
rode`g
`g ljr ta` ndbat pfssdeb
pfssdeb tarj
tarjuba
uba ta` fpprjprdft`
fpprjprdft` sp`hdo`e. [jueg sp`hdo`es k`deb `xfode`g sajung k` rjtft`g

Hjpyrdbat FXWO Det`reftdjefn <

]rjvdg`g ky DAX ueg`r ndh`es` wdta FXWO
Ej r`prjguhtdje jr e`twjrideb p`rodtt`g wdtajut ndh`es` lrjo D AX Ejt ljr [`sfn`
 

H 601 ‘ =;
fkjut ta` njebd
njebdtugd
tugdefn
efn fxds tj jktfd
jktfde
e ofxd
ofxdouo
ouo r`tfrgftdje
r`tfrgftdje wfv`n`ebta jl r`nftdv` r`tfrgftdje suha fs ta` Lrd`g`n o`tajg,
r`fgdeb. dt ds e`h
e`h`ss
`ssfry
fry tj g`t
g`t`ro
`rode`
de` taf
taftt ta` r`n
r`nftd
ftdv`
v` r`t
r`tfrg
frgftd
ftdje
je ds
fhtufnny n`ss tafe je` wfv`n`ebta. Wa` `xdst`eh` jl ojr` tafe
F6.7 Hryst
Hrystfn
fn hjop`esftjr
hjop`esftjrss safnn k` hfndkrft`g
hfndkrft`g tarjuba
tarjuba ta`
je` wfv`n`ebta jl r`tfrgftdje wdnn k` degdhft`g ky ta` pr`s`eh`
us` jl oj
us` ojej
ejha
harj
rjof
oftd
tdhh nd
ndba
batt (h
(hjo
jooj
ojen
eny
y ta
ta`` 07
07<
< eo Ab
jl lrdeb`s adba`r tafe z`rj jrg`r. Wa`s` lrdeb`s wdnn k` hjnjr`g
rfgdftdje) feg ta`e ofy k` us`g wdta wadt`-ndbat sjurh`s tj
wa`e jks`rv`g wdta wadt` ndbat, tajuba knfhi wdta ojejharj-
`esur`
`esur` prjp`
prjp`rr g`t`
g`t`rode
rodeftdj
ftdje
e jl det`
det`brfn
brfn jrg`r jl r`tf
r`tfrgft
rgftdje.
dje.
oftdh
oft dh ndb
ndbat.
at. Wa` `xd
`xdst`
st`eh`
eh` jl r`t
r`tfrg
frgftd
ftdjes
jes jl tad
tadss jrg
jrg`r
`r jl 
Wa` rjtftdeb fefnyz`r ds s`nl-hfndkrft`g dl us`g wdta ojejharj-
ofbedt
ofb edtug`
ug` wju
wjung
ng jhh
jhhur
ur de ta` stf
stfegf
egfrg
rg sp`
sp`hdo
hdo`e
`e ljr W`st
oftdh ndbat (61=½ rjtftdje Y 6 wfv`n`ebta jl r`tfrgftdje), kut
O`tajg F ft f r`sdgufn str`ss n`v`n jl fpprjxdoft`ny 0.1< O]f
dt pr`s`
pr`s`ets
ets gdl
gdllldhun
dhuntd`s
td`s dl us`g wdta wadt`-ndbat
wadt`-ndbat sjurh
sjurh`s.
`s. Wa` (10= psd) ljr f sjgf-ndo` bnfss, feg ft njw`r str`ss n`v`ns ljr
r`tfrg
r`tfrgftd
ftdje
je p`r g`b g`br``
r`` rjt
rjtftd
ftdje
je ds fl
fll`h
l`ht`g
t`g ky ta` sp`
sp`htr
htrfn
fn
bnfss`s afvdeb f adba`r str`ss jptdhfn-hj`lldhd`et.
gdstrdkutdje jl ta` sjurh` feg ta` s`esdtdvdty jl ta` `y` fs w`nn
fs ta` hjnjr us`g ky ta` jks`rv`r tj g`t`rode` `xtdehtdje. Dt ds F6.0.;
F6. 0.; Wa` o`o`fsu
fsur`o
r`o`et
`et jl kdr
kdr`lr
`lrdeb
deb`eh
`eh`` ft sur
surlfh
lfh`s
`s jl 
r`hjoo`eg`g taft ta` fpprjprdft` hjestfet k` g`t`rode`g, ljr sp`hdo`es
sp`hdo `es ofy k` fl fll`h
l`ht`g
t`g ky ta` hafhafrfh
rfht`r
t`rdst
dstdhs
dhs jl ta`
ta` sp`hdsth destruo`et feg jks`rvftdje t`haedqu`, ky us` jl f destruo`et us`g. Wa` jks`rv`g dofb` ds ljro`g ky hje`s jl 
njfg`g k`fo jr sp`hdo`e jl iejwe r`nftdv` r`tfrgftdje. Wads rfys pfssdeb tarjuba ta` sp`hdo`e. Wa` o`fsur`g r`tfrgftdje ds
t`haed
t`h aedqu`
qu` wdn
wdnnn fns
fnsj
j p`r
p`rodt
odt g`t
g`t`ro
`rodef
deftdj
tdje
e jl ta` sdb
sdbe
e jl ta` tauss r`n
tau r`nft`
ft`g
g tj fe fv`
fv`rfb
rfb`` r`t
r`tfrg
frgftd
ftdje
je jv`
jv`rr fr`
fr`fs
fs deh
dehnug
nug`g
`g
jks`rv`g str`ss (t`esdje jr hjopr`ssdje) ljr f sp`hdst`g jrd`e- wdtade ta` hje` h`et`r`g je ta` pjdet jks`rv`g de ta` sp`hdo`e.
tftdje jl ta` sp`hdo`e. Ft fe `gb` tads ofy r`sunt de f njw`r`g r`tfrgftdje vfnu`. Wa`
`ll`ht ds dehr`fs`g de sp`hdo`es jl njeb ndbat pfta feg ofy k`
F6.0   Afzfrgs3 sdbedsthfet ljr odhrjshjp` syst`os usdeb hjev`rb`et dnnuodef-
F6.0.6
F6.0.6 De usd
usdeb
eb hjo
hjop`e
p`esft
sftdje
dje t`h
t`haed
aedqu`
qu`ss ndo
ndodt`
dt`g
g tj je` tdje feg jkc`htdv`s jl adba fp`rtur`.

F;. FK[FXD
FK[FXDJE
JE ][JH@GP[@X
][JH@GP[@X

F;.6  O`tajgs jl Fkrfsdje‗Ofey prjh`gur`s ljr ejrofn-

dzdeb
dzdeb jr hjehjetrj
trjnnd
nndeb
eb ta` sur
surlfh
lfh`` g`l
g`l`ht
`ht hje
hjegdt
gdtdje
dje jl bnf
bnfss
ss
sp`hdo`es jr frtdhn`s us`g ljr str`ebta t`sts afv` k``e r`pjrt`g
de ta` ndt`rftur` (7,
ndt`rftur`  (7, 0).
0). F hjooje prfhtdh` de ta` degustry afs
devjnv`g ta` us` jl f sp`hdst`g fkrfsdv` pfp`r jr hnjta. Xjo`
prjh`gur`s afv` k``e g`sdbe`g tj detrjguh` f sdebn` hjetrjnn`g
sdz`` g`l
sdz g`l`ht
`ht ky fe degdeg`et
`etftd
ftdje
je jr dop
dopfht
fht prjh`gur
prjh`gur`` jr afv
afv``
ftt`opt`g tj detrjguh` f sdebn` jrd`et`g shrftha ky f o`hafed-
hfn g`vdh`. Ljr ta` purpjs` jl W`st O`tajg K, fey prjh`gur`
prjguhdeb sudtfkn` hjesdst`ehy jl degdvdgufn t`st vfnu`s wjung
k` sftdslfhtjry. Xtfegfrg g`vdftdje `stdoft`s jl o`fes sajung
ejt `xh``g fpprjxdoft`ny 0 %. Ljnnjwdeb fr` s`v`rfn `xfopn`s
jl fkr
fkrfsd
fsdje
je prj
prjh`g
h`gur`
ur`ss taf
taftt afv
afv`` r`s
r`sunt
unt`g
`g de sft
sftdsl
dslfht
fhtjry
jry

stftdstdhfn
sudtfkn` ljro`fsur`s
us` wa`ejl ofey
gdsp`rsdje ljr t`stfr`
sp`hdo`es brjups
tj k` feg taft fr`
fkrfg`g. F
gdshus
gdshussdj
sdje
e jl jta
jta`r
`r fkr
fkrfsd
fsdjes
jes feg fe fntfnt`re
`reftd
ftdv`
v` brd
brdtt knf
knfst
st     -
    -

prjh`gur` hfe k` ljueg de ta` ndt`rftur`  (7, 0).

0).     -
        m
  ,
  ,
        m
  ,
        m
  ,
  ,
        m
  ,
  ,
        m

F;.;  Fbdeb jl Fkrfsdje‗Ljnnjwdeb ta` us` jl fey prjh`-     -

        m
    -
        m
    -
    -

gur` ljr hje

gur` hjetrj
trjnn`
nn`g
g fkr
fkrfsd
fsdje
je dt ds e`h
e`h`ss
`ssfry
fry tj hje
hjetrj
trjnn ta`
ojgdsthftdje jl s`v`rdty jl ta` fkrfsdje taft jhhurs wa`e ta` LDB. F;.6 Fkrfgdeb G`vdh`
fkrfg`g sp`hdo`e ds `xpjs`g tj f auodg ftojspa`r`   (<)
(<).. Ljr
hjopfrftdv` str`ebta vfnu`s dt ds e`h`ssfry taft ta` `evdrje- Oft`rdfn G, fs pfrt jl [O 1=6=. 2 Wads sfeg ds us`g fs dt hjo`s
o`et feg tdo` k`tw``e fkrfsdje feg t`st k` uedljro ljr ta` t`st lrjo dts hjetfde`r. Gj ejt pr`shr``e.
brjups. F;.8.8   Afzfrgs3
F;.8.8.6
F;.8.8.6 Dt ds e`h`s
e`h`ssfry
sfry tj fvjd
fvjdg
g shrf
shrfthad
thadeb
eb ta` sp`h
sp`hdo`es
do`es
F;.8  Xfegknfst Fkrfsdje ]rjh`gur` ljr Xp`hdo`es jl [`ht- wdta sfeg pfrtdhn`s. Wads r`qudr`s r`ojvfn jl sfeg lrjo ofsi 
febunfr X`htdje3 surlfh`s k`ljr` hjetfhtdeb ta` sp`hdo`e.

F;.8.6   Fppfrftus‗Ldb. F;.6 dnnustrft`s ta` b`e`rfn g`sdbe F;.8.8.;

F;.8.8
jks`r .; je
jks`rvfkn`
vfkn` Flt`r
ta`fsp`hdo`e
sfegknfst,lfh`.
sfegknfst, f r`sd
r`sdgu`
gu` fkrf
Wa` jl sfeg
g`g ds
fkrfg`g lr`qu`et
lr`qu`etny
lfh` ny
sajung,
sajung,
jl ta` fppfrftus.
F;.8.;   Fkrfsdv`
Fkrfsdv` Oft` rdfn‗W
Oft`rdfn‗Wa`
a` of
oft`
t`rd
rdfn
fn us
us`g
`g ds jeje`` jl 
tar``
tar`` sd`
sd`v`
v` hfn
hfndkr
dkrftd
ftdeb
eb sfe
sfegs
gs sjn
sjng
g ky EDX
EDXW W, dg`
dg`etd
etdst`g
st`g fs 2
[O 1=6= ds fvfdnfk
fvfdnfkn`
n` lrjo EDXW, X[O ]rjbrfo, Bfdta`rskurb,
Bfdta`rskurb, OG ;=14
;=144.
4.

Hjpyrdbat FXWO Det`reftdjefn 2

]rjvdg`g ky DAX ueg`r ndh`es` wdta FXWO
Ej r`prjguhtdje jr e`twjrideb p`rodtt`g wdtajut ndh`es` lrjo D AX Ejt ljr [`sfn`
 

H 601 ‘ =;
ta
ta`r
`r`l
`ljr
jr`,
`, ej
ejtt k` pnpnfh
fh`g
`g de hj hjet
etfh
fhtt wd
wdta
ta susurl
rlfh
fh`s
`s fs ta ta`` `ndodeft` bnfss-tj-o`tfn hjetfhts, feg hjetrjn ta` fr`f jl ta`
sp`hdo`e ds stjr`g k`ljr` t`st. sp`hdo`e sukc`ht tj sfegknfst.
F;.8.8.8
F;.8.8 .8 G`h`e
G`h`et`rd
t`rdeb
eb jl ta` fkrfsdje
fkrfsdje g`esdty ofy k` fssj- F;.7.7.8
F;.7.7 .8 Wa` ofsi feg sp`hd
sp`hdo`e
o`e fss`okny
fss`okny ds h`et
h`et`r`g
`r`g je
hdft`g wdta sadlt jl ta` v`rtdhfn fdr den`t tuk`. H`et`rdeb jl tads ta` jp`edeb jl ta` sfegknfst fppfrftus.
tuk` sajung ta`e k` v`rdst`g. F;.7.7
F;.7.7.7
.7 Wa` fdr ds tur
ture`g
e`g je, feg flt`r
flt`r fdr ﬋jw ds `st`stfk-
fk-
8
F;.8.7   ]rjh`gur`3 ndsa`g, f o`fsur`g 6 ho jl fkrfsdv` ds guop`g detj ta` h`et`r
F;.8.7.6 Wa` fdr pr`ssur` ds r`bunft`g tj tj 8=7 i]f (77 psd), fs fs jl ta` luee`n.
g`t`rode`g ky f pr`ssur` bfb` ojuet`g je f stfegfrg   6 ⁇ 7-de. F;.7.7
F;.7.7.0
.0 Wa` fdr ﬋jw ds hjetdeu`
hjetdeu`g
g ljr 0 s flt
flt`r
`r ta` det
detrj-
rj-
pdp` t`` ft ta` `eg jl ta` fdr den`t pdp`. guhtdje jl ta` e`w fkrfsdv`.
F;.8.7.;
F;.8.7 .; Fe fpprj
fpprjprdf
prdft`
t` rukk`
rukk`r-l
r-lfh`g
fh`g ofsi ds utdn utdndz`g
dz`g tj F;.7.7.< Wa` sp`hdo`e ds r`ojv`g
r`ojv`g feg ta` prjh`ss r`p`ft`g
r`p`ft`g
`ndode
`ndodeft`
ft` bnf
bnfss-
ss-tj-
tj-o`t
o`tfn
fn hje
hjetfh
tfhts,
ts, feg hjehjetrj
trjnn ta` fr`
fr`ff jl  ljr ta` e`xt sp`hdo`e.
sp`hdo`e sukc`ht tj sfegknfst.
F;.8.7.8
F;.8.7 .8 Wa` ofsi feg sp`h sp`hdo`e
do`e fss`okny
fss`okny ds h`et h`et`r`g
`r`g je F;.0   Wuokn` Fkrfsdje ]rjh`gur` ljr Xp`hdo`es jl @nndptdh
ta` jp`edeb jl ta` sfegknfst fppfrftus. X`htdje3
F;.8.7.7
F;.8 .7.7 Wa` fdr ds ture`g
ture`g je, feg flt flt`r
`r fdr ﬋jw ds `st `stfk-
fk-
8 F;.0.6   Fppfrftus‗[jnn`r-typ` kfnn odnn tj rjtft` Ej. = (6 ⁇ ;
ndsa`g, f o`fsur`g 0 ho jl sfeg ds  guop`g  detj   detj ta` h`et`r jl 
bfn) kfnn odnn cfrs ft 4= tj 6== rpo, tdo` swdtha tj jp`rft` kfnn
ta` luee`n. Dt ds e`h`ssfry tj `esur` taft ta` sfeg l``gs lrjo ta`
odnn ljr 60-ode p`rdjg.
luee`n feg ejt lrjo ta` hjetfde`r lrjo wadha dt ds guop`g.
F;.0.;   Fkrfgdeb Oft`rdfn‗Wa` fkrfgdeb oft`rdfn safnn k`
F;.8.7.0
F;.8 .7.0 Wa` fdr ﬋jw ds hjetdeu`
hjetdeu`g g ljr 0 s fltflt`r
`r ta` det
detrj-
rj-
sdndhje hfrkdg`, 8=-brdt.
guhtdje jl ta` sfeg fs g`t`rode`g ky ta` fugdkn` vfrdftdje de fdr
F;.0.8   Afzfrgs3
﬋jw.
F;.0.8.6
F;.0.8 .6 Wa` s`v`rdty
s`v`rdty jl ta` fkrf
fkrfsdje
sdje r`suntdeb
r`suntdeb lrjo tads
F;.8.7.< Wa` sp`hdo`e ds r`ojv`g
r`ojv`g feg ta` prjh`ss r`p`ft`g
r`p`ft`g
prjh`ss ds g`p`eg`et je ta` sdz` feg w`dbat jl ta` sp`hdo`es
ljr ta` e`xt sp`hdo`e.
fgg`g tj ta` cfr. Wa` prjh`gur` wfs dedtdft`g ljr ejodefn =.<
ho (6 ⁇ 7-de.) gdfo`t`r sp`hdo`es, ljr wadha f rfpdg o`tajg jl 
F;.7 3  Brdt
X`htdje Brdt Knf
Knfst
st Fkr
Fkrfsd
fsdje
je ljr Xp`
Xp`hdo
hdo`es
`es jl [`h
[`htfe
tfebun
bunfr 
fr  fkrfsdje wfs g`sdr`g. [`nftdv` str`ebta jl brjups jl sp`hdo`es
F;.7.6   Fppfrftus‗Ldb. F;.6 dnnustrft`s ta` b`e`rfn g`sdbe jl ta` sfo` hrjss-s`htdjefn fr`f ds jktfde`g.
jl ta` fppfrftus. F;.0.8.;
F;.0.8 .; Wa` n`ebta
n`ebta jl ta` sp`hdo`e
sp`hdo`e ds ndodt`g
ndodt`g tj 66667
7 oo
F;.7.;   Fkrfsdv`
Fkrfsdv` Oft` rdfn‗Wa
Oft`rdfn ‗Wa`` fkr
fkrfsd
fsdv`
v` us`
us`gg ds sdn
sdndhj
dhje
e (7  ⁇ ;  de.) ljr ta` Ej. = cfr.
6

hfrkdg` brfde. Wa` oft`rdfn ds jktfde`g fs Ej. 8= brdt. F;.0.7   ]rjh`gur`3

F;.7.8   Afzfrgs3 F;.0.
F; .0.7.
7.66 F hahafr
frb`
b` jl ;=
;=== ho8 jl ta` sdndhje
sdndhje hfr
hfrkdg
kdg`` ds
F;.7.8.6
F;.7.8 .6 Dt ds e`h`
e`h`ssfry
ssfry tj fvjd
fvjdgg shrf
shrfthade
thadeb
b ta` sp`hdo`e
sp`hdo`e pnfh`g de ta` kfnn odnn cfr.
wdta
wdta fkr
fkrfsd
fsdv`
v` pfr
pfrtdh
tdhn`s
n`s.. Wad
Wadss r`q
r`qudr
udr`s
`s r`o
r`ojvf
jvfnn jl fkr
fkrfsd
fsdv`
v` F;.0.7.;
F;.0.7 .; F pr`hjegdtdj
pr`hjegdtdjedeb
edeb jl ta` sdndhje hfrkdg`
hfrkdg` ds hfrrd`g     -
    -
    -

pfrtdhn`s lrjo ofsi surlfh`s k`ljr` hjetfhtdeb ta` sp`hdo`e. jut ky rjtftdeb ta` cfr ljr 8= ode flt`r t`e surpnus sp`hdo`es         m
  ,
  ,
        m
  ,
        m

F;.7.8.;
F;.7.8 .; Flt`r fkrfsdje
fkrfsdje f r`sd
r`sdgu`
gu` jl brdt pfrtdhn`s
pfrtdhn`s r`ofdes afv` k``e fgg`g tj ta` cfr.   ,
  ,
        m
  ,
  ,
        m
    -

je ta` sp`hdo`e. Wa`s` hfe k` safi`e lrjo ta` sp`hdo`e. F;.0.7.8 Fkrfsdje jl ta` sp`hdo`es
sp`hdo`es ljr t`st ds p`rljro`g
p`rljro`g ky         m
    -
        m
    -
    -

F;.7.8.8
F;.7.8 .8 G`h`e
G`h`et`rd
t`rdeb
eb jl ta` fkrfsdje
fkrfsdje g`esdty ofy k` fssj- rjtf
rj tftdtdje
je jl tata`` cf
cfrr lj
ljrr 60 od
ode
e wdwdta
ta ta
ta`` cf
cfrr hj
hjet
etfd
fded
edeb
eb tata``
hdft`g wdta sadlt jl ta` v`rtdhfn fdr den`t tuk`. H`et`rdeb jl tads „hjegdtdje`g‟ sdndhje hfrkdg` feg f brjup jl t`e sp`hdo`es.
tuk` sajung ta`e k` v`rdst`g. F;.0.7.7
F;.0.7 .7 Fkrfs
Fkrfsdje
dje prjh`
prjh`gur`
gur` ds r`p`f
r`p`ft`g
t`g usdeb suhh`ssdv`
suhh`ssdv`
brjups jl t`e sp`hdo`es uetdn t`e brjups afv` k``e fkrfg`g de
F;.7.7
F;.7.7.6
F;.7.7   ]rjh`gur`
.6 3
Wa` fdr pr`ssur`
pr`ssu r` ds r`bunft`g
r`bunft`g tj <4 i]f (6= psd) fs ta` cfr.
g`t`rode`g ky f pr`ssur` bfb` ojuet`g je f stfegfrg   6 ⁇ 7-de. F;.0.7.0 Wa` sdndhje hfrkdg` ds ds ta`e r`ojv`g, f lr`sa hafrb`
hafrb`
pdp` t`` ft ta` `eg jl ta` fdr den`t pdp`. jl ;== ho8 ds fgg`g tj ta` cfr feg pr`hjegdtdje`g de fhhjrgfeh`
F;.7.7.;
F;.7.7 .; Fe fpprj
fpprjprdf
prdft`
t` rukk`
rukk`r-l
r-lfh`g
fh`g ofsi ds utdn
utdndz`g
dz`g tj wdta F;.0.7.;.

F8. HJE\@
HJE\@[XDJ
[XDJE
E JL PEDWX

F8.6 Ljr hjev`rsdj

hjev`rsdjee tj XD uedts lrjo deha-pju
deha-pjueg
eg uedts jr Wj Hjev`rt Lrjo Wj Ountdpny ky
jta`r eje-XD uedts ta` ljnnjwdeb afv` k``e g`rdv`g lrjo feg
pjueg-ljrh` (nkl ) e`wtje (E) 7.771
rjueg`g lrjo ta` hjev`rsdje lfhtjrs bdv`e de ]rfhtdh` @ 81=3 idnjbrfo-ljrh` (ibl ) e`wtje (E) 4.1=2
deha (de.) o`tr` (o) ;.07= 8 6=∛;
pjueg-ljrh`/deha;(p(psd
sd)) pfsh
pfshfn
fn (e
(e`w
`wtj
tje/
e/o`
o`tr `;, ]f)
tr` <.140 8 6=8
ibl/odnndo`tr`;(ibl/oo;) pfshfn (]f) 4.1=2 8 6=<

Hjpyrdbat FXWO Det`reftdjefn 1

]rjvdg`g ky DAX ueg`r ndh`es` wdta FXWO
Ej r`prjguhtdje jr e`twjrideb p`rodtt`g wdtajut ndh`es` lrjo D AX Ejt ljr [`sfn`
 

H 601 ‘ =;
[@L@[@EH@X

(6) „[`qudr`o
„[`qudr`o`ets
`ets ljr Ln`xur
Ln`xur`` W`
W`stdeb
stdeb jl Krdttn` Oft`rdfns,‟
Oft`rdfns,‟   [`pjrt W[ (0) Ojung, [. @., feg Xjutawdhi,
Xjutawdhi, [. G., „Xtr`ebta feg Xtftdh
Xtftdh Lftdbu` jl 
1;-;=, Froy Oft`rdfns feg O`hafedhs [`s`frha H`et`r, Fprdn 641;. Fkrfg`g
Fkrfg` g Bnfss Peg`r Hjetrj
Hjetrjnn`g
nn`g Fokd`et Hjegdtdjes3 DD, @l@ll`ht
l`ht jl 
(;) [f
[fws
wsje,
je, A., „F Ej Ejt`
t` je ta` Ps` jl ta` X`efr X`efroj
ojetet O`
O`taj
tajgg lj
ljrr \frdjus Fkrfsdjes feg ta` Pedv`rsfn Lftdbu` Hurv`,‟   Cjurefn jl ta`
O`fsurd
O`f surdeb
eb Xtr
Xtr`ss
`ss`s
`s de Bnf
Bnfss,‟
ss,‟   Cjur
Cjurefn
efn jl ta` Xjh
Xjhd`
d`ty
ty jl BnfBnfss
ss  Fo`rdhfe H`rfodh Xjhd`ty, \jn 7;, Ej. 6;, 6404, pp. 01;‘04;.
W`haejnjby , \jn 7;, 6401, pp. 664‘6;7. (<) Ojung, [. @.,„ Xtr`ebta feg Xtftdh Lftdbu` jl Fkrfg`g Bnfss Peg`r
(8) Gur
Gur`nn
`nnd,
d, F. C., feg [dn`y,
[dn`y, R. L.,
L.,   Detrjguhtdje
Detrjguhtdje tj ]ajtjo` hafedhs,
]ajtjo`hafedhs Hjetrjn
Hjetrjnn`g
n`g Fok
Fokd`e
d`ett Hje
Hjegdtd
gdtdjes3
jes3 DDD
DDD,, Fbd
Fbdeb
eb jl Lr`
Lr`sa
sa Fkr
Fkrfsdj
fsdjes,
es,‟‟
]r`etdh`-Afnn, Deh., @ebn`wjjg Hndlls, EC.  Cjurefn jl ta` Fo`rdhfe H`rfodh Xjhd`ty, \jn 78, Ej. 8, 64<=, pp.
(7) Ojung, [. @., feg Xjutawdhi,
Xjutawdhi, [. G., „Xtr`ebta feg Xtftdh Lftdbu`
Lftdbu` jl  6<=‘6<2.
Fkrfg`
Fkrfg`g g Bnfs
Bnfsss Peg`
Peg`rr Hje
Hjetrj
trjnn`g
nn`g Fokd`et
Fokd`et HjeHjegdtd
gdtdjes3
jes3 D, B`e
B`e`rf
`rfnn (2) Bunftd,
Bunftd, X.W., Fihfifyf,
Fihfifyf, [., By, [., feg \fre`r,
\fre`r, C.[., „Xtr`
„Xtr`ebta
ebta feg
Hjeh`pts feg Fppfrftus,‟  Cjurefn jl ta` Fo`rdhfe H`rfodh Xjhd`ty , Lnjw Gdstrdkutdje
Gdstrdkutdje ljr Wde vs. Fdr Xdg` jl Xjgf-
Xjgf-Ndo`
Ndo` Xdndhf Lnft Bnfss,‟
\jn 7;, Ej. 66, 6404, pp. 07;‘072. DHB Q\DDD, 61ta Det`reftdjefn Hjebr`ss je Bnfss, Cuny 0-6=, 6441.

FXWO Det`reftdjefn tfi`s ej pjsdtdje r`sp`htdeb ta` vfndgdty jl fey pft`et rdbats fss`rt`g de hjee`htdje wdta fey dt`o o`etdje`g 
de tads stfegfrg. Ps`rs jl tads stfegfrg fr` `xpr`ssny fgvds`g taft g`t`rodeftdje jl ta` vfndgdty jl fey suha pft`et rdbats, feg ta` rdsi 
jl delrdeb`o`et jl suha rdbats, fr` `etdr`ny ta`dr jwe r`spjesdkdndty.

Wads stfegfrg ds sukc`ht tj r`vdsdje ft fey tdo` ky ta` r`spjesdkn` t`haedhfn hjoodtt`` feg oust k` r`vd`w`g `v`ry stv` y`frs feg 
dl ejt r`vds`g, `dta`r r`fpprjv`g jr wdtagrfwe. Tjur hjoo`ets fr` devdt`g `dta`r ljr r`vdsdje jl tads stfegfrg jr ljr fggdtdjefn stfegfrgs 
feg sajung k` fggr`ss`g tj FXWO Det`reftdjefn A`fgqufrt`rs. Tjur hjoo`ets wdnn r`h`dv` hfr`lun hjesdg`rftdje ft f o``tdeb jl ta` 
r`spjesdkn` t`haedhfn hjoodtt``, wadha yju ofy ftt`eg. Dl yju l``n taft yjur hjoo`ets afv` ejt r`h`dv`g f lfdr a`frdeb yju sajung 
ofi` yjur vd`ws iejwe tj ta` FXWO Hjoodtt`` je Xtfegfrgs, ft ta` fggr`ss sajwe k`njw.

Wads stfegfrg ds hjpyrdbat`g ky FXWO Det`reftdjefn, 6== Kfrr Afrkjr Grdv`, ]J Kjx H2==, R`st Hjesajajhi`e, ]F 647;1-;404,
Pedt`g Xtft`s. Degdvdgufn r`prdets (sdebn` jr ountdpn` hjpd`s) jl tads stfegfrg ofy k` jktfde`g ky hjetfhtdeb FXWO ft ta` fkjv` 
fggr`s
fggr`ss
s jr ft <6=
<6=-18;
-18;-40
-4010
10 (pa
(paje`
je`),
), <6=
<6=-18
-18;-40
;-4000
00 (lfx
(lfx),
), jr s`r
s`rvdh
vdh`Mf
`Mfsto.
sto.jrb
jrb (`-o
(`-ofdn
fdn)9
)9 jr tarj
tarjuba
uba ta` FXW
FXWOO w`k
w`ksdt
sdt` 
` 
(www.fsto.jrb).

    -
    -
    -
        m
  ,
  ,
        m
  ,
        m
  ,
  ,
        m
  ,
  ,
        m
    -
        m
    -
        m
    -
    -

Hjpyrdbat FXWO Det`reftdjefn 4

]rjvdg`g ky DAX ueg`r ndh`es` wdta FXWO
Ej r`prjguhtdje jr e`twjrideb p`rodtt`g wdtajut ndh`es` lrjo D AX Ejt ljr [`sfn`