Building Technology 03

Lecture (3) R.
C systems for Roofs (Slab & beam, Hollow Block slab)
AR 252
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY - 2
Fall - 2023
Dr. Mira I. Helmy
AR 252. Building Technology 02

Lecture (3) R.C systems for roofs (Slab & beam, Hollow Block slab)
Types of R.C Slabs
1 Solid Slabs (one way slab – two way slab)

Lecture (2)
2 Hollow Blocks Slabs
3 Flat Slabs
Lecture (3)
4 Waffle Slabs
5 Grid Beams Slabs (Paneled Beams Slabs)

3) Flat slab
▪ A slab with uniform thickness and supported

directly by columns without beams.
▪ Its thickness is around 20 cm
▪ Used to cover spans Average 8.00 m.
▪ A regular column grid is most appropriate,
with some flexibility in column placement.
▪ Shear at column locations governs the
thickness.
▪ Punching shear is the potentially high
shearing stress developed by the reactive force
of a column on the slab
3) Flat slab

3) Flat slab
To overcome this punching shear:

▫ Increase reinforcement around column locations.
▫ Making a drop panel around the column.
▫ Making a capital around the column head.
▫ Making a drop panel with a capital around the column head.
3) Flat slab

3) Flat slab
Increase reinforcement around column Making a capital around the column

3) Flat slab
Making a drop panel around the column Making a drop panel & capital

3) Flat Slab
1) With out drop panel ( flat Plate):
Is a concrete slab of uniform thickness reinforced in two or more directions and
supported directly by columns without beams or girders.
Note:
Suitable for light to moderate live loads
over spans from 3.6 to 8 meters

3) Flat Slab
1) With drop panel:
Is a flat plate thickened at its column supports to increase its shear strength
and moment resisting capacity
Slab
depth/4
Note:
Suitable for relatively heavy loads over
spans from 6 to 12 meters

3) Flat Slab
ADVANTAGES
• results in a beamless slab – a major architectural advantage
• its formwork is economical
• A drop ceiling is not required in these occupancies and
HVAC ducts can be run within the corridors
DISADVANTAGES
• Cost more than solid slabs

4) Waffle Slab
▪ A waffle slab is a two-way concrete slab reinforced by equally spaced parallel ribs in two
perpendicular directions.
▪ Slab depth varies from 7.5 to 12.5 cm and rib width from 12.5 to 20.00 cm. Rib spacing
varies from 60.00 to 150.00 cm.
▪ The overall depth of the floor varies
from 30.00 to 60.00 cm.
▪ It covers spans up to 15 m.

4) Waffle Slab
Waffle Slab
With out shear resistance With shear resistance
Is a two way concrete slab is more commonly constructed as a

reinforced by ribs in two directions. beamless slab. The thickening of the
It is able to carry heavier loads and slab at the columns provides shear
span longer distances than flat resistance (against the slab
slabs punching through the columns)
4) Waffle Slab (With out shear resistance )
Is a two way concrete slab

reinforced by ribs in two directions.
It is able to carry heavier loads and
span longer distances than flat
slabs
4) Waffle Slab (With shear resistance )
is more commonly constructed as a

beamless slab. The thickening of
the slab at the columns provides
shear resistance (against the slab
punching through the columns)
4) Waffle Slab

4) Waffle Slab
ADVANTAGES
▪ Saving on weight and materials.
▪ Covering long spans.
▪ Carry heavy loads.
▪ Attractive appearance if exposed.
▪ Economic in the reusing of formwork pans.
▪ Vertical penetration between ribs is easy.
DISADVANTAGES
▪ Require special formwork pans.
▪ Greater floor- to- floor height.
▪ The saving of materials may be offset by the complication in
formwork and placing of reinforcement , unless using
standard, modular, reusable pans.

4) Waffle Slab
waffle slab construction process:

To construct a waffle slab in-site conditions, formwork should be necessary to
support the slab. But some special tools are required for the form work:
1. Vertical supports
2. Horizontal supports
3. Cube junctions
4. Waffle pods
5. Steel bars
6. Concrete

4) Waffle Slab

4) Waffle Slab

4) Waffle Slab

Lecture
Lecture (3) R.Csystems
R.C systems for
for roofs
roofs (Slab
(flat slab & Waffle
beam,Slab
Hollow Block
and grid slab)
beam)
4) Waffle Slab
The pods are generally made of plastic and they are available in different sizes and
different shapes. Size selection of pod depend upon the requirement and span
length. For longer span large number of pods are required. Same size should be
used for one complete slab.

Lecture
Lecture (3) R.Csystems
R.C systems for
for roofs
roofs (Slab
(flat slab & Waffle
beam,Slab
Hollow Block
and grid slab)
beam)
4) Waffle Slab

4) Waffle Slab

4) Waffle Slab

4) Waffle Slab

4) Waffle Slab

4) Waffle Slab

4) Waffle Slab

4) Waffle Slab

4) Waffle Slab

4) Waffle Slab

4) Waffle Slab

4) Waffle Slab

4) Waffle Slab

4) Waffle Slab

4) Waffle Slab

4) Waffle Slab

4) Waffle Slab

5) Paneled Beams
▪ The paneled beams are intersected beams in two

directions comprising a grid of beams.
▪ The distance between beams, in one direction, ranges from
2.00 to 5.00 m. and it is not stipulated to be equal in the
two directions.
▪ It is applied for large areas (80 m2 to 150 m2) free of
columns.

5) Paneled Beams

5) Paneled Beams
▪ The beams should be in equal depth in both directions

(no beam bears another beam).
▪ The exterior (edge) beams are not part of the net, so they
may be in different depth bigger than the depth of the
paneled beams.
▪ The paneled beams could either be arranged in two
perpendicular directions or in skew, triangular, or
quadruple grids.

5) Paneled Beams

5) Paneled Beams
Simple Paneled Beams Continuous Paneled Beams

5) Paneled Beams
Types of Paneled Beams system

5) Paneled Beams
The paneled beams divide the floor into smaller slabs called panels. These
panels can be of any kind, such as solid slab or two-way hollow blocks.
5) Paneled Beams

5) Paneled Beams

5) Paneled Beams

5) Paneled Beams
Types of paneled beams

5) Paneled Beams

5) Paneled Beams

Thank You

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Lecture (3) R.

C systems for Roofs (Slab & beam, Hollow Block slab)

Dr. Mira I. Helmy

AR 252. Building Technology 02

Types of R.C Slabs

1 Solid Slabs (one way slab – two way slab)

2 Hollow Blocks Slabs

5 Grid Beams Slabs (Paneled Beams Slabs)

AR 252. Building Technology 02

▪ A slab with uniform thickness and supported

AR 252. Building Technology 02

To overcome this punching shear:

AR 252. Building Technology 02

Increase reinforcement around column Making a capital around the column

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

• results in a beamless slab – a major architectural advantage

• its formwork is economical

• A drop ceiling is not required in these occupancies and

HVAC ducts can be run within the corridors

• Cost more than solid slabs

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

With out shear resistance With shear resistance

Is a two way concrete slab is more commonly constructed as a

4) Waffle Slab (With out shear resistance )

Is a two way concrete slab

4) Waffle Slab (With shear resistance )

is more commonly constructed as a

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

waffle slab construction process:

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

▪ The paneled beams are intersected beams in two

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02

▪ The beams should be in equal depth in both directions

AR 252. Building Technology 02

AR 252. Building Technology 02