PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

LISTENING - voluntary, comprehension of what you hear, decoding of what you hear.
HEARING - involuntary

2 reasons why we listen:

1. Listening to respond
2. Listening to understand

STRATEGIES
1. TOP-DOWN LISTENING - uses background knowledge of the topic to make sense of what he
is listening to. (we have prior knowledge)
2. BOTTOM-UP LISTENING - starting from zero knowledge, towards meaning

TYPES OF LISTENING
1. APPRECIATIVE LISTENING - listening for entertainment eg., concert, music
2. COMPREHENSIVE LISTENING - listening to comprehend ( understand ), gain information
3. CRITICAL LISTENING - listening to respond
4. EMPATHETIC LISTENING - listening while putting yourself in their position, listening to care,
when we try to understand or experience what a speaker is thinking or feeling

KINDS OF LISTENER

1. PASSIVE LISTENER - does not respond. “The ball was kicked by the boy” underlined word is
the subject.
2. ACTIVE LISTENER - “The boy kicked the ball”
3. EMPATHETIC - touches feelings, listen to care (with understanding)
4. EAGER-BEAVER - willing to listen

COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION

➢ Perfectly inseparated

GLOBALIZATION - refers to the worldwide integration and development of economies, cultures, and
societies.

GLOBALIZATION (concepts)
1. Interconnectedness
2. Interdependency - refers to the idea that countries and regions around the world are reliant
on each other in various ways, such as through trade , economics, politics, culture, and the
environment

HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION AND COMMUNICATION

1830s - telegraph (used only for documentation)

1843 - Washington and Baltimore was connected ( first telegraph)
1865 - Britain and India connected
1870 - Europe linked to large parts of the world
1924 - King George V sent a message that circulated the globe in 80 seconds

1900 CENTURY
➢ Emergence of global news networks
➢ News over large territories
➢ Global scope
➢ Reached big audiences

ELECTRO-MAGNETIC WAVES
➢ The emergence of organizations with the mission to disseminate radio frequencies

DIMENSION OF GLOBALIZATION
● CULTURAL DIMENSION - exchange of ideas, values, and beliefs among different cultures
● SOCIAL DIMENSION - involves the increasing interconnectedness of people and societies
through social media and communication technologies
● POLITICAL DIMENSION - increasing influence of global governance structures and norms on
national policies
● ECONOMIC DIMENSION - about financial matters

IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION
● Virtual interaction
● Cultural awareness (adaption, eg,. Language, being aware to other culture)
● Time differences ( can still communicate any time)
● Other aspects

USES OF SOCIAL MEDIA (Richman 2013)

➢ Communication
➢ Cause support
➢ Competitions
➢ Research
➢ Connection
➢ Client service
➢ Community service

LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS

CULTURE IS…
● A system of thinking and acting that is taught by, and reinforced by, a group of people.
Cultural groups teach their members certain sets of values, with accompanying
behaviors and communication preferences.
CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING
● Influences our personal preferences in communication style and continues to influence
our perception of others throughout our life. (Haslett, 1989, in Stringer & Cassiday, 2009)

CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION
● Occurs between people who may have different cultural perspectives. This can include the
entire range of differences from nationality to age to different departments within the same
organization.

ISSUES
❖ Generalization - are the patterns of communication used by the most people in any cultural
group.
❖ Stereotypes - are cultural norms applied to everyone in a group in a rigid manner.
❖ Perception - is highly susceptible to both personal and cultural experiences.

CROSS-CULTURAL MISCOMMUNICATION
Six primary sources of cross-cultural miscommunication
1. Assumption of similarities
2. Language differences
3. Nonverbal misinterpretation
4. Preconception and stereotypes
5. Tendency to evaluate
6. High anxiety

Register
● Register is the level of formality in language as determined by context.
● Register is a subset of language as defined by purpose and setting.

FORMAL REGISTER
-Business Letters
-Letters of Complaint
-Some Essays
-Reports
-Official Speeches
-Announcements
-Professional Emails

Contractions
-Slangs
-First Person Point of View
-Avoid to much passive
-idioms, exaggeration, or cliches
-abbreviations and acronyms
-incomplete sentences
-Like, So and But as the first word of your sentence.
VARIETY
➢ Is a specific set of linguistic items which can be associated with external factors such as
geographical area or a social group.

EVALUATING MESSAGES AND/OR IMAGE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXT REFLECTING

DIFFERENT CULTURES

LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE
➢ Is the displayed language in a particular space, e.g advertisements, billboards, and other
signs.

GEOSEMIOTICS
➢ This is the study of the social meaning of the material placement of signs and discourses and
our actions in the material world

PRINCIPLES OF GEOSEMIOTICS
● INDEXICALITY - Meaning was given to sign by a place the sign was put in
● DIALOGICALITY - signs have double meaning and they corresponds with each other
● SELECTION - one does not see all sign

Kinds of Signs

- REGULATIONS
- INFRASTRUCTURE ( warning signs )
- COMMERCIAL
- TRANSGRESSIVE