Well Log Analysis and Formation Evaluation (PEGN419)

Module 1 – Homework Assignment #2

02/04/2021
Abdulrahman Momena
Collaborators:
Rayan Alsurayhi
Abdulaziz Alsammahi
Ibrahim Alsaegh
Mohammad Alamri
1. One source of Spontaneous Potential, which is a measure of the Electrochemical
Potential, would be Direct Current (DC) Voltage/Potential naturally developing between
both moveable & fixed electrodes. Another naturally occurring Electrical Potential can be
derived from the salinity difference among both borehole & formation fluid (Mud Filtrate
& Formation Fluid generally.) Overall, three (3) conditions need to be present for the
generation of Electrical Potential: Conductive borehole fluid, sandwich of porous &
permeable bed between low porosity & impermeable formations, and the salinity
difference described.

2. Before discussion, it is important to note that the salinity difference described sets the
magnitude of the SP Deflection, completely unrelated to permeability, where formation-
water salinity is greater than the mud-filtrate salinity will yield an SP Deflection to the
left and vice versa. It basically has to do with the Shale Base Line. Deflections from the
Shale Baseline indicate potential permeable zones & are measured relative to the Shale
Baseline. While the presence of Shale & high resistivities in a permeable formation
reduces the magnitude of the SP Deflection, the main reason that causes SP Deflections
to occur that in a Shale formation, the membrane potential caused by the Shale prevents
Chloride ions from flowing between the two formations. This blocking of the Chloride
ions induces a difference in electrochemical & electrokinetic potentials. This cause the
witnessed SP Deflections.

3. Due to its negligible effects & tendency to act oppositely towards each other, the
Electrokinetic component of the SP is usually ignored.

4.

𝑅𝑚𝑓𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓 (𝑇𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓 + 6.77)

𝑅𝑚𝑓 =
𝑇𝑓 + 6.77

𝟏. 𝟎𝟐(𝟕𝟓 + 𝟔. 𝟕𝟕)
𝑹𝒎𝒇 =
𝑻𝒇 + 𝟔. 𝟕𝟕

𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟎(𝟕𝟓 + 𝟔. 𝟕𝟕)
𝑹𝒎 =
𝑻𝒇 + 𝟔. 𝟕𝟕
NOTE: Tf was used as opposed to T Surf since the value is a constant given while T f is
a changing variable.

5.
1) Estimate Formation Water Resistivity (R w)
2) Estimate Shale Volume (V Shale) in a permeable zone.
 3) Lithology Indication (Sand vs Shale)
4) Detect permeable beds and its boundary
5) Determine the volume of shale in permeable beds.
6.
a. It is the most consistent reading in the SP Log, with minimum reverse SP
deflections occurring by.

b. (DONE)

c.

𝑃𝑆𝑃 − 𝑆𝑆𝑃
𝑉𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒 =
𝑆𝑃𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒 − 𝑆𝑆𝑃

𝐻𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑉𝐸𝑅
𝑆𝑃𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 0
𝑃𝑆𝑃
𝑉𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 1 −
𝑆𝑆𝑃
(−50)
𝑉𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 1 −
(−150)
𝑽𝑺𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒔
OR
𝑽𝑺𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒆 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟕%
 7.

1𝑠𝑡 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

(187) − (75)
𝑇𝑓 = ( (9450)) + (75)
(9650)

𝑻𝒇 = 𝟏𝟖𝟒. 𝟔𝟖°𝑭

(1.02) ∗ ((75) + (6.77))

𝑅𝑚𝑓 =
(184.68) + (6.77)
𝑹𝒎𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟔 𝒐𝒉𝒎 − 𝒎

−50
( )
𝑅𝑤𝑒 = 0.436 ∗ 10 61+(0.133∗187)

𝑹𝒘𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟒 𝒐𝒉𝒎 − 𝒎

 1 −2
( 187 )
log ( )
(0.114) + (0.131) ∗ 10 19.9
𝑅𝑤 = 0.0426
( 187 )
log ( )
−0.5 ∗ (0.114) + 10 50.8

𝑹𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟐 𝒐𝒉𝒎 − 𝒎
 8.

5th Percentile from SP Log = -91.785

95th Percentile from SP Log = -39.166

Sample Calculation:
From Excel: =(L51-$Q$50)/($Q$51-$Q$50)
Algebraically:
(−39.881) − (−91.785)
𝑉𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒 =
(−39.1662) − (−91.785)

𝑽𝑺𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟔𝟒𝟏𝟔