Paulines Plate 6 PDF

Name: Paulines, Hanz Xyryll A.
Section: BS ECE2-2 Subject: Physics 2s Plate: 6
Exercise 76: Further problems on frequency

and periodic time
1. Determine the periodic time for the 2. Calculate the frequency for the
following frequencies: (a) 2.5Hz (b) following periodic times: (a) 5ms (b)
100Hz (c) 40kHz 50μs (c) 0.2s
[(a) 0.4s (b) 10ms (c) 25μs] [(a) 200Hz (b) 20kHz (c) 5Hz]
Given: Given:
𝑓1 = 2.5 Hz 𝑇1 = 5 ms/ 5 𝑥 10−3 𝑠
𝑓2 = 100 Hz 𝑇2 = 50μs/ 50 𝑥 10−6 𝑠
𝑓3 = 40 kHz/40 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧 𝑇3 = 0.2 s
𝑇1 = ? 𝑓1 = ?
𝑇2 = ? 𝑓2 = ?
𝑇3 = ? 𝑓3 = ?
Solution: Solution:
Find A(𝑇1 ) = ? Find A(𝑓1 ) = ?

1
𝑇1 = 𝑓 1
1 𝑓1 = 𝑇
1
1
𝑇1 = 1
(2.5 𝐻𝑧) 𝑓1 = (5 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)
𝑇1 = 0.4𝑠 𝑓1 = 200 𝐻𝑧
Find B(𝑇2 ) = ? Find B(𝑓2 ) = ?

1
𝑇2 = 𝑓 1
2 𝑓2 =
𝑇2
1
𝑇2 = 1
(100 𝐻𝑧) 𝑓2 = (50 𝑥 10−6 𝑠)
𝑇2 = 10 𝑚𝑠 𝑓2 = 20 000 𝐻𝑧/20 𝑘𝐻𝑧
Find C(𝑇3 ) = ? Find C(𝑓3 ) = ?

1
𝑇3 = 1
𝑓3 𝑓3 =
𝑇3
1
𝑇3 = 1
(40 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧) 𝑓3 = (0.2 𝑠)
𝑇3 = 25 μ𝑠 𝑓3 = 5 𝐻𝑧
Name: Paulines, Hanz Xyryll A. Section: BS ECE2-2 Subject: Physics 2s Plate: 6
3. An alternating current completes 4

cycles in 5ms.What is its frequency?
[800Hz]
Given:
𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 4 cycles
𝑇 = 5 ms/ 5 𝑥 10−3 𝑠
𝑃𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = ?
𝑓=?
Solution:
Find (𝑃𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 ) = ?
𝑇
𝑃𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
(5 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)
𝑃𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = (4)
𝑃𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 1.25 𝑚𝑠
Find A(𝑇) = ?
1
𝑇=
𝑃𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
1
𝑇= ( 1.25 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)
𝑇 = 800 𝐻𝑧
Exercise 77: Further problems on a.c. Find (Instantaneous Values) = ?

values of waveforms @ 3.4 𝑚𝑠, 𝐼 = 5.5 𝐴
@ 5.8 ms, I = 3.1 A
1. An alternating current varies with
time over half a cycle as follows:
Current
0 0.7 2.0 4.2 8.4
(A)
time
0 1 2 3 4
(ms)
Current
8.2 2.5 1.0 0.4 0.2 0
(A)
Find (µ) = ?
ime
5 6 7 8 9 10 µ=
𝐴 (𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒)
(ms) 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒)
(1 𝑥 10−3 )(0+0.7+2+4.2+8.4+8.2
The negative half cycle is similar. Plot 2.5+1+0.4+0.2+0)𝑉
µ=
(10 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)
the curve and determine:
µ = 2.8 𝐴
(a) the frequency
(b) the instantaneous values at 3.4ms
Find (rms) = ?
and 5.8ms
(c) its mean value and ∑(𝑥 2 )
(d) its r.m.s. value rms = √
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜.
[(a) 50Hz (b) 5.5A, 3.1A (c) 2.8A (d)
(02 +0.72 +22 +4.22 +8.42 +8.22 +2.52 +12 +0.42 +0.22 +02 )𝐴
4.0A] rms = √
10
Given: rms = 4.0 𝐴

1 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 2 (10ms)
= 20 ms/ 20 𝑥 10−3 𝑠
𝑓=?
µ=?
rms = ?
Solution:
Find (𝑓) = ?
1
𝑓= 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
1
𝑓= (20 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)
𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧
2. For the waveforms shown in Fig. Solution:

14.7 determine for each:
Find (𝑓) = ?
1
1
𝑓= (10 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)
(i) the frequency 𝑓 = 100 𝐻𝑧
(ii) the average value over
half a cycle Find (
µ
)=?
(iii) the r.m.s. value 𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝐵ℎ
(iv) the form factor 𝐴= 2
(v) the peak factor. (5 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)(5 𝐴)
𝐴=
[(a) (i) 100Hz (ii) 2.50A 2
(iii) 2.87A (iv) 1.15 𝐴 = 0.0125 𝑉

(v) 1.74
µ 𝐴 (𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒)
(b) (i) 250Hz (ii) 20V 𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
= 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒)
(iii) 20V (iv) 1.0 µ (0.0125 𝑉)
= (5 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)
(v) 1.0 𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
µ
(c) (i) 125Hz (ii) 18A = 2.5 𝐴
𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
(iii) 19.56A (iv) 1.09
(v) 1.23 Find (rms) = ?
(d) (i) 250Hz (ii) 25V ∑(𝑥 2 )
(iii) 50V (iv) 2.0 rms = √𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜.
(v) 2.0] (0.52 +1.52 +2.52 +3.52 +4.52 )𝐴
rms = √ 5
Given (A): rms = 2.87 𝐴
1 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 2 (5ms)
= 10 ms/ 10 𝑥 10−3 𝑠 Find (Form f) = ?
𝑓=? Form 𝑓 =
𝑟𝑚𝑠
µ
µ=? 𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
µ 2.87 𝐴
=? 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓 = 2.5 𝐴
Form 𝑓 = 1.15
rms = ?
form factor = ?
Find (Peak f) = ?
peak factor = ? 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓 = 𝑟𝑚𝑠
5𝐴
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓 = 2.87 𝐴
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓 = 1.74
Given (B): Find (Form f) = ?

𝑟𝑚𝑠
1 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 2 (2ms) Form 𝑓 = µ
= 4 ms/ 4 𝑥 10−3 𝑠 𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
20 𝐴
𝑓=? 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓 = 20 𝐴
µ=? Form 𝑓 = 1
µ
=?
rms = ?
form factor = ?
peak factor = ? Find (Peak f) = ?
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓 =
Solution: 𝑟𝑚𝑠
20 𝐴
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓 =
20 𝐴
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓 = 1
Given (C):
1 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 2 (4ms)
= 8 ms/ 8 𝑥 10−3 𝑠
𝑓=?
µ=?
µ
Find (𝑓) = ? =?
1 𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑓= 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 rms = ?
1
𝑓= form factor = ?
(4 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)
peak factor = ?
𝑓 = 250 𝐻𝑧
µ Solution:
Find (𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒) = ?
𝐴 = 𝐿𝑊 Find (𝑓) = ?
𝐴 = (2 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)(20 𝐴) 𝑓=
1
𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝐴 = 0.04 𝑉 1
𝑓=
(8 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)
= 𝑓 = 125 𝐻𝑧
𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒)
µ (0.04 𝑉)
= µ
𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 (2 𝑥 10−3 𝑠) Find ( )=?
µ 𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
= 20 𝐴 𝐵1 +𝐵2
𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝐴 = ( 2 )𝐻
(2 𝐴 +4 𝐴)10−3 𝑠
Find (rms) = ? 𝐴= [ 2
](24 A)
∑(𝑥 2 ) 𝐴 = 0.072 𝑉
rms = √𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜.
(202 +202 +202 +202 )𝐴 =
rms = √ 4
𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒)
µ (0.072 𝑉)
rms = 20 𝐴 𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
= (4 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)
µ
= 18 𝐴
µ
Find (rms) = ? Find (𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒) = ?
∑(𝑥 2 ) 𝐴 = 𝐿𝑊
rms = √𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜. 𝐴 = (0.5 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)(100 𝐴)
𝐴 = 0.05 𝑉
(32 +92 +152 +212 +24 2 +242 +24 2 +24 2 )𝐴
rms = √ 8 µ 𝐴 (𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒)
rms = 19.56 𝐴 µ (0.05 𝑉)
= (2 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)
µ
= 25 𝐴
Find (Form f) = ?
𝑟𝑚𝑠
Form 𝑓 = µ
𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 Find (rms) = ?
19.56 𝐴
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓 = 18 𝐴
∑(𝑥 2 )
Form 𝑓 = 1.09 rms = √𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜.
(02 +02 +1002 +02 )𝐴
Find (Peak f) = ? rms = √
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 4
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓 = 𝑟𝑚𝑠 rms = 50 𝐴
24 𝐴
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓 = 19.56 𝐴
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓 = 1.23 Find (Form f) = ?
𝑟𝑚𝑠
Form 𝑓 = µ
Given (D): 50 𝐴
1 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 2 (2 ms) 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓 =
25 𝐴
= 4 ms/ 4 𝑥 10−3 𝑠 Form 𝑓 = 2
𝑓=?
µ=? Find (Peak f) = ?
µ 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
=? 𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 100 𝐴
rms = ? 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓 = 50 𝐴
form factor = ? 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓 = 2
peak factor = ?
Solution:
Find (𝑓) = ?
1
1
𝑓= (4 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)
𝑓 = 250 𝐻𝑧
3. An alternating voltage is Find (rms) = ?

triangular in shape, rising at a
∑(𝑥 2 )
constant rate to a maximum of rms = √𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜.
300V in 8ms and then falling to
zero at a constant rate in 4 ms. (37.5+112.52 +187.52 +262.52 +2252 +752 )𝑉
The negative half cycle is identical rms = √ 6
in shape to the positive half cycle.
Calculate (a) the mean voltage rms = 170 𝑉
over half a cycle, and (b) the r.m.s.
voltage
[(a) 150V (b) 170V]
Given:
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 12ms/ 12 𝑥 10−3 𝑠
Max Value = 300 V
µ
=?
rms = ?
Solution:
µ
Find (𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒) = ?
𝐵ℎ
𝐴= 2
(12 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)(300 𝑉)
𝐴= 2
𝐴 = 1.8 𝑉
µ (1.8 𝑉)
= (12 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)
µ
= 150 𝑉
4. An alternating e.m.f .varies with Solution:

time over half a cycle as follows:
E.m.f.
0 45 80 155 0
(A)
time
0 1.5 3 4.5 12
(ms)
The negative half cycle is identical

in shape to the positive half cycle.
Plot the waveform and determine
Find A(𝑃𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 ) = ?
(a) the periodic time and
frequency 𝑃𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 2(𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒)
(b) the instantaneous value of 𝑃𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 2(12 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)
voltage at 3.75ms 𝑃𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 24 𝑚𝑠/ 24 𝑥 10−3 𝑠
(c) the times when the voltage is
125V Find A(𝑓) = ?
1
(d) the mean value, and 𝑓= 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
(e) the r.m.s. value 1
[(a) 24ms, 41.67Hz] 𝑓= (24 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)
[(b) 115V] 𝑓 = 41.67 𝐻𝑧
[(c) 4ms and 10.1ms]
[(d) 142V] Find 𝐵(𝐼. 𝑉.3.75 𝑚𝑠 ) = ?
[(e) 171V] @ 3.75 𝑚𝑠, 𝐼 = 115 𝑉
Given: Find C(𝑇125 𝑉 ) = ?

𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 12 ms @ 125 V, T = 4 ms & 10 ms
= 12 ms/ 12 𝑥 10−3 𝑠
𝑃𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = ? Find D(µ) = ?
𝑓=? µ= 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒)
𝐼. 𝑉.3.75 𝑚𝑠 = ?
𝑇125 𝑉 = ? (1 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)(15+45+68+100+145+190+
µ=? µ= 250+320+260+160+95+25)𝑉
(12 𝑥 10−3 𝑠)
rms = ? µ = 142 𝑉
Find E(rms) = ?
∑(𝑥 2 )
rms = √𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜.
152 +452 +682 +1002 +1452 +1902 +2502 +3202 +2602 +1602
( )𝐴
√ +952 +252 )𝑉
rms = 12
rms = 171 V
5. Calculate the r.m.s. value of a 7. Plot a sine wave of peak value

sinusoidal curve of maximum 10.0A.
value 300V Show that the average value of the
[212.1V] waveform is 6.37A over half a
cycle, and that the r.m.s. value is
Given: 7.07A.
Max Value = 300 V
Given:
rms = ?
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 = π
Solution:
𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.707 𝑥 Max 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 µ=?
𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.707 𝑥 300 𝑉 rms = ?
𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 212.1 𝑉
Solution:
6. Find the peak and mean values for
a 200V mains supply
[282.9V, 180.2V]
Given:
Max Value = 200 V
rms = ?
µ=?
Solution:
Find A(µ) = ?
Find A(rms) = ? 𝜋
𝐴= 6
[∑(𝑥)]
𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.707 𝑥 Max 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝜋
𝐴= [1.3 + 3.8 + 6.1 + 7.9 + 9.2 +
𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.707 𝑥 200 𝑉 6
9.9 + 9.2 + 7.9 + 6.1 + 3.8 + 1.3]𝑉
𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 282.9 𝑉
𝐴 = 20 𝑉
Find B(µ) = ?
µ = 0.637 𝑥 Max 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
µ = 0.637 𝑥 200 𝑉 µ= 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒)
µ = 180.2 𝑉
(20 𝑉)
µ=
(𝜋 𝑠)
µ = 6.37 𝐴
Find B(rms) = ?
∑(𝑥 2 )
rms = √
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
rms = √ 1.3 +3.8 +6.1 +7.9 +9.2 +9.9 +9.2 +7.9 +6.1 +3.8 +1.3
( )𝐴
12
rms = 7.07 𝐴
8. A sinusoidal voltage has a Find B(rms) = ?

maximum value of 120V. Calculate 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.707 𝑥 Max 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
its r.m.s. and average values. 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.707 𝑥 23.55 𝐴
[84.8V, 76.4V] 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 16.65 𝐴
Given:
Max Value = 120 V
rms = ?
µ=?
Solution:
Find A(rms) = ?
𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.707 𝑥 Max 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.707 𝑥 120 𝑉
𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 84.8 𝑉
Find B(µ) = ?
µ = 0.637 𝑥 120 𝑉
µ = 76.4 𝑉
9. A sinusoidal current has a mean

value of 15.0A. Determine its
maximum and r.m.s. values.
[23.55A, 16.65A]
Given:
µ = 15.0 A
Max Value = ?
rms = ?
Solution:
Find A(𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒) = ?

µ
Max Value = 0.637
15.0 A
Max Value = 0.637
Max Value = 23.55 𝐴

Exercise 78: Further problems on 2. Find the peak value, the r.m.s.
v=Vmsin(ωt±φ) value, the frequency, the
periodic time and the phase
1. An alternating voltage is angle (in degrees)of the
represented by v=20sin157.1t following alternating
volts. quantities:
Find: (a) v=90sin400πt V
(a) the maximum value [90V, 63.63V,
(b) the frequency 200Hz, 5ms, 0◦]
(c) the periodic time. (b) i=50sin(100πt+0.30) A
(d) What is the angular [50A, 35.35A,
velocity of the phasor 50Hz, 0.02s,
representing this 17.19◦ lead]
waveform?
(c) e=200sin(628.4t−0.41) V
[(a) 20V (b) 25Hz (c)
[200V, 141.4V,
0.04s (d) 157.1rads/s]
100Hz, 0.01s,
23.49◦ lag]
Given:
𝑣 = 20 sin (157.1 t)
Given A:
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = ?
𝑣 = 90 sin(400πt) V
𝑓=?
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = ?
𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = ?
rms = ?
𝜔=?
𝑓=?
Solution:
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝞱 = ?
Solution:
Max Value = 20 𝑉
Find B(𝑓) = ?
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 Max Value = 90 𝑉
𝜔
𝑓 = 2𝜋
Find B(𝑟𝑚𝑠) = ?
157.1 𝐻𝑧
𝑓= 2𝜋
𝑓 = 25 𝐻𝑧 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.707 𝑥 90 𝑉
𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 63.63 𝑉
Find C(𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 ) = ?
1
𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑓
1
𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 25 𝐻𝑧
𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 4 𝑚𝑠/ 4 𝑥 10−3 𝑠
Find D(𝜔) = ?
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 = 157.1 𝑠
Find C(𝑓) = ?
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝜔
𝑓 = 2𝜋 Find C(𝑓) = ?
400π 𝐻𝑧 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝑓= 2𝜋 𝜔
𝑓 = 2𝜋
𝑓 = 200 𝐻𝑧 100π 𝐻𝑧
𝑓= 2𝜋
Find D(𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 ) = ? 𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧
1
𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑓
1 Find D(𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 ) = ?
𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 1
200 𝐻𝑧 𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
𝑓
𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 5 𝑚𝑠/ 5 𝑥 10−3 𝑠 1
𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 50 𝐻𝑧
Find E(𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝞱) = ? 𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 0.02 𝑠
𝑣 = 90sin400πt
Find E(𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝞱) = ?
“𝑁𝑜 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝟏𝟖𝟎
Phase 𝝷 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎 𝐱 𝛑
The equation.”
Phase 𝝷 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟏𝟗° lead
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝞱 = 𝟎°
Given C:
Given B: 𝑒 = 200 sin(628.4t−0.41)V
𝑖 = 50 sin(100πt+0.30) A 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = ?
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = ? rms = ?
rms = ? 𝑓=?
𝑓=? 𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = ?
𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = ? 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝞱 = ?
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝞱 = ?
Solution:
Solution:
Max Value = 200 𝑉
Max Value = 50 𝑉
Find B(𝑟𝑚𝑠) = ?
Find B(𝑟𝑚𝑠) = ? 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.707 𝑥 Max 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.707 𝑥 Max 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.707 𝑥 220 𝑉
𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.707 𝑥 50 𝐴 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 141.4 𝑉
𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 35.35 𝐴
3. A sinusoidal current has a

Find C(𝑓) = ? peak value of 30A and a
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 frequency of 60Hz. At time
𝜔
𝑓 = 2𝜋 t=0, the current is zero.
628.4 𝐻𝑧 Express the instantaneous
𝑓= 2𝜋 current i in the form i=Im
𝑓 = 100 𝐻𝑧 sinωt
[i=30sin120πt A]
Find D(𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 ) = ?
1
𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑓 Given:
1 𝑖 = Im sin(ωt + Φ)
𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 100 𝐻𝑧 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒(𝐼) = 30 A
𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 0.01 𝑠 𝑓 = 60 Hz
𝑡=0
Find E(𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝞱) = ? 𝑖=?
𝟏𝟖𝟎
Phase 𝝷 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏 𝐱 𝛑 Solution:
Phase 𝝷 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟒𝟗° lag
Find (𝑖) = ?
𝑖 = Im sin(ωt + Φ)
𝑖 = Im sin[(2πf)t + Φ]
𝑖 = (30 A) sin[(2π(60 Hz))t + Φ]
@t=0
30 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (Φ) = 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (Φ) = 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (0) = 0
Therefore, 𝑖 = 30 sin(120πt) A
4. An alternating voltage v has a −75

Φ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 200 )
periodic time of 20ms and a
maximum value of 200V. Φ = −0.384
When time t=0, v=−75volts.
Deduce a sinusoidal Therefore, 𝑣 = 200 sin(100πt – 0.384) V
expression for v and sketch
one cycle of the voltage
showing important points.
[v=200sin(100πt−0.384)V]
Given:
𝑣 = Im sin(ωt + Φ) V
𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 20 𝑚𝑠/ 20 𝑥 10−3 𝑠
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒(𝐼) = 200 V
𝑡=0
𝑣 = -75 V
𝑓=?
𝑣=?
Solution:
Find A(𝑓) = ?
1
𝑓=
𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
1
𝑓= 20 𝑥 10−3 𝑠
𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧
Find B(𝑣) = ?
𝑣 = Vm sin(ωt + Φ)
v = Vm sin[(2πf)t + Φ]
𝑣 = (200 V) sin[(2π(50 Hz))t + Φ]
@t=0
v = -75
v = 200 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (Φ)
-75 = 200 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (Φ)

5. The voltage in an alternating

current circuit at any time t
seconds is given by
v=60sin40t volts. Find the
first time when the voltage is
(a) 20V
(b)−30V
[(a) 8.496ms (b) 91.63ms]
Given:
𝑣 = 60sin40t V
𝑣1 = 20 V
𝑣2 = -30 V
𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 @ 20𝑉 = ?
𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 @−30𝑉 = ?
Solution:
Find A(𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 @ 20𝑉 ) = ?

𝑣 = 60sin40t
20 = 60sin40t
20 𝑉
= sin40t
60 𝑉
20 𝑉
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )= 40t
60 𝑉
20 𝑉
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )
60 𝑉
40
=t
8.496 𝑚𝑠 = t
Find B(𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 @−30𝑉 ) = ?

𝑣 = 60sin40t
−30 = 60sin40t
−30 𝑉
60 𝑉
= sin40t
−30 𝑉
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 60 𝑉 ) = 40t
−30 𝑉
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )
60 𝑉
=t
40
91.63 𝑚𝑠 = t
6. The instantaneous value of Solution:

voltage in an a.c. circuit at any
time t seconds is given by
v=100sin(50πt−0.523)V.
Find:
(a) the peak-to-peak voltage,
the frequency, the periodic
time and the phase angle
(b) the voltage when t=0
(c) the voltage when t=8ms
Find A(µ 𝑡𝑜 µ) = ?
(d) the times in the first cycle
µ 𝑡𝑜 µ = 2 x Max Value
when the voltage is 60V
µ 𝑡𝑜 µ = 2 x (100 V)
(e) the times in the first cycle
µ 𝑡𝑜 µ = 200 V
when the voltage is−40V
(f) the first time when the
Find A(𝑓) = ?
voltage is a maximum.
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝜔
𝑓 = 2𝜋
Sketch the curve for one cycle
50π 𝐻𝑧
showing relevant points. 𝑓= 2𝜋
[(a) 200V, 25Hz, 0.04s, 𝑓 = 25 𝐻𝑧
29.97◦ lagging]
[(b)−49.95V] Find A(𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 ) = ?
[(c) 66.96V] 𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
1
[(d) 7.426ms, 19.23ms] 𝑓
1
[(e) 25.95ms, 40.71ms] 𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 25 𝐻𝑧
[(f) 13.33ms] 𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 0.04 𝑠
Find A(𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝞱) = ?
Given:
𝑣 = 100sin(50πt−0.523)V Phase 𝝷 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑 𝐱
𝟏𝟖𝟎
µ 𝑡𝑜 µ = ? 𝛑
𝑓= ? Phase 𝝷 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟗𝟕° lag

𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝞱 = ? Find B(𝑣0𝑠 ) = ?
𝑣0𝑠 = ? v(t) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑)
𝑣8𝑚𝑠 = ? v(0) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 [𝟓𝟎𝛑(𝟎) − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑]
𝑇60 𝑉 = ? v(0) = −𝟒𝟗. 𝟗𝟓 𝐕
𝑣−30𝑉 = ?
𝑣100𝑉 = ? Find C(𝑣8𝑚𝑠 ) = ?
v(t) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑)
v(8 𝑚𝑠) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 [𝟓𝟎𝛑(𝟖𝐦𝐬) − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑]
v(8 ms) = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟗𝟔 𝐕
Find D(𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 @ 60𝑉 ) = ? Find E(𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 @−40𝑉 ) = ?

𝑣 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑) 𝑣 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑)
60 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑) −40 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑) -
60 𝑉 𝛑
100 𝑉
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑)
−40 𝑉
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑) - 𝛑
60 𝑉 100 𝑉
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (100 𝑉) = (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑)
−40 𝑉
𝚷-𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 100 𝑉 ) = (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑)
60 𝑉
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )+0.523
100 𝑉
= 𝑡0° 𝛑−𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (
−40 𝑉
)+0.523
𝟓𝟎𝛑 100 𝑉
𝑡𝜋 = 𝟓𝟎𝛑
7.426 𝑚𝑠 = 𝑡0°
𝜋−0.4115 +0.523
𝑡𝜋 =
𝟓𝟎𝛑
𝑣 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑) 𝑡𝜋 = 25.95 𝑚𝑠

60 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑) - 𝛑
60 𝑉
100 𝑉
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑) - 𝛑
𝑣 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑)
−1 60 𝑉 −40 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑) -
𝛑 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (100 𝑉) = (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑)
60 𝑉 𝟐𝛑
𝛑−𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )+0.523 −40 𝑉
100 𝑉
𝟓𝟎𝛑
= 𝑡𝜋 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑) - 𝟐𝛑
100 𝑉
−40 𝑉
19.23 𝑚𝑠 = 𝑡𝜋 𝟐𝚷-𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 100 𝑉 ) = (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑)
−40 𝑉
2𝛑−𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )+0.523
100 𝑉
𝑡2𝜋 = 𝟓𝟎𝛑
2π − 0.4115 + 0.523
𝑡2𝜋 =
50π
𝑡𝜋 = 40.71 𝑚𝑠
Note: When there is no approx. the
value differs but still closer since it is
the exact.
Find F(𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 @ 100𝑉 ) = ?

𝑣 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑)
100 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑)
100 𝑉
100 𝑉
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑)
100 𝑉
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (100 𝑉) = (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑)
100 𝑉
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )+0.523
100 𝑉
= 𝑡𝑀𝑎𝑥
𝟓𝟎𝛑
13.33 𝑚𝑠 = 𝑡𝑀𝑎𝑥
Exercise 79: Further problems on the 2. Repeat Problem 1 using

calculation
combination of periodic
[(a) 12.58sin(ωt−0.324)]
functions [(b) 4.44sin(ωt+2.02)]
Solution:
1. The instantaneous values of two
alternating voltages are given by a. The relative position of
𝑣1 = 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 and 𝑣1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣2 @t = 0;
𝑣2 = 8𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜋/6).
By plotting 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 on the same
axes, using the same scale, over
one cycle, obtain expressions for
(𝑎) 𝑣1 +𝑣2
(𝑏) 𝑣1 −𝑣2
[(a) 𝑣1 +𝑣2 = 12.6𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 −
0.32)𝑉]
[(b) 𝑣1 −𝑣2 = 4.4𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 2)𝑉]
Using both since and cosine

Given: rule, we get;
𝑣1 = 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 and
𝑣2 = 8𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜋/6).
𝑣1 +𝑣2 = ?
𝑣1 −𝑣2 = ?
Solution:
By Cosine rule:
𝑏 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵)
𝑏 2 = (8)2 + (5)2 − 2(8)(5)𝑐𝑜𝑠(150°)
𝑏 2 = 89 + 40√3
𝑏 = √89 + 40√3
From the Phasor graph, we get the 𝑏 = 12.58
Phase distance = 0.32
Max Value =12.6
Min Value = 4.4
Therefore;
𝑣1 +𝑣2 = 12.6𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 0.32)𝑉
𝑣1 −𝑣2 = 4.4𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 2)𝑉
Using Sine rule: Using Sine rule:

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
= =
sin(𝐴) sin(𝐵) sin(𝐴) sin(𝐵)
(8) (12.58) (8) (4.44)
= =
sin(𝐴) sin(150°) sin(𝐴) sin(150°)
8 sin(150°) 8 sin(150°)
sin(𝐴) = sin(𝐴) =
(12.58) (12.58)
8 sin(150°) 8 sin(150°)
A = sin−1 ( ) A = sin−1 ( )
(12.58) (12.58)
A = 18.54°/ 0.324 𝑟𝑎𝑑 A = 15.72°/ 2.02 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Therefore, 𝑣1 +𝑣2 = 12.58 sin(ωt – 0.324) Therefore, 𝑣1 −𝑣2 = 4.44 sin(ωt – 2.02)
b. The relative position of

𝑣1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣2 @t = 0;
Using both since and cosine

rule, we get;
By Cosine rule:
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵)
𝑏 2 = (8)2 + (5)2 − 2(8)(5)𝑐𝑜𝑠(30°)
𝑏 2 = 89 − 40√3
𝑏 = √89 − 40√3
𝑏 = 4.44
3. Construct a phasor diagram to By Cosine rule:

represent i1+i2 where 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐶)
𝑖1 = 12𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 and 𝑐 2 = (12)2 + (15)2 − 2(12)(15)𝑐𝑜𝑠(120°)
𝜋
𝑖2 = 15𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 3 ). 𝑐 2 = 549
By measurement, or by 𝑐 = √549
calculation, find a sinusoidal 𝑐 = 23.43
expression to represent 𝑖1 +𝑖2
[23.43sin(ωt+0.588)] Using Sine rule:
𝑎 𝑐
=
sin(𝐴) sin(𝐶)
Determine, either by plotting (12) (23.43)
graphs and adding ordinates at =
sin(𝐴) sin(120°)
intervals, or by calculation, the 12 sin(120°)
following periodic functions in the sin(𝐴) =
(23.43)
form v=Vm sin(ωt±φ) 12 sin(120°)
A = sin−1 ( )
Given: (23.43)
A = 33.67°/ 0.588 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑖1 = 12𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝜋
𝑖2 = 15𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − ) Therefore;
3 𝜋
𝑖1 +𝑖2 = 12𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 5𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 3 )
𝑖1 +𝑖2 = ?
Let 𝐼𝑟 = 𝑐 𝑖1 +𝑖2 = 23.43 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 0.588)
Solution:
Showing its Phasor Diagram:
By Measuring and scaling;

𝐼𝑟 = 23.5
𝛷 = 34°/ 0.59 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜋
4. 10𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 4 ) Using Sine rule:
𝑎 𝑐
[13.14sin(ωt+0.217)] =
sin(𝐴) sin(𝐶)
(4) (13.14)
=
Given: sin(𝐴) sin(135°)
4 sin(135°)
𝑖1 = 10𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 sin(𝐴) =
(13.14)
𝑖2 = 13.14𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 0.217) 4 sin(135°)
𝑖1 +𝑖2 = ? A = sin−1 ( )
(13.14)
A = 12.43°/ 0.217 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Solution:
Therefore;
By Calculation: 𝑖1 +𝑖2 = 10𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 13.14𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 0.217)
𝑖1 +𝑖2 = 13.14 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 0.217)
By Cosine rule:
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐶)
𝑐 2 = (4)2 + (10)2 − 2(4)(10)𝑐𝑜𝑠(135°)
𝑐 2 = 172.5685425
𝑐 = √172.5685425
𝑐 = 13.14
𝜋 𝜋
5. 80𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 3 ) + 50𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 6 ) Finding Φ = ?
[94.34sin(ωt+0.489)] 𝑎
𝛷 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑏
Given:
50
𝜋 𝛷 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑖1 = 80𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + ) 80
3
𝜋
𝑖2 = 50𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − ) 𝛷 = 32°
6
𝑖1 +𝑖2 = ?
Find the Angle Difference = ?

Solution:
𝛼 = 60° − 𝛷
By Calculation:
𝛼 = 60° − (32°)
𝛼 = 28°/ 0.489 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Therefore;
𝜋 𝜋
𝑖1 +𝑖2 = 80𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 3 ) + 50𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 6 )
𝑖1 +𝑖2 = 94.34 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 0.489)
By Pythagorean Theorem;
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑐 2 = (50)2 + (80)2
𝑐 = √(50)2 + (80)2
𝑐 = 94.34
𝜋
6. 100𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 70𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 3 ) Using Sine rule:
𝑎 𝑏
[88.88sin(ωt+0.751)] =
sin(𝐴) sin(𝐵)
(70) (88.88)
=
Given: sin(𝐴) sin(60°)
70 sin(60°)
sin(𝐴) =
𝑖1 = 100𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 (88.88)
𝜋
𝑖2 = 70𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 3 ) 70 sin(60°)
A = sin−1 ( )
𝑖1 −𝑖2 = ? (88.88)
A = 43°/ 0.751 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Solution: Therefore, 𝑖1 −𝑖2 = 88.88 sin(ωt+0.751)

By Calculation:
By Cosine rule:
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵)
𝑏 2 = (70)2 + (100)2 − 2(70)(100)𝑐𝑜𝑠(60°)
𝑏 2 = 7 900
𝑏 = √7 900
𝑏 = 88.88
7. The voltage drops across two Find B(𝑟𝑚𝑠) = ?

components when connected in 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.707 𝑥 Max 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
series across an a.c. supply are 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.707 𝑥 229 𝑉
𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 161.9 𝑉
𝑣1 = 150𝑠𝑖𝑛314.2𝑡 and
𝜋
𝑣2 = 90𝑠𝑖𝑛 (314.2𝑡 − 5 ) volts Find C(𝑓) = ?
respectively. 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝜔
Determine: 𝑓 = 2𝜋
(a) the voltage of the supply, 314.2 𝐻𝑧
𝑓= 2𝜋
in trigonometric form,
𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧
(b) the r.m.s. value of the
supply voltage, and
(c) (c) the frequency of the
supply.
[(a) 229 sin(314.2t−0.233)V]
[(b) 161.9V]
[(c) 50Hz]
Given:
𝑣1 = 150𝑠𝑖𝑛314.2𝑡
𝜋
𝑣2 = 90𝑠𝑖𝑛 (314.2𝑡 − 5 )
v = 𝑣1 −𝑣2
𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ?
𝑓 =?
Let v = Supply Voltage
Solution:
Find A(v) = ?
𝑣 = 𝑣1 +𝑣2
𝜋
𝑣 = [150𝑠𝑖𝑛314.2𝑡 + 90𝑠𝑖𝑛 (314.2𝑡 − ) ]
5
𝑣 = [150∠0° + 90∠ − 36°) ]
𝑣 = [(150 + 0𝑖) + (72.81 − 52.9𝑖)]
𝑣 = [222.81 − 52.9𝑖)]
𝑣 = 229∠ − 13.36/ 229∠ − 0.233 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Therefore, 𝑣 = 229 𝑠𝑖𝑛(314.2𝑡 − 0.233)V
Note: Complex Numbers is also applicable for

problems like this hence, just another way.
8. If the supply to a circuit is 25 sin Find B(𝑓) = ?

628.3t volts and the voltage drop 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝜔
across one of the components is 𝑓 = 2𝜋
18 sin (628.3t−0.52) volts. 628.3 𝐻𝑧
𝑓=
Calculate: 2𝜋
(a) the voltage drop across the 𝑓 = 100 𝐻𝑧
remainder of the circuit,
(b) the supply frequency, and; Find C(𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 ) = ?
1
(c) the periodic time of the 𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑓
supply. 1
𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
[(a) 12.96sin(628.3t+0.762)V] 100 𝐻𝑧
[(b) 100Hz] 𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 0.01 𝑠/ 10 𝑚𝑠
[(c) 10ms]
Given:
𝑣1 = 25 𝑠𝑖𝑛628.3𝑡
v = 18 sin(628.3 − 0.52) 𝑉
𝑣2 = 𝑣 − 𝑣1
𝑓 =?
Let 𝑣2 = Voltage Drop Acc. R. C.
Solution:
Find A(v) = ?
𝑣2 = 𝑣-𝑣2
𝑣2 = [25 𝑠𝑖𝑛628.3𝑡 − 18 sin(628.3 − 0.52) ]
𝑣2 = [(25∠0°) − (18∠ − 0.52 𝑟𝑎𝑑)]
𝑣2 = [(25 + 0𝑖) − (15.62 − 8.94𝑖)]
𝑣2 = [9.375 + 8.94𝑖)]
𝑣2 = 12.96∠ + 0.762/ 12.96∠ + 0.762 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Therefore, 𝑣2 = 12.96 𝑠𝑖𝑛(628.3𝑡 + 0.762)V
9. The voltages across three Solution:

components in a series circuit
when connected across an a.c. Find A(v) = ?
supply are:
𝑣 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3
𝜋
𝑣1 = 30 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (300𝜋𝑡 − ) 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠, 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑣 = [30 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (300𝜋𝑡 − ) + 40 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (300𝜋𝑡 + ) + 50 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (300𝜋𝑡 + ) ]
6 6 4 3
𝜋 𝑣 = [(30∠ − 30°) + (40∠45°) + (50∠60°]

𝑣2 = 40 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (300𝜋𝑡 + 4 ) 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠, &
𝑣 = [79.625 + 56.586𝑖)]
𝜋
𝑣3 = 50 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (300𝜋𝑡 + ) 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠.
3 𝑣2 = 97.39∠ + 35.52/ 97.36∠ + 0.620 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Calculate: Therefore, 𝑣2 = 97.39 𝑠𝑖𝑛(300𝜋𝑡 + 0.620)V
(a) the supply voltage, in
sinusoidal form,
(b) the frequency of the supply, Find B(𝑓) = ?
(c) the periodic time, and; 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
(d) the r.m.s. value of the supply. 𝜔
𝑓 = 2𝜋
[(a) 97.39 sin(300πt+0.620)V] 300𝜋𝑡 𝐻𝑧
[(b) 150Hz] 𝑓= 2𝜋
[(c) 6.67ms] 𝑓 = 150 𝐻𝑧
[(d) 68.85V]
Find C(𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 ) = ?
1
Given: 𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
𝑓
𝜋
𝑣1 = 30 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (300𝜋𝑡 − )𝑉 1
6 𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 150 𝐻𝑧
𝜋
𝑣2 = 40 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (300𝜋𝑡 + 4 ) 𝑉 𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 6.67 𝑚𝑠/ 6.67 𝑥 10−3 𝑠
𝜋
𝑣3 = 50 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (300𝜋𝑡 + 3 ) 𝑉 Find D(𝑟𝑚𝑠) = ?
𝑣 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3
𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.707 𝑥 97.39 𝑉
𝑓 =?
𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 68.85 𝑉
𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ?
Let 𝑣 = Supply Voltage
Exercise 80: Short answer 4. The time to complete one

questions on cycle of a waveform is called
alternating the ......
voltages and currents
Periodic Cycle/Periodic Time
1. Briefly explain the principle of 5. What is frequency? Name its

operation of the simple unit.
alternator.
Frequency (f), is
The current is being
measured in Hertz, based on
induced in the conductor unto
the frequency of a power
the inside of a magnetic field
supply.
in such a way that there is a
relative motion among the
conductor and the magnetic 6. The main supply voltage has a
field. special shape of waveform
called a ......
2. What is meant by:
(a) waveform Non-sinusoidal waveform
(b) cycle
7. Define peak value.
Waveform, is sought to
be the the x vs. y difference of It is called the
two quantities V/I vs Time. amplitude itself, commonly
called as maximum value of a
Cycle, it is usually waveform from its half cycle.
what we call when a
waveform achieves a cycle or 8. What is meant by the r.m.s.
a complete succession. value?
3. What is the difference

between an alternating and a R.m.s, Root mean
unidirectional waveform? square value is referred as the
effective value.
Alternating waveform
is commonly said as it is 9. The domestic mains electricity
changing continuously in all voltage in Great Britain is ......
directions, hence, +/-.
It is about “240 V” and
can be presumed to mean
“240 V rms”
Unidirectional
waveform flows on one
direction only, doesn’t cross
the time axis and become “-“.
10. What is the mean value of a 14. Complete the statement:

sinusoidal alternating e.m.f. Peak factor= ......÷ ......, and for
which has a maximum value of a sine wave, peak factor= ......
100V?
Formula (Peak f):
Solution: 𝑴𝒂𝒙 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝑷𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝒇 = 𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 ± 𝜑)
For sine wave:
𝑣 = (100)𝑠𝑖𝑛[(2𝜋𝑓)𝑡 ± 𝜑] 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓 = 𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑣 = (100)𝑠𝑖𝑛[(2𝜋(100))𝑡 ± 𝜑] 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓 =
1
0.707
𝒗 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔𝟐𝟖𝒕 𝑷𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏
15. A sinusoidal current is given

11. The effective value of a
by i=Im sin(ωt±α). What do
sinusoidal waveform is
the symbols Im, ω and α
......×maximum value
represent?
Rms = 0.707 x Maximum Value Im = Amplitude of a Current

ω = Angular frequency
α = Angle
12. What is a phasor quantity?
16. How is switching obtained
Phasor, Portmanteu of when converting a.c. to d.c.?
a Phase Vector quantities are:
A = Amplitude/Peak V A rectifier is an
ω = Angular frequency electrical device that enables
𝝷 = Time-invariant to convert AC into DC.
Rectification is the process of
“straightening” the current’s
13. Complete the statement: direction.
Form factor= ......÷......, and for
a sine wave, form factor= ......
Formula Form f:
𝒓𝒎𝒔
Form 𝒇 = µ
For sine wave:

𝑟𝑚𝑠
µ = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓
240 𝑉
µ =
1.11
µ = 𝟐𝟏𝟔. 𝟐 𝑽
17. Draw an appropriate circuit 19. Explain, with a diagram, how

diagram suitable for half-wave full-wave rectification is
rectifications and explain its obtained using a bridge
operation. rectifier circuit.
Process: Process:
A rectifier functions A Bridge Rectifier is
like a PN Junction diode. It composed of 4 diodes:
converts AC to DC, and the
load resistance is joint in a The Transformer is
series connection, hence, its connected to the opposite
input is AC Voltage. points of the bridge at A and C.
18. Explain, with a diagram, how The 𝑹𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 is

full-wave rectification is connected to the bridge at B
obtained using a centre- and D.
tapped transformer.
20. Explain a simple method of

smoothing the output of a
rectifier.
By connecting a
Capacitor parallel to the
Output of the Rectifier’s
terminals.
Process: During the first half of
the ripple when the output
A Center-Tapped Full-wave
voltage of the rectifier is
Rectifier manipulates a center-
increasing-the capacitor will
tapped transformer by converting
be charged.
AC(input) to DC(output).
Diode 2, supplies DC current
to 𝑹𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 then, the DC current
produced will go back to the
secondary winding through a
center tap.
Exercise 81: Multi-choice questions on 5. Which of the following statements is

false?
alternating voltages and currents
(a) It is cheaper to use a.c. than d.c.
(b) Distribution of a.c. is more
1. The value of an alternating current at convenient than with d.c. since
any given instant is: voltages may be readily altered
using transformers
(a) a maximum value
(c) An alternator is an a.c. generator
(b) a peak value
(d) A rectifier changes d.c. to a.c.
(c) an instantaneous value
(d) an r.m.s. value 6. An alternating voltage of maximum
value 100V is applied to a lamp.
2. An alternating current completes 100 Which of the following direct voltages,
cycles in 0.1s. Its frequency is: if applied to the lamp, would cause the
(a) 20Hz (b) 100Hz lamp to light with the same brilliance?
(c) 0.002Hz (d) 1 kHz (a) 100V (b) 63.7V
(c) 70.7V (d) 141.4V
3. In Fig. 14.21, at the instant shown, the
generated e.m.f. will be: 7. The value normally stated when
(a) zero referring to alternating currents and
(b) an r.m.s. value voltages is the:
(c) an average value (a) instantaneous value
(d) a maximum value (b) r.m.s. value
(c) average value
(d) peak value
8. State which of the following is false.

For a sine wave:
(a) the peak factor is 1.414
(b) the r.m.s. value is 0.707×peak
value
(c) the average value is 0.637 × r.m.s.
value
(a) the form factor is 1.11
4. The supply of electrical energy for a
9. An a.c. supply is 70.7V, 50Hz. Which of
consumer is usually by a.c. because:
the following statements is false?
(a) transmission and distribution are
(a) The periodic time is 20ms
more easily effected
(b) The peak value of the voltage is
(b) it is most suitable for variable
70.7V
speed motors
(c) The r.m.s. value of the voltage is
(c) the volt drop in cables is minimal
70.7V
(d) cable power losses are negligible
(d) The peak value of the voltage is
100V
10. An alternating voltage is given by

𝑣 = 100𝑠𝑖𝑛(50𝜋𝑡 − 0.30)𝑉.
Which of the following statements is
true?
(a) The r.m.s. voltage is 100V
(b) The periodic time is 20ms
(c) The frequency is 25Hz
(d) The voltage is leading
v=100sin50πt by 0.30 radians
11. The number of complete cycles of an

alternating current occurring in one
second is known as:
(a) the maximum value of the
alternating current
(b) the frequency of the alternating
current
(c) the peak value of the alternating
current
(d) the r.m.s. or effective value
12. 12. A rectifier conducts:

(a) direct currents in one direction (b)
alternating currents in one direction
(c) direct currents in both directions
(d) alternating currents in one
direction
Exercise 82: Further problems on

purely inductive and

capacitive a.c. circuits
1. Calculate the reactance of a 2. A coil has a reactance of 120 Ω

coil of inductance 0.2 H when in a circuit with a supply
it is connected to: frequency of 4 kHz. Calculate
(a) a 50 Hz the inductance of the coil.
(b) a 600 Hz and, [4.77mH]
(c) a 40 kHz supply.
[(a) 62.83 Ω] Given:
[(b) 754 Ω] 𝑋 = 120 Ω
[(c) 50.27 kΩ] 𝑓 = 4 kHz/4 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧
𝐿=?
Given:
𝐿 = 0.2 H Solution:
𝑓1 = 50 Hz
𝑓2 = 600 Hz Find (𝐿) = ?
𝑓3 = 40 kHz/40 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧 𝐿=
𝑋
2𝜋𝑓
𝑋𝐿 1 = ? 120 Ω
𝑋𝐿 2 = ? 𝐿=
2𝜋(4 𝑥 10−3 𝐻𝑧)
𝑋𝐿 3 = ? 𝐿 = 4 770 𝐻𝑧/4.77 𝑥 10−3 𝐻𝑧
Solution:
Find A(𝑋𝐿 1 ) = ?
𝑋𝐿 1 = 2𝜋𝑓1 𝐿
𝑋𝐿 1 = 2𝜋(50 𝐻𝑧)(0.2𝐻)
𝑋𝐿 1 = 62.83 Ω
Find B(𝑋𝐿 2 ) = ?
𝑋𝐿 2 = 2𝜋𝑓2 𝐿
𝑋𝐿 2 = 2𝜋(600 𝐻𝑧)(0.2𝐻)
𝑋𝐿 2 = 754 Ω
Find C(𝑋𝐿 3 ) = ?
𝑋𝐿 3 = 2𝜋𝑓3 𝐿
𝑋𝐿 3 = 2𝜋(40 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧)(0.2𝐻)
𝑋𝐿 3 = 50.27 kΩ
3. A supply of 240V, 50Hz is

connected across a pure
inductance and the resulting to a coil of pure inductance

current is 1.2A. Calculate the 50mH. Determine:
inductance of the coil. (a) the reactance of
[0.637H] the coil
(b) the current
Given: flowing in the coil
𝑉𝐿 = 240 V [(a) 628 Ω]
𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧 [(b) 0.318A]
𝐼𝐿 = 1.2 A
𝑋𝐿 = ? Given:
𝐿=? 𝐸/𝑉𝐿 = 200 V
𝑓 = 2 k𝐻𝑧/2 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧
Solution: 𝐿 = 50 m𝐻/50 𝑥 10−3 𝐻
𝑋𝐿 = ?
Find A(𝐼) = ? 𝐼𝐿 = ?
𝑉𝐿
𝐼= 𝑋𝐿
𝑉𝐿 Solution:
𝑋𝐿 =
𝐼
240 𝑉
𝑋𝐿 = Find A(𝑋𝐿 ) = ?
1.2 𝐴
𝑋𝐿 = 200 Ω 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋(2 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧)(50 𝑥 10−3 𝐻)
Find (𝐿) = ? 𝑋𝐿 = 628 Ω
𝑋
𝐿=
2𝜋𝑓 Find B(𝐼) = ?
200 Ω 𝑉𝐿
𝐿= 2𝜋(50 𝐻𝑧) 𝐼=
𝑋𝐿
𝐿 = 0.637 𝐻 𝐼=
200 𝑉
628 Ω
𝐼 = 0.318 𝐴
5. A 120 mH inductor has a

4. An e.m.f. of 200V at a
50mA, 1 kHz alternating
frequency of 2 kHz is applied
current flowing through it.
Find the p.d. across the μF when connected to an a.c.

inductor. circuit of frequency of:
[37.7V] (a) 20Hz
(b) 500Hz
Given: (c) 4 kHz
𝐿 = 120 mH/120 𝑥 10−3 𝐻 [(a) 397.9 Ω]
𝐼𝐿 = 50 mA/50 𝑥 10−3 𝐴 [(b) 15.92 Ω]
𝑓 = 1 kHz/1 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧 [(c) 1.989 Ω]
𝑋𝐿 = ? Given:
𝑉𝐿 = ? 𝐶 = 20 µF/20 𝑥 10−6 𝐹
𝑓1 = 20 Hz
Solution: 𝑓2 = 500 Hz
𝑓3 = 4 kHz/4 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧
Find A(𝑋𝐿 ) = ? 𝑋𝐶 1 = ?
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑋𝐶 2 = ?
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋(1 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧)(120 𝑥 10−3 𝐻) 𝑋𝐶 3 = ?
𝑋𝐿 = 240π Ω
Solution:
Find B(𝐼) = ?
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼𝑋𝐿 Find A(𝑋𝐶 1 ) = ?
𝑉𝐿 = (50 𝑥 10−3 𝐴)(240π Ω) 1
𝑋𝐶 1 = 2𝜋𝑓 𝐶
𝑉𝐿 = 37.7 V 1
1
𝑋𝐶 1 = 2𝜋(20 𝐻𝑧)(20 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)
𝑋𝐶 1 = 397.9 Ω
Find B(𝑋𝐶 2 ) = ?
1
𝑋𝐶 2 =
2𝜋𝑓2 𝐶
1
𝑋𝐶 2 = 2𝜋(500 𝐻𝑧)(20 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)
𝑋𝐶 2 = 15.92 Ω
Find C(𝑋𝐶 3 ) = ?
1
𝑋𝐶 3 = 2𝜋𝑓 𝐶
3
1
𝑋𝐶 3 = 2𝜋(4 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧)(20 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)
𝑋𝐶 3 = 1.989 Ω
6. Calculate the capacitive 7. A capacitor has a reactance of

reactance of a capacitor of 20 80 Ω when connected to a
50Hz supply. Calculate the connected to a 100V, 25 Hz

value of its capacitance. supply. Determine its
[39.79 μF] capacitance and the current
taken from the supply.
Given: [15.92μF, 0.25A]
𝑋𝐶 = 80 Ω
𝑓 = 50 Hz Given:
𝐶=? 𝑋𝐶 = 400 Ω
𝑉𝐶 = 100 V
Solution: 𝑓 = 25 𝐻𝑧
𝐶=?
Find (𝑋𝐶 ) = ? 𝐼𝐶 = ?
1
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓 𝑋
1 𝐶
1 Solution:
𝐶 = 2𝜋(50 𝐻𝑧)(80 Ω)
𝐶 = 3.979 𝑥 10−5 𝐹/ 39.79 μF Find A(𝐶) = ?
1
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑋
𝐶
8. Calculate the current taken by 1
a 10 μF capacitor when 𝐶 = 2𝜋(25 𝐻𝑧)(400 Ω)
connected to a 200V,100 Hz 𝐶 = 1.592 𝑥 10−5 𝐹/ 15.92 μF
supply.
[1.257A] Find B(𝐼) = ?
𝑉𝐶
𝐼𝐶 = 𝑋𝐶
Given: 100 𝑉
𝑉𝐶 = 200 V 𝐼𝐶 =
400 Ω
𝑓 = 100 𝐻𝑧 𝐼𝐶 = 0.25 𝐴
𝐶 = 10 μF/10 𝑥 10−6 𝐹
𝑋𝐶 = ?
𝐼𝐶 = ?
Solution:
Find A(𝑋𝐶 ) = ?
1
𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
1
𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋(100 𝐻𝑧)(10 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)
𝑋𝐶 = 159.155 Ω
Find B(𝐼) = ?
𝑉𝐶
𝐼𝐶 = 𝑋𝐶
200 𝑉
𝐼𝐶 =
159.155 Ω
𝐼𝐶 = 1.257 𝐴
10. Two similar capacitors are
9. A capacitor has a capacitive connected in parallel to a 200
reactance of 400 Ω when V, 1 kHz supply. Find the value
of each capacitor if the circuit

current is 0.628A.
[0.25μF]
Given:
𝑉𝐶 = 200 V
𝑓 = 1 k𝐻𝑧/1 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧
𝐼𝐶 = 0.628 A
𝑋𝐶 = ?
𝐶𝑇 = ?
𝐶1 = ?
Solution:
𝑉
𝑋𝐶 = 𝐼 𝐶
𝐶
200 𝑉
𝑋𝐶 = 0.628 𝐴
𝑋𝐶 = 318.47 Ω
Find B(𝐶𝑇 ) = ?
1
𝐶𝑇 =
2𝜋𝑓𝑋𝐶
1
𝐶𝑇 = 2𝜋(1 𝑥 103𝐻𝑧)(318.47 Ω)
𝐶𝑇 = 49.97 µF/ 49.97 x 10−6 𝐹
Find B(𝐶1 ) = ?
𝐶𝑇 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2
𝐶𝑇 = 2𝐶1·2
𝐶
𝐶1·2 = 𝑇
2
49.97 x 10−6 𝐹
𝐶1·2 = 2
𝐶1·2 = 0.25 µΩ/ 0.25 x 10−6 Ω
Exercise 83: Further problems on R–L a.c.

series circuits
1. Determine the impedance of a coil

Solution:
which has a resistance of 12 Ω and a
reactance of 16 Ω
[20 Ω]
Given:
𝑅 = 12 Ω
𝑋𝐿 = 16 Ω
𝑍=?
Find A(𝑍) = ?
Solution: 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋(100 𝐻𝑧)(80 𝑥 10−3 𝐻)
Find (𝑍) = ? 𝑋𝐿 = 50.265 Ω
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2
𝑍 = √(12 Ω)2 + (16 Ω)2
𝑍 = 20 Ω 𝑍 = √(60 Ω)2 + (50.265 Ω)2
𝑍 = 78.27 Ω
2. A coil of inductance 80 mH and
resistance 60 Ω is connected to a 200 Find B(𝐼) = ?
V, 100 Hz supply. Calculate the circuit 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼𝑍
𝑉
impedance and the current taken 𝐼 = ( 𝑍𝐿 )
from the supply. Find also the phase 200 𝑉
𝐼 = (78.27 Ω)
angle between the current and the
supply voltage. 𝐼 = 2.555 A/2.6 A
[78.27 Ω, 2.555A,
39.95◦ lagging] Find C(ɸ) = ?
𝑋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( 𝐿 )
𝑅
Given: 50.265 Ω
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( 60 Ω )
𝐿 = 80 mH/80 𝑥 10−3 𝐻
50.265 Ω
𝑅 = 60 Ω ɸ= tan−1 ( 60 Ω )
𝑉𝐿 = 200 V ɸ = 39.95 ◦ lagging
𝑓 = 100 𝐻𝑧
𝑋𝐿 = ?
𝐼𝐿 = ?
ɸ=?
3. An alternating voltage given by

𝑣 = 100 sin 240𝑡 Volts is applied Find C(𝑉𝑅 ) = ?

across a coil of resistance 32 Ω and 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅
inductance 100 mH. 𝑉𝑅 = (1.77 𝐴)(32 Ω)
Determine: 𝑉𝑅 = 56.64 V
(a) the circuit impedance,
(b) the current flowing,
(c) the p.d. across the
resistance, and,
(d) the p.d. across the
inductance.
[(a) 40 Ω]
[(b) 1.77 A]
[(c) 56.64 V]
Find B( 𝑉𝐿 ) = ?
[(d) 42.48 V]
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼𝑋𝐿
𝑉𝐿 = (1.77 𝐴)(40 Ω)
Given:
𝑉𝐿 = 42.48 A
𝑣 = 100 sin 240𝑡
𝑅 = 32 Ω
𝐿 = 100 mH/100 𝑥 10−3 𝐻
𝑋𝐿 = ?
𝑍=?
𝐼=?
𝑉𝑅 = ?
𝑉𝐿 = ?
Solution:
Find A(𝑍) = ?
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑋𝐿 = (240 𝑠
)(100 𝑥 10−3 𝐻)
𝑋𝐿 = 24 Ω
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2
𝑍 = √(32 Ω)2 + (24 Ω)2
𝑍 = 40 Ω
Find B(𝐼) = ?
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼𝑍
𝑉
𝐼 = ( 𝑍𝐿 )
0.707 𝑥 100 𝑉
𝐼=( 40 Ω
)
𝐼 = 1.77 A
4. A coil takes a current of 5 A from a 5. A resistor and an inductor of

20V d.c. supply. When connected to a negligible resistance are connected in
200 V, 50 Hz a.c. supply the current is series to an a.c. supply. The p.d. across
25 A. Calculate the: the resistor is 18 V and the p.d. across
(a) resistance, the inductor is 24 V. Calculate the
(b) impedance, and, supply voltage and the phase angle
(c) inductance of the coil. between voltage and current.
[(a) 4 Ω] [30V, 53.13◦ lagging]
[(b) 8 Ω]
[(c) 22.05mH] Given:
Given: 𝑉𝑅 = 18 V
𝐼𝐷𝐶 = 5 𝐴 𝑉𝐿 = 24 V
𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 20 V 𝑉 =?
𝑉𝐴𝐶 = 200 V ɸ=?
𝑓 = 50 Hz
𝐼𝐴𝐶 = 25 𝐴 Solution:
𝑅=?
𝑍=? Find A(𝑉) = ?
𝑋𝐿 = ?
𝐿=? 𝑉 = √𝑉𝑅 2 + 𝑉𝐿 2
𝑉 = √(18 V)2 + (24 V)2
Solution: 𝑉 = 30 𝑉
Find A(𝑅) = ? Find B(ɸ) = ?

𝑉
𝑅 = 𝐷𝐶 𝑉
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( 𝐿 )
𝐼𝐷𝐶 𝑉𝑅
20 𝑉
𝑅= 5𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ =
24 𝑉
(18 𝑉)
𝑅 = 4Ω 24 𝑉
ɸ= tan−1 (18 𝑉)
Find B(𝑍) = ? ɸ = 53.13 ◦ lagging
𝑉𝐴𝐶
𝑍= 𝐼𝐴𝐶
200 𝑉
𝑍= 25 𝐴
𝑍 = 8Ω
Find C(𝐿) = ?
𝑋𝐿 = √𝑍 2 − 𝑅 2
𝑋𝐿 = √(8 Ω)2 − (4 Ω)2
𝑋𝐿 = 6.928 Ω
𝑋
𝐿
𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓
6.928 Ω
𝐿 = 2𝜋(50 𝐻𝑧)
𝑋𝐿 = 22.05 mH/22.05 𝑥 10−3 𝐻
6. A coil of inductance 636.6 mH and Find A(𝑋𝐿 ) = ?

negligible resistance is connected in 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
series with a 100 Ω resistor to a 250V, 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋(50 𝐻𝑧)(636.6 𝑥 10−3 𝐻)
50Hz supply. 𝑋𝐿 = 200 Ω
Calculate:
(a) the inductive Find B(𝑍) = ?
reactance of the 𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2
coil,
𝑍 = √(100 Ω)2 + (200 Ω)2
(b) the impedance of
𝑍 = 223.6 Ω
the circuit,
(c) the current in the
circuit,
(d) the p.d. across
each component,
and,
(e) the circuit phase
angle.
[(a) 200 Ω] Find C(𝐼) = ?
[(b) 223.6 Ω] 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
[(c) 1.118A] 𝑉
𝐼 = (𝑍 )
[(d) 223.6V,
250 𝑉
111.8V] 𝐼=( )
223.6 Ω
[(e) 63.43◦ 𝐼 = 1.118 A/1.12 A
lagging]
Find D( 𝑉𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝐿 ) = ?
Given: 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑍𝑅
𝐿 = 636.6 mH/636.6 𝑥 10−3 𝐻 𝑉𝑅 = (1.118 𝐴)(200 Ω)
𝑅 = 100 Ω 𝑉𝑅 = 223.6 A/224 A
V = 250 V
𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼𝑍𝐿
𝑋𝐿 = ? 𝑉𝐿 = (1.118 𝐴)(100 Ω)
𝑍=? 𝑉𝐿 = 111.8 A/112 A
𝐼=?
𝑉𝑅 = ? Find E(ɸ) = ?
𝑉𝐿 = ? 𝑋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( 𝑅𝐿 )
ɸ=?
200 Ω
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = (100 Ω)
Solution: 200 Ω
ɸ = tan−1 (100 Ω)
ɸ = 63.43 ◦ lagging
Exercise 84: Further problems on R–C a.c.

circuits
1. A voltage of 35 V is applied across a

C–R series circuit. If the voltage across
the resistor is 21 V, find the voltage
across the capacitor.
[28V]
Given:
𝑉 = 35 𝑉
𝑉𝑅 = 21 V
𝑉𝐶 = ?
Solution:
Find A(𝑉) = ?
𝑉 = √𝑉𝑅 2 + 𝑉𝐶 2
𝑉𝐶 = √𝑉 2 − 𝑉𝑅 2
𝑉𝐶 = √(35 V)2 − (21 V)2
𝑉𝐶 = 28 𝑉
2. A resistance of 50 Ω is connected in Find C(𝐼) = ?

series with a capacitance of 20 μF. If a 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
supply of 200 V, 100 Hz is connected 𝑉
𝐼 = (𝑍 )
across the arrangement find: 200 𝑉
𝐼 = (93.98 Ω)
𝐼 = 2.128 A/2.13 A
(b) the current flowing, and
Find C(ɸ) = ?
(c) the phase angle between voltage 𝑋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( 𝐶 )
𝑅
and current. 79.57 Ω
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( 50 Ω )
[(a) 93.98 Ω] ɸ=
79.57 Ω
tan−1 ( 50 Ω )
[(b) 2.128 A]
ɸ = 57.86 ◦ leading
[(c) 57.86◦ leading]
Given:
𝑅 = 50 Ω
𝐶 = 20 μF /20 𝑥 10−6 𝐹
V = 200 V
𝑓 = 100 𝐻𝑧
𝑋𝐶 = ?
𝑍=?
𝐼=?
ɸ=?
Solution:
Find A(𝑍) = ?
1
1
𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋(100 𝐻𝑧)(20 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)
𝑋𝐶 = 79.57 Ω
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶2
𝑍 = √(50 Ω)2 + (79.57 Ω)2

𝑍 = 93.98 Ω
3. A 24.87 μF capacitor and a 30 Ω Find B( 𝑉𝑅 ) = ?

resistor are connected in series across 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅
a 150V supply. If the current flowing 𝑉𝑅 = (3 𝐴)(30 Ω)
is 3 A find: 𝑉𝑅 = 90 V
(a) the frequency of the
supply, Find C( 𝑉𝐶 ) = ?
(b) the p.d. across the resistor 𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼𝑋𝐶
and 𝑉𝐶 = (3 𝐴)(40 Ω)
(c) the p.d. across the 𝑉𝐶 = 120 V
capacitor.
[(a) 160Hz]
[(b) 90V]
[(c) 120V]
Given:
𝐶 = 24.87 μF /24.87 𝑥 10−6 𝐹
𝑅 = 30 Ω
V = 150 V
𝐼=3A
𝑍=?
𝑓=?
𝑉𝑅 = ?
𝑉𝐶 = ?
Solution:
Find A(𝑓) = ?
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
𝑉
𝑍 = (𝐼 )
150 𝑉
𝑍=( 3𝐴
)
𝑍 = 50 Ω
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶 2
𝑋𝐶 = √𝑍 2 − 𝑅 2
𝑋𝐶 = √(50 Ω)2 − (30 Ω)2
𝑋𝐶 = 40 Ω
1
𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
1
𝑓= 2𝜋𝑋𝐶 𝐶
1
𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋(40 Ω)(24.87 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)
𝑋𝐶 = 160 Hz
4. An alternating voltage
𝑣 = 250𝑠𝑖𝑛800𝑡 volts is applied
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶2
across a series circuit containing a
30Ω resistor and 50 μF capacitor. 𝑍 = √(30 Ω)2 + (25 Ω)2
Calculate: 𝑍 = 39.05
(c) the p.d. across the resistor, Find B(𝐼) = ?
(d) the p.d. across the 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
capacitor, and 𝑉
𝐼 = (𝑍 )
(e) the phase angle between
0.707 𝑥 250 𝑉
voltage and current 𝐼=( )
39.05 Ω
[(a) 39.05 Ω] 𝐼 = 4.526 A/4.53 A
[(b) 4.526 A]
[(c) 135.8 V] Find C( 𝑉𝑅 ) = ?
[(d) 113.2V] 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅
[(e) 39.81◦ 𝑉𝑅 = (4.526 𝐴)(30 Ω)
leading] 𝑉𝑅 = 135.8 V
Given: Find D( 𝑉𝐶 ) = ?
𝑣 = 250 sin 800𝑡 𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼𝑋𝐶
𝑅 = 30 Ω 𝑉𝐶 = (4.526 𝐴)(25 Ω)
𝐶 = 50 μF /50 𝑥 10−6 𝐹 𝑉𝐶 = 113.2 V
𝑋𝐶 = ?
𝑍=? Find E(ɸ) = ?
𝐼=? 𝑋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( 𝑅𝐶 )
𝑉𝑅 = ?
25 Ω
𝑉𝐶 = ? 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( )
30 Ω
ɸ=? 25 Ω
ɸ= tan−1 ( )
30 Ω
Solution: ɸ = 39.81 ◦ leading
1
1
𝑋𝐶 = 𝜔𝐶
1
𝑋𝐶 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2𝜋(800 )(50 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)
𝑠
𝑋𝐶 = 25 Ω
5. A 400 Ω resistor is connected in series

with a 2358 pF capacitor across a 12
V a.c. supply. Determine the supply
frequency if the current flowing in the
circuit is 24 mA.
[225 kHz]
Given:
𝑅 = 400 Ω
𝐶 = 2358 pF /2358 𝑥 10−12 𝐹
𝑉𝐴𝐶 = 12 V
𝐼 = 24 mA /24 𝑥 10−3 𝐴
𝑍=?
𝑋𝐶 = ?
𝑓=?
Solution:
Find (𝑓) = ?
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
𝑉
𝑍 = (𝐼 )
12 𝑉
𝑍 = ( 24 𝑥 10−3 𝐴)
𝑍 = 500 Ω
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶 2
𝑋𝐶 = √𝑍 2 − 𝑅 2
𝑋𝐶 = √(500 Ω)2 − (400 Ω)2
𝑋𝐶 = 300 Ω
1
1
𝑓 = 2𝜋𝑋
𝐶𝐶
1
𝑓 = 2𝜋(300 Ω)(2358 𝑥 10−12 𝐹 )
𝑓 = 225 𝑘Hz/225 000 𝐻𝑧
Exercise 85: Further problems on R–L–C Find A(𝑍) = ?

a.c. circuits
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋(100 𝐻𝑧)(80 𝑥 10−3 𝐻)
𝑋𝐿 = 50.265 Ω
1. A 40μF capacitor in series with a coil 1

𝑋𝐶 =
of resistance 8 Ω and inductance 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
1
80mH is connected to a 200V, 100Hz 𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋(100 𝐻𝑧)(40 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)
supply. Calculate: 𝑋𝐶 = 39.789 Ω
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + ∆𝑋 2
(c) the phase angle between
voltage and current, 𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + ( 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
𝑍 = √(8 Ω)2 + (50.265 Ω − 39.789 Ω)2
(d) the voltage across the coil,
and 𝑍 = 13.18 Ω
(e) the voltage across the
Find B(𝐼) = ?
capacitor.
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
[(a)13.18 Ω] 𝑉
[(b)15.17 A] 𝐼 = (𝑍 )
[(c)52.63◦ 𝐼=(
200 𝑉
)
lagging] 13.18 Ω
𝐼 = 15.17 A
[(d) 772.1 V]
[(e) 603.6V]
Find C(ɸ) = ?
∆𝑋
Given: 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( 𝑅 )
𝐶 = 45 µF /45 𝑥 10−6 𝐹 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = (
𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶
)
𝑅
𝑅=8Ω 50.265 Ω−39.789 Ω
𝐿 = 80 mH /80 𝑥 10−3 𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( )
8Ω
𝑉 = 200 V ɸ= −1 50.265 Ω−39.789 Ω
tan ( )
8Ω
𝐼 = 24 mA /24 𝑥 10−3 𝐴
𝑓 = 100 Hz
𝑋𝐿 = ?
Find D( 𝑉𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 ) = ?
𝑋𝐶 = ?
𝑍=? 𝑍𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2
𝐼=? 𝑍𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 = √(8 Ω)2 + (50.265 Ω)2
ɸ=? 𝑍𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 50.898 Ω
𝑍𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 = ?
𝑉𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 = ? 𝑉𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝐼𝑍𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑉𝐶 = ? 𝑉𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 = (15.17 𝐴)(50.898 Ω)
𝑉𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 772.1 V
Solution:
Find E( 𝑉𝐶 ) = ?
𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼𝑋𝐶
𝑉𝐶 = (15.17 𝐴)(39.789 Ω)
𝑉𝐶 = 603.6 V
2. Find the values of resistance R and Find B(𝑍) = ?

inductance L in the circuit of Fig. 1
15.19. 1
[R=131 Ω, L=0.545H] 𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋(50 𝐻𝑧)(40 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)
𝑋𝐶 = 79.577 Ω
∆𝑋 = 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶
𝑋𝐿 = ∆𝑋 + 𝑋𝐶
𝑋𝐿 = (91.772 Ω) + (79.577 Ω)
𝑋𝐿 = 171.349 Ω
Given: 𝑋𝐿
𝐼 = 1.5∠ − 35° A 𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝑉 = 240∠0° V 𝐿=
(171.349 Ω)
𝑓 = 50 Hz 2𝜋(50 𝐻𝑧)
𝐶 = 40 µF /40 𝑥 10−6 𝐹 𝐿 = 0.545 𝐻

𝑍=?
𝑅=?
𝑋𝐶 = ?
𝑋𝐿 = ?
𝐿=?
Solution:
Find A(𝑅) = ?
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
𝑉
𝑍 = (𝐼 )
240∠0° V
𝑍 = (1.5∠−35° A)
𝑍 = 131 + 91.772i
Hence, R = 131 Ω
3. Three impedances are connected in 𝐿 𝑇 =0.45 𝑚𝐻 + 570 µH

series across a 100V, 2 kHz supply. = 1.02 mH/1.02 𝑥 10−3 𝐻
The impedances comprise: 𝑋𝐿 = ?
(i) an inductance of 𝑋𝐶 = ?
0.45mH and 2 Ω ∆𝑋 = ?
resistance, 𝑍=?
(ii) an inductance of 𝐼=?
570μH and 5 Ω 𝑋𝐿 1 = ?
resistance, and 𝑍1 = ?
(iii) a capacitor of 𝑉1 = ?
capacitance 10μF 𝑋𝐿 2 = ?
and resistance 3Ω 𝑍2 = ?
Assuming no mutual inductive effects 𝑉2 = ?
between the two inductances 𝑋𝐿 3 = ?
calculate: 𝑍3 = ?
𝑉3 = ?
(b) the circuit current, Solution:
(c) the circuit phase angle and Overall Diagram:
(d) the voltage across each
impedance.
Draw the phasor diagram.
[(a) 11.12 Ω]
[(b) 8.99 A]
[(c) 25.92◦
lagging] Simplified Diagram:
[(d) 53.92V,
78.53V,
76.46V]
Given:
𝑉 = 100 V
𝑓 = 2 kHz /2 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧
𝐿1 = 0.45 mH/ 0.45 𝑥 10−3 𝐻
𝑅1 = 2 Ω
𝐿2 = 570 µH/ 570 𝑥 10−6 𝐻
𝑅2 = 5 Ω
𝐶 = 10 µF/ 10 𝑥 10−6 𝐹
𝑅3 = 3 Ω
𝑅𝑇 = 2 Ω +5 Ω +3 Ω
= 10 Ω
Find A(𝑍) = ? 𝑉1 = 𝐼𝑍1

𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑇 𝑉1 = (8.99 𝐴)(5.998 Ω)
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋(2 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧)( 1.02 𝑥 10−3 𝐻) 𝑉1 = 53.92 𝑉
𝑋𝐿 = 12.818 Ω
Part 2(𝑉2 ):
1 𝑋𝐿 2 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿2
𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
1 𝑋𝐿 2 = 2𝜋(2 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧)(570 𝑥 10−6 𝐻)
𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋(2 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧)(10 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)
𝑋𝐿 2 = 7.163 Ω
𝑋𝐶 = 7.958 Ω
∆𝑋 = 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 𝑍2 = √𝑅2 2 + 𝑋𝐿 2 2
∆𝑋 = 12.818 Ω − 7.958 Ω
𝑍2 = √(5 Ω)2 + (7.163 Ω)2
∆𝑋 = 4.86
𝑍2 = 8.735 Ω
𝑍 = √𝑅𝑇 2 + ∆𝑋 2 𝑉2 = 𝐼𝑍2
𝑉2 = (8.99 𝐴)(8.735 Ω)
𝑍 = √(10 Ω)2 + (4.86 Ω)2 𝑉2 = 78.53 𝑉
𝑍 = 11.12 Ω
Part 3(𝑉3 ):
Find B(𝐼) = ? When 𝑋𝐶 = 7.958 Ω,
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
𝐼=( )
𝑉 𝑍3 = √𝑅2 2 + 𝑋𝐶 2
𝑍
𝐼=
100 𝑉
(11.12 Ω) 𝑍3 = √(3 Ω)2 + (7.958 Ω)2
𝑍3 = 8.505 Ω
𝐼 = 8.99 A
𝑉3 = 𝐼𝑍3
Find C(ɸ) = ?
∆𝑋 𝑉3 = (8.99 𝐴)(8.505 Ω)
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( ) 𝑉3 = 76.46 𝑉
𝑅𝑇
4.86 Ω
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( 10 Ω )
4.86 Ω
ɸ= tan−1 ( )
10 Ω
Find D( 𝑉1 , 𝑉2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉3 ) = ?
Part 1(𝑉1 ):
𝑋𝐿 1 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿1
𝑋𝐿 1 = 2𝜋(2 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧)(0.45 𝑥 10−3 𝐻)
𝑋𝐿 1 = 5.655 Ω
𝑍1 = √𝑅1 2 + 𝑋𝐿 1 2
𝑍1 = √(2 Ω)2 + (5.655 Ω)2

𝑍1 = 5.998 Ω
4. For the circuit shown in Fig. 15.20

determine the voltages 𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 if
𝑍1 = √𝑅1 2 + 𝑋𝐿 1 2
the supply frequency is 1 kHz. Draw
the phasor diagram and hence, 𝑍1 = √(5 Ω)2 + (12 Ω)2
determine the supply voltage V and 𝑍1 = 13 Ω
the circuit phase angle.
[𝑉1 = 26.0𝑉] 𝑋𝐿 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ1 = ( )
[𝑉2 = 67.05𝑉] 𝑅
12 Ω
[𝑉 = 50𝑉, 53.14 ◦ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ1 = (5Ω)
𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔] 12 Ω
ɸ1 = tan−1 ( 5 Ω )
ɸ1 = 67.38 ◦ lagging
𝑉1 = 𝐼𝑍1
𝑉1 = (2 𝐴)(13 Ω)
𝑉1 = 26.0 𝑉
Find B(𝑉2 ) = ?
Given: 1
𝑓 = 1 kHz /1 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧 𝑋𝐶 2 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶2
𝐿1 = 1.91 mH/ 1.91 𝑥 10−3 𝐻 1
𝑅1 = 5 Ω 𝑋𝐶 2 = 2𝜋(1 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧)(4.974 𝑥 10−6 𝐻)
𝐶2 = 4.974 µF/ 4.974 𝑥 10−6 𝐹
𝑋𝐶 2 = 32 Ω
𝑅2 = 10 Ω
𝐼 = 2A
𝑋𝐿 1 = ?
𝑍1 = ? 𝑍2 = √𝑅2 2 + 𝑋𝐶 2 2
ɸ=?
𝑉1 = ?
𝑍2 = √(10 Ω)2 + (32 Ω)2
𝑋𝐶 2 = ?
𝑍2 = ? 𝑍2 = 33.526 Ω
𝑉2 = ?
∠𝐴 = ? 𝑋𝐶 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( 𝑅
)
∠𝐵 = ? 32 Ω
𝑏=? 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( )
10 Ω
𝛼=? 32 Ω
ɸ= tan−1 ( )
10 Ω
Solution: ɸ = 72.65 ◦ leading
Find A(𝑉1 ) = ? 𝑉2 = 𝐼𝑍2

𝑋𝐿 1 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿1 𝑉2 = (2 𝐴)(33.526 Ω)
𝑋𝐿 1 = 2𝜋(1 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧)(1.91 𝑥 10−3 𝐻) 𝑉2 = 67.05 𝑉
𝑋𝐿 1 = 12 Ω
Find C(𝑉3 ) = ? Therefore;

𝛼 = ∠𝐴 − ɸ
𝛼 = (72.65 ◦) − (19.51 ◦)
𝛼 = 53.14 ◦ 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
When, ∠𝐴 = 72.65 ◦
Solve ∠𝐵 = ?
∠𝐵 = 180 ◦ −72.65 ◦ −67.38 ◦
∠𝐵 = 39.97 ◦
By Cosine rule:
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵)
𝑏 2 = (26)2 + (67.05)2 − 2(26)(67.05)𝑐𝑜𝑠(39.97°)
𝑏 2 = 2 500
𝑏 = √2 500
𝑏 = 50
Using Sine rule:

𝑎 𝑏
=
sin(ɸ) sin(∠𝐵)
(26) (50)
=
sin(ɸ) sin 39.97°)
26 sin(39.97°)
sin(ɸ) =
(50)
26 sin(39.97°)
ɸ = sin−1 ( )
(50)
ɸ = 19.51°
Exercise 86 :Further problems on series 2. The current at resonance in a series

L–C– R circuit is 0.2 mA. If the applied
resonance and Q-factor
voltage is 250 mV at a frequency of
100 kHz and the circuit capacitance is
0.04 μF, find the circuit resistance and
1. Find the resonant frequency of a inductance.
series a.c. circuit consisting of a coil of [1.25 kΩ, 63 .3 μH]
resistance 10 Ω and inductance 50 mH Given:
and capacitance 0.05μF. Find also the 𝐼𝑟 = 0.2 mA/ 0.2 𝑥 10−3 𝐴
current flowing at resonance if the 𝑉𝑟 = 250 mV/ 250 𝑥 10−3 𝑉
supply voltage is 100 V. 𝑓 = 100 kHz/ 100 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧
[3.183 kHz, 10 A] 𝐶 = 0.04 µF/ 0.04 𝑥 10−6 𝐹
𝑅𝑟 = ?
Given: 𝐿𝑟 = ?
𝑅 = 10 Ω
𝐿 = 50 mH/ 50 𝑥 10−3 𝐻 Solution:
𝐶 = 0.05 µF/ 0.05 𝑥 10−6 𝐹
Find A(𝑓𝑟 ) = ?
V = 100 V
𝑓𝑟 = ? 𝑉𝑟 = 𝐼𝑟 𝑅𝑟
𝐼=? 𝑉𝑟
𝑅𝑟 = 𝐼𝑟
Solution:
250 𝑥 10−3 𝑉
Find A(𝑓𝑟 ) = ? 𝑅𝑟 = 0.2 𝑥 10−3 𝐴
1
𝑓𝑟 = 2𝜋 𝑅𝑟 = 1 250 Ω
√𝐿𝐶
1
𝑓𝑟 =
2𝜋√(50 𝑥 10−3 𝐻)(0.05 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)
𝑓𝑟 = 3.183 𝑘𝐻𝑧/ 3 183 𝐻𝑧 Find B(𝐿) = ?
1
𝑓𝑟 = 2𝜋
√𝐿𝐶
Find B(𝐼) = ? 1
2𝜋𝑓𝑟 =
√𝐿𝐶
𝑉
𝐼= 1 2
𝑅
(2𝜋𝑓𝑟 )2 = ( )
√𝐿𝐶
100 𝑉
𝐼= 1
10 Ω
(2𝜋𝑓𝑟 )2 =
𝐿𝐶
𝐼 = 10 𝐴
1
𝐿 = (2𝜋𝑓 )2 𝐶
𝑟
1
𝐿 = [2𝜋(100 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧)]2 0.04 𝑥 10−6 𝐹
𝐿 = 63 .3 μH/ 63.3 𝑥 10−6 𝐻

3. A coil of resistance 25 Ω and Find C(𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ) = ?

inductance 100 mH is connected in
series with a capacitance of 0.12 μF 1 𝐿
𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = √
𝑅 𝐶
across a 200 V, variable frequency
supply. 1 (100 𝑥 10−3 𝐻)
Calculate: 𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 25 Ω √(0.12 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)
(a) the resonant frequency,
(b) the current at resonance 𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 36.51
and
(c) the factor by which the
voltage across the
reactance is greater than
the supply voltage.
[(a) 1.453 kHz]
[(b) 8 A]
[(c) 36.51]
Given:
𝑅 = 25 Ω
𝐿 = 100 mH/100 𝑥 10−3 𝐻
𝐶 = 0.12 µF/ 0.12 𝑥 10−6 𝐹
𝑉𝑟 = 200 V
𝑓𝑟 = ?
𝐼𝑟 = ?
𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = ?
Solution:
1
𝑓𝑟 = 2𝜋
√𝐿𝐶
1
𝑓𝑟 =
2𝜋√(100 𝑥 10−3 𝐻)(0.12 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)
𝑓𝑟 = 1.453 𝑘𝐻𝑧/ 1 453 𝐻𝑧
Find B(𝐼𝑟 ) = ?
𝑉𝑟 = 𝐼𝑟 𝑅𝑟
𝑉
𝐼𝑟 = 𝑅𝑟
𝑟
200 𝑉
𝐼𝑟 = 25 Ω
𝐼𝑟 = 8 𝐴
4. A coil of 0.5 H inductance and 8 Ω 5. Calculate the inductance which must

resistance is connected in series with be connected in series with a 1000 pF
a capacitor across a 200 V, 50 Hz capacitor to give a resonant frequency
supply. If the current is in phase with of 400 kHz.
the supply voltage, determine the [0.158 mH]
capacitance of the capacitor and the
p.d. across its terminals. Given:
[20.26 μF, 3.928 kV] 𝐶 = 1000 pF/1000 𝑥 10−12 𝐹
𝑓 = 400 kHz/400 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧
Given: L=?
L = 0.5 H
𝑅=8Ω Solution:
𝑉 = 200 V
𝑓 = 50 Hz
𝐶=? Find (𝐿) = ?
𝑉𝐶 = ? 1
𝑓𝑟 = 2𝜋
√𝐿𝐶
Solution:
1
2𝜋𝑓𝑟 =
√𝐿𝐶
1 2
Find A(𝐶) = ? (2𝜋𝑓𝑟 )2 = ( )
√𝐿𝐶
1
𝑓𝑟 = 2𝜋 (2𝜋𝑓𝑟 )2 =
1
√𝐿𝐶
𝐿𝐶
1
2𝜋𝑓𝑟 = 1
𝐿 = (2𝜋𝑓 )2 𝐶
√𝐿𝐶
𝑟
1 2
(2𝜋𝑓𝑟 )2 = ( 𝐿𝐶) 1
𝐿 = [2𝜋(400 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧)]2 1000 𝑥 10−12 𝐹
√
1
(2𝜋𝑓𝑟 )2 = 𝐿 = 0.158 mH
𝐿𝐶
1
𝐶 = (2𝜋𝑓 )2 𝐿
𝑟
1
𝐶 = [2𝜋(50 𝐻𝑧)]2 0.5 𝐻
𝐶 = 20 .26 μF/ 20.26 𝑥 10−6 𝐹
Find B(𝑉𝐶 ) = ?
𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼𝑋𝐶
𝑉 1
𝑉𝐶 = (𝑅) (2𝜋𝑓𝐶 )
200 𝑉 1
𝑉𝐶 = ( 8Ω
) [2𝜋(50 𝐻𝑧)(20.26 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)]
𝑉𝐶 = 3.928 𝑘𝑉/ 3 928 𝑉

6. A series circuit comprises a coil of

resistance 20 Ω and inductance 2 mH
and a 500 pF capacitor. Determine the
Q-factor of the circuit at resonance. If
the supply voltage is 1.5V, what is the
voltage across the capacitor?
[100, 150V]
Given:
𝑅 = 20 Ω
L = 2 mH / 2 𝑥 10−3 𝐻
𝐶 = 500 pF / 500 𝑥 10−12 𝐹
𝑉 = 1.5 V
𝑉𝐶 = ?
Solution:
Find A(𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ) = ?
1 𝐿
𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑅 √𝐶
1 ( 2 𝑥 10−3 𝐻)
𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = √
20 Ω ( 500 𝑥 10−12 𝐹)
𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 100
Find B(𝑉𝐶 ) = ?
𝑉𝐶
𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑉
𝑉 1
𝑉𝐶 = (𝑅) (2𝜋𝑓𝐶 )
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑉
𝑉𝐶 = (100)(1.5)
𝑉𝐶 = 150 𝑉
Exercise 87: Further problems on power in 2. A 50 μF capacitor is connected to

a 100 V, 200 Hz supply. Determine
a.c. circuits
the true power and the apparent
power.
[0, 628.3 VA]
1. A voltage 𝑣 = 200𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 volts is
applied across a pure resistance of Given:
1.5 kΩ. Find the power dissipated 𝐶 = 50 pF / 50 𝑥 10−6 𝐹
in the resistor. V = 100 V
[13.33 W] 𝑓 = 200 Hz
Given: 𝑋𝐶 = ?
𝑣 = 200𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 Volts 𝐼=?
R = 1.5 kΩ / 1.5 𝑥 103 Ω 𝑃/ 𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = ?
𝐼=? 𝑆/𝐴𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = ?
𝑟. 𝑚. 𝑠. = ?
𝐷𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = ?
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑟. 𝑚. 𝑠 = 𝑉 Solution:
= 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑥 0.7071
Find A( 𝑃/𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ) = ?
1
Solution: 𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
1
𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋(200 Hz)( 50 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)
Find ( 𝐷𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ) = ?
𝑋𝐶 = 15.915 Ω
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
𝑉
𝐼 = (𝑅) 𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼𝑋𝐶
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑥 0.7071 𝑉
𝐼 =( ) I=𝑋
𝑅 𝐶
200 𝑉 𝑥 0.7071 100 𝑉

𝐼 =( ) I = 15.915 Ω
1.5 𝑥 103 Ω
𝐼 = 0.09428 𝐴 I = 6.283 𝐴
𝐷𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠⍬
𝐷𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = (0.09428 𝐴)2 ( 1.5 𝑥 103 Ω) 𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = (100 𝑉)(6.283 𝐴)cos(90)
𝐷𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 13.33 𝑊 P/𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 0 𝑊
Find B(𝑆/𝐴𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ) = ?
𝐴𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝐼
𝐴𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = (100 𝑉)(6.283 𝐴)
𝑆/𝐴𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 628.3 𝑉𝐴
3. A motor takes a current of 10 A 4. A motor takes a current of 12 A

when supplied from a 250 V a.c. when supplied from a 240 V a.c.
supply. Assuming a power factor supply. Assuming a power factor
of 0.75 lagging find the power of 0.70 lagging, find the power
consumed. Find also the cost of consumed.
running the motor for 1 week [2.016 kW]
continuously if 1 kWh of
electricity costs 12.20p. Given:
[1875 W, £ 38.43] 𝐼 = 12 A
Given: 𝑉𝐴𝐶 = 240 V
𝐼 = 10 A 𝑃/ 𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = ?
𝐶 = 50 pF / 50 𝑥 10−6 𝐹 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠⍬
𝑉𝐴𝐶 = 250 V = 0.70 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑃/ 𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = ?
𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = ?
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠⍬ Solution:
= 0.75 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 Find ( 𝑃/𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ) = ?
𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠⍬
Solution:
𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = (240 𝑉)(12 𝐴)(0.70 lagging)
P/𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 2 016 𝑊/ 2.016 𝑘𝑊
𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝐴𝐶 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠⍬
𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = (250 𝑉)(10 𝐴)(0.75 lagging)
P/𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 1 875 𝑊
Find B( 𝑅. 𝑀.𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 ) = ?
𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡
7 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = (1 875 𝑊)(1 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘 𝑥 𝑥 )
1 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 315 000 𝑊ℎ/ 315 𝑘𝑊ℎ
R.𝑀.𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑘𝑊ℎ𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡

R.𝑀.𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = (315 𝑘𝑊ℎ)(12.20𝑝)
R.𝑀.𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 3 843𝑝
1£
R.𝑀.𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 3 843𝑝 𝑥 100 𝑝
R.𝑀.𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = £ 38.43
5. A transformer has a rated output 6. A substation is supplying 200 kVA

of 100 kVA at a power factor of and 150 kvar. Calculate the
0.6. Determine the rated power corresponding power and power
output and the corresponding factor.
reactive power. [132kW, 0.66]
[60 kW, 80 kvar]
Given: Given:
𝑆 = VI 𝑆 = VI
= 100 kVA/ 100 𝑥 103 𝑉𝐴 = 200 kVA/200 𝑥 103 𝑉𝐴
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠⍬ 𝑄 = 150 kvar/150 𝑥 103 𝑣𝑎𝑟
= 0.60 ⍬=?
⍬=? 𝑃/ 𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = ?
𝑄=? 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠⍬
=?
Solution:
Solution:
𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = (𝑆)(𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 )
𝑄 = 𝑉𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛⍬
𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = (100 𝑥 103 𝑉𝐴)(0.60) 𝑄 = 𝑆𝑠𝑖𝑛⍬
P/𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 60 000 𝑊/ 60 𝑘𝑊 𝑄
𝑠𝑖𝑛⍬ =
𝑆
(150 𝑥 103 𝑣𝑎𝑟)

𝑠𝑖𝑛⍬ = (200 𝑥 103 𝑉𝐴)
Find B(𝑄) = ?
(150 𝑥 103 𝑣𝑎𝑟)
Solve for ⍬; ⍬ = sin−1 [ (200 𝑥 103 𝑉𝐴) ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠⍬ = 0.60
⍬ = 48.59 ◦
⍬ = cos−1(0.60)
⍬ = 53.13 ◦
𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = (𝑆)𝑐𝑜𝑠⍬
𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = (200 𝑥 103 𝑉𝐴)cos(48.59)
𝑄 = 𝑆𝑠𝑖𝑛⍬
P/𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 132 000 𝑊/ 132 𝑘𝑊
3
𝑄 = (100 𝑥 10 𝑉𝐴)sin(53.13)
𝑄 = 80 000 𝑣𝑎𝑟/ 80 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑟
Find B( 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ) = ?
𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠⍬
𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = cos(48.59)
𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.66
7. A load takes 50 kW at a power

factor of 0.8 lagging. Calculate the
apparent power and the reactive
power.
[62.5 kVA, 37.5 kvar]
Given:
P/ 𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 50 kW
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠⍬
= 0.8 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑆/𝐴𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = ?
𝑄/𝑅𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = ?
Solution:
𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = (𝑆)𝑐𝑜𝑠⍬
𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
S= 𝑐𝑜𝑠⍬
50 kW
S= 0.8 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
S = 62.5 𝑘𝑉𝐴/62.5 𝑥 103 𝑉𝐴
Find B(𝑄/𝑅𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ) = ?
Solve for ⍬;
𝑐𝑜𝑠⍬ = 0.80
⍬ = cos−1(0.80)
⍬ = 36.87 ◦
𝑄/𝑅𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛⍬
𝑄/𝑅𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑆𝑠𝑖𝑛⍬
𝑄/𝑅𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = (62.5 𝑥 103 𝑉𝐴)sin(36.87)

𝑄/𝑅𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 375 000 𝑣𝑎𝑟/ 37.5 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑟
8. A coil of resistance 400 Ω and 𝐷𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐼 2 𝑅

inductance 0.20 H is connected to
a 75 V, 400 Hz supply. Calculate 𝐷𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = (0.11675 𝐴)2 (400 Ω)
the power dissipated in the coil. 𝐷𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 5.452 𝑊
[5.452 W]
Given:
R = 400 Ω
𝐿 = 0.20 H
𝑉 = 75 V
𝑓 = 400 𝐻𝑧
𝑋𝐿 = ?
𝑍𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 = ?
𝐼=?
ɸ=?
Solution:
Find ( 𝐷𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ) = ?
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋(400 𝐻𝑧)(0.20 H)
𝑋𝐿 = 160π Ω
𝑍𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2
𝑍𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 = √(400 Ω)2 + (160π Ω)2
𝑍𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 642.39 Ω
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑉
𝐼 = (𝑍 )
𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙
75 𝑉
𝐼 = (642.39 Ω)
𝐼 = 0.11675 𝐴
𝑋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( 𝑅𝐿 )
160π Ω
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( 400 Ω )
160π Ω
ɸ = tan−1 ( 400 Ω )
ɸ = 51.49 ◦
9. An 80 Ω resistor and a 6 μF Find B(𝐼) = ?

capacitor are connected in series
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
across a 150V, 200 Hz supply.
Calculate: 𝐼 = (𝑍 )
𝑉
(b) the current flowing 150 𝑉
𝐼 = (154.9 Ω)
and
(c) the power dissipated 𝐼 = 0.968 𝐴
in the circuit.
[(a) 154.9 Ω]
[(b) 0.968 A]
Find B( 𝐷𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ) = ?
[(c) 75 W]
𝐷𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐼 2 𝑅
Given:
R = 80 Ω 𝐷𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = (0.968 𝐴)2 (80 Ω)
𝐶 = 6 μF /6 𝑥 10−6 𝐹 𝐷𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 75 𝑊
𝑉 = 150 V
𝑓 = 200 𝐻𝑧
𝑋𝐶 = ?
𝑍=?
𝐼=?
ɸ=?
Solution:
Find A(𝑍) = ?
1
1
𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋(200 𝐻𝑧)(6 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)
𝑋𝐶 = 132.63 Ω
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶2
𝑍 = √(80 Ω)2 + (132.63 Ω)2

𝑍 = 154.9 Ω
10. The power taken by a series 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿

circuit containing resistance and 𝑋𝐿
𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓
inductance is 240 W when (80 Ω)
connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz 𝐿 = 2𝜋(50 𝐻𝑧)
supply. If the current flowing is 𝐿 = 255 𝑚𝐻/ 255 𝑥 10−3 𝐻
2A, find the values of the
resistance and inductance.
[60 Ω, 255 mH]
Given:
𝑃/𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 240 W
𝑉 = 200 V
𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧
𝐼 =2𝐴
R=?
𝑍=?
𝑋𝐿 = ?
𝐿=?
Solution:
Find A(𝑅) = ?
𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐼 2 𝑅
𝑅 = 𝐼2
(240 𝑊)
𝑅 = (2 𝐴)2
𝑅 = 60 Ω
Find B(𝐿) = ?
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
𝑉
𝑍 = (𝐼 )
200 𝑉
𝑍 =( 2𝐴
)
𝑍 = 100 Ω
𝑍= √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2
𝑋𝐿 = √𝑍 2 − 𝑅 2
𝑋𝐿 = √(100 Ω)2 − (60 Ω)2
𝑋𝐿 = 80 Ω
11. The power taken by a C–R series Find B(𝑍) = ?

circuit, when connected to a 105
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
V, 2.5 kHz supply, is 0.9 kW and
the current is 15 A. 𝑍 = (𝐼 )
𝑉
Calculate:
(a) the resistance, 105 𝑉
𝑍 = ( 15 𝐴 )
(b) the impedance,
(c) the reactance, 𝑍 =7Ω
(d) the capacitance,
(e) the power factor, and
(f) the phase angle Find C(𝑋𝐶 ) = ?
between voltage and
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶2
current.
[(a) 4 Ω] 𝑋𝐶 = √𝑍 2 − 𝑅 2
[(b) 7 Ω] 𝑋𝐶 = √(7 Ω)2 − (4 Ω)2
[(c) 5.745 Ω] 𝑋𝐶 = 5.745 Ω/5.75 Ω
[(d) [11.08 μF]
[(e) 0.571] Find D(𝐶) = ?
[(f) 55.18◦ 1
leading]
1
𝐶
Given: 1
𝐶 = 2𝜋(2.5 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧)(5.745 Ω)
𝑉 = 105 V
𝐶 = 11.08 μF/ 11.08 𝑥 10−6 𝐹
𝑓 = 2.5 𝑘𝐻𝑧/2.5 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧
𝑃/𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 0.9 kW/0.9 𝑥 103 𝑊 Find E( 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ) = ?

𝑅
𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑍
𝐼 = 15 𝐴 4Ω
R=? 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
7Ω
𝑍=? 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.571
𝑋𝐶 = ?
𝐶=?
𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = ? Find E(ɸ) = ?
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 ⍬ = ?
𝑋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( 𝑅𝐶 )
Solution:
5.75 Ω
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( 4Ω
)
Find A(𝑅) = ? 5.75 Ω
ɸ = tan−1 ( 4Ω
)
𝐷𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 ɸ = 55.18 ◦
𝑅 = 𝐼2
(0.9 𝑥 103 𝑊)
𝑅 = (15 𝐴)2
𝑅 =4Ω
12. A circuit consisting of a resistor in Find B(ɸ) = ?

series with an inductance takes
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 ⍬ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ɸ = 0.6
210 W at a power factor of 0.6
from a 50 V, 100 Hz supply. = cos−1 (0.6)
Find:
(a) the current flowing, ɸ = 53.13 ◦ lagging
(b) the circuit phase angle,
(c) the resistance, Find C(𝑅) = ?
(d) the impedance and
(e) the inductance. 𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐼 2 𝑅
[(a) 7 A] 𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
[(b) 53.13◦ 𝑅 = 𝐼2
lagging] (210 𝑊)
[(c) 4.286 Ω] 𝑅 =
(7 𝐴)2
[(d) 7.143 Ω]
[(e) 9.095 mH] 𝑅 = 4.286 Ω
Given:
𝑃/𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 210 𝑊 Find D(𝑍) = ?
𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.6 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
𝑉 = 50 V
𝑉
𝑍 = (𝐼 )
𝑓 = 100 𝐻𝑧
50 𝑉
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠⍬ 𝑍 = ( 7𝐴 )
= 0.6
𝑍 = 7.143 Ω
𝐼 =?
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 ⍬ = ?
R=? Find E(𝐿) = ?
𝑍=? 𝑍= √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2
𝑋𝐿 = ?
𝑋𝐿 = √𝑍 2 − 𝑅 2
𝐿=?
𝑋𝐿 = √(7.143 Ω)2 − (4.286 Ω)2
Solution: 𝑋𝐿 = 5.71425 Ω
Find A(𝐼) = ? 𝐿
𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝑋
𝑇𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠⍬ (5.71425 Ω)

𝐿 = 2𝜋(100 𝐻𝑧)
I= 𝐿 = 9.095 𝑚𝐻/ 9.095 𝑥 10−3 𝐻
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠⍬
𝑇
I = 𝑉 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
(210 𝑊)
I = (50 𝑉)(0.6)
I =7𝐴
13. A 200 V, 60 Hz supply is applied to Find B(𝑍) = ?

a capacitive circuit. The current
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
flowing is 2 A and the power
dissipated is 150 W. Calculate the 𝑍 = (𝐼 )
𝑉
values of the resistance and
capacitance. 200 𝑉
𝑍 =( )
[37.5 Ω, 28 .61 μF] 2𝐴
𝑍 = 100 Ω
Given:
𝑉 = 200 V
𝑓 = 60 𝐻𝑧 𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶2
𝐼 = 2𝐴 𝑋𝐶 = √𝑍 2 − 𝑅 2
𝐷𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 150 𝑊 𝑋𝐶 = √(100 Ω)2 − (37.5 Ω)2
R=? 𝑋𝐶 = 92.7 Ω
𝑍=?
𝑋𝐶 = ? 1
𝐶=? 1
𝐶
1
Solution: 𝐶=
2𝜋(60 𝐻𝑧)(92.7 Ω)
𝐶 = 28.61 μF/ 28.61 𝑥 10−6 𝐹
Find A(𝑅) = ?
𝐷𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐼 2 𝑅
𝐷𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑅 = 𝐼2
(150 𝑊)
𝑅 =
(2 𝐴)2
𝑅 = 37.5 Ω
Exercise 88: Short answer questions on 3. What is inductive reactance? State

the symbol and formula for
single-phase a.c. circuits
determining inductive reactance.
1. Complete the following statements: Inductive reactance, is the

opposition of the flow of AC in an
(a) In a purely resistive a.c. circuit the inductive circuit.
current is in-phase with the Formula:
voltage. 𝑽𝑳
𝑿𝑳 = 𝑰𝑳
= 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑳 ; Ω
(b) In a purely inductive a.c. circuit
the current lags the voltage by 4. What is capacitive reactance?
State the symbol and formula for
90 degrees. determining capacitive reactance.
(c) In a purely capacitive a.c. circuit
Capacitive reactance, is the
the current leads the voltage by
opposition of the flow of AC in an
90 degrees. capacitive circuit.
2. Draw phasor diagrams to represent: Formula:

𝑽𝑪 𝟏
(a) a purely resistive a.c. circuit 𝑿𝑪 = = ;Ω
𝑰𝑪 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑪
5. Draw phasor diagrams to

represent:
(a) a coil (having both
inductance and
resistance), and
(b) a purely inductive a.c. circuit
(b) a series capacitive

circuit containing
resistance
(c) a purely capacitive a.c. circuit
6. What does ‘impedance’ mean 8. Draw an impedance triangle for

when referring to an a.c. circuit? an R–C circuit. From the triangle
derive an expression for:
(a) impedance, and
Impedance, is the ratio voltage
(V) to Current (I) in an a.c. circuit.
7. Draw an impedance triangle for

an R–L circuit. Derive from the
triangle an expression for:
(a) impedance, and
(b) phase angle.
(b) phase angle 9. What is series resonance?
When the value of the

Inductive Circuit is equal to the value
of the Capacitive Circuit, the applied
Voltage and Current are in phase.
10. Derive a formula for resonant

frequency fr in terms of L and C.
Find C = ?
𝟏
𝒇𝒓 = 𝟐𝝅√𝑳𝑪
𝟏
𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒓 =
√𝑳𝑪
𝟏 𝟐
(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒓 )𝟐 = ( )
√𝑳𝑪
𝟏
(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒓 )𝟐 =
𝑳𝑪
𝟏
𝑪 = (𝟐𝝅𝒇 𝟐𝑳
𝒓)
11. What does the Q-factor in a series 15. State two formulae which may be
circuit mean? used to calculate power in an a.c.
circuit.
Q-factor, functions as an
Formula:
assessor unto the quality of a circuit,
𝑷 = 𝑽𝑰𝒄𝒐𝒔⍬
like a resonator or tuning device.
𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹
12. State three formulae used to
calculate the Q-factor of a series 16. Show graphically that for a purely
circuit at resonance inductive or purely capacitive a.c.
circuit the average power is zero.
17. Define ‘power factor’.
13. State an advantage of a high

Power factor of an AC
Q-factor in a series high-frequency electrical power system is defined
circuit. as the ratio of the real power
absorbed by the load to the
Higher Q-factor(Pros): apparent power flowing in the
- Narrower circuit, and is a dimensionless
Bandwidth number in the closed interval of
- Circuit (More −1 to 1.
Selective)
- Useful in 18. Define: (a) apparent power
Communication
Apparent Power,
Engineering
quantifies the AC power that can
be calculated by multiplying the
14. State a disadvantage of a high Q-
r.m.s of the current to voltage.
factor in a series power circuit.
(b) reactive power.
Higher Q-factor(Cons):
Reactive Power,
- High Voltage
corresponds to storage and
(Dangerous)
retrieval of energy from
Across the
consumption, like enabling
Insulation
generators to generate electricity.
- Electrical
Breakdown
19. Define: (a) bandwidth

Bandwidth, is the
frequency of a signal that enables
to transfer energy but in a certain
gap/range.
(c) Selectivity
Selectivity, is the
ability of a circuit to respond
more freely to signals of a
particular frequency to which
it is tuned than to signals of
other frequencies.
Exercise 89: Multi-choice questions on 7. In a series a.c. circuit the voltage

across a pure inductance is 12V and
single-phase a.c. circuits
the voltage across a pure resistance is
5V. The supply voltage is _________.
1. An inductance of 10mH connected (a) 13 V (b) 17 V

across a 100V, 50Hz supply has an
(c) 7 V (d) 2.4 V
inductive reactance of ________.
(a) 10π Ω (b) 1000π Ω 8. Inductive reactance results in a
(c) π Ω (d) πH current that ___________.
(a) leads the voltage by 90◦
2. When the frequency of an a.c. circuit (b) is in phase with the voltage
containing resistance and inductance
(c) leads the voltage by π rad
is increased, the current __________.
𝝅
(a) decreases (b) increases (d) lags the voltage by rad
𝟐
(c) stays the same
9. Which of the following statements is

3. In question 2, the phase angle of the false?
circuit __________. (a) Impedance is at a minimum at
(a) decreases (b) increases resonance in an a.c. circuit
(c) stays the same (b) The product of r.m.s. current and
voltage gives the apparent power in
an a.c. circuit
4. When the frequency of an a.c. circuit (c) Current is at a maximum at
containing resistance and capacitance resonance in an a.c. circuit
is decreased, the current ___________. (d) Apparent power True power gives
power factor
(a) decreases (b) increases
(c) stays the same 10. The impedance of a coil, which has a
resistance of X ohms and an
inductance of Y henrys, connected
5. In question 4, the phase angle of the across a supply of frequency K Hz, is
circuit ___________. ___________.
(a) decreases (b) increases (a) 2πKY
(c) stays the same (b) X+Y
(c) √𝐗 𝟐 + 𝐘 𝟐
(d) √𝑋 2 + (2𝜋𝐾𝑌)2
6. A capacitor of 1μF is connected to a
50Hz supply. The capacitive reactance
is _________.
𝟏𝟎
(a) 50M Ω (b) 𝝅
𝒌Ω
𝜋 10
(c) 104 Ω (d) 𝜋
Ω
11. In question 10, the phase angle 16. The amplitude of the current I flowing
between the current and the applied in the circuit of Fig. 15.26 is:
voltage is given by __________. (a) 21 A (b) 16.8A
𝒀 2𝜋𝐾𝑌 (c) 28 A (d) 12 A
(a) 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝑿 (b) tan−1
𝑋
𝑋 2𝜋𝐾𝑌
(c) tan−1 2𝜋𝐾𝑌 (d) tan−1 𝑋
12. When a capacitor is connected to an

a.c. supply the current __________.
(a) leads the voltage by 180◦
(b) is in phase with the
voltage
𝜋
(c) leads the voltage by 2 rad
(d) lags the voltage by 90◦
13. When the frequency of an a.c. circuit

containing resistance and capacitance
is increased, the impedance __________.
17. If the supply frequency is increased at
(a) increases (b) decreases resonance in a series R–L–C circuit
(c) stays the same and the values of L, C and R are
constant, the circuit will become:
(a) capacitive (b) resistive
14. In an R–L–C series a.c. circuit a (c) inductive (d) resonant
current of 5A flows when the supply
voltage is 100V. The phase angle 18. ForthecircuitshowninFig.15.27, the
between current and voltage is 60◦ value of Q-factor is:
lagging. Which of the following (a) 50 (b) 100
statements is false? −4
(c) 5 × 10 (d) 40
(a) The circuit is effectively
inductive
(b) The apparent power is 500VA
(c) The equivalent circuit
reactance is 20 Ω
(d) The true power is 250W
15. A series a.c. circuit comprising a coil

of inductance 100mH and resistance 19. A series R–L–C circuit has a resistance
1and a 10μF capacitor is connected of 8 Ω, an inductance of 100mH and a
across a 10V supply. At resonance the capacitance of 5μF. If the current
p.d. across the capacitor is _________. flowing is 2A, the impedance at
(a) 10kV (b) 1kV resonance is:
(c) 100V (d) 10V (a) 160 Ω (b) 16 Ω
(c) 8 mΩ (d) 8 Ω
Exercise 90: Further problems on R–L

parallel a.c. circuits
1. A 30 Ω resistor is connected in
parallel with a pure inductance of 3
mH across a 110 V, 2 kHz supply.
Calculate:
Find A(𝐼𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝐿 ) = ?
(a) the current in each branch,
(b) the circuit current, 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 𝑅
(c) the circuit phase angle, 𝑉
(d) the circuit impedance, 𝐼𝑅 = ( )
𝑅
(e) the power consumed, and
110 𝑉
(f) the circuit power factor. 𝐼𝑅 = ( )
30 Ω
[(a) 𝐼𝑅 =3.67 A,
𝐼𝐿 =2.92 A] 𝐼𝑅 = 3.67 𝐴
[(b) 4.69 A]
[(c) 38.51◦ lagging] 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
[(d) 23.45 Ω] 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋(2 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧)(3 𝑥 10−3 𝐻)
[(e) 404 W] 𝑋𝐿 = 12𝜋 Ω
[(f) 0.782 lagging]
Given: 𝑉 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑋𝐿
R = 30 Ω 𝑉
𝐶 = 3 𝑚𝐻/ 3 𝑥 10−3 𝐻 𝐼𝐿 = (𝑋 )
𝐿
𝑉 = 110 V 110 𝑉
𝐼𝐿 = ( 12𝜋 Ω )
𝑓 = 2 𝑘𝐻𝑧/ 2 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧
𝐼𝐿 = 2.92 𝐴
𝐼𝑅 = ?
𝑋𝐿 = ?
𝐼𝐿 = ?
𝐼 =? Find B(𝐼) = ?
ɸ=? 𝐼 = √𝐼𝑅2 + 𝐼𝐿2
𝑍 =?
𝑃 =? 𝐼 = √(3.67 A)2 + (2.92 A)2
𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = ? 𝐼 = 4.69 𝐴
Find C(ɸ) = ?
Solution:
𝐼
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = (𝐼𝐿 )
𝑅
2.92 A
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = (3.67 𝐴)
2.92 A
ɸ = tan−1 (3.67 𝐴)
Find D(𝑍) = ?
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
𝑉
𝑍 = (𝐼 )
110 𝑉
𝑍 = (4.69 𝐴)
𝑍 = 23.45 Ω
Find E(𝑃) = ?
𝑃 = 𝐼𝑅 2 𝑅
𝑃 = (3.67 𝐴)2 (30 Ω)

𝑃 = 404 W
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠⍬
𝑃 = (110 𝑉)(4.69 𝐴)cos(38.51)
𝑃 = 404 𝑊
Find F( 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ) = ?
𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ɸ
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (38.51)
𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.782 lagging
2. A 40 Ω resistance is connected in Find (𝐿) = ?

parallel with a coil of inductance L
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 𝑅
and negligible resistance across a
200V, 50Hz supply and the supply 𝑉
𝐼𝑅 = (𝑅)
current is found to be 8A. Sketch the
phasor diagram and determine the 200 𝑉
𝐼𝑅 = ( 40 Ω )
inductance of the coil.
[102mH] 𝐼𝑅 = 5 𝐴
Given:
R = 40 Ω 𝐼 = √𝐼𝑅2 + 𝐼𝐿2
𝑉 = 200 V 𝐼𝐿 = √𝐼 2 − 𝐼𝑅2
𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧 𝐼𝐿 = √(8 A)2 − (5 A)2
𝐼𝐿 = 6.24 𝐴
𝐼 =8A
𝐼𝑅 = ?
𝐼𝐿 = ? 𝑉 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑋𝐿
𝐿 =? 𝑉
𝑋𝐿 = (𝐼 )
𝐿
Solution: (2𝜋𝑓𝐿) = (𝐼 )
𝑉
𝐿
𝑉
𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐼
𝐿
200 𝑉
𝐿 = 2𝜋(50 𝐻𝑧)(6.24 𝐴)
𝐿 = 102 𝑚𝐻/ 102 𝑥 10−3 𝐻

Exercise 91: Further problems on R–C Solution:

parallel a.c. circuits
1. A 1500 nF capacitor is connected in

parallel with a 16 Ω resistor across a
10 V, 10 kHz supply.
Calculate:
(a) the current in each branch,
(b) the supply current,
(c) the circuit phase angle,
(d) the circuit impedance,
(e) the power consumed,
(f) the apparent power, and
(g) the circuit power factor.
Sketch the phasor diagram.
Find A(𝐼𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝐿 ) = ?
[(a) 𝐼𝑅 = 0.625 𝐴,
𝐼𝐶 = 0.943 𝐴] 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 𝑅
[(b) 1.131 A]
𝑉
[(c) 56.46◦ leading] 𝐼𝑅 = (𝑅)
[(d) 8.84 Ω]
10 𝑉
[(e) 6.25 W] 𝐼𝑅 = ( )
16 Ω
[(f) 11.31 VA]
[(g) 0.553 leading] 𝐼𝑅 = 0.625 𝐴
Given:
1
𝐶 = 1500 𝑚𝐻/ 1500 𝑥 10−9 𝐻 𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
R = 16 Ω
𝑉 = 10 V 1
𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋(10 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧)(1500 𝑥 10−9 𝐻)
𝑓 = 10 𝑘𝐻𝑧/ 10 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧
𝑋𝐶 = 10.61 Ω
𝐼𝑅 = ?
𝑋𝐶 = ?
𝐼𝐶 = ? 𝑉 = 𝐼𝐶 𝑋𝐶
𝐼 =?
𝑉
ɸ=? 𝐼𝐶 = (𝑋 )
𝐶
𝑍 =?
10 𝑉
𝑃 =? 𝐼𝐶 = (10.61 Ω)
𝑆 =?
𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = ? 𝐼𝐶 = 0.943 𝐴
Find B(𝐼) = ? Find F(𝑃) = ?

𝑆 = 𝑉𝐼
𝐼 = √𝐼𝑅2 + 𝐼𝐶2
𝑆 = (10 𝑉)(1.131 𝐴)
𝐼 = √(0.625 A)2 + (0.943 A)2
𝐼 = 1.131 𝐴 𝑆 = 11.31 𝑉𝐴
Find C(ɸ) = ?
Find G( 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ) = ?
𝐼
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = (𝐼𝐶 ) 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ɸ
𝑅
0.943 A
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = (0.625 𝐴) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (56.46)
0.943 A 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.553 leading

ɸ = tan−1 (0.625 𝐴)
ɸ = 56.46 ◦ leading
Find D(𝑍) = ?
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
𝑉
𝑍 =( )
𝐼
10 𝑉
𝑍 = (1.131 𝐴)
𝑍 = 8.84 Ω
Find E(𝑃) = ?
𝑃 = 𝐼𝑅 2 𝑅
𝑃 = (0.625 𝐴)2 (16 Ω)
𝑃 = 6.25 W
𝑃 = (10 𝑉)(1.131 𝐴)cos(56.46)
𝑃 = 6.25 𝑊
2. A capacitor C is connected in parallel 𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠⍬

with a resistance R across a 60 V, 100
𝐼𝑅 = (0.6 𝐴)cos(36.87)
Hz supply. The supply current is 0.6 A
at a power factor of 0.8 leading. 𝐼𝑅 = 0.48 𝐴
Calculate the value of R and C.
[R=125 Ω, C=9.55μF]
𝐼𝐶 = 𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛⍬
Given:
𝑉 = 60 V 𝐼𝐶 = (0.6 𝐴)sin(36.87)
𝑓 = 100 𝐻𝑧 𝐼𝐶 = 0.36 𝐴
𝐼 = 0.6 A
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = cos ⍬
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 𝑅
= 0.8 leading
𝑉
𝐼𝑅 = ? 𝑅 = (𝐼 )
𝑅
𝐼𝐶 = ?
R=? 60 𝑉
𝑅 = (0.48 𝐴)
𝑋𝐶 = ?
𝐶=? 𝑅 = 125 Ω
Solution:
Find B(𝐶) = ?
𝑉 = 𝐼𝐶 𝑋𝐶
𝑉
𝑋𝐶 = (𝐼 )
𝐶
1 𝑉
( ) =( )
2𝜋𝑓𝐶 𝐼𝐶
(𝐼𝐶 ) = (2𝜋𝑓𝐶𝑉)
𝐶𝐼
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑉
0.36 𝐴
𝐶 = 2𝜋(100 𝐻𝑧)(60 𝑉)
𝐶 = 9.55 µ𝐹/ 9.55 𝑥 10−6 𝐹

Find A(𝑅) = ?
𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ɸ = 0.8 leading
= cos−1(0.8)
𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 36.87 ◦ leading
Exercise 92: Further problems on L–C parallel

a.c. circuits
1. An inductance of 80 mH is connected
in parallel with a capacitance of 10μF
across a 60V, 100Hz supply. Find A(𝐼𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝐿 ) = ?
Determine:
1
(a) the branch currents, 𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
(b) the supply current,
1
(c) the circuit phase angle, 𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋(100 𝐻𝑧)(10 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)
(d) the circuit impedance and
(e) the power consumed 𝑋𝐶 = 159.155 Ω
[(a) 𝐼𝐶 = 0.377 𝐴,
𝐼𝐿 = 1.194 𝐴]
[(b) 0.817 A] 𝑉 = 𝐼𝐶 𝑋𝐶
[(c) 90◦ lagging]
𝑉
[(d) 73.44 Ω] 𝐼𝐶 = (𝑋 )
𝐶
[(e) 0 W]
60 𝑉
Given: 𝐼𝐶 = (159.155 Ω)
𝐿 = 80 𝑚𝐻/ 80 𝑥 10−3 𝐻
𝐶 = 10 µ𝐹/ 10 𝑥 10−6 𝐹 𝐼𝐶 = 0.377 𝐴
𝑉 = 60 V
𝑓 = 100 𝐻𝑧
𝑋𝐿 = ?
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋(100 𝐻𝑧)( 80 𝑥 10−3 𝐻)
𝐼𝐿 = ?
𝑋𝐶 = ? 𝑋𝐿 = 16𝜋 Ω
𝐼𝐶 = ?
𝐼 =?
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 ⍬ = ? 𝑉 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑋𝐿
Z=?
𝑉
𝑃 =? 𝐼𝐿 = ( 𝑋 )
𝐿
Solution: 60 𝑉
𝐼𝐿 = (16𝜋 Ω)
𝐼𝐿 = 1.194 𝐴
Find B(𝐼) = ?
𝐼 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝐶
𝐼 = (1.194 𝐴) − (0.377 𝐴)
𝐼 = 0.817 𝐴
Find C(𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 ⍬) = ?
Based on the circuit diagram;
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 ⍬ = 90 ◦ lagging
Find D(𝑍) = ?
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
𝑉
𝑍 =( )
𝐼
60 𝑉
𝑍 = (0.817 𝐴)
𝑍 = 73.44 Ω
Find E(𝑃) = ?
𝑃 = (60 𝑉)(0.817 𝐴)cos(90)
𝑃 =0𝑊
2. Repeat Problem 1 for a supply 𝑉 = 𝐼𝐶 𝑋𝐶

frequency of 200 Hz. 𝑉
[(a) 𝐼𝐶 = 0.754 𝐴, 𝐼𝐶 = (𝑋 )
𝐶
𝐼𝐿 = 0.597 𝐴]
60 𝑉
[(b) 0.157 A] 𝐼𝐶 = (79.577 Ω)
[(c) 90◦ leading]
[(d) 382.2 Ω] 𝐼𝐶 = 0.754 𝐴
[(e) 0 W]
Given:
𝐿 = 80 𝑚𝐻/ 80 𝑥 10−3 𝐻 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
𝐶 = 10 µ𝐹/ 10 𝑥 10−6 𝐹
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋(200 𝐻𝑧)( 80 𝑥 10−3 𝐻)
𝑉 = 60 V
𝑋𝐿 = 32𝜋 Ω
𝑓 = 200 𝐻𝑧
𝑋𝐿 = ?
𝐼𝐿 = ? 𝑉 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑋𝐿
𝑋𝐶 = ?
𝑉
𝐼𝐶 = ? 𝐼𝐿 = ( 𝑋 )
𝐿
𝐼 =?
60 𝑉
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 ⍬ = ? 𝐼𝐿 = (32𝜋 Ω)
Z=?
𝑃 =? 𝐼𝐿 = 0.597 𝐴
Solution:
Find B(𝐼) = ?
𝐼 = 𝐼𝐶 − 𝐼𝐿
𝐼 = (0.754 𝐴) − (0.597 𝐴)
𝐼 = 0.157 𝐴
Find C(𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 ⍬) = ?
Find A(𝐼𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝐿 ) = ? Based on the circuit diagram;

1 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 ⍬ = 90 ◦ leading
𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
1
𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋(200 𝐻𝑧)(10 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)
Find D(𝑍) = ?
𝑋𝐶 = 79.577 Ω
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
𝑉
𝑍 = (𝐼 )
60 𝑉
𝑍 = (0.157 𝐴)
𝑍 = 382.2 Ω
Find E(𝑃) = ?
𝑃 = (60 𝑉)(0.157 𝐴)cos(90)
𝑃 =0𝑊
Exercise 93: Further problems on LR–C parallel Solution:

a.c. circuit
1. A coil of resistance 60 Ω and inductance

318.4 mH is connected in parallel with a 15
μF capacitor across a 200 V, 50 Hz supply.
Calculate:
(a) the current in the coil,
(b) the current in the capacitor,
(c) the supply current and its
phase angle,
(d) the circuit impedance,
(e) the power consumed,
(f) the apparent power and
(g) the reactive power.
Find A(𝐼𝐿𝑅 ) = ?
Sketch the phasor diagram.
[(a) 1.715 A]
[(b) 0.943 A] 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋(50 𝐻𝑧)(318.4 𝑥 10−6 𝐻)
[(c) 1.028 A at
𝑋𝐿 = 100 Ω
30.88◦ lagging]
[(d) 194.6 Ω]
[(e) 176.5 W]
[(f) 205.6 VA] 𝑍𝐿𝑅 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2
[(g) 105.5 var]
Given: 𝑍𝐿𝑅 = √(60 Ω)2 + (100 Ω)2
𝑅 = 60 Ω
𝑍𝐿𝑅 = 20√34 Ω
𝐿 = 318.4 𝑚𝐻/ 318.4 𝑥 10−3 𝐻
𝐶 = 15 µ𝐹/ 15 𝑥 10−6 𝐹
𝑉 = 200 V 𝑋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( 𝐿 )
𝑅
𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧
100 Ω
𝑋𝐿 = ? 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( )
60 Ω
𝑍𝐿𝑅 = ? 100 Ω
ɸ =? ɸ = tan−1 ( )
60 Ω
𝐼𝐿𝑅 = ?
𝑋𝐶 = ? ɸ = 59.04 ◦ lagging
𝐼𝐶 = ?
𝐻𝐶𝑇 / ∑ 𝑓(𝑥) = ?
𝑉𝐶𝑇 / ∑ 𝑓(𝑦) = ? 𝑉 = 𝐼𝐿𝑅 𝑍𝐿𝑅
𝐼 =? 𝑉
𝐼𝐿𝑅 = ( )
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 ɸ = ? 𝑍𝐿𝑅
Z=? 200 𝑉
𝑃 =? 𝐼𝐿𝑅 = (20 )
√34 Ω
𝑆 =?
𝐼𝐿𝑅 = 1.715 𝐴
𝑄 =?
Find B(𝐼𝐶 ) = ?
1
𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
1
𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋(50 𝐻𝑧)(15 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)
𝑋𝐶 = 212.2 Ω
Find D(𝑍) = ?
𝑉 = 𝐼𝐶 𝑋𝐶 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
𝑉 𝑉
𝐼𝐶 = ( ) 𝑍 =( )
𝑋𝐶 𝐼
200 𝑉 200 𝑉
𝐼𝐶 = (212.2 Ω) 𝑍 = (1.028 𝐴)
𝐼𝐶 = 0.943 𝐴, that is leading at 90◦ 𝑍 = 194.6 Ω

Find E(𝑃) = ?
Find C(𝐼) = ? 𝑃 = 𝐼𝐿𝑅 2 𝑅
∑ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐼𝐿𝑅 cos ɸ + 𝐼𝐶 cosɸ 𝑃 = (1.715 𝐴)2 (60 Ω)
= (1.715 𝐴) cos(58.04) + (0.943 𝐴)cos(90) 𝑃 = 176.5 W
∑ 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.8823 𝐴
∑ 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝐼𝐿𝑅 sin ɸ + 𝐼𝐶 sinɸ 𝑃 = (200 𝑉)(1.028 𝐴)cos(30.88)
= (−1.715 𝐴) sin(58.04) + (0.943 𝐴)sin(90)
𝑃 = 176.5 𝑊
∑ 𝑓(𝑦) = −0.5277 𝐴
Find F(𝑆) = ?
𝐼= √[∑ 𝑓(𝑥)]2 + [∑ 𝑓(𝑦)]2 𝑆 = 𝑉𝐼
𝐼 = √(0.8823 𝐴)2 + (−0.5277 𝐴)2 𝑆 = (200 𝑉)(1.028 𝐴)
𝐼 = 1.028 𝐴 𝑆 = 205.6 𝑉𝐴
∑ 𝑓(𝑦)
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = (∑ 𝑓(𝑥)) Find G(𝑄) = ?
−0.5277 𝐴
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( 0.8823 𝐴 )
𝑄 = (𝑆)𝑠𝑖𝑛⍬
0.943 A
ɸ= tan−1 ( ) 𝑄 = (205.6 𝑉𝐴)sin(30.88)
0.625 𝐴
ɸ = | − 30.88| ◦ lagging
𝑄 = 105.5 𝑣𝑎𝑟
2. A 25 nF capacitor is connected in parallel Solution:

with a coil of resistance 2 kΩ and
inductance 0.20 H across a 100 V, 4 kHz
supply.
Determine:
(a) the current in the coil,
(b) the current in the capacitor,
(c) the supply current and its
phase angle (by drawing a
phasor diagram to scale, and
also by calculation),
(d) the circuit impedance, and
(e) the power consumed
[(a) 18.48 mA]
[(b) 62.83 mA]
[(c) 46.17m A at Find A(𝐼𝐿𝑅 ) = ?
81.49◦ leading]
[(d) 2.166 kΩ]
[(e) 0.683 W] 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋(4 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧)(0.20 𝐻)
Given: 𝑋𝐿 = 1 600𝜋 Ω
−9
𝐶 = 25 𝑛𝐹/25 𝑥 10 𝐹
𝑅 = 2 𝑘Ω/2 𝑥 103 Ω
𝐿 = 0.20 𝐻 𝑍𝐿𝑅 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2
𝑉 = 100 V
𝑍𝐿𝑅 = √(2 𝑥 103 Ω)2 + (1600𝜋 Ω)2
𝑓 = 4 𝑘𝐻𝑧/4 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧
𝑍𝐿𝑅 = 5 410 Ω
𝑋𝐿 = ?
𝑍𝐿𝑅 = ?
ɸ =? 𝑋
𝐼𝐿𝑅 = ? 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( 𝐿 )
𝑅
𝑋𝐶 = ? 1 600π Ω
𝐼𝐶 = ? 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( 2 𝑥 103 Ω )
𝐻𝐶𝑇 / ∑ 𝑓(𝑥) = ? 1 600π Ω
𝑉𝐶𝑇 / ∑ 𝑓(𝑦) = ? ɸ = tan−1 ( )
2 𝑥 103 Ω
𝐼 =?
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 ɸ = ? ɸ = 68.30 ◦ lagging
Z=?
𝑃 =?
𝑆 =? 𝑉 = 𝐼𝐿𝑅 𝑍𝐿𝑅
𝑄 =? 𝑉
𝐼𝐿𝑅 = ( 𝑍 )
𝐿𝑅
100 𝑉
𝐼𝐿𝑅 = (5 410 Ω)
𝐼𝐿𝑅 = 18.48 𝑚𝐴/18.48 𝑥 10−3 𝐴

Find B(𝐼𝐶 ) = ? ∑ 𝑓(𝑦)

𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = (∑ )
𝑓(𝑥)
1
𝑋𝐶 = 45.66 𝑚𝐴
2𝜋𝑓𝐶 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ɸ = ( )
6.833 𝑚𝐴
1
𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋(4 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧)(25 𝑥 10−9 𝐹) 45.66 𝑚𝐴
ɸ = tan−1 ( )
6.833 𝑚𝐴
𝑋𝐶 = 1 591.55 Ω ɸ = 81.49 ◦ leading
𝑉
𝐼𝐶 = ( )
𝑋𝐶
100 𝑉
𝐼𝐶 = (1 591.55 Ω)
𝐼𝐶 = 62.83 𝑚𝐴/62.83 𝑥 10−3 𝐴,

Find D(𝑍) = ?
that is leading at 90◦
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍
𝑉
𝑍 = (𝐼 )
Find C(𝐼) = ?
100 𝑉
∑ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐼𝐿𝑅 cos ɸ + 𝐼𝐶 cosɸ 𝑍 = (46.17 𝑥 10−3 𝐴)
= (18.48 𝑚𝐴) cos(68.3) + (62.83 𝑚𝐴)cos(90) 𝑍 = 2 166 Ω/2 166 𝑥 10−3 Ω

∑ 𝑓(𝑥) = 6.833 𝑚𝐴/6.833 𝑥 10−3 𝐴 Find E(𝑃) = ?
𝑃 = 𝐼𝐿𝑅 2 𝑅
∑ 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝐼𝐿𝑅 sin ɸ + 𝐼𝐶 sinɸ 𝑃 = (18.48 𝑥 10−3 𝐴)2 (2 𝑥 103 Ω)
= (−18.48 𝑚𝐴) sin(68.3) + (62.83 𝑚𝐴)sin(90)
𝑃 = 0.683 W
∑ 𝑓(𝑦) = 45.66 𝑚𝐴/45.66 𝑥 10−3 𝐴
𝐼= √[∑ 𝑓(𝑥)]2 + [∑ 𝑓(𝑦)]2 𝑃 = (100 𝑉)(46.17 𝑥 10−3 𝐴)cos(81.49)
𝐼 = √(6.833 𝑚𝐴)2 + (45.66 𝑚𝐴)2 𝑃 = 0.683 𝑊
𝐼 = 46.17 𝑚𝐴/45.17 𝑥 10−3 𝐴

Exercise 94: Further problems on parallel Find B( 𝐼𝐶𝐼𝑅𝐶 ) = ?

resonance and Q-factor 𝑉 = 𝐼𝐶𝐼𝑅𝐶 𝑋𝐶
𝑉
𝐼𝐶𝐼𝑅𝐶 = 𝑋
𝐶
1. A 0.15 μF capacitor and a pure 𝑉
inductance of 0.01 H are connected in 𝐼𝐶𝐼𝑅𝐶 = 1
( )
2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝐶
parallel across a 10V, variable frequency
supply. 𝐼𝐶𝐼𝑅𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝐶𝑉
Determine:
𝐼𝐶𝐼𝑅𝐶 = 2𝜋(4 109 𝐻𝑧)(0.15 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)(10 𝑉)
(a) the resonant frequency
of the circuit, and 𝐼𝐶𝐼𝑅𝐶 = 38.74 mA/38.74 𝑥 10−3 𝐴
(b) the current circulating
in the capacitor and
inductance. 𝑉 = 𝐼𝐶𝐼𝑅𝐶 𝑋𝐿
[(a) 4.11 kHz]
𝑉
[(b) 38.74 mA] 𝐼𝐶𝐼𝑅𝐶 =
𝑋𝐿
𝑉
𝐼𝐶𝐼𝑅𝐶 = (2𝜋𝑓 𝐿)
Given: 𝑟
10 𝑉
𝐶 = 0.15 µ𝐹/0.15 𝑥 10−6 𝐹 𝐼𝐶𝐼𝑅𝐶 = 2𝜋(4 109 𝐻𝑧)(0.01 𝐻)
𝐿 = 0.01 𝐻
𝐼𝐶𝐼𝑅𝐶 = 38.74 mA/38.74 𝑥 10−3 𝐴
𝑉 = 10 V
𝑓𝑟 = ?
𝐼𝐶𝐼𝑅𝐶 = ?
Solution:
1 1 𝑅2
𝑓𝑟 = 2𝜋 √𝐿𝐶 − 𝐿2
@R = 0 Ω
1 1
𝑓𝑟 = 2𝜋 √(0.01 𝐻)(0.15 𝑥 10−6 𝐹) − 0
𝑓𝑟 = 4 109 𝐻𝑧/4.11𝑘𝐻𝑧
2. A 30 μF capacitor is connected in parallel 1 𝑅2

(2𝜋𝑓𝑟 )2 = − 2
𝐿𝐶 𝐿
with a coil of inductance 50 mH and
unknown resistance R across a 120V, 𝑅2 1
𝐿2
= 𝐿𝐶 − (2𝜋𝑓𝑟 )2
50Hz supply. If the circuit has an overall
power factor of 1, 𝐿
𝑅 2 = 𝐶 − (2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝐿)2
Find:
(a) the value of R, 𝐿
𝑅 = √ − (2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝐿)2
𝐶
(b) the current in the coil, and
50 𝑥 10−3 𝐻
𝑅= √ − [2𝜋(50 𝐻𝑧)50 𝑥 10−3 𝐻]2
30 𝑥 10−6 𝐹
(c) the supply current.
𝑅 = 37.68 Ω
[(a) 37.68 Ω]
[(b) 2.94 A]
[(c) 2.714 A]
Find B(𝐼𝐿𝑅 ) = ?
Given:
−6
𝐶 = 30 µ𝐹/30 𝑥 10 𝐹
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋(50𝐻𝑧)(50 𝑥 10−3 𝐻)
𝐿 = 50 𝑚𝐻/50 𝑥 10−3 𝐻
𝑋𝐿 = 5𝜋 Ω
𝑉 = 120 V
𝑓𝑟 = 50 Hz
𝑅 =? 𝑍𝐿𝑅 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2
𝑋𝐿 = ?
𝑍𝐿𝑅 = ? 𝑍𝐿𝑅 = √(37.68 Ω)2 + (5𝜋 Ω)2
𝐼𝐿𝑅 = ?
𝑍𝐿𝑅 = 40.824 Ω
𝐼𝑅 = ?
Solution:
𝑉 = 𝐼𝐿𝑅 𝑍𝐿𝑅
𝑉
𝐼𝐿𝑅 = ( )
𝑍𝐿𝑅
120 𝑉
𝐼𝐿𝑅 = (40.824 Ω)
𝐼𝐿𝑅 = 2.94 𝐴
Find A(𝑅) = ?
1 1 𝑅2
𝑓𝑟 = 2𝜋 √𝐿𝐶 − 𝐿2
1 𝑅2
2𝜋𝑓𝑟 = √𝐿𝐶 − 𝐿2
2
1 𝑅2
(2𝜋𝑓𝑟 )2 = (√𝐿𝐶 − )
𝐿2
Find C( 𝐼𝑅 ) = ?
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 𝑅𝐷
𝑉
𝐼𝑅 = 𝑅
𝐷
𝑉
𝐼𝑅 = 𝐿
( )
𝐶𝑅
𝐶𝑅𝑉
𝐼𝑅 = 𝐿
(30 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)(37.68 Ω)(120 𝑉)

𝐼𝑅 = (50 𝑥 10−3 𝐻)
𝐼𝑅 = 2.714 𝐴
3. A coil of resistance 25 Ω and inductance Find B(𝑅𝐷 ) = ?

150 mH is connected in parallel with a 𝐿
10 μF capacitor across a 60 V, variable 𝑅𝐷 = 𝐶𝑅
frequency supply.
(150 𝑥 10−3 𝐻)
Calculate: 𝑅𝐷 = (10 𝑥 10−6 𝐹)(25 Ω)
(a) the resonant frequency,
(b) the dynamic resistance, 𝑅𝐷 = 600 Ω
(c) the current at resonance
and,
(d) the Q-factor at resonance. Find C( 𝐼𝑅 ) = ?
[(a) 127.2 Hz]
[(b) 600 Ω]
[(c) 0.10 A] 𝑉
𝐼𝑅 = 𝑅
[(d) 4.80] 𝐷
(60 𝑉)
𝐼𝑅 =
(600 Ω)
Given:
𝐼𝑅 = 0.1 𝐴
𝑅 = 25 Ω
𝐿 = 150 𝑚𝐻/150 𝑥 10−3 𝐻
𝐶 = 10 µ𝐹/10 𝑥 10−6 𝐹 Find D(𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ) = ?
𝑉 = 60 V 2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝐿
𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑅
𝑓𝑟 = ?
𝑅𝐷 = ? 2𝜋(127.2 𝐻𝑧)(150 𝑥 10−3 𝐻)
𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = (25 Ω)
𝐼𝑅 = ?
𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = ? 𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 4.80
Solution:
1 1 𝑅2
𝑓𝑟 = √ −
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶 𝐿2
1 1 (25 Ω)2
𝑓𝑟 = √ −3 − (150
2𝜋 (150 𝑥 10 𝐻)(10 𝑥 10−6 𝐹) 𝑥 10−3 𝐻)2
𝑓𝑟 = 127.2 𝐻𝑧
4. A coil having resistance R and inductance 𝐿

𝑅 2 = 𝐶 − (2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝐿)2
80 mH is connected in parallel with a
5 nF capacitor across a 25 V, 3 kHz 𝐿
𝑅 = √𝐶 − (2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝐿)2
supply.
Determine for the condition when 80 𝑥 10−3 𝐻
𝑅= √ − [2𝜋(3 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧)80 𝑥 10−3𝐻]2
the current is a minimum: 5 𝑥 10−9 𝐹
(a) the resistance R of the

𝑅 = 3 705 Ω/ 3.705 𝑘Ω
coil,
(b) the dynamic resistance,
(c) the supply current, and
Find B(𝑅𝐷 ) = ?
(d) the Q-factor.
[(a) 3.705 kΩ] 𝑅𝐷 = 𝐶𝑅
𝐿
[(b) 4.318 kΩ]
[(c) 5.79 mA] (80 𝑥 10−3 𝐻)
𝑅𝐷 = (5 𝑥 10−9 𝐹)(3 705 Ω)
[(d) 0.41]
𝑅𝐷 = 4 318 Ω/ 4.318 𝑘Ω
Given:
𝐿 = 80 𝑚𝐻/80 𝑥 10−3 𝐻 Find C( 𝐼𝑅 ) = ?

𝐶 = 5 𝑛𝐹/5 𝑥 10−9 𝐹
𝑉 = 25 V
𝑉
𝐼𝑅 = 𝑅
𝑓𝑟 = 3 𝑘𝐻𝑧/3 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧 𝐷
𝑅 =? (25 𝑉)
𝑅𝐷 = ? 𝐼𝑅 = (4 318 Ω)
𝐼𝑅 = ?
𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = ? 𝐼𝑅 = 5.79 𝑚𝐴/5.79 𝑥 10−3 𝐴
Solution: Find D(𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ) = ?

𝑋𝐿
𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
Find A(𝑅) = ? 𝑅
(2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝐿)
1 1 𝑅2
𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑅
𝑓𝑟 = √ −
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶 𝐿2
2𝜋(3 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧)(80 𝑥 10−3 𝐻)
𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = (3 705 Ω)
1 𝑅2
𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.41
2
1 𝑅2
(2𝜋𝑓𝑟 )2 = (√ − 2 )
𝐿𝐶 𝐿
1 𝑅2
(2𝜋𝑓𝑟 )2 = −
𝐿𝐶 𝐿2
𝑅2 1
𝐿2
= 𝐿𝐶 − (2𝜋𝑓𝑟 )2
5. A coil of resistance 1.5 kΩ and 0.25H 1 𝑅2

(2𝜋𝑓𝑟 )2 = − 2
𝐿𝐶 𝐿
inductance is connected in parallel with a
variable capacitance across a 10 V, 8 kHz 1 𝑅2
𝐿𝐶
= 𝐿2
+ (2𝜋𝑓𝑟 )2
supply.
Calculate: 1
𝐶= 𝑅2
(a) the capacitance of the { +𝐿(2𝜋𝑓𝑟 )2 }
𝐿
capacitor when the
1
supply current is a 𝐶= (1.5 𝑥 103 Ω)2
{ +0.25 𝐻[2𝜋(8 𝑥 103 𝐻𝑧)]2 }
minimum, (0.25 𝐻)
(b) the dynamic 𝐶 = 1 561 𝑝𝐹/1 561 𝑥 10−12 𝐹

resistance, and
(c) the supply current.
[(a) 1561 pF] Find B(𝑅𝐷 ) = ?
[(b) 106.8 kΩ]
𝐿
[(c) 93.66 μA] 𝑅𝐷 = 𝐶𝑅
(0.25 𝐻)
𝑅𝐷 = (1 561 𝑥 10−12 𝐹)(1.5 𝑥 103 Ω )
Given:
𝑅 = 1.5 𝑘Ω/1.5 𝑥 103 Ω 𝑅𝐷 = 106 769 Ω/ 106.8 𝑘Ω

𝐿 = 0.25 𝐻
𝑉 = 10 V
Find C( 𝐼𝑅 ) = ?
3
𝑓𝑟 = 8 𝑘𝐻𝑧/8 𝑥 10 𝐻𝑧
𝐶 = 5 𝑛𝐹/5 𝑥 10−9 𝐹
𝑅𝐷 = ? 𝑉
𝐼𝑅 = 𝑅
𝐷
𝐼𝑅 = ?
(10 𝑉)
𝐼𝑅 = (106 769 Ω)
Solution:
𝐼𝑅 = 93.66 µ𝐴/93.66 𝑥 10−6 𝐴
Find A(𝐶) = ?
1 1 𝑅2
𝑓𝑟 = 2𝜋 √𝐿𝐶 − 𝐿2
1 𝑅2
2
1 𝑅2
(2𝜋𝑓𝑟 )2 = (√𝐿𝐶 − )
𝐿2
6. A parallel circuit as shown in Fig. 16.11 is [(f) 38 μA]

tuned to resonance by varying
[(g) 7.60 mW]
capacitance C. Resistance, 𝑅 = 30 Ω ,
inductance, 𝐿 = 400 𝜇𝐻, and the supply
voltage, 𝑉 = 200 𝑉, 5 𝑀𝐻𝑧.
Given:
𝑅 = 30 Ω
𝐿 = 400 µ𝐻/400 𝑥 10−6 𝐻
𝑉 = 200 V
𝑓𝑟 = 5 𝑀𝐻𝑧/5 𝑥 106 𝐻𝑧
𝐶=?
𝑍𝐷 = ?
Calculate: 𝐼𝑅 = ?
Bandwidth = ?
(a) the value of C to give 𝐼𝐶 = ?
𝐼𝐿𝑅 = ?
resonance at 5 MHz,
𝐼𝑅 = ?
(b) the dynamic 𝑃 =?
impedance, Solution:
(c) the Q-factor,
Find A(𝐶) = ?
(d) the bandwidth,
1 1 𝑅2
(e) the current in each 𝑓𝑟 = 2𝜋 √𝐿𝐶 − 𝐿2
branch, 1 𝑅2
(f) the supply current, and
2
(g) the power dissipated )2
1 𝑅2
(2𝜋𝑓𝑟 = (√𝐿𝐶 − 𝐿2
)
at resonance.
1 𝑅2
[(a) 2.533 pF] (2𝜋𝑓𝑟 )2 = − 2
𝐿𝐶 𝐿
[(b) 5.264 MΩ] 1 𝑅2

𝐿𝐶
= 𝐿2
+ (2𝜋𝑓𝑟 )2
[(c) 418.9] 1
𝐶= 𝑅2
[(d) 11.94 kHz] { +𝐿(2𝜋𝑓𝑟 )2 }
𝐿
1
[(e) 𝐼𝐶 = 15.915∠90 ◦ 𝑚𝐴, 𝐶= (30 Ω)2
{ +400 𝑥 10−6 𝐻[2𝜋(5 𝑥 106 𝐻𝑧)]2 }
(400 𝑥 10−6𝐻)
𝐼𝐿𝑅 = 15.915∠ −
𝐶 = 2.533 𝑝𝐹/2.533 𝑥 10−12 𝐹
89.863 ◦ 𝑚𝐴 ]
Find B( 𝑍𝐷 ) = ? For Inductive Branch Current ;

𝐿 𝑉 = 𝐼𝐿𝑅 𝑍𝐿𝑅
𝑍𝐷 = 𝐶𝑅
𝑉
(400 𝑥 10−6 𝐻) 𝐼𝐿𝑅 = 𝑍
𝑍𝐷 = (2.533 𝑥 10−12 𝐹)(30 Ω) 𝐿𝑅
𝑉
𝑍𝐷 = 5.264 𝑀Ω/5.264 𝑥 106 Ω 𝐼𝐿𝑅 = (𝑅+𝑋
𝐿 𝑖)
(200 𝑉)∠0°
𝐼𝐿𝑅 = {(30 Ω)+[2𝜋(5 𝑥 106 𝐻𝑧)(400 𝑥 10−6 𝐻)]𝑖}
Find C(𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ) = ? 200 𝑉∠0°
𝐼𝐿𝑅 =
𝑋𝐿 30 Ω +12 566.3706𝑖
𝑅 200 𝑉∠0°
𝐼𝐿𝑅 =
(2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝐿) 12 566.4064∠89.863°
𝑅
𝐼𝐿𝑅 = 15.915∠ − 89.863°mA
2𝜋(5 𝑥 106 𝐻𝑧)(400 𝑥 10−6 𝐻)
(30 Ω)
400
π/ 418.9 Find F(𝐼𝑅 ) = ?
3
V = 𝐼𝑟 𝑍𝐷
𝑉
Find D(𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ) = ? 𝐼𝑟 = 𝑍
𝐷
𝑓𝑟 (200 𝑉)
(𝑓2 − 𝑓1 ) = 𝐼𝑟 =
𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (5.264 𝑥 106 Ω)
(5 𝑥 106 𝐻𝑧) 𝐼𝑟 = 38 µ𝐴/38 𝑥 10−6 𝐴

(𝑓2 − 𝑓1 ) = (418.9)
(𝑓2 − 𝑓1 ) = 11 936 𝐻𝑧/ 11.94 𝑘𝐻𝑧

𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝐿𝑅
𝐼𝑅 = (15.915∠90°𝑚𝐴) + (15.915∠ − 89.863°mA)
Find E(𝐼𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝐿𝑅 ) = ? 𝐼𝑅 = 38∠0.07°µ𝐴

For Capacitive Branch Current ;
Find G(𝑃) = ?
𝑉
𝐼𝐶 =
𝑋𝐶 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠⍬
𝑉
𝐼𝐶 = 1 𝑃 = (200 𝑉)(38 𝑥 10−6 𝐴)cos(0.07)
( )
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝑃 = 7.6 𝑚𝑊/7.6 𝑥 10−3 𝑊
𝐼𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶𝑉
𝐼𝐶 = {2𝜋(5 𝑥 106 𝐻𝑧)(2.533 𝑥 10−12𝐹)}∠ − 90°[200 𝑉∠0°]
𝐼𝐶 = 15.915∠90°𝑚𝐴

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Name: Paulines, Hanz Xyryll A.

Section: BS ECE2-2 Subject: Physics 2s Plate: 6

Exercise 76: Further problems on frequency

Find A(𝑇1 ) = ? Find A(𝑓1 ) = ?

Find B(𝑇2 ) = ? Find B(𝑓2 ) = ?

Find C(𝑇3 ) = ? Find C(𝑓3 ) = ?

3. An alternating current completes 4

Exercise 77: Further problems on a.c. Find (Instantaneous Values) = ?

Given: rms = 4.0 𝐴

2. For the waveforms shown in Fig. Solution:

(iii) 2.87A (iv) 1.15 𝐴 = 0.0125 𝑉

Given (B): Find (Form f) = ?

3. An alternating voltage is Find (rms) = ?

4. An alternating e.m.f .varies with Solution:

The negative half cycle is identical

Given: Find C(𝑇125 𝑉 ) = ?

5. Calculate the r.m.s. value of a 7. Plot a sine wave of peak value

8. A sinusoidal voltage has a Find B(rms) = ?

9. A sinusoidal current has a mean

Find A(𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒) = ?

Max Value = 23.55 𝐴

3. A sinusoidal current has a

4. An alternating voltage v has a −75

-75 = 200 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (Φ)

5. The voltage in an alternating

Find A(𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 @ 20𝑉 ) = ?

Find B(𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 @−30𝑉 ) = ?

6. The instantaneous value of Solution:

𝑓= ? Phase 𝝷 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟗𝟕° lag

Find D(𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 @ 60𝑉 ) = ? Find E(𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 @−40𝑉 ) = ?

𝑣 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟓𝟎𝛑𝐭 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑) 𝑡𝜋 = 25.95 𝑚𝑠

Find F(𝑃𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 @ 100𝑉 ) = ?

Exercise 79: Further problems on the 2. Repeat Problem 1 using

Using both since and cosine

Using Sine rule: Using Sine rule:

b. The relative position of

Using both since and cosine

3. Construct a phasor diagram to By Cosine rule:

By Measuring and scaling;

Find the Angle Difference = ?

Solution: Therefore, 𝑖1 −𝑖2 = 88.88 sin(ωt+0.751)

7. The voltage drops across two Find B(𝑟𝑚𝑠) = ?

Note: Complex Numbers is also applicable for

8. If the supply to a circuit is 25 sin Find B(𝑓) = ?

9. The voltages across three Solution:

𝜋 𝑣 = [(30∠ − 30°) + (40∠45°) + (50∠60°]

Exercise 80: Short answer 4. The time to complete one

1. Brieﬂy explain the principle of 5. What is frequency? Name its

3. What is the difference

10. What is the mean value of a 14. Complete the statement:

15. A sinusoidal current is given

Rms = 0.707 x Maximum Value Im = Amplitude of a Current

For sine wave:

17. Draw an appropriate circuit 19. Explain, with a diagram, how

18. Explain, with a diagram, how The 𝑹𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 is

20. Explain a simple method of

Exercise 81: Multi-choice questions on 5. Which of the following statements is

8. State which of the following is false.

10. An alternating voltage is given by

11. The number of complete cycles of an

12. 12. A rectiﬁer conducts:

Exercise 82: Further problems on

purely inductive and