Final Research Paper FRFR NGL 1

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III
Schools Division of Cabanatuan City
CABANATUAN CITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Developing a Mycelium-Based Insulated Lunch Bag as an Alternative to Plastic-

Based
Lars Allen G. Lorenzo
Jae Lawrence P. Ancheta
Erika T. Angeles
Princess Kyla Q. Calico
Janille E. Castillo
Acel John P. Mapoy
John Carlo E. Santos
A Research Paper
Presented to the Faculty of
Cabanatuan City Senior High School
In Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
July 2023
Table of Contents
Contents Page
TITLE PAGE i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
List of Figures iv
List of Tables v
ABSTRACT ix
INTRODUCTION 1
Review of Related Literature and Studies 3
Statement of the Problem 6
Hypothesis 7
Significance of the Study 8
Scope and Delimitation 9
Definition of Terms 10
METHODOLOGY 12
Research Design 12
Conceptual Framework 13
Materials 14
Population and Sampling 14
Data Gathering 16
General Procedure 17
Statistical Treatment 20
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 21

ii
CONCLUSION 44
RECOMMENDATIONS 45
REFERENCES 47
APPENDICES 49
CURRICULUM VITAE 58
iii
List of Figures
Figure No. Pages
1.
Conceptual Framework 13
2.
General Procedure of the Study 17
iv
List of Tables
Table No. Pages
1.
Materials used in the Study 14
2.
Sample used in the Study 15
3.
Likert’s Scale Used for Interpretation of the 20
Evaluation of the Respondents
4.
Respondents’ description on Mycelium-Based Insulator 22
and Commercially Available Insulator in Terms of Odor and
its Weighted Mean
5.
and Commercially Available Insulator in Terms of Size and
its Weighted Mean
6.
and Commercially Available Insulator in Terms of structure
and its Weighted Mean
7.
Respondents’ description on Mycelium-Based Insulator and 26

v
Commercially Available Insulator in Terms of Weight
8.
and Commercially Available Insulator in Terms of Cost
9.
and Commercially Available Insulator in Terms of
Environment Conservation and its Weighted Mean
10.
Mycelium-Based Lunch Bag and Plastic-Based 30
Lunch Bag in Terms of Food Preservation
11.
and Commercially Available Insulator in Terms of
Durability and its Weighted Mean
12.
and Commercially Available Insulator in Terms of Water Resistance
13.
Cost of Analysis of Mycelium-Based 34

vi
Insulator
14.
Comparison of Selling Price of the 35
Mycelium-Based Insulator and the
Commonly Used Polystyrene Insulator in
accordance to their Net Weight
15.
T-test result of Mycelium-Based Insulator 36
and Polystyrene based on odor
16.
and Polystyrene based on size
17.
and Polystyrene based on Structure
18.
and Polystyrene based on weight
19.
and Polystyrene based on cost
20.

vii
and Polystyrene based on Environment Conservation
21.
and Polystyrene based on durability
22.
and Polystyrene based on water resistance
viii
Abstract
Pleurotus Ostreatus, also known as Oyster mushroom, is one of the most common
edible mushrooms that can be grown in the Philippines. While others may think
mushrooms are only for food consumption and some are poisonous, they can also be an
insulation material. Mushrooms produces mycelium that acts as defense mechanism and
enables the fungal to thrive. This substance can be used to grow strong and compostable
building bricks. In this study entitled “Developing a Mycelium-Based Insulated Lunch
Bag as an Alternative to Plastic-Based,” the researchers used a quantitative approach to
achieve the purpose of the study, to determine how the mycelium-based lunch bag can
serve as an effective alternative to plastic-based lunch bag in terms of odor, size,
structure, weight, price, material, hours, durability, and water resistance.
In the production of the Mycelium-Based lunch bag, the researchers gathered all
the necessary materials including tools that help in structuring the insulator, achieving its
brick-like form. The researchers used surveys in the form of questionnaires in gathering
the data. Based on the results from the data gathering conducted it is concluded that there
is no significant difference between the Mycelium-Based lunch bag and Plastic-Based
lunch bag in terms of odor, size, structure, and weight. In conclusion, it was found that
mycelium-based lunch bags is an effective alternative in terms of material, hours,
durability, and water resistance. However, less marketable than plastic-based.
Keywords: insulation, mycelium, lunch bag, odor, size, structure, weight, brick-
like, marketable, plastic-based
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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III
Schools Division of Cabanatuan City
Developing a Mycelium-Based Insulated Lunch Bag as an Alternative to Plastic-
Based
Mycelium has been studied and is still being studied as researchers theorized that
it has the potential to replace plastic completely. Although there have been many
researches including the one done by Magical Mushroom Company, wherein the
company is gathering experts to study this topic, there has yet to be a complete success
on how mycelium will be able to replace plastic. In relation to this subject according to
Kala Hunter (2019), mycelium has a physical structure that gives it strength and
durability that can replace single-use plastic packaging. This means it could be part of the
solution to some of the world’s most pressing problems.
The increasing plastic consumption caused by the continuous usage of
commercially available plastic-based insulators has been a significant concern for the
researchers. Instead of being broken down by bacteria, plastics broke down over time by
a process known as “photodegradation”, in which UV light from the sun gradually
reduces the plastic to tiny bits. Nevertheless, landfills by their nature make it difficult to
accomplish this. The sun barely has time to reach rubbish before another layer of earth or
trash is added since landfills are compacted and layered with soil each day to make place
for more waste (Emmanuelle Gammage, 2022). These plastic-based materials forming
insulated bags were not only non-biodegradable but also caused severe harm to the
environment.
Polystyrene foam, also called styrofoam, is a good and cheap material and has a
lot of advantages but is harmful not only to the environment but also to humans and
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animals. There were environmental concerns caused by these plastics such as entering
into the ocean and other environmental realms, and it does not go away for a long time.
Worse yet, it disassembles into its component little cells, which float away and can be
consumed by aquatic and marine creatures. A lot of styrofoam waste does go into
landfills. Styrofoam is notoriously hard to recycle, and not accepted by most municipal
recycling programs. Styrofoams are hazardous for consumption. If someone swallowed
it, especially a kid, it would probably not hurt them as long as it passes through. The
styrene monomer used to make it is suspected of causing cancer and other health issues,
and trace amounts of styrene may leach into your meals (Joseph A. Davis 2019).
Commercially available thermal bags are typically made of plastic materials, such
as styrofoam, polyethylene, polyurethane, and polypropylene. These materials are often
not recycled and are non-biodegradable, and therefore pose a significant threat to the
environment. Additionally, Cabanatuan City experiences hot weather conditions which
can accelerate the decomposition of food products. As a result, there is a need for a more
sustainable alternative to the conventional plastic-based lunch bags; In response to this
issue, the researchers have developed an innovative solution by using mycelium as a
building component to design a product out of biomaterial.
The production of mycelium-based insulated lunch bags was not only to provide
an alternative insulation material but also to promote sustainable living practices. It offers
a viable solution to the environmental challenges posed by the continuous usage of non-
biodegradable insulators. The utilization of mushrooms as the primary material in the
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production process has made it possible to create an insulator that is both cost-effective
and eco-friendly.
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This part provides insights about the methods involved in the study. Material and
sources such as published and unpublished books, thesis and dissertation. The following
are the related literature and studies that served as a basis in conducting the study.
The consumption of packed school lunches has not been thoroughly researched in
terms of children’s nutrition. Most research conducted in the United States concentrates
on the meals provided in school through the National School Lunch Program (NSLP).
The in-home packed lunches that are available in a wide range are generally less
nutritious than the carefully regulated in-school meals (Thomas et al., 2023).
Packed school lunches offer a wider range of food choices than in school means,
which follow a set menu provided by the school. The selection of food for a child’s
packed lunch is heavily influenced by the level of communication between the parent and
child (Lindquist et al., 2021). Parents and adults are mainly responsible for deciding what
to pack in a home-made lunch (Vollmer, 2019).
Bringing packed lunches can offer a speedy, nutritious, and affordable meal
option for families. Whether you are a student, work in an office, or are traveling, it's
essential to prioritize food safety by taking care to keep perishable items at the correct
temperature while preparing and transporting them. This can be achieved by ensuring that
the food stays cold from the table to the lunchroom. There are numerous container
3
options available, including backpacks with nested containers, metal lunch boxes, paper
bags, and insulated bags, providing a wide range of choices to suit various preferences
and needs (Craig, 2018).
Most industrially manufactured products, such as construction and packaging
materials, are no longer recyclable and are harmful to the environment. During
manufacture, shipping, and destruction, the use of these traditional materials consumes
energy, depletes natural resources, and pollutes the air, land, and water bodies. The
fabrication of construction materials accounted for 8 to 10% of total global carbon
dioxide emissions (Nikeima et al., 2022).
Mycelium, the root structure of mushrooms, can now be used to replace non-
sustainable materials like plastic, synthetic materials, and products derived from animals
(Viana, 2021). Mycelium is grown on semi-hydrophobic substrates like cotton waste
products like leaves, sticks, and burs, as well as other inexpensive agricultural waste
products like switchgrass, rice straw, sorghum stalks, flax shives, kenaf, and hemp. The
mycelium gives the mixture its structural binding properties by producing chitin and
structural oligosaccharides based on beta-glucan, which bind the bulk agricultural
materials into a composite board or complex shape that can replace non-renewable
resource materials like Styrofoam and polyurethane foams (Islam et al., 2018).
There are two reasons why mycelium makes a good binding substance. The first is
that the composite is self-supporting because the mycelium literally grows through and
around bio-based particles like wood chips, breaking down the chips and building a
framework around them in a manner much how concrete sets over gravel. In its second
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state, the matrix can be heated and compressed much like traditional chemical glues
before chemical bonds are formed, boosting the material's strength and density. The end
result is a stronger-than-concrete building material that is water, mold, and fire resistant.
Additionally, it is organic, compostable, and simple to shape into any needed shape
(Jones et al., 2020).
Mycelium composites have a considerable fire safety benefit over conventional
synthetic insulation materials, like the highly flammable polystyrene and polyurethane
foams. Even mycelium composites made of non-silica substrates are more fire resistant
than these foams, with composites made of silica sources such rice hulls and glass fines
being far more fire resistant than synthetic foams and even wood products like plywood,
softwood, and hardwood. Only phenol formaldehyde resin foams, which have great fire
resistance, exceed silica containing mycelium composites in terms of fire resistance
(Jones et al., 2020).
Mycelium composites' moisture uptake (40-580 wt%), which is significantly
higher compared to polystyrene (0.03-9 wt%), polyurethane (0.01-72 wt%), and phenolic
formaldehyde resin (1-15 wt%) foams and could pose a serious issue in leaky wall or roof
cavities, is their biggest disadvantage for insulation applications. While regular hardwood
also exhibits strong water absorption qualities (5-190 wt%) in addition to substantial form
changes, such as warping, it nevertheless absorbs less water than mycelium composites.
This is true even of plywood, which has a significant moisture uptake capability (5-49 wt
%). Mycelium composites do not offer significant termite resistance, which could be an
issue in places where termites are a problem, much like untreated wood goods. However,
5
it should be emphasized that synthetic foam, like polystyrene, is also susceptible to
termite damage and that termites have been known to build nests inside foam (Jones et
al., 2020).
In particular, Mycelium composites are ideally suited for heat and applications for
acoustic insulation that show comparable or lower thermal compared to market thermal
insulating materials, conductivities, and acoustic absorption of at least 70%–75%,
superior to conventional ceiling plywood, polyurethane foams, and tiles. Despite all
these, mycelium composite materials are becoming increasingly researched and
commercialized, and their useful material properties make them an emerging efficient,
affordable, and environmentally sustainable technology with the potential to significantly
contribute to the future of green building.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to develop mycelium-based insulated lunch bag as an alternative
to plastic-based. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. How may the alternative Mycelium-Based lunch bag be described in terms of:
1.1 Odor;
1.2 Size;
1.3 Structure; and
1.4 Weight?
2. How may the effectiveness of Mycelium-Based lunch bag be described in terms of:
6
2.1 Price;
2.2 Materials;
2.3 Hours; and
2.4 Costing
3. Is there a significant difference between mycelium-based lunch bag and plastic-based
lunch bag in terms of:
3.1 Durability; and
3.2 Water Resistance?
Research Hypothesis
This study aims to develop and produce an insulated lunch bag made of mycelium
of Oyster mushroom. The following hypothesis was formulated based on the objectives
of the study and will be investigated using the given set of guidelines.
1. The mycelium-based insulated lunch bag is not an effective alternative to plastic-
based.
2. There is no significant difference between mycelium-based lunch bag and plastic-
based lunch bag in terms of:
2.1 Durability; and
2.2 Water Resistance.
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8
Significance of the Study
This study aimed to develop alternative insulated lunch bag using the mycelium
of a mushroom that helps in maintaining desired temperature of foods - allowing it to be
preserved longer than with normal bags or storage. The results of these are beneficial for
the following:
to the Vendors. The findings of the study will benefit outside and street vendors
by maintaining the quality of their products for a longer period of time, than when using
ordinary food containers.
to the Students. This study will help the students to store food contents at a close
temperature. It will allow hot food and beverages to stay hot, and cold items cold during
school hours.
to the Field Employees. This study will be beneficial to people who spend an 8-
working hour away from their offices or homes. Using the mycelium thermal bag, their
food will be able to maintain its temperature, allowing it to be preserved longer.
to the Travelers. This study will help travelers lower the deterioration rate of the
packed food. This product will make it more convenient for travelers to store foods free
from outside conditions such as weather.
to Outdoor enthusiasts. This study will help people enjoy hiking, camping and
other outdoor activities to store packed and cooked food products.
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to the Future Researchers. The results and findings of this study can be utilized
as a reference for future research that have a similar study, and serve as additional
information about mycelium as an insulator.
Scope and Delimitation
This study focused on the development of alternative insulated lunch bag. A
sample of 56 Grade 11 students of Cabanatuan City Senior High School, 10 vendors and
5 tailors in Cabanatuan City were used to determine its effectiveness as alternative
product. This will investigate the potential market for mushroom lunch bags in schools,
the possible packaging and design options, and the overall satisfaction of students with
the mushroom-based product. This study will not be focusing on the degradation, fire and
extreme cold resistance of the product, and portability. The mushrooms were acquired
mainly from mushroom plantations in Central Luzon State University, Science City of
Munoz. The researchers conducted this research as a step in replacing plastic-based
insulators in the production of thermal bags. The testing and evaluation of the insulated
lunch bag will be conducted during the School Year 2022-2023.
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Definition of Terms
For a better understanding of this study, the following terms are defined in
accordance to how they are utilized in the study.
aerobically. Refers to something occurring only in the presence of oxygen or air.
anaerobically. It is something occurring with the absence of oxygen.
compacted. Something closely packed together or dense.
consumed. Refers to the process of consuming or using.
decomposition. It is a process of decaying, rotting, or expiring.
degrade. Means to break down or deteriorate chemically.
insulated lunch bag. It is a container composed of outer layer made of a tough
plastic fabric like polyester that can be hard to stain or tear and water resistant inner
layer.
insulator. Something that reduces, blocks, or lessen the transfer of heat or cold
from one place to another
leach. To drain from something.
lead time. It is the time when the process starts and ends.
mycelium. It is the root-like structure of a fungus.
mycelium-based. An object made out of vegetative portion of a mushroom.

11
noise pollution. Refers to the harmful or annoying level of noise.
performance. Is the action or process of performing a task or function.
photodegradation. It is the alteration of materials by light.
polystyrene foam. Is a type of plastic that is soft or foamy.
polyethylene. A type of plastic that is commonly used as packaging.
polyurethane. A material that also belongs to the family of polymers.
polypropylene. Is a type of thermoplastic with relatively low melting point.
sequestering. Meaning to isolate or hide away.
substrate. Is the surface or material on or from which an organism lives, grows,
or obtains its nourishment.
synthetic. Are materials that are made artificially by combining two or more
components together.
sustainability. Is the ability to be maintained at a certain rate.
thermal insulation. Is the reduction of heat transfer between objects in thermal
contact or in range of radiative influence.
waste. It is trash, or garbage.
water-resistant. It is the capacity of an object to resist the penetration of water.
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Methodology
This part shows various methodologies that were used in data gathering and
analysis which are relevant in the study. This includes methodologies such as research
design, conceptual framework, lists of materials used, population and sampling, data
gathering technique, procedure, and statistical treatment. The researchers used a
quantitative approach which uses quantifiable data in analysis and data interpretations.
Research Design
The study entitled “Developing a Mycelium-Based Insulated Lunch Bag as An
Alternative to Plastic-Based” is a descriptive research aimed to solve problems related to
degradation of food due to outside weather conditions. As stated by Siedlecki (2020),
descriptive design describes the characteristics of the sample and the variables, and
identifies existing problems within the population. Quantitative approach was used to
measure variables using a numerical system, these data are analyzed using a range of
statistical models, and the relationship between the variables are reported.
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Conceptual Framework
Dependent Variable
Rice Straw
Moderating Variable
Plaster
Mycelium Insulator
Independent Variable
Mycelia
Extraneous Variable
Temperature and
Humidity
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework for the mycelium-based lunch bag development will
assist researchers in defining relative variables and drawing reliable conclusions. The
framework depicts the subject, the Mycelium Insulator, and its relationship to other
variables, including the dependent, moderating, independent, and extraneous variables.
14
Materials
Table 1
Material used in the Study
Materials Quantity
Oyster Mushroom Spawn 1 cup
Rice Straw 300 grams
Plaster 200 grams
Cling Wrap 120x180 millimeter
Molder 4 pieces (114x170 millimeter)
Black Canvas 1 yard
Fabric Glue 50 milligram
Thread ¼ roll
Zipper 1 pieces (12 inches)
Silverback Fabric 1 yard
The main materials used for the insulator are Oyster Mushroom Spawn, Rice
Straw, and Plaster. The rice straw was used as a guide for where the mycelium was
supposed to grow, while plaster was used as a hardening agent and cling wrap to cover
the top of the molder. The outer black canvas fabric, threads, and silverback water
resistant cloth are used to cover the insulator sewn to produce a durable lunch bag.
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Population and Sampling

The respondents of the study are Grade 11 Students in Cabanatuan City Senior High
School, Vendors and Tailors in Cabanatuan City. Simple random sampling was the
technique used to obtain the sample size where each member of the population has an
equal chance of being selected. As defined by Hayes (2023), as a subset of a statistical
population where each member has an equal chance of being chosen, simple random
sampling is the most suitable sampling method to utilize.
The sample size of 71 respondents were chosen in terms of compatibility with the
research study as the primary users of lunch bags, derived and computed using the risk-
based sample size formula. Simple random sampling was used to ensure unbiased,
representative, and equal probability of the population.
Table 2
Sample used in the Study
No Section No. of Samples Percentage

.
1 11 STEM- Mendel 1 1%
2 11 STEM- Dalton 23 33%
3 11 STEM- Tesla 16 23%
4 12 ABM- Sy 4 6%
5 11 HUMSS- Rousseau 5 7%
6 11 HUMSS- Dilthey 7 9%
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No Job/Specialty No. of Samples Percentage

.
1 Vendors 10 14%
2 Tailor 5 7%
Total 71 100%
Data Gathering Technique

The researchers developed the questionnaires thoroughly and effectively to serve its
intended respondents. Data for this study were gathered by the researchers using a hard-
copy survey questionnaire composed of close-ended questions which are related to the
respondent’s perception regarding the alternative product relevant to the research study.
The questions were selected by the researchers to ensure that they will provide all the
necessary data for the study. Additionally, these questions have been carefully examined to
ensure the validity and changed to address all of the errors present in each question. Likert
scale was utilized to determine the respondent’s agreement or disagreement in a statement.
After the approval of the survey by the research adviser and the school principal, copies
were distributed to the 56 Grade 11 students of Cabanatuan City Senior High School, 10
Vendors and 5 Tailors in Cabanatuan City. The data collection will run for two consecutive
days inside the school locale.
The data gathered from the survey were computed and interpreted according to the
frequency of answers supplied by the respondents. Along with personal information such
as grade level, section, and age. In order to safeguard the integrity and objectivity of the
entire survey, the researchers took steps to ensure that the identity and personal
information of each respondent remained confidential.

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General Procedure
Problem Identification Evaluation Interpretation of Data

Effectivity of Mycelium- Gathered
Synthesize results of the
Based Lunch Bag as an survey. Tabulate the results and
alternative to Plastic- compute for Weighted
Based Mean
Implementation
Data Collection Assembling and Conclusion
Gathering Information disassembling of materials Draw conclusion from the
about the study Distribution of survey findings of the study
questionnaires
Planning
Preparation
Identify the sample
Assesing and selection of
technique to be used and
materials
obtain sample size.
Figure 2. General Procedure of the Study
Step-by-Step Procedure
Problem Identification. This phase is where the researchers thought of the
feasibility of developing an insulated lunch bag as an effective alternative to commercially
available one.
Data Collection. Looked for related studies that may help in the development of
the Mycelium-Based lunch bag. Data about the environmental risk of continuous usage of
polystyrene. Find related literature on how mycelium can be used to replace non-
sustainable materials like plastic.
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Planning. The researchers conducted a survey in Cabanatuan City Senior High
School in Cabanatuan City. The target sample size of 71 respondents will represent the
population. Simple Random Sampling is used.
Preparation. The researchers assessed the materials to be used in the production of
Mycelium-Based lunch bag. The listing of possible questions and construction of
questionnaires.
Implementation. The researchers provided all the materials: Oyster mushroom
spawn, rice straw, plaster, cling wrap, molder, fabric, fabric glue, thread, zipper, and water
resistance cloth. Boil the rice straw for 1 hour and 30 minutes. Sanitize all the containers
that will be used as molder for the insulator. Squeeze the rice straw. Add the 10%
mushroom spawn and rice husk. Put 2 tablespoon of plaster and mix. Cover the top part of
the container using cling wrap. Poke the cling wrap using a pin enough for required 65%
humidity. Store the mushroom insulator in a dark and well humid place with ideal
temperature of 25˚C. One to two weeks until it forms a brick-like structure. After the
drying period, place the brick inside the oven for 45 minutes with 80˚C temperature. This
will kill the spawn and prevent it from growing. Pressed and placed inside a water
resistance cloth. Sewn all together creating a pattern of durable lunch bag.
Evaluation. Organizing data gathered from the survey conducted. Asked
respondents of their point of view of the mycelium-based lunch bag compared to the
commercially available one.
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Interpretation of Data. The tabulation of data obtained from the response of the
samples. The researchers used likert scale to determine the weighted mean and t-Test was
used to compare the marketability of the mycelium-based lunch bag and plastic-
based. Various testing is present such as durability testing and hydrostatic head test.
Conclusion. Listing of all the conclusions and recommendations from the findings.
The researchers accepted the null hypothesis.
Statistical Treatment
The data collected, and the answered questionnaires are tabulated, compared, and
analyzed, for the means of comparing the effectiveness of Mycelium-based Insulated
Lunch Bag and Polystyrene-based. Weighted mean was utilized in the analysis of the
survey, while T-test was used in comparing the variables - mycelium and polystyrene
lunch bag. These methods were used for its compatibility with the type of research
conducted.
Table 3
Likert’s Scale Used for Interpretation of the Evaluation of the Respondents
Degree Verbal Interpretation Ranges
4 Strongly Agree 3.25 – 4.00
3 Agree 2.50 – 3.24
2 Disagree 1.75 – 2.49
1 Strongly Disagree 1.00 – 1.74
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Results and Discussions
This research study aimed to develop a Mycelium-Based Insulated lunch bag as

an alternative to Plastic-Based which effectively help maintain temperature of food
content, reduces plastic usage, and maximizes the production and reproduction of
mushrooms. This part provides detailed analysis of data obtained from the respondents
presented in tabular form followed by textual interpretation.
Table 4
Respondent description on Mycelium-Based Lunch Bag and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag in

Terms of Odor and its Weighted Mean
Odor
Mycelium-Based Lunch Bag Plastic-Based Lunch Bag
Questions Weighted Verbal Questions Weighted Verbal

Mean Interpretation Mean Interpretation
1. The 1. The
inside of 3.04 Agree inside of 2.80 Agree
Mycelium Plastic-
-Based Based
lunch bag lunch bag
has a mild has a mild
smell. smell.
2. The 2. The
odor can 2.65 Agree odor can 2.82 Agree
contamina contamina
te the food te the food
content content
inside. inside.
Average Total
Weighted 2.85 Agree Weighted 2.82 Agree
Mean Mean
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Table 4 presents the responses of each question stated in terms of the odor of the
Mycelium-Based and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag. The first question got a weighted mean
of 3.04, which has the verbal interpretation of Agree - This means that the respondents
agree that the Mycelium-Based lunch bag has a mild smell. The same goes to Plastic-
Based which have the weighted mean of 2.80 - meaning the respondents also Agree. The
second question got a weighted mean of 2.65 - which has the verbal interpretation of
Agree - This means that the respondents agree that the odor of Mycelium-Based lunch
bag can contaminate food content inside. The same goes to the Plastic-Based which has a
weighted mean of 2.82, meaning the respondents also agree that the odor of Plastic-Based
can contaminate food inside.
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Table 5

Terms of Size and its Weighted Mean
Size

1. The size 1. The size

of the 3.24 Agree of the 3.16 Agree
Mycelium Plastic-
-Based Based
lunch bag lunch bag
is spacious is spacious
to fit your to fit your
lunch box. lunch box.
2. It has 2. It has
standard 3.31 Strongly Agree standard 3.22 Agree
size for size for
everyday everyday
school school
use. use.
Average Average
Weighted 3.27 Strongly Weighted 3.19 Agree
Mean Agree Mean
Table 5 presents the responses of each question stated in terms of the size of the
Mycelium-Based and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag. The first question got a weighted mean of
3.24, which has the verbal interpretation of Agree - This means that the respondents agree
that the Mycelium-Based lunch bag is spacious enough to fit lunch boxes. The same goes
to Plastic-Based which have the weighted mean of 3.16 - meaning the respondents also
Agree. The second question got a weighted mean of 3.31 - which has the verbal
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interpretation of Strongly Agree - This means that the respondents strongly agree that
Mycelium-Based lunch bag has a standard size. On the other hand, the Plastic-Based got a
weighted mean of 3.22, which means the respondents agree that the Plastic-Based has a
standard size.
Table 6

Terms of Structure and its Weighted Mean
Structure

1. The 1. The
Mycelium 3.48 Strongly Agree Plastic- 3.26 Strongly Agree
-Based Based
lunch bag lunch bag
is handy. is handy.
2. It has 2. It has
strong 3.38 Strongly Agree strong 3.15 Agree
supporting supporting
base to base to
carry food carry food
contents. contents.
Average Average
Mean Agree Mean
Table 6 presents the responses of each question stated in terms of the structure of
the Mycelium-Based and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag. The first question got a weighted mean
of 3.48, which has the verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree - This means that the
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respondents strongly agree that the Mycelium-Based lunch bag is handy. The same goes to
Plastic-Based which have the weighted mean of 3.26 - meaning the respondents also
Strongly Agree. The second question got a weighted mean of 3.38 - which has the verbal
interpretation of Strongly Agree - This means that the respondents strongly agree that the
Mycelium-Based lunch bag has a strong supporting base. On the other hand, the Plastic-
Based got a weighted mean of 3.15, which means the respondents agree that the Plastic-
Based has a strong supporting base.
26
Table 7

Terms of Weight and its Weighted Mean
Weight

1. The 1. The
Mycelium- 3.37 Strongly Agree Plastic- 3.29 Strongly Agree
Based lunch Based
bag is lunch bag
lightweight. is
lightweigh
t.
2. It is 2. It is
convenient 3.51 Strongly Agree convenient 3.22 Agree
to carry for to carry
everyday for
use. everyday
use.
Average Average
Weighted 3.44 Strongly Weighted 3.26 Strongly Agree
Mean Agree Mean
Table 7 presents the responses of each question stated in terms of the weight of
the Mycelium-Based and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag. The first question got a weighted mean
of 3.37, which has the verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree - This means that the
respondents strongly agree that the Mycelium-Based lunch bag is lightweight. The same
goes to Plastic-Based which have the weighted mean of 3.29 - meaning the respondents
also Strongly Agree. The second question got a weighted mean of 3.51 - which has the
27
verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree - This means that the respondents strongly agree
that the Mycelium-Based lunch bag is convenient to carry for everyday use. On the other
hand, the Plastic-Based got a weighted mean of 3.22, which means the respondents agree
that the Plastic-Based is convenient to carry for everyday use.
Table 8

Terms of Price and its Weighted Mean
Price

1. The 1. The
product is 2.90 Agree product is 3.34 Strongly Agree
affordable affordable
for the for the
students. students.
2. The 2. The
product has 2.97 Agree product 3.32 Strongly Agree
marketable has
price. marketabl
e price.
Average Average
Weighted 2.94 Agree Weighted 3.33 Strongly Agree
Mean Mean
Table 8 presents the responses of each question stated in terms of the price of the
Mycelium-Based and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag. The first question got a weighted mean of
2.90, which has the verbal interpretation of Agree - This means that the respondents agree
28
that the Mycelium-Based lunch bag is affordable for the students. On the other hand, the
Plastic-Based got the weighted mean of 3.34- meaning the respondents strongly agree that
the product is affordable for the students. The second question got a weighted mean of 2.97
- which has the verbal interpretation of Agree - This means that the respondents agree that
the Mycelium-Based lunch bag has marketable price. On the other hand, the Plastic-Based
got a weighted mean of 3.32, which means the respondents strongly agree that the Plastic-
Based has marketable price.
Table 9
Researchers’ description on Mycelium-Based Lunch Bag and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag in

Terms of Materials Used
Material Comparison
Oyster Mushroom Spawn PVC Fabric
Rice Straw Polyester Foam
Plaster Aluminum Foil Liners
Cling Wrap Thread
Molder Zipper
Black Canvas Sternum Strap
Thread
Fabric Glue
Zipper
Silverback Fabric
29
Table 9 presents the material comparison of the Mycelium-Based and Plastic-
Based Lunch Bag. The mycelium-based lunch bag mainly utilized compostable material
such as mushroom spawn grown into a mycelium. The black canvas fabric composed of
100% cotton material and is biodegradable both anaerobically and aerobically. The
silverback fabric used as water resistant cloth composed of nylon which has insulating
properties, however this fabric does not degrade as much as organic cotton. On the other
hand, plastic-based lunch bag mainly used synthetic fabric and materials which has
properties like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyester, an oil-based plastic which does
not degrade and only stays in landfills for years.
Table 10
Researchers’ description on Mycelium-Based Lunch Bag and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag in
Terms of Hours
Hours
Mycelium-Based Lunch Plastic-Based Lunch Bag

Bag
Type of Food Content Temperature Temperature
Before After Before After
Hot
Cold
Table 10 displays the comparison between the amount of time the food retains its
temperature when stored inside the Mycelium-Based and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag.
Based on the presented data,
Table 11
30
Cost Analysis of Mycelium-Based Insulated Lunch Bag and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag
Costing
Mycelium-Based Plastic-Based
Lunch Bag Lunch Bag
Cost of Materials Php 237 190
Multiply: Add 20% of the production cost Php 48 38

for labor cost (Approximately 2 hours of
production)
Total Price of Production: Php 285 228
Divide: No. of Units Produced Php 2 2
Price Per Unit Php 143 114
Add: Profit Per Unit (40%) Php 57 46
Total Selling Price Php 200 160
Table 11 presents the cost analysis of the production of Mycelium-Based Lunch
Bag and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag. It includes all the cost of materials utilized, as well as
the additional 20% for the labor cost. After determining the total cost of production and
the number of unit produced, the researchers added their desired additional profit per
unit, therefore arriving at the total selling price.
31
Table 12
Vendors’ description on Mycelium-Based Lunch Bag and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag in

Terms of Durability
Durability

1. The 1. The
Mycelium- 3.20 Agree Plastic- 2.60 Agree
Based lunch Based
bag is sewn lunch bag
properly and is sewn
compactly. properly
and
compactly.
2. The 2. The
Mycelium- 3.30 Strongly Agree Plastic- 3.00 Agree
Based lunch Based
bag is able to lunch bag
withstand is able to
tearing. withstand
tearing.
Average Average
Mean Agree Mean
Table 12 presents the responses of vendors for each question stated in terms of the
durability of the Mycelium-Based and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag. The first question got a
weighted mean of 3.20, which has the verbal interpretation of Agree - This means that the
respondents agree that the Mycelium-Based lunch bag is properly and compactly sewn
together. The same goes to Plastic-Based which have the weighted mean of 2.60 - meaning
32
the respondents also agree. The second question got a weighted mean of 3.30 - which has
the verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree - This means that the respondents strongly
agree that the Mycelium-Based lunch bag was able to withstand tearing. On the other hand,
the Plastic-Based got a weighted mean of 3.00, which means the respondents agree that the
Plastic-Based was able to withstand tearing.
33
Table 13
Tailors’ description on Mycelium-Based Lunch Bag and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag in

Terms of Durability
Durability

1. The 1. The
Based lunch Based
bag is sewn lunch bag
properly and is sewn
compactly. properly
and
compactly.
2. The 2. The
Based lunch Based
bag is able to lunch bag
withstand is able to
tearing. withstand
tearing.
Average Average
Weighted 3.10 Agree Weighted 2.80 Agree
Mean Mean
Table 13 presents the responses of tailors for each question stated in terms of the
durability of the Mycelium-Based and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag. The first question got a
weighted mean of 3.00, which has the verbal interpretation of Agree - This means that the
respondents agree that the Mycelium-Based lunch bag is properly and compactly sewn
together. The same goes to Plastic-Based which have the weighted mean of 2.60 - meaning
34
the respondents also agree. The second question got a weighted mean of 3.20 - which has
the verbal interpretation of Agree - This means that the respondents agree that the
Mycelium-Based lunch bag was able to withstand tearing. On the other hand, the Plastic-
Based got a weighted mean of 3.00, which means the respondents agree that the Plastic-
Based was able to withstand tearing.
35
Table 14
Vendors’ description on Mycelium-Based Lunch Bag and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag in

Terms of Water Resistance
Water Resistance

1. The 1. The
Based lunch Based
bag was able lunch bag
to stay dry was able
inside when to stay dry
exposed to inside
outside when
humidity and exposed to
water outside
exposure. humidity
and water
exposure.
2. The 2. The
Mycelium- 3.60 Strongly Agree Plastic- 3.20 Agree
Based lunch Based
bag is leak lunch bag
proof. is leak
proof.
Average Average
Mean Agree Mean
Table 14 presents the responses of vendors for each question stated in terms of the
water resistance of the Mycelium-Based and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag. The first question
36
got a weighted mean of 3.10, which has the verbal interpretation of Agree - This means
that the respondents agree that the Mycelium-Based lunch bag was able to stay dry inside
when exposed to outside humidity and water exposure. On the other hand, Plastic-Based
got the weighted mean of 3.00 - meaning the respondents agree that the Plastic-Based was
able to stay dry inside. The second question got a weighted mean of 3.60 - which has the
verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree - This means that the respondents strongly agree
that the Mycelium-Based lunch bag was leak proof. On the other hand, the Plastic-Based
got a weighted mean of 3.20, which means the respondents agree that the Plastic-Based
was leak proof.
37
Table 15
Tailors’ description on Mycelium-Based Lunch Bag and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag in

Terms of Water Resistance
Water Resistance

1. The 1. The
Mycelium- 3.60 Strongly Agree Plastic- 2.20 Disagree
Based lunch Based
bag was able lunch bag
to stay dry was able
inside when to stay dry
exposed to inside
outside when
humidity and exposed to
water outside
exposure. humidity
and water
exposure.
2. The 2. The
Mycelium- 3.60 Strongly Agree Plastic- 2.00 Disagree
Based lunch Based
bag is leak lunch bag
proof. is leak
proof.
Average Average
Weighted 3.60 Strongly Weighted 2.10 Disagree
Mean Agree Mean
Table 15 presents the responses of tailors for each question stated in terms of the
water resistance of the Mycelium-Based and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag. The first question
38
got a weighted mean of 3.60, which has the verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree - This
means that the respondents strongly agree that the Mycelium-Based lunch bag is able to
stay dry inside when exposed to outside humidity and water exposure. On the other hand,
Plastic-Based got the weighted mean of 2.20 - meaning the respondents disagree that the
Plastic-Based was able to stay dry inside. The second question got a weighted mean of
3.60 - which has the verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree - This means that the
respondents strongly agree that the Mycelium-Based lunch bag was leak proof. On the
other hand, the Plastic-Based got a weighted mean of 2.00, which means the respondents
disagree that the Plastic-Based was leak proof.
Table 16
Comparison of the Selling Price of the Mycelium-Based Insulated Lunch Bag and the
Plastic-Based in accordance to their Net Weight
Mycelium-Based Lunch Plastic-Based Lunch Bag

Bag
Total Net Weight 300 grams 450 grams
Price per unit Php 200 Php 160
Multiply No. of Units 1 1
Total Price per unit Php 200 Php 160
Table 16 shows the comparison of the selling price of the Mycelium-Based lunch
bag with the commercially available product which is the Plastic-Based. The Mycelium-
Based Insulator retails Php 200 per unit, and the researchers had to determine the least
number of each product that will coincide with the same total net length. The researchers
went with 1 yard as a base size for the materials, with a total cost of Php 500 , with a total
cost of Php 500, while plastic-based lunch bag retails ranging from Php 110 up to 10,000.
39
Table 17
T-Test result of the Mycelium-Based Insulator and the Polystyrene based on Odor
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming

Equal Variances
Mycelium-Based lunch bag Plastic-Based

Mean 2.845 2.81
Variance 0.07605 0.0002
Observations 2 2
Pooled Variance 0.038125
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 2
t Stat 0.179252
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.437128
t Critical one-tail 2.919986
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.874256
t Critical two-tail 4.302653
Table 17 displays the comparison between the Mycelium-Based Lunch Bag and
commercially available Plastic-Based based on odor. Based on the presented data, the
P(T<=t) two-tail was 0.8742 which is above the given alpha of 0.05. Therefore, the
researchers accept the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between the
Mycelium-Based and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag. The Mycelium-Based Lunch Bag has
mild smell and can contaminate food content inside.
40
Table 18
T-Test result of the Mycelium-Based Insulator and the Polystyrene based on Size

Equal Variances

Mean 3.275 3.19
Variance 0.00245 0.0018
Observations 2 2
df 2
t Stat 1.843909
commercially available Plastic-Based based on size. Based on the presented data, the
Mycelium-Based and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag. The Mycelium-Based Lunch Bag is
spacious to fit lunch box and has a standard size.
41
Table 19
T-Test result of the Mycelium-Based Insulator and the Polystyrene based on Structure

Equal Variances

Mean 3.43 3.205
Variance 0.005 0.00605
Observations 2 2
df 2
t Stat 3.027028
commercially available Plastic-Based based on structure. Based on the presented data, the
handy and has strong supporting base to hold contents inside.
42
Table 20
T-Test result of the Mycelium-Based Insulator and the Polystyrene based on Weight

Equal Variances
Mycelium-Based lunch bag Mycelium-Based

Mean 3.44 3.44
Variance 0.0098 0.0098
Observations 2 2
df 2
t Stat 2.363843
commercially available Plastic-Based based on weight. Based on the presented data, the
lightweight and convenient to carry for everyday use.
43
Table 21
T-Test result of the Mycelium-Based Insulator and the Polystyrene based on Price

Equal Variances

Mean 2.935 3.33
Variance 0.00245 0.0002
Observations 2 2
df 2
t Stat -10.8515
commercially available Plastic-Based based on price. Based on the presented data, the
P(T<=t) two-tail was 0.0083 which is below the given alpha of 0.05. Therefore, the
researchers rejected the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between the
Mycelium-Based and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag. The Mycelium-Based Lunch Bag is not
affordable and does not have marketable price.
44
Table 22
T-Test result of the Mycelium-Based Insulator and the Polystyrene based on Durability

Equal Variances

Mean 3.2 2.8
Variance 0.0098 0.08
Observations 2 2
df 2
t Stat 1.887717
commercially available Plastic-Based based on durability. Based on the presented data,
the P(T<=t) two-tail was 0.1996 which is above the given alpha of 0.05. Therefore, the
sewn properly and compactly, and able to withstand tearing.
45
Table 23
T-Test result of the Mycelium-Based Insulator and the Polystyrene based on Water
Resistance

Equal Variances

Mean 3.435 2.765
Variance 0.05445 0.00245
Observations 2 2
df 2
t Stat 3.972223
commercially available Plastic-Based based on water resistance. Based on the presented
data, the P(T<=t) two-tail was 0.0579 which is above the given alpha of 0.05. Therefore,
the researchers accept the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between
the Mycelium-Based and Plastic-Based Lunch Bag. The Mycelium-Based Lunch Bag
was able to stay dry inside when exposed to outside humidity and water exposure, and is
leak proof.
46
Conclusions and Recommendations
This part contains the research conclusions and recommendations drawn from the
study conducted. All the concluding statements were stated. Followed are the
recommendations the researchers developed for the intended beneficiaries in relation to
the data collected. Generally, this chapter aims to reflect all the results of the study.
Conclusions
The results of the study concluded that the “Mycelium-Based Insulated Lunch
Bag” was an effective alternative insulating material to commercially available Plastic-
Based lunch bag. The results were obtained from the survey conducted inside and outside
the school locale, a sample size of 71 respondents in Cabanatuan City. The Mycelium-
Based lunch bag was compared to Plastic-Based existing in the market. The survey
questionnaires administered were developed in order to compare the two insulated lunch
bags in terms of the odor, size, structure, weight, price, material, hours, costing,
durability, and water-resistance, and interpreted numerically through weighted mean and
t-Test.
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn:
1. The Mycelium-Based lunch bag produces a mild odor which may contaminate the
food stored inside.
2. The size of the Mycelium-Based lunch bag was standard and spacious enough to
fit a lunch box.
3. The structure of the Mycelium-Based lunch bag has a strong base and is handy to
carry food or lunches.

47
4. The weight of the Mycelium-Based lunch bag is light enough to be carried
around.
5. The Mycelium-Based lunch bag is marketable due to its affordability to the
students.
6. The materials used to make the Mycelium lunch bag are biodegradable and
plastic-free.
7. The Mycelium-based lunch bag preserves hot and cold foods at the same time as
plastic-based insulated lunch bag.
8. (Costing here)
9. The Mycelium-based lunch bag is durable enough to withstand tearing and is
sewn properly and compactly.
10. The Mycelium-based lunch bag is able to stay dry inside when exposed to outside
humidity, and is leak proof from the inside.
Recommendations
This part includes all the recommendations for this study
1. Consider studying the different types of mycelium, growing conditions, and
processing methods that are commonly used in mycelium-based materials
production.
2. Conduct safety testing to ensure that the mushroom insulation does not pose any
health risks to humans.
3. Make an experiment by utilizing various types of mushroom to see whether there
are any changes in mycelium production.
48
4. Consider potential challenges and limitations, such as moisture resistance and
potential for mold growth.
5. Consider studying the design principles and aesthetics that are commonly used in
mycelium-based product design, as well as the practical considerations that are
necessary when designing a functional lunch bag.
6. Conduct thorough research on the thermal insulation properties of different
mushroom species and their potential as a sustainable insulation material.
7. (About sa fabric)
49
References
Craig, S. B. (2018). Pack food safety in your lunch.
Emmanuelle Gammage, (2022). How long does it take plastic to biodegrade?
Joseph A. Davis, (2019). Styrofoam facts - Why you may want to bring your own cup.
Hayes (2023). Simple Random Sampling: 6 Basic Steps with Examples.
Islam, M. R., Tudryn, G., Bucinell, R., Schadler, L., & Picu, R. C. (2017). Morphology
and mechanics of fungal mycelium. Scientific reports, 7(1), 1-12.
Jones, M., Bhat, T., Huynh, T., Kandare, E., Yuen, R., Wang, C. H., & John, S. (2018).
Waste-derived low-cost mycelium composite construction materials with improved
fire safety. Fire and Materials, 42(7), 816-825
Kala Hunter (2023). Unpacking the packaging potential of mycelium, the mushroom
‘roots’ of many uses
Lindquist, K., Mann, G., Farris, A., Gordon, K., & Misyak, S. (2021). Parent Perspectives
of Packing School Lunches. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 1-18.
Siedlecki, Sandra L. PhD, RN, APRN-CNS, FAAN. Understanding Descriptive Research

Designs and Methods. Clinical Nurse Specialist 34(1):p 8-12, 1/2 2020. | DOI:
Thomas, J. R., Hanson, D., Chinnan-Pothen, A., Freaney, C., & Silverman, J. (2023).
Packed School Lunch Food Consumption: A Childhood Plate Waste Nutrient
Analysis. Nutrients, 15(5), 1116. 10.1097/NUR.0000000000000493
Vollmer, R. L. (2019). Parental feeding style changes the relationships between children's
50
food preferences and food parenting practices: The case for comprehensive food
parenting interventions by pediatric healthcare professionals. Journal for Specialists
in Pediatric Nursing, 24(1), e12230.
51
Appendices
Appendix A. Communication Letter
52
Appendix B. Costing Letter
Cost of Materials Signed by Researchers’ Guardians
Greetings!
In Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Inquiries, Investigations
and Immersion at Cabanatuan City Senior High School, we are conducting a research
entitled, “Developing a Mycelium-Based Insulated Lunch Bag as an Alternative to
Plastic-Based”. Presented here is the list and costing of materials used in the production
of the lunch bag, signed and approved by the researchers’ guardians.
Materials Quantity/Measure Cost/ per quantity
Oyster Mushroom 1 fruiting bag Php 250

(spawn)
Rice Straw 300 grams Php 10
Plaster 1 kilogram Php 100
Cling Wrap 1 roll Php 50
Fabric 1 yard Php 340
Fabric Glue 250 milligram Php 150
Thread 1 roll Php 12
Zipper 1 pieces Php 15

(12 inches)
Ribbon 2 pieces (12 inches) Php 12
Water Resistant 1 yard Php 47

Cloth
Tissue 1 Php 25
Total Php 1,011
53
Respectfully yours,
Axl Ros G. Lorenzo Julius C. Ancheta

Guardian of Lars Allen Lorenzo Guardian of Jae Lawrence P. Ancheta
Merly T. Angeles Abegail Q. Calico

Guardian of Erika T. Angeles Guardian of Princess Kyla Q. Calico
Leonida E. Castillo Abby Gail P. Mapoy

Guardian of Janille E. Castillo Guardian of Acel John P. Mapoy
Lorelee E. Santos
Guardian of John Carlo E. Santos
Noted: Approved:
Menard F. Miguel Lady Anne R. Bayan, PhD

Research Adviser Principal I
54
Appendix C. Questionnaire
“Developing a Mycelium-Based Insulated Lunch Bag as an Alternative to Plastic-

Based”
Dear respondents,
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the subject Inquiries, Investigations
and Immersion of Cabanatuan City Senior High School (S.Y. 2022-2023), we are
conducting a study entitled, “Developing a Mycelium-Based Insulated Lunch Bag as an
Alternative to Plastic-Based”.
We are in the process of gathering data through surveys for the purpose of this
study. Concerning this issue, we would like to ask your permission to conduct our survey
as we are interested in knowing your perception about our product. This survey will run on
April 25, 2023.
Given below are sets of questions. The information you provide will help us attain
the purpose of this study. Thank you for your participation and cooperation.
Respectfully yours,
-THE RESEARCHERS
Please fill in the blanks with correct personal information.
Name (optional):
Age:
Grade & Section:
Direction: Kindly put a check mark on the space provided in accordance to your chosen
answer.
4- Strongly Agree, 3- Agree, 2- Disagree, 1- Strongly Disagree

Odor 4 3 2 1 Odor 4 3 2 1
1 The inside of Mycelium-Based 1 The inside of Plastic-Based lunch
lunch bag has a mild smell. bag has a mild smell.
2 The odor can contaminate the 2 The odor can contaminate the food
food content inside. content inside.
Size 4 3 2 1 Size 4 3 2 1
1 The size of the Mycelium- 1 The size of the Plastic-Based lunch
Based lunch bag is spacious to bag is spacious to fit your lunch box.
fit your lunch box.
2 It has standard size for 2 It has standard size for everyday
everyday school use. school use.
Structure 4 3 2 1 Structure 4 3 2 1
55
1 The Mycelium-Based lunch bag 1 The Plastic-Based lunch bag is

is handy. handy.
2 It has strong supporting base to 2 It has strong supporting base to carry
carry food contents. food contents.
Weight 4 3 2 1 Weight 4 3 2 1
1 The Mycelium-Based lunch bag 1 The Plastic-Based lunch bag is
is lightweight. lightweight.
2 It is convenient to carry for 2 It is convenient to carry for everyday
everyday use. use.
Cost (Php 200) 4 3 2 1 Cost (Php 160) 4 3 2 1
1 The product is affordable for 1 The product is affordable for the
the students. students.
2 The product has marketable 2 The product has marketable price.
price.
Environment Conservation 4 3 2 1 Environment Conservation 4 3 2 1
1 It used conventional materials 1 It used conventional materials (such
(such as plastic-free) safe for as plastic-free) safe for the
the environment. environment.
2 The materials used are 2 The materials used are
biodegradable. biodegradable.
Please fill in the blanks with correct personal information.

Name (optional):
Age:
Type of Business: Job/Specialty:
Location:
Direction: Kindly put a check mark on the space provided in accordance to your chosen
answer.
4- Strongly Agree, 3- Agree, 2- Disagree, 1- Strongly Disagree

Odor 4 3 2 1 Odor 4 3 2 1
1 The inside of Mycelium-Based 1 The inside of Plastic-Based lunch
lunch bag has a mild smell. bag has a mild smell.
2 The odor can contaminate the 2 The odor can contaminate the food
food content inside. content inside.
Size 4 3 2 1 Size 4 3 2 1
1 The size of the Mycelium- 1 The size of the Plastic-Based lunch
Based lunch bag is spacious to bag is spacious to fit your lunch box.
fit your lunch box.
2 It has standard size for 2 It has standard size for everyday
everyday school use. school use.
Structure 4 3 2 1 Structure 4 3 2 1
1 The Mycelium-Based lunch 1 The Plastic-Based lunch bag is
56
bag is handy. handy.

2 It has strong supporting base to 2 It has strong supporting base to carry
carry food contents. food contents.

Weight 4 3 2 1 Weight 4 3 2 1
1 The Mycelium-Based lunch 1 The Plastic-Based lunch bag is
bag is lightweight. lightweight.
2 It is convenient to carry for 2 It is convenient to carry for everyday
everyday use. use.
Cost (Php 200) 4 3 2 1 Cost (Php 160) 4 3 2 1
1 The product is affordable for 1 The product is affordable for the
the consumers. students.
2 The product has marketable 2 The product has marketable price.
price.
Environment Conservation 4 3 2 1 Environment Conservation 4 3 2 1
1 It used conventional materials 1 It used conventional materials (such
(such as plastic-free) safe for as plastic-free) safe for the
the environment. environment.
2 The materials used are 2 The materials used are
biodegradable. biodegradable.

Durability 4 3 2 1 Durability
1 1
2 The Mycelium-Based lunch 2 The Plastic-Based lunch bag is able

bag is able to withstand tearing. to withstand tearing.

Water Resistance 4 3 2 1 Water Resistance 4 3 2 1
1 The Mycelium-Based lunch 1 The Plastic-Based lunch bag was
bag was able to stay dry inside able to stay dry inside when exposed
when exposed to outside to outside humidity and water
humidity and water exposure. exposure.
2 The Mycelium-Based lunch 2 The Plastic-Based lunch bag is leak
bag is leak proof. proof.
57
Appendix D. Presentation of Materials to be used, and the actual procedure of the
production of the Mycelium-Based Insulated Lunch Bag
Picture 1: Materials used in the making of Mycelium-Base Insulator
Picture 2: Mixing of the substrate and additives
58
Picture 3: Sealing the mixture using cling wrap
Picture 4: Final product
59
Appendix E. Data Gathering and Data Collection by means of Surveying using

Questionnaires
Picture 5: Conducting a survey from Grade 11 Students
Picture 6: Conducting a survey from a tailor

60
Curriculum Vitae
Personal Information
Name: Lars Allen G. Lorenzo
Birthdate: August 29, 2001
Address: Valdefuente, Cabanatuan City, Nueva

Ecija
Parents’ Name:
Father: Alfredo P. Lorenzo
Mother: Myra G. Salazar
Educational Background
Elementary
School: Regina Assumpta Kids Academy Inc
Address: Del Pilar, Cabanatuan City
Date Graduated: April, 2015
Junior High School
School: Araullo University
Address: Bitas, Cabanatuan City
Senior High School
School: Cabanatuan City Senior High School
Address: Sta. Arcadia, Cabanatuan City
Date Graduated: July, 2023
61
Name: Jae Lawrence P. Ancheta
Birthdate: December 22, 2004
Address: Burgos Extension, Cabanatuan City,

Nueva Ecija
Parents’ Name:
Father: Julius C. Ancheta
Mother: Melanie P. Ancheta
Elementary
School: Mabini Homesite Integrated School
Address: Mabini Homesite, Cabanatuan City
Junior High School
School: Good Samaritan Colleges
Address: Burgos Avenue, Cabanatuan City
Senior High School
62
Name: Erika T. Angeles
Birthdate: January 10, 2005
Address: Valle Cruz, Cabanatuan City, Nueva

Ecija
Parents’ Name:
Father: Rafael L. Angeles
Mother: Merly T. Angeles
Elementary
School: Valle Cruz Elementary School
Address: Valle Cruz, Cabanatuan City
Junior High School
Senior High School
63
Name: Princess Kyla Q. Calico
Birthdate: August 2, 2005
Address: Cabu, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Parents’ Name:
Father: Jessie C. Calico
Mother: Abegail Q. Calico
Elementary
School: Rene Cayetano Elementary School
Address: Bagong Silang, Caloocan City
Junior High School
School: Eastern Cabu National High School
Address: Cabu, Cabanatuan City
Senior High School
64
Name: Janille E. Castillo
Birthdate: January 14, 2005
Address: Cabu, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Parents’ Name:
Father: Joselito R. Castillo
Mother: Leonida E. Castillo
Elementary
School: Cabu Elementary School
Junior High School
School: Eastern Cabu National High School
Senior High School
65
Name: Acel John P. Mapoy
Birthdate: October 3, 2004
Address: Sumacab Norte, Cabanatuan City,

Nueva Ecija
Parents’ Name:
Father: Jim Michael Trongcoso
Mother: Annalisa P. Mapoy
Elementary
Junior High School
Senior High School
66
Name: John Carlo E. Santos
Birthdate: September 22, 2004
Address: Santa Rosario, Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija
Parents’ Name:
Father: Roberto B. Santos
Mother: Lorelee E. Santos
Elementary
School: Rose of Sharon Christian School
Address: Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija
Junior High School
School: Amazing Grace Christian School
Address: Kapitan Pepe, Cabanatuan City
Senior High School
67

Final Research Paper FRFR NGL 1

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Final Research Paper FRFR NGL 1

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Republic of the Philippines

Developing a Mycelium-Based Insulated Lunch Bag as an Alternative to Plastic-

Lars Allen G. Lorenzo

Jae Lawrence P. Ancheta

Princess Kyla Q. Calico

Acel John P. Mapoy

John Carlo E. Santos

Presented to the Faculty of

Cabanatuan City Senior High School

In Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject

Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion

Review of Related Literature and Studies 3

Statement of the Problem 6

Significance of the Study 8

Scope and Delimitation 9

Population and Sampling 14

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 21

Figure No. Pages

General Procedure of the Study 17

Table No. Pages

Materials used in the Study 14

Sample used in the Study 15

Likert’s Scale Used for Interpretation of the 20

Evaluation of the Respondents

Respondents’ description on Mycelium-Based Insulator 22

and Commercially Available Insulator in Terms of Odor and

its Weighted Mean

Respondents’ description on Mycelium-Based Insulator 23

and Commercially Available Insulator in Terms of Size and

its Weighted Mean

Respondents’ description on Mycelium-Based Insulator 24

and Commercially Available Insulator in Terms of structure

and its Weighted Mean

Respondents’ description on Mycelium-Based Insulator and 26

Commercially Available Insulator in Terms of Weight

and its Weighted Mean

Respondents’ description on Mycelium-Based Insulator 28

and Commercially Available Insulator in Terms of Cost

and its Weighted Mean

Respondents’ description on Mycelium-Based Insulator 29

and Commercially Available Insulator in Terms of

Environment Conservation and its Weighted Mean

Mycelium-Based Lunch Bag and Plastic-Based 30

Lunch Bag in Terms of Food Preservation

Respondents’ description on Mycelium-Based Insulator 31

and Commercially Available Insulator in Terms of

Durability and its Weighted Mean

Respondents’ description on Mycelium-Based Insulator 33

and Commercially Available Insulator in Terms of Water Resistance

and its Weighted Mean

Cost of Analysis of Mycelium-Based 34

Comparison of Selling Price of the 35

Mycelium-Based Insulator and the

Commonly Used Polystyrene Insulator in

accordance to their Net Weight

T-test result of Mycelium-Based Insulator 36

and Polystyrene based on odor

T-test result of Mycelium-Based Insulator 37

and Polystyrene based on size

T-test result of Mycelium-Based Insulator 38

and Polystyrene based on Structure

T-test result of Mycelium-Based Insulator 39

and Polystyrene based on weight