SHORT NOTE

12
Physics
mod¾: yd úlsrK
Matter and Radiation

fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hSh ,sfhda iudch

පදාර්ථ හා විකිරණ
lDIaK jia;=
• ish mDIaGh u; m;kh jk ish¿u
;dm úlsrKh
;rx. whdu iys; úlsrK wjfYdaIKh
úlsrKh ^ish mDIaGh u; m;kh jk ish¿u
;rx. whdu iys; úlsrK úfudapkh&
➢ o%jHuh udOHhl iyNd.s;ajhlska f;drj l< yels jia;='
Yla;sh m%pdrKh jk l%uhhs' • fïjd mßmQ¾K wjfYdaIl fukau
mßmQ¾K úfudaplo fõ'
• jeo.;au ,laIKh ( lDIaK jia;=fjka
;dm úlsrKh uqla; lrk úlsrKj, ;Sj%;djh th
mj;sk WIaK;ajh u; muKla rod
▪ jia;=jla ;u WIaK;ajh fya;= fldgf.k mej;Suhs'
úfudapkh lrkakdjq úlsrKhs'

úlsrKfha laIu;dj ^Yla;s YS>%;dj&

▪ ;;amrhl§ msgjk úlsrK Yla;sh^úlsrK
Yla;sh msgùfï YS>%;dj&

1. jia;=fõ mDIaÀl WIaK;ajh

2. jia;=fõ mDIaG j¾.M,h
3. mDIaGfha iajNdjh
hk idOl u; rod mj;S'

úlsrKfha ;Sj%;djh. lDIaK jia;= úlsrKfha ;Sj%;d jHdma;sh'

• úlsrK m%pdrKh jk ÈYdjg ,ïNl tall

j¾.M,hla ;=,ska ;;amrhl§ .uka .kakd
Yla;sh
t ld,hl§ .,d .sh Yla;sh E kï,

A,t E

1,1 I= E
At

E/t = P hkq laIu;dj neúka",

I= P
A

fuh idOl folla u; rod mj;S'

1. jia;=fõ mDIaÀl WIaK;ajh
2. mDIaGfha iajNdjh

fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hSh ,sfhda iudch 2

ks.uk (
tla jl%hla ie,l+ úg "
▪ jl%h hgf;a we;s uq¿ j¾.M,h u.ska
lDIaK jia;=fõ tall j¾.M,hlska
tall ld,hl§ msg l, uq¿ úlsrK
Yla;sh ,efí'
iafg*dka fnda,aÜiaudka kshuh
lDIaK jia;=jl mDIaGfha tall j¾.M,hlska
;;amrhl§ msgjk uq¿ úlsrK Yla;sh (E), tu
lDIaK jia;=fõ mDIaGh mej;s ksrfmalaI
WIaK;ajfha isõjk n,hg (T4) wkqf,dauj
iudkqmd;sl fõ'

jl% lSmhla ie,l+ úg " E 𝛼 T4 E = σT4

▪ WIaK;ajh jeäjk úg iEu ;rx. σ = iafg*dka ksh;h (5.67×10-8 Wm-2K-4)
wdhduhlgu wkqrEm úlsrK j,
;Sj%;dj jeä fõ'
▪ WIaK;ajh jeäjk úg lDIaK jia;=j
E = P/A neúka
u.ska msg lrk Wmßu ;Sj%;djhg
wkqrEm úlsrKfha ;rx. wdhduh (ƛm)
P = σAT4
wvq fõ'
▪ WIaK;ajh jeäjk úg lDIaK jia;=fõ
tall j¾.M,hlska tall ld,hl§ msg
lrk Yla;sh ^m%ia:drh hgf;a we;s
j¾.M,h& jeä fõ'
lDIaK fkdjk jia;=jla ioyd iafg*dka fnd,aÜiaudka kshuh fh§u'

úfudapkfha§,
wjfYdaIkfha§",
E = eσT4 P = eσAT4 E = aσT4 P = aσAT4

e : mDIaÀl úfudapl;djh a : mDIaÀl wjfYdaIl;djh

jia;=fõ tall mDIaG j¾.M,hlska jia;=fõ tall mDIaG j¾.M,hlska

;;amrhl§ úfudapkh l, Yla;sh
e=
tu WIaK;ajfha we;s lDIaK
jia;=jl tall mDIaG j¾.M,hlska
;;amrhl§ úfudapkh l, Yla;sh
;;amrhl§ wjfYdaIkh l, Yla;sh
a=
tu WIaK;ajfha we;s lDIaK jia;=jl
tall mDIaG j¾.M,hlska ;;amrhl§
wjfYdaIkh l, Yla;sh

▪ § we;s jia;=jla ioyd , e = a

▪ lDIaK fkdjk jia;=jla ioyd e=a=1 jk w;r lDIaK fkdjk jia;=jla ioyd e,a <1
fõ'

fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hSh ,sfhda iudch 3

 ùka úia:dmk kshuh
hï WIaK;ajhl§ lDIaK jia;=j msg l,
Wmßu ;Sj%;djhg wkqrEm úlsrKfha ;rx.
wdhdufha;a (ƛm) lDIaK jia;=fõ mDIaGh
mej;s ksrfmalaI WIaK;ajfha;a (T) .=Ks;h
ksh;hls.

ƛmT = C

C = ùka ksh;h [ 2.898 × 10-3 mK]

ma,dkala l,ams;h
mrudKql foda,l yd úlsrK úfudapkh
fuh Wml,amk follska hqla; fõ'
➢ mod¾:h iE§ we;s mrudKq ^wKq&
ksrka;r lïmk isÿ lrhs' fïjd
mrudKql foda,l f,i
yeÈkafõ'WIaK;ajh by< hEu;a iu.
fuu foda,lj, ixLHd;ho by< hhs
➢ mrudKql foda,l foda,kh jk úg
tajdfha we;s bf,lafg%dako foda,khkag
nÿka fõ'fuu.ska úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx.
úfudapkh fõ'
fm!rdKsl fN!;sl úoHdfõ Yla;sh ms<sno
jQ u;h
❖ mrudKql foda,lj, Yla;sh
ika;;slh'mrudKql foda,l Yla;sh
yqjudre lrkafkao ika;;sl
wdldrfhks'
f¾,s - Ôka yd ùka jdoh
• f¾,s - Ôka jdoh ( È.= ;rx.
wdhdu ioyd muKla .e,fma'
1. mrudKql foda,lj,g .; yelafla "
E = nhf u.ska ,nd fok
úúla; Yla;s
w.hka muKs'
E : foda,lfha uq¿ Yla;sh
n : lafjdkagï wxlh^Yla;s uÜgu&
h : ma,dkala ksh;h [6.63 ×10-34 Js]
f : foda,lfha ixLHd;h
2. mrudKql foda,l Yla;sh úfudapkh
fyda wjfYdaIKh lrkafkao úúla;
.=Kdldrj,ska hq;a lafjdkagd kue;s
Yla;s fmdÈ u.sks'foda,lh by<
lafjdkagï wjia:djlg m;a ùfï§
Yla;sh wjfYdaIKh lrk w;r my<
lafjdkagï wjia:djlg m;a ùfï§
Yla;sh úfudapkh lrhs'
nhf n=n
2hf n=2

hf n =1
• ùka jdoh : flá ;rx. wdhdu
ioyd muKla .e,fma' 0 n =0

• wkqhd; Yla;s uÜgï folla w;r

fjki hf fõ'
• lafjdkagï fN!;sl úoHdfõ
ks¾ud;Djrhd uelaia ma,dkala h

fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hSh ,sfhda iudch 4

 m%ldY úoHq;a wdprKh
kej;=ï úNjh
m%ldY Odrdj YqkH jk wjia:dfõ § lef;davhg
iuyr o%jHhkaf.ka iEÿkq mDIaG u; wdf,dalh m;kh
Ok O%eùh;djhla ,efnk mßÈ lef;davh yd wefkdavh
jQ úg bka bf,lafg%dak uqla; ùfï ixisoaêh'
w;r mj;ajd .; hq;= wju úNj wka;rh kej;=ï
úNjh f,i yÿkajhs'

wdo¾Ykh lsÍu
kej;=ï úNj wjia:dfõ§"
lef;davfhka úfudapkh jk bf,lafg%dakhl Wmßu
pd,l Yla;sh
= wefkdavh yd lef;davh w;r úoHq;a
lafIa;%h u.ska l, ld¾hh

Kmax = eVs ½ mV2max = eVs

m%ldY úoHq;a wdprKfha .=K wOHhkh lsÍu' m%ldY úoHq;a ld¾h Y%s;h

▪ bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a lsÍu ioyd jeh l, hq;=

wju Yla;sh fõ.
• wdf,dalh m;kh fkdjk úg weógr mdGxlh
YqkH fõ' ▪ ld¾h Y%s;h wjuhla jkafka mDIaGfha we;s
bf,lafg%dak ioydh'
• iqÿiq ixLHd;hlska hq;a wdf,dalh m;kh jk
▪ mDIaGfha we;s bf,lafg%dak ioyd wkqrEm ld¾h
úg weógrh Odrdjla fmkajhs'
Y%s;h o%jH j¾.h u; rod mj;S'
• ndysr úNj iemhqu fkdue;s úgo fuh isÿ ▪ Kmax wod< jkafka mDIaGfha we;s bf,lafg%dak
fjhs'
ioydh'
• m;s; wdf,dalfha ;Sj%;dj " ixLHd;h "
wefkdavh idod we;s f,day j¾.h ndysr úNj
iemhqfï úYd,;ajh " tys ÈYdj wdÈh u;
fuu m%ldY Odrdfõ úp,kh fuu.ska
wOHhkh l, yel'

fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hSh ,sfhda iudch 5

m%ldY úoHq;a wdprKfha .=K
▪ m%ldY úoHq;a wdprKh isÿ ùug f,day
mDIaGhg m;kh jk úoHq;a pqïNl úlsrK j, hf - ø = kmax
ixLHd;fha lsishï wju w.hla blaujd hd f = f0 úg,
hq;=h' tu wju ixLHd;h foay,Sh ixLHd;h hf -ø = 1/2mv2max hf - ø = eVs kmax = 0
f,i yeÈkafõ' hf - ø = kmax
hf - ø = 0
foay,S ixLHd;h wju w.hlg jvd jeä jk úg ø = hf0
foay,Sh ;rx. wdhduh ^ 0& Wmßu w.hlg jvd wvq ø= hc/ƛ
fõ'
▪ foay,Sh ixLH;h blaujd .sh wdf,dalfha
;Sj%;djh jeä jk úg m%ldY Odrdj jeä fõ'
▪ m%ldY úoHq;a wdprKfha § úfudapkh jk
bf,lafg%dakhl Wmßu pd,l Yla;sh m;kh • m%ldY úoHq;a wdprKh isÿ ùu ioyd f > f0
jk wdf,dalfha ;sj%;djfhka iajdhla; jk fyda ƛ < ƛ0 úh hq;=h'
w;r ixLHd;h u; muKla rod mj;S' • foay,S ixLHd;h yd foay,S ;rx. wdhduh
▪ foay,S ixLHd;h blaujd .sh wdf,dalh m;s; ms<f
s j,ska lmd yeÍfï ixLHd;h yd lmd
jQ jydu m%ldY úoHq;a bf,lafg%dak úfudapkh yeÍfï ;rx. wdhduh f,io yeÈkaf
isÿjk w;r .; jk ld, mudj 10-9s g;a jvd
wvqh'

fmdafgdak jdofhka m%ldY úoHq;a wdprKfha .=K

meyeÈ,s lsÍu'
m%ldY úoHq;a wdprKh meyeÈ,s lsÍfï fmdafgdak jdohg wkqj fmdafgdakhla i;= Yla;sh
whskaig
a hska l,ams;h ixLHd;h u; rod mj;S'
1. e la uqla; lsÍu ioyd hf ≥ ø úh hq;=h'fï
ioyd f ys w.h u.ska ,nd fok w.hg ^foay,S
ish¿ úoHq;a pqïNl ;rx. úúla; Yla;s
ixLHd;hg& jvd jeä úh hq;=h'fï ksid
fmdÈ^lafjdkagd& j,ska hqla; fõ'
foay,S ixLHd;hl meje;au fmdfgdak jdohg
ixLHd;h f jk úlsrKhl we;s lafjdkagdjl Yla;sh tl.h'
E kï" 2. wdf,dalfha ;Sj%;dj iu. m;kh jk fmdafgdak
ixLHdj jeä jk neúka jeä neúka jeä
bf,lafg%dak m%udKhla uqla; ù m%ldY Odrdj
jeä fõ'
3. hf - ø = kmax u.ska fmkS hk mßÈ Wmßu pd'Y'
E= hf h ; ma,dkala ksh;h rod mj;skf a ka m;kh jk fmdafgdak j,
ixLHd;h yd wod, f,day j¾.h u; muKs'
4. fmdafgdakhla hkq ixflako a %Kh ù we;s Yla;s
whskaig
a hskf
a .a m%ldY úoHq;a iólrKh fmdÈhla neúka e la yd tl t,af,a .eà
laIKslj Bg Yla;sh iemhSug fmdafgdakhlg
ylsh'tksid m%ldY úoHq;a wdprKh laIKsl
l%shdj,shls'
hf kmax

e ø

fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hSh ,sfhda iudch 6

 wdf,dal wkaùlaIh yd bf,lafg%dak wkaùlaIh w;r
we;s fjkialï'
mod¾:fha ;rx.uh iajNdjh
.=Kh wf,dal bf,lafg%dak
wkaùlaIh wkaùlaIh
úlsrKj, wxYq iajNdjh Wmßu úYd,kh 1000 - 1500 100"000 jvd jeä
Wmßu úfNaokh
• úlsrKj, új¾;kh" ksfrdaOkh jeks 0'2 µm 0'5 nm
ixisoaëka meyeÈ,s l, yelafla ;rx. jdofhka m%Njh oDIH wdf,dalh bf,lafg%dak loïnh
muKs'kuq;a m%ldY úoHq;a wdprKh meyeÈ,s .uka lrk udOHh jd;h b;d by, ßla;lh
lsÍfï§ wxYq jdohla^fmdafgdak jdoh& fhdod ldp j, j¾. ùÿre úoHq;a pqïnl
.ekSug isÿ fjhs' kdì.; lsÍfï ldpj, msyg
s qu úoHq;a pqïnl j,g
wdldrh iemfhk Odrdj
• ñka meyeÈ,s jkafka fndfyda wjia:dj,§ ;rx. iSreudre lsÍu
f,i ie,lsh yels wdf,dalh wdÈ úlsrK
we;eï úg wxYquh .=Ko fmkajk njhs'
ä fn%d%.a,s l,ams;h
fndfyda wjia:dj,§ wxYq ^mod¾:& f,i yeisfrk
bf,lafg%dak wdÈh we;eïúg ;rx.uh .=K fmkaúh
hq;=h'

ä fn%d%.a,s ;rx. wdhduh

.uH;djh P(=mv) jk wxYqjla ;rx.uh .=K

fmkajk úg tys ;rx. wdhduh ƛ kï"

ƛ= h = h
p mv

bf,lafg%dak wkaùlaIh
;rx. wdhduh wvq jk ;rug wkaùlaIhl úfNaok
n,h iSud fõ' bf,lafg%dak loïnh úoHq;a lafIa;%hla
ndú;d lsÍu u.ska fõ.h jeä lr ;rx. wdhduh
oDIH wdf,dalfha ;rx. wdhduhg jvd wvq lr .;
yel' túg idudkH weig fkdfmfkk wkaùlaISh jia;=
ksÍlaIKh l, yel'

fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hSh ,sfhda iudch 7

 X – lsrK X - lsrKj, .=K
1' X lsrK úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. fjs'
• 1895 § ú,afy,aï frdkacka úiska lef;dav lsrK
wdY%s;j isÿ l, mÍlaIK j,§ wyïfnka fuu • ßla;hla ;=, § wdf,dalfha m%fõ.fhka ^ 3«108 ms-1&
lsrK fidhd.kakd ,§' .uka lrhs
ksmoùu • wdfrdamKhla ke;
• .uka lsÍug udOHhla wjYH ke;'
2'wkdfrdam;
s neúka úoHq;a yd pqïnl lafIa;% uÕska
wm.ukhg ,la fkdfõ'
3'iaMál oe,sila uÕska új¾;kh l< yel'
4'úksúo hdfï yelshdjla we;' >k;ajh wvq udOH
yryd myiqfjka úksúo hhs'
5'jdhq ;=<k
s a .uka lrk úg jdhqka whkSlrKh fõ'
• f¾pkh lrk ,o k,h ;=< we;s r;a jQ iQ;%sldfjka
e úfudapkh flf¾' 6'X- lsrK uÕska m%ldY úoHq;a wdprKh isÿ l< yel'
• fuu e wêl úNj wka;rhla hgf;a ;ajrKh ù 7'we;eï ,jK yd LKsc u; m;kh jQ úg m%;s§mkh
b,lal f,dayh u; .efÜ' fõ'
• b,lal f,dayfha .eà iS>%fhka ukaokh jk e u.ska
X lsrK úfudapkh fõ'^iS>%fhka ukaokh ùu ioyd X lsrK j, m%fhdack
b,lal f,dayfha mrudKql l%udxlh úYd, úh
hq;=h'& • ffjoH úoHdfõ§ YÍr wNHka;r fldgia j, PhdrEm
.ekSfï§
• fï ioyd by, o%jdxlhla we;s gx.aiagka jeks
f,dayhla b,lalh f,i Ndú;d fõ' •bxðfkare úoHdfõ § f,day o~q ;=< jd; l=yr"ÿ¾j,
• ksmojk ;dmh b,lalfhka bj;g ikakhkh lsÍu ia:dk msmr
q eï jeks foa wkdjrKhg
ioyd th ;U oKavl fl<jrg ldjoaod we;s w;r
;U oKav jgd .,d hk f;,a fyda c,h u.ska tho • iaMál yd ixlS¾K wKq ms<n
s | yeoeÍfï§
isis,kh flf¾'
• .=jkaf;dgqm< yd f¾.= lghq;= j, § .uka u¨
• iQ;%sld Odrdj jeä lsÍfï§ th r;a ùu;a iu. e mÍlaIdjg
úfudapkh jk i>%;dj jeä fõ'túg b,lalh u;
e m;kh ùfï iS>%;dj o jeä ù tu.ska X lsrK
j, ;Sj%;dj jeä fõ'
• w.% w;r fjda,à a h;dj jeä l, úg j, pd,l
Yla;sh jeäjk neúka ksmofjk X lsrK j,
Yla;sho ^úksúo hEfï yelshdj& jeä fõ'
• X lsrK j, ;rx. wdhdu mrdih 0'05A0 isg 10
A0 muK olajd fõ'
• ixLHd;h jeä X lsrKj, úksúo hdfï yelshdj
hdfï yelshdj jeä jk w;r tajd oeä X lsrK
f,i yeÈkafõ'ixLHd;h wvq X lsrKj, úksúo
hdfï yelshdj wvq jk w;r tajd uDÿ X lsrK
f,i yeÈkafõ'

fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hSh ,sfhda iudch 8

 il%Sh;djh
úlsrKYS,S;dj
úlsrKYS,S uQ,o%jHl il%Sh;djh hkq 1S § isÿjk
mD:lalrK ixLHdjhs' 𝑨 = 𝑨𝟎 𝒆−𝝀𝒕
wia:dhs mrudKql kHIaÀ iajhxisoO
a nj úlsrK msg
lrñka ia:dhs ;;ajhg m;aùfï l%shdj,sh SI tallh → Bq
úlsrKYS,; S dj f,i yeÈkafõ'
1 Bq = ;;amrhg ''''''''''''' 1la
S djfha M, 03 ls.
úlsrKYS,;
𝟏 𝐂𝐢 = 𝟑. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝐁𝜸 = 𝟑𝟕𝑮𝑩𝜸
- α wxYq
- β wxYq úlsrKYS,S;djfha Ndú;
- γ wxYq 1' úlsrKYS,S Ñls;aidj

α wxYq 2' ldnka ld,ks¾Kh

3' wdydr ÔjdkqyrKh
• He kHIaÀh fõ. ( 42𝐻𝑒| 42𝛼)
• 𝐴
𝑍𝑋𝑁 → 𝐴−4
𝑍−2𝑌𝑁−2 + 42𝛼 + ශක්තිය 4' lDIsl¾udka;fha§
5' bxðfkare flaIa;%j,§
β wxYq
úlsrKh uekSu $ ud;%d uekSu
• β- හ ෝ β+ හෙස පවතී
úlsrKfha ud;%dj ^ hï o%jHhla fyda Ôj jia;=jla
• 𝑛 → 𝑃 + 𝛽 − + 𝛾𝑒 u.ska wjfYdaIKh lrkq ,nk úlsrK m%udKh &
• 𝑝 → 𝑛 + 𝛽 + + 𝛾𝑒 uekSfï tallh ග්‍රේ (𝑮𝒚 ) fõ.

γ lsrK 𝟏 𝑮𝒚 = 𝟏𝐉𝒌𝒈−𝟏
γ lsrK msg ùul§ '''''''''' kHIaÀfha A,t,N fjkia 𝟏 𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝑱𝒌𝒈−𝟏 → 𝟏𝑮𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅
fkdfõ' tys Yla;sh muKla wvq ùu isÿ fõ.
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝟓𝑩 → 𝟏𝑪 + −𝟏𝟎𝜷 + ̅̅̅
𝒗𝒆 → 𝟏𝟐
𝟔𝑪 +𝜸
úlsrKYS,S laIh ùu
laIh ksh;h

𝑵 = 𝑵𝟎 𝒆−𝝀𝒕
w¾O Ôj ld,h 𝒕𝟏⁄
𝟐

hï fudfyd;l mj;sk úlsrKYS,S kHIaÀ m%udKh bka

wvla ùug .;jk ld,h w¾O Ôj ld,h f,i
yeÈkafõ'

𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑
𝑻𝟏⁄ =
𝟐 𝝀

fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hSh ,sfhda iudch 9

fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hSh ,sfhda iudch 10