Dr.

/ Abdelhady Ghanem

DC Machines and Transformers

Code: ELE224

Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Lec. №: (10)
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Magnetic Circuit
 mmf is required to generate Ea.

 The estimation of total mmf required to establish

magnetization in the magnetic circuit involves the
knowledge of dimension and configuration of the magnetic
circuit.

 In DC machines, The magnetic circuit is split in to two

convenient parts which may be connected in series or
parallel.

 The number of parallel circuits equal the number of poles.

 Series circuits includes the magnetic path: Pole, pole shoe,

air-gap, teeth, armature core and yoke.
 Therefore, the ampere-turns /pole to establish the
required flux in the magnetic circuit is the sum of
the ampere-turns required for different series parts
mentioned above.
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Magnetic Circuit

 Leakage factor or Leakage coefficient, .

 All the flux produced by the pole will not N S

pass through the desired path i.e., air gap.

 Some of the flux produced by the pole will be

leaking away from the air gap. Leakage flux Useful flux
 The flux that passes through the air gap and cut by the armature conductors is the useful flux .

 The flux that leaks away from the desired path is the leakage flux .

 Leakage flux is generally around (15 to 25) %

 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Magnetic Circuit

 Magnitude of flux in different parts of the magnetic circuit

o Flux in the pole: ,

o Flux in the pole shoe:

o Flux in the air gap:

o Flux in the tooth:

o Flux in the core:

o Flux in the yoke:

 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Ampere-Turns (Air gap)

Pole arc bp
Pole shoe
N S N
o Calculations of 𝒈
bpe

Bg
Bav
i.e. (useful flux)  p

" Pole pitch" 0.68 → 0.7

 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Ampere-Turns (Air gap)

o Calculations of 𝒈 𝒆𝒇𝒇
Ventilation ducts

lg
bv bv

bv
𝒈: Length from the mid of pole arc to the top of the teeth

𝒈𝒗 𝒈𝒔 :

b  b
t s s

" Pole pitch"

bs bt
bt
: width of ventilating duct : Number of ventilating ducts
& : ( carter coefficients).  s
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Ampere-Turns (Air gap)

o Calculations of 𝒗 & 𝒔 ( carter coefficients)

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3
0 2 4 6 8 10
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Ampere-Turns (Armature teeth)

 Paralleled sides teeth =

hs
o Calculations of 𝒕 ht
"Flux over one slot pitch"

There are two paths in parallel:

• The iron path: its area is equal to:

• The non-magnetic (air, copper, insulation) path: its area is equal to:

Case: 1
Case: 2
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Ampere-Turns (Armature teeth)

 Case: 1 From the B-H curve, at get
 Case: 2

B
In this equation, and Point 1

are unknown. Therefore, it will

be solved by drawing this line At point (1) Point 2

equation over the B-H curve At point (2)

and their intersection gives the
H
operating point and .
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Ampere-Turns (Armature teeth)

 Paralleled tapered teeth ht

hs
In this case, the slots have parallel sides
resulting in a taper in the teeth, being wider at
the air gap than at the bottom of the teeth.
For carrying the same flux, the flux density changes with tooth height.

 Method 1
The ampere turns required for the tooth can be estimated based on the flux density
calculated at the height of tooth from the bottom or narrow part.

( ) ( ) 1
( ) ( ) ( )
3 ht
Same steps stated before should
( ) be applied to estimate 𝟏
( )
= ( )
𝟑
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Ampere-Turns (Armature teeth)

 Method 2
The ampere turns required for the tooth can be estimated based on Simpson’s rule.
In this method, is calculated at three positions: Top, Middle and bottom of the tooth.
Point (1) Point (2) Point (3)
at the top of the tooth at the middle of the tooth at the bottom of the tooth
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )
Then, calculate H(1) Then, calculate H(2) Then, calculate H(3)

=
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Ampere-Turns (Armature core)

is nearly equal to one half the pole pitch in the

middle of the core plus half the core height since the
actual path is partly straight and partly curved. Doc lc
Da hc
Dic
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Ampere-Turns (Yoke)

hc
Doy
Diy
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Ampere-Turns (Pole and Pole shoe)

 Pole
=

bp hp

hps
bpe
 Pole Shoe
=
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Solved Example
Determine the mmf required for the air gap of a dc machine having open slots, given
the following particulars:
Slot pitch = 4.3 cm; Slot opening = 2.1 cm;
Gross length of core = 48 cm; Pole arc = 18 cm;
Air gap length = 0.6 cm; Flux per-pole = 0.056 Wb.
There are 8 ventilating ducts each 1.2 cm wide.
Ratio
𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 1 2 3 3.5 4
𝑮𝒂𝒑

Carter’s Coefficient 0.85 0.72 0.63 0.59 0.57

Solution
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Solved Example (Cont’)

 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Solved Example
Find the apparent tooth density at a section of tooth in the following case when the
real tooth density at that section is 2.15 Wb/m2. Gross armature length 32 cm;
Number of ventilating ducts = 4, each 1 cm wide; Tooth width at the section = 1.2 cm;
Slot width with parallel sides = 1 cm; Permeability of the teeth corresponding to real
tooth density = 35.8
Solution

35.8
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Solved Example
Determine the true density in the case when the apparent density is 2.23 tesla, the
effective slot pitch = 2.8 cm; the slot width = 1 cm; the gross length = 35 cm; the
number of ducts = 5, each 1 cm wide; the iron space factor = 0.89. Details of
magnetization curve for the material used are:
H [AT/cm] 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
B[Tesla] 1.7 1.84 1.96 2.04 2.09 2.13 2.16 2.18 2.2 2.22 2.23
Solution

P1
A
P2

At point (1)
At point (2)

From the figure, at point (A),

 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Solved Example
A laminated tooth of armature steel in an electrical dc machine is 30 mm long and
has a taper such that maximum width is 1.4 times the minimum. Estimate the mmf
required for a mean flux density of 1.9 Wb/m2 in this tooth. Used Simpson’s rule. The
B-H curve for the material of tooth is
B [Wb/m2] 1.6 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3
H [AT/m] 3700 10000 17000 27000 41000 70000 109000
Solution Let, ( ), ( ), ( ) be respectively the maximum, mean and minimum widths of tooth.

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

The flux density at any section of the tooth is inversely proportional to the tooth width
Let, ( ), ( ), ( ) be respectively the minimum, mean and maximum flux densities.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
 Dr./ Abdelhady Ghanem

Solved Example (Cont’)

The B-H curve is plotted. From this curve at values of H for 𝐵( )

flux densities are:

At
At
At 𝐵( )

Applying Simpson’s rule, average value of AT/m will be:

𝐵( ) 𝐻( ) 𝐻( )

𝐻( )