272 DESIGN OF ALTERNATING CURRENT MACR

INES
oomplex operational notation, the stator impedanceis z,=.
the rotor impedance Z= rsls + jaz'.
The admittance of the magnetizing oirouit is y
l/7.-jla,
=

=9m-jbm The rotor current is

= BJz2
and the magnetizing current

(a) No Load (6)Short Circuit

Fio. 161. EquTVALENT Cmavrr ON No LoAD aND SaoRr Caou

The stator current is the complex sum of these, or

-B(1/z +y)
The terminal voltage is
V=B+L4= E[1 + 7/2%) +4y»l
The complex number z,y is small fraction, very nearly
a a
6u
positive scalar value (since it is the product of two comple tie
each with a large phase angle, one positive and one negau
Putting therefore (1 +zym) =q plain number elightly grea
than unity, then V =
ElG + (z/z2,)] from which*
Vi
Ataynchronous speed, 8
+jz)+GlG/6) +j*%l
0 and E =
V/B, when the
=

rotor is driven at V/G 80 that

The rotor current is synchronous speed
(a17

z+z V
+ja)+¢[l)T
of which the
scalar value is

as 8
Vr+Gle)]+(z+G
An analysis on those lines can be
transformer with a variable used to represent, n the
machine

form
o

dactio
Fig. 44. See Morris, "Some secondary
ary load, so reducing of
t o

the
Indur

Motor," Proc. I.B.E., 97 Tests of an Exact Practical 1 heory

(II), p. 767 (1950)

 INDUCTION MAOHINES: THEORY 273
Carves typical ofthe variatione of E, , and 1, with slip are given
tive (motor) and negative (generator) vslues.
for positiv
Fig. 162,
synchronous speed, 8:= 0, E is very nearly equal to V1:it may
At 2 or 3 per cent. It:rapidly falls with increase of slip in
bewithin
ither rection. The eurrent is zero at synohronous speed,
e rapidly with small values of slip and thereafter tends to
nrant 7alae. The stator ourrent 71 is the magnetizing current
those
t SVDehronous speed, but soon reache8 values very close to

10 -08
ne
ath
-0-6- -0-2
08
Slip,s.
Fia. 162. VarlaTION or E.M.F. ANn CUrrENTS wITH SLiP

of , sinoe I is oomparatively small. The mutusl flux , is

proportional to B.
rom eq. (107), the torque in aynchronous watts is given
Cly by the nput to the rotor which in the equivalent circuit is

M =P,= 1,/s per phase.

utting in the scalar value of from eq. (117)
M V7s) (118)
+ogr/)¥+
Tais is plotted in Fig. 163.
(+ 4)
th chanical output is (1-s)M, while the fraction «M = «P

r R lo8s in the rotor. The equivalent circuitdissipates the

actne in its resistance r'/s, and to get the real 12R lo88 in the
De machine the fraction 8 of P must be takern, the remainder
Deting the mechanical
output. is obtained from eq. (118) above by
puttingcdMIds=
Patting maximumtorque
0, yielding
G
VI*+ ( t q 1 V+ (7 +z]
 DESIGN OF ALTERNATING CURRENT NES
274
a value which does not greatly differ rom r7(z, +z). Comna
The curves of F, I
the simple expression r,/z in §4.
as the right-hand side
roughly if the value of a is interpreted
theexpresaion for s above. The maximum torque is obtained h
inserting the critical value of s, e7. (1I9), into the expression for

in eq. (118), giving

V
2041vM +(z4 + G4"1ti (120)
or subeynchronous (motor) and supersynchronous (generator) run.
ning respectively. The latter, with the -ve sign tor the r term,

05Slip.s.

Generator Motor- -Brake

Fia. 163. VarlaTriON Or MECHANICAL PowER AND
TOrQUE WITH SLIP

s 8
represets the maximum tÍrque required to drive the machinerotor
generator. The maximum torque is thus independent of the
resistance. For motor, subsynchronou8, eration it is larger as
Deed at
1 and ra are reduced. The rotor resistance does affect
which maximum the o the
nearer to
torque becurs. The lower the rotor resistancon. To
synchronous speed does the torque attain a maxi
get maximum torque at starting, putting s= 1 in eq.

V+4+4) Vi+ X .(120a)

where A=z+. For

operatio

the maximum torque is seensupersynchronous

or generator oo of
as from eq. (120) to be independ
duction
tor normal motor conditions, and increases W1
 INDUOTION MACHINES: THEORY 275

both stator and rotor reactance. Butan increase of stator resistance

the maximum torque. Comparing the two values of
now increraea
maximum torque trom eq. (120),

euperayn.) v+X+X+
M.(subsyn.) V X-r X-7
and the approximation holds so long as r, is sufficiently less than X,
to ignore its presence under the root. Thus if X, 77,, the ratio of
=

maximum torques becomes 8/6 = 1:33. This is roughly the case in

FHg. 163. f the primary resistance is large, the maximum torgu
running supersynchronously may be very high indeed. (Sec
Chapter XIÍI, §11.)
LossEs AND EFFIOLENOY. Neglecting mechanical losses, the
eficiency is
Pm
7Pm+I+14+1
where the gross mechanical power is

P 1(1-8)/s
and the core loss is InYm. Experience shows that the efficiency is a
maximum for small values of slip, for whicb Im is roughly constant
and m and 1, are nearly in phase quadrature: consejuently

The I'R losses then total to

17+1,+1 =1,+ 17+7).
Thus for the eficieney
Pm
P+F.+I 1,+
The part of the denominator in square brackets is nearly a constant.
Pis roughly proportional to I,, so that is a maximum with ro-
spect to I', when the variable losses equal the constant losees, i.e.

I,+.=4"71+).
loss (omitting friction), so
The left-hand side ocomprises the no-load
when the additional I*R loss
n8t the efficiency is a maximum
due to the load is equal to the no-load loss P%: its value is

m P P . + 2P).
CALOULATION OF PERrORMANOR. The expressions leading to
c.(117) above, derived from the equivalent oirouit, may be used
C&leulate the performance of an induction machine where the
Veral impedance components are known. To obtain full-load
gures it is usually necessary to caloulato for two or three values of
 276 DESIGN OF ALTERNATING CURRENT MACHI

slip in the neighbourhood of the estimated full-load slip, and

extrapolate. An example of thee caloulations is given below, hto
full-load slip having been previously assessed.
EXAMPLB. 50-h.p., 420-V., 3-phase, 10-pole, mesh-connected
crane motor, totally-enolosed, 1-hour rating Equivalent oirouit,
Fig. 160(c), with: =0-192; =1122; 7 =0-290; z
= 1-120; m= 1430; z= 16-80. The stator and rotor re.
aotanoee are taken as each equal to one-half of the total reactanoe
X=2-A
Magnetizing admittanoe, y=0-007-j0-0596=0-06/-83-30:
Stator impedanoe z,=0-19 + jl-12= 1136/804°0
Constant =1+4y.=1+1136/804.0-06/83-3*
= 1068/-0.2°107.

Phase voltage, V, = 420/0° V. Tbe caleulations below are for phase

valnes throughout. Standerill
Pll Load
(0] Slip, .0-026 1-00

2] .11-16 0-29

(] 2 - ) + ja .11-16+j1-12 0-29+1-12
- 11-2/6-7 -1-16/76-5
141 . 11-91+j1-19 o-31 + j1-19
0-19+j1-12 .
[5) Z, 19 +j112
+j,
61 2, + 2 '
(4]+[6] 1210 + 231 0-5 + j2-31
12-32/10-8* - 2-36/77-8°

-[3]+[6] 0-908/-5-1 0-49/-28°

V.
18) B- V, x [7] 206/-2-3°
.381/-6-1°

-(8)+[3] 34-0/-10-8° 177-6/-778

W.
(10) Rotor input, 1,,ls . 12 900 9 150

[11] Rotor losees:

335 9 150 W
Friction, etc. 116
W.
Total 450
W.
(12) Rotor output, P 12 450
h.p
= 60/3 h.p.
 INDUCTION MACHINES: THEORY 277
Full Load Standetil
13] Torque, M 12 785
= 100
9 150 n. w
72

[14] yZ .0-145-j0-656 0-069- j0-0095

(15) 1 + 2 . .1-145j0-656 1-069- j0-0095
= 1:32/- 29-8° = 1-069/0-5

(16] ,-4(1 + y.24)

- [9] x [15]. 45-0/- 40-6 190/-78-3 A
[17] co8 0-76 0-20
[18) Stetor input,
Pi-V cos .14 3500 16 200 W
[19] Efmcienoy,
7-[12] [18] 87
%
The performance of the machine as an induction generator can
be found in the same way. Let the machine, connected to busbars
of rated voltage and frequency, be driven at 616 r.p.m., i.e. at a
Blip of- 0-026: then the calculation runs as below:
[1-0-026 (10) Rotor output 13 900 W.
2 -11-16 Q. 11) 360 + 115 = 475 W.
3 ] - 11-16 + j1-12 12] Rotor input 14 376 W.
= 11-2/174-3°
Q (13] 14 375 syn. W.
41 11-91 +jl-19 a (141-0-01 + j0-67
5] 019 +jl-12 15) 0-99 + j0-67
6]-11-72+2-311 = 1-20/340
- 11-95/168-8° Q.
16] 424-134-8° A.
(7 094/5-5 (17] 0-608
(8 395/55 V. (18] Stator output 10 800 W.
(9 38-3/-168-8° (19] 75

d rent Diagram. The locus of the stator current can be

erived from the equivalent circuit by the method of inversion.
LNvERSION. If the equivalent circuit of an electrical machine be
preseed in the form of a series-parallel network of impedances,
en the total circuit current at constant voltage can be obtained
nding the locus of the combined admittance between terminals.
i s purpoee parallel branches of the network are added as
ttances, and eeries branchee as impedances. To find the admit-
l t of
latter einoe branch from ite impedance involves the
a
of the inversion
Y= Y|- /Z =
1/Zj0.