The 2 nd

law of
thermodynamics
Heat pump & Refregirator
M.SC/Aya Adel
M.SC/Aya Adel
Problems
A refrigerator has a coefficient of performance equal to 5.00. The refrigerator
takes in 120 J of energy from a cold reservoir in each cycle. Find (a) the work
required in each cycle and (b) the energy expelled to the hot reservoir.
9. During each cycle, a refrigerator ejects 625 kJ of energy to a high-temperature reservoir and
takes in 550 kJ of energy from a low-temperature reservoir. Determine (a) the work done on
the refrigerant in each cycle and (b) the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator.
Problem
A freezer has a coefficient of performance of 6.30. It is advertised as using electricity at a rate
of 457 kWh/yr. (a) On average, how much energy does it use in a single day? (b) On average,
how much energy does it remove from the refrigerator in a single day? (c) What maximum
mass of water at 20.0°C could the freezer freeze in a single day? Note: One kilowatt-hour (kWh)
is an amount of energy equal to running a 1kW appliance for one hour.
Q2​=L x m
Hence, the total energy removed by heat in converting water at 20∘C into ice at 0∘C is:
∣Qc​∣=∣Q1​∣+∣Q2​∣
=20mc+L ​m
=m(20c+Lf​)
Solve for m:
m=20 c +Lf ∣Qc∣
Substitute numerical values:
m=20(4186)+(3.33×105)2.84×107​
=68.2kg
 Entropy
*Measure the degree of freedom of the Microstates in a system
*Measures the degree of disorderd
• Macrostate :: matter as bulk
• Microstate :: molecules and atoms inside the bulk matter
• More Entropy
• 1) the more disordered
• 2) the more energy concentration
 Entropy
• Each Macrostate consists of no, of Microstates
As No. of Microstate increase the
• 1) uncertainty increases
• 2) choice increases
• 3) probability increases
• Entropy in gases more than liquid more than solid
 ΔS = S(final)-S(intial)
Δ𝑄
ΔS = use T (k) & Q (J)
𝑇
• What changes in entropy occurs when a 27.9 g ice cube at -12 C is
transferred into steam in 115 C ?
Δ𝑄 0 m c Δ𝑇 mLf 100 m c Δ𝑇 mL𝒗 115 m c Δ𝑇
• ΔS = 𝑇
= −12 𝑇
+ 𝑻
+ 0 𝑇
+ 𝑻
+ 100 𝑇
Problem
A 70.0-kg log falls from a height of 25.0 m into a lake. If
the log, the lake, and the air are all at 300 K, find the
change in entropy of the air during this process.