|DSNaCt and

Conctete RTN Of SRC hdd ad

store inshucten alona uitn their cor
Corre
conhtt 5e qUence
Sequence. 1eoponaing
3 For Add inshuctien

Abohac+ RTN:LR <- MPC:PC<- PC thiinskUch on. Caecuien

Inshucton eICcuton (
R[re:
ada(: - op-19) ’ R[aJ& R[

Concrete RTN Conho equence

MAPC . C* PC tHi PCou iMA:n JDCH CinRead
To.
[MA]:
M PCeC: cout PCin iloait
TI MD E
MDout IRio
IReMD;
Grb, Routi Ain
T3 A-R[rb];
Ghrc, Rout DDCin
TH
Cout bra Rio End
R[ra]ec.
- For store inshucton
Abgh oct RTN: (st(0p-3) M[disp] R[ra] :
where disp (31 o).- (ro-o) C2(16.-0):

Step. Conciete RTN Conh bequenre

To-T2 Cnshucticn teich.
Inshuchon tctch
T3 A-lrbo0. rb0’ Rsb]): Gybi BAous Ain
ceA16@rR(e) IR (15-.-o)); C2out
C2otiA DD Cin
MA<-C; CoutMAin
MD R[iaJ; Ghra, Rut| MDouyMD
M[MAJEMD ait
 Eap lain
b Eaplan ho u thhe constant CI aod C2 can e
Cahacted ffom the IR
-ekmine the toimal Tdenify the tomat of the
be
architectu re. It could be afud
in qour
length toim at
Vaiable length fortmat
2 locate the constant field:&xamine tfe inhucon
Constaots
toimat tte find the felds where
constat Vaw e5 Dnce qo hae (o
3Fxhach the
cehere Constat ares Cxhact
the ce nstant telds
cores ponding bits or bit ranqes that Yepresent
the
constants.

Rpply any neces5 ary conversion s

aichiechue and inshuchon 5eti the eschaed brH mas
ced to underqe fturther tansfoim ahon to obtasn
nee
vawes
the actual constant
 hatat
otag pipelire
ALO
Lcod

Deccds

15
 synthsi
conh S1qnals be
boo can +he
a. DiscUoD ho t he
in conhot unit. i0shwho
receils
o n t Unt
decedinq: The These io3
mcmory
ieqstet speutc
or foimat such
Such y
fom the inshuctn
a
are hypically enccdudor inmiCOCod
Machine (anguag inshectns a
Qhcn: Once ahe baedon
(onhet sinat aenu conhet 5iqnats
qerneeralen
geneiales
decad .sne (onhet onit
shociens lequilements
the in
ssstem5, theconhel enit ma
MIcicprc qyamminaq: Io complx Siqnes. Ht
Signe,
3 qencrate conho
qto
mte iopioqtammincorop4x into a equene
c inshucton
Tnvole bicalcing of thaA
inshuci on
qre Simph
s,ohich
c mcio inshechen conhd DiL
can be ¬1ecutd by
sahon Conhed stqnals aie generakd
H. Conhd uni orqani fup flops, In coobayt
qates and
a fxed comonatitn of Uses a conhot memory
or
mcioprogrammed conhe bnt
a tCro ioshucti ons
Conht stores micro
syncho ni2aton: The conhed stanal need to be
ond other comone
Timng
Synchronized ifh the system's cloch and
cnsure proper operohon.
to
ICr handGng The
Feedoacje and Erior Conhel Unit mau a asol
6, incorpcraBe feetback mechanism and ener h en ding
the syste ms 3tatos ar
rouhes.The se mechani sm i m©nitor
accordingy6qeneiate conhot Signals.
Ycsprnd
 h.with a neat aqiom cxplain dbs tnicic ochiteehe
show that it is better 4han buy nth
andA

e1amplu
A By

32 geneal
Puspose iregsh

PO

MA

MD
addr
daia

ALU,

There i5 only one posoibe way to 1oter Coooect lhe B bus itt
terconnect
Abund that i3 throuqh ALO. The ALO functon C B ofre,

Hom there to bus. SiOce here ae 9 bus es the add

Operation can be acOmpushed in ne Step inyead o
becau5e the esui Dperand Can be shobed dreci
(eu
 Hdvantaqes of a bus ove (bus
better pesform QOce and efficencty
c an be re ad
VA a Hme teof Ope ands
Ficcohn o the piocess is fast ley
execuhien s
*Nembev of Cycie for
a@.Explain the data han Smi S5i tn nie
example the propa9 aion
*Demosh de with an
insh octtns in a pipeiN .

inshuchm Pc Co

Mp!

rop aiticd Pca al

Brarch
Mps
- --]Mp3
3
--
-lctod! ALU

MD
dato
|mtmory
4. Decpde
 Ace
a,pefne
ememtry ysem and d{feirntae
ndan and
a memoq oord

as uord r ansmission rotc

Banduidih
defned
access fist ctrd
tne taken to
It i5 he
akny sequence of oords
cf
Litu Endan
EaEndan ahon where a
3tanitcant Otqanis
mo5t por
Ctaanisahn cehere a at the
Caast siqnificat
storet
the
t loceyt adareSs

num be| ms
uxadeimol IG 6i4
Ex Jhe Isb AD
Aecp Tad cp

diaqranm explain ho
aneal explcin thmng
dstaned and
cd) can be

into the Cell or ts

in DfAM. Tr ure a
a vawe
and the wOrd Cne 5 assertd
plaed th a bitGne being stored
capac1tor 1f a lis
Thus chat aes the is 5tored.
O
nd dschares it ifa Pecharging b;
iom the cell by wordan
* Thu vale 15 iead and assn ing
 capacitor appears on th bit
1 The vawe io the amoifed Later t
(uhere tit isiS Sen5ed and coteot in tt
& deshoys
Uschatqes the capactor vawe is placed bacq
Sen 5ed ancd
ampited
The
iead pioce SS h y
as5 part of
o
On the bit ine
the capai tor 5witch to conhe aceesy to calk
Ye he Shinq bi
Stnq.
bit
capacor storey
chanqe for a l
no chan qe for
for at

Cowmn elct Sen selorihe anplters

Chom cown
Sense and am pity
address)
data orn readidiei
 DRAM Read

en a dd
Mem addn

Dafa

locality andexplaun
locaity and spatial operah.
temporal
t. Defne mapped cache mechanisn and t
the Dire ct to we
The of preqams
tendeny +he course
’ tmporal iecalihy of theiy
daa ttemsOver and agan duing
executitn clmen ctth'n
U5e
The o5e of data
Spatal localhy locations
velativy clese
 Tag eyk atoup
8

cache
mimoey wadbi

2 55.

Comporab

MM Cdre
qIOUP DUmber
De co cde the qroup 0f the. inOm mInq MM
to selecd the qCup
It Ma4 ch AND vad
3. Then qate cut the taa feld
cochu ay ith incn ing tag
J a hiti tnen qate out the cacu in
5. Use the cstrd fiela to 5elact the desired cod.
Aa. ive the (Cncepta) inea
be

256
SRAM cell

I52 -)- mu
(timn a ddre 15)2 duu

Gne 5ebect lout of 56 reus

rows

Lcw crder eiaht addiess d so wcontain

then the selece
ing E- 56 decoder üne 5elect cf thy
me c+
8 address une
956 bits. The nigh ordey On
356 bi The as6 bit fooS tt 5)2 -l mUr
and 5e le c Conect
btt flowS toI-S12 DM
Cern t 25G posstb coum n
to be
The cschip seluct a s s chips in aneys to
solacied irdiudway
 to
Hb Cortk a neat duaqra &explain CPU TO mnoy tnk
datd bey addie bus.
main meMO
CPU
m
MAR po Dm 2

.MDP

|veqst
RravESSm
COMPLETE

conhol siqnds
Main memory is a laqe co lecten of rearsken al a
S4 the Same word Si2e s brt ohich we wl ret
be
o cwords. 5 bi are the smnalest bto cn
acceyed
CPU mak es the me mory acceSS request by aereing
RES UESr while indi catng Read
Read or orte

To read: CPu load 5 MARi55ues

read and reg cest
tucy
memoy hansmi wUOrdy tfo MOR
main memor4
Min mcrncry aneit comPLEre
aenAri
To corite CPo Gads cuerda te Mp R and MAR
and ESUESr

yVawe in MOR is oritten ioto ad dress io MAR

Man mern Cry aerh comPLEtE

Hoo ces paqinq mechanism
mechanism ook Explan. Aso
discuss the nced tor TLB

Vibal adies homcpUr

Mainmemorg PyBicad adnes
Pag {fsel tn desiied word phystcal pugood
humbie a
ofpt in pag tabo t
Page in
Primay memory

tabl Mi 55
bound pag (Page favlt)
base reg' sk Page in
Selonday memory
Page tabl Tianslae to disk
imt addie
Acce ss
Conho bib
Pyesence bibi
dirty
H virha a ddress has page numbei (high orde) ¬
wDrd nunber loffhet (ocoer orden )
4 The hiqh orden page number i9 imit chcdc ed centh
paagtabla imt registen(mLe) happing an eIYOr
imt eICeedy.
4I cnder imiti th bag nomber s: added anth paqe
pag
tabu base ieases (pTBR)
e ohy Conten to weld Page tab,
Apagu tobl ield ad con hot.
 d

KConhet feld has accers (onhot bits - Yead orihi eoeal

A piesence bit - paqi is present

pag
* If pres ence bil is ahit paqe able enhy has COne po
phustcal pag number. Tkis physical paqr numben is
Concaknaked cnh coordleffset num ber thus geneay
the final phyical addiess
14 peSence bi t is a missthen PTE contain He add
Stonday memov cohere the con tent is a vatlab le.
It qinaks tte inteuph eefetches the page hem Secon day
Need or TLB
o reduce He hme taken to accen a
User memoy ocation
* I shores recent Nalati tn of vital memory fo tre

prustcal oddhen to enable fasen rehieval.