NEBOSH

MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH AND SAFETY

UNIT IG1:
For: NEBOSH International General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety

MANAGEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

UNIT IGC1:
For: NEBOSH International General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety
NEBOSH International Certificate in Construction Health and Safety
NEBOSH International Certificate in Fire Safety and Risk Management

Open Book Examination

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Answer sheet IG1_IGC1-0005-ENG-OBE-V1 April21 © NEBOSH 2021 page 1 of 11

Task 1: Workers’ responsibilities in the workplace

Question 1
In Accordance with ILO Law Convention C155, Article 19 C155 and R 164, states that all
workers and their representatives have to co-operate with their employer so that they can fulfil their
obligations on workers, expanded in R164 as follows:

• Take reasonable care of their own safety and that of other people.
• Comply with safety instructions.
• Use all safety equipment properly and do not tamper with it.
• Report any situation which they believe could be a hazard, which they cannot themselves
correct.
• Report any work-related accident/ill-health.

Article 19 of C155 states that every worker must be:

• Given adequate information on actions the employer has taken to ensure safety and
health.
• Given the right to necessary training in safety and health.
• Right to leave a workplace which he has reason to think presents an imminent and
serious danger to his life or health, and not be compelled to return until it is safe
• Consulted by the employer on all matters of safety and health relating to their work

As per the scenario my comments which experienced worker and Young temporary worker took a
large pile of waste cardboard boxes to compactor, while according to the ILO Law and Requirements
they must ensure their safety including adequate Personal Protective Equipment’s, Safe system of
work, Previous maintenance log and Operating Instruction before they are going to be operate the
compactor.

• They shall make sure Compactor Safety Instruction requirements before they operate.

• Workers must report to maintenance team and their Factory manager/Supervisor when After a
short while, the machine stopped with the hydraulic ram down on top of some compacted
cardboard. Unfortunately, the experienced worker saw that the compactor was jammed (as it
often did) (this is not recommended by ILO Law) and so immediately opened the safety gate
and reached inside to try and clear the jam. So, worker not taking care their safety, so then the
compactor re-started suddenly, crushing the worker’s hand.

• As a result of high demand leading up to a very busy national holiday period, 20 additional
temporary workers have been recruited. Before starting work, the temporary workers have a
very brief induction consisting of a 2-minute video explaining the company values only,
however induction training must be including with HSE Objective, Policy, Risk
Assessments, Safe system of works, Competency and International/National Legislative
Compliance and Code of Practice. However, there are no written job descriptions and limited
instruction or training about how to do the work. There is very limited supervision. There are
also no written training records for these workers. The temporary workers are unaware of the
company health and safety policy or how to report any issues, defects, or problems to their
shift manager. They are immediately put to work in busy areas where they are needed most,
such as shelf-stacking and transporting empty cardboard boxes to a storage area for
compacting. They are told not to operate the compactor as it is dangerous and has been the
subject of a previous enforcement visit.

• Temporary worker did not receive adequate information about their nature of work and not
clearly explained by JD (Job Description).

• When compactor was jammed, they must report to their Factory manager/Supervisor instead
taking risk and entering inside to try and clear the jam.

• According to the requirements employees shall well trained for First Aid and Health & Safety,
however as per the scenario there was no first aider.

Answer sheet IG1_IGC1-0005-ENG-OBE-V1 April21 © NEBOSH 2021 page 2 of 11

 • In case any compactor faulty/Jam, they consult with employer (Immediate
Manager/Supervisor) but unfortunately, they did not.

Task 2: Influencing health and safety culture

Question 2

• Lack of Training and Supervision: As a result of high demand leading up to a very busy
national holiday period, 20 additional temporary workers have been recruited. Before starting
work, the temporary workers have a very brief induction consisting of a 2-minute video
explaining the company values. However, there are no written job descriptions and limited
instruction or training about how to do the work. There is very limited supervision. There are
also no written training records for these workers.

• Lack of Health & Safety Policy and Lack of Reporting system: The temporary workers are
unaware of the company health and safety policy or how to report any issues, defects, or
problems to their shift manager. When we are adding temporary worker, they must aware about
Company HSE Objective, Policy and HSE procedures including their competency.

• Lack of Top Management Commitment: Good Management, when recruiting temporary

worker must follow the employer responsibility towards the Health and Safety and According to
ILO Law Article 16 of C155 to ensure Safe system of work, however as per the scenario, they
are immediately put to work in busy areas where they are needed most, such as shelf-stacking
and transporting empty cardboard boxes to a storage area for compacting. They are told not to
operate the compactor as it is dangerous and has been the subject of a previous enforcement
visit.

• Lack of Safe system of work and Compliant system: Some months ago, the store manager
had arranged for the compactor installer to train shift managers and experienced workers on
the use of the compactor. myself then help the trained workers to complete a compactor risk
assessment. The plan was, that following on from the risk assessment, the day shift supervisor
would develop a safe operating procedure (SOP) for the machine. However, this supervisor
retired and left the organisation before the SOP was completed and authorised. As a
result, some workers did not fully understand the SOP and often sought clarification
from the day shift or night shift manager.

• This was viewed as a complaint by the respective shift manager. Whenever workers raised
any safety concern, the response was usually the threat of discipline in the form of formal
warnings, loss of bonus, or dismissal and replacement by other ‘more willing’ workers.

• Lack of Contractor Selection: At the beginning of the day shift, the shift manager was told that
the compactor’s safety protection device had stopped working. The compactor continued to
operate even when the safety gate was open. The shift manager tried to telephone the
installation company for most of the day and only got an answer towards the end of the
shift. The installation company told them that they could not send an engineer to fix it
for at least 24 hours. This was relayed to the store manager who told workers in the compactor
area only not to use the machine until it had been fixed, but took no other action to prevent its
use. Neither the store manager, nor the day shift manager re-visited the compactor area of the
supermarket. At shift handover, the day shift manager simply told the night shift manager that
the compactor was ‘faulty’, and it would be fixed the next day. While the selection of the
contractor, we must have clear terms and Condition/Agreement that in case of any emergency
they must come and solve the issue immediately instead taking 24 hours’ time, this will cause
worker hand got crushed.

• Lack of Effective Communication: At the beginning of the night shift, an experienced worker
and a Ing temporary worker took a large pile of waste cardboard boxes to the compactor.
Although warning signs specified ‘authorised workers only to use this compactor’, the
experienced worker loaded the compactor with the cardboard and then told the temporary
worker to operate the controls on the compactor. After a short while, the machine stopped with
the hydraulic ram down on top of some compacted cardboard. The experienced worker saw
that the compactor was jammed (as it often did) and so immediately opened the safety gate and

Answer sheet IG1_IGC1-0005-ENG-OBE-V1 April21 © NEBOSH 2021 page 3 of 11

 reached inside to try and clear the jam. The compactor re-started suddenly, crushing the
worker’s hand. The temporary worker called the emergency services directly, as they did not
know what else to do. So, it shows there was no clear effective communication. If good manager
and leadership when compactor got fault, he should “keep display that mention equipment
under Fault and Do not use it”.

• No Certified First Aider: There was no first-aider working on shift at the time of the accident.
The injured worker was immediately taken to hospital and required amputation of their lower
arm. The temporary worker was distressed and advised to go home.

• Delay of Accident and Incident/Lack of Responsibility: As soon as the night shift manager
found out about the accident, they telephoned the store manager. The store manager told them
to do nothing and said that they would start an investigation the following morning, and that this
was no reason to delay fixing the faulty compactor as already arranged. Good
Organization/Management must to do accident investigation immediately.

• Lack of Leadership Commitment and Attitude: The following morning, I am asked to carry
out an accident investigation by the store manager. I have been warned not to spend too much
time on it so that the store can go back to normal as quickly as possible to hit those sales targets.
I strongly disagree with this attitude and argue that it is a serious accident and needs to be
investigated properly. I ask the store manager why the investigation has been left until now and
they reply that I are responsible for such health and safety matters, so it is my job and not theirs.
I inform the store manager that, due to the injuries sustained, the accident needs to be reported
to the enforcement authorities as soon as possible. The supermarket store should also expect
another visit from the enforcement authority.

• Failure to Provide night shift Safety Officer

Task 3: Health and safety management roles and responsibilities

Question 3
• Leadership and commitment: According to the scenario there was lack of Leadership and
Commitment. Whenever workers raised any safety concern, the response was usually the
threat of discipline in the form of formal warnings, loss of bonus, or dismissal and
replacement by other ‘more willing’ workers. Leadership and commitment are very important
roles and responsibility for Management. It was not Effective.

• Setting OH&S Policy: This also prime roles and responsibility for the management. Before
starting work, the temporary workers have a very brief induction consisting of a 2-minute video
explaining the company values. However, there are no written job descriptions and limited
instruction or training about how to do the work. There is very limited supervision. There are
also no written training records for these workers. The temporary workers are unaware of the
company health and safety policy or how to report any issues, defects, or problems to
their shift manager. That means supermarket having effective health and Safety Policy.

• Organizational roles, responsibilities and authorities: However, there are no written job
descriptions and limited instruction or training about how to do the work, so it was not effectively
implemented.

• Consultation and Participation of Workers: This was relayed to the store manager who told
workers in the compactor area only not to use the machine until it had been fixed, but took no
other action prevent its use. Neither the store manager, nor the day shift manager re-visited the
compactor area of the supermarket. At shift handover, the day shift manager simply told the
night shift manager that the compactor was ‘faulty’, and it would be fixed the next day.it is caused
hand crushed and if they consult with worker and night shift people never enter in to
compactor.so it is not effective.

Answer sheet IG1_IGC1-0005-ENG-OBE-V1 April21 © NEBOSH 2021 page 4 of 11

 • Actions to address risks and opportunities: I have helped the trained workers to complete a
compactor risk assessment. The plan was, that following on from the risk assessment, the day
shift supervisor would develop a safe operating procedure (SOP) for the machine. It was
effective.

• OH&S objectives and planning to achieve them: When HSE Policy was there then HSE
Objective also must be there, so it was Effective.

• Actions to address risks and opportunities: I have helped the trained workers to complete a
compactor risk assessment. The plan was, that following on from the risk assessment, the day
shift supervisor would develop a safe operating procedure (SOP) for the machine. So, it was
effective.

• Incident, nonconformity and corrective action. The following morning, I have been asked to
carry out an accident investigation by the store manager. i have been warned not to spend too
much time on it so that the store can go back to normal as quickly as possible to hit those sales
targets. I have strongly disagreed with this attitude and argue that it is a serious accident and
needs to be investigated properly. I have asked the store manager why the investigation has
been left until now and they reply that you are responsible for such health and safety matters,
so it is your job and not theirs. I have informed the store manager that, due to the injuries
sustained, the accident needs to be reported to the enforcement authorities as soon as possible.
So, it was not effectively enhanced.

• Continual improvement. This supermarket was listed in the top 10 for sales last year and the
store manager wants to do even better this year. They have told shift managers that they do not
care how it is done, but the supermarket must be in the top 5 this year for everyone to receive
their bonus. Continual Improvement not planned Effectively.

Task 4: Accident investigation and recommendations

Question 4 (a)

Once the injured have been attended to and the threat of further damage is eliminated,
the accident scene must be secured and witnesses identified. Gathering facts will be easier if
the accident scene is not altered. It is expected from emergency crews, if possible, to leave
material where they found it.

• Collect actual Evidence

• To submit Accident and Incident report to Enforcement authority along with actual fact scene
evidence.
• To submit Accident and Incident report to Insurance company along with actual fact scene as
evidence to claim the premium.
• To Update the Risk Assessment according to actual accident scene fact.
• To identify the Actual causes.

Question 4 (b)
First Aid Training is required to provide for until ambulance to be arrived.

• Induction Training including Health and safety policy

• Emergency procedures
• Welfare facilities
• Safe movement
• Accident and incident reporting
• Consultation arrangements
• Safety rules

Answer sheet IG1_IGC1-0005-ENG-OBE-V1 April21 © NEBOSH 2021 page 5 of 11

 • Personal protective equipment
• Safe working and permits
• Fire Fighting Training required to fight the fire and extinguish the fire.
• Safe Use of Compactor Training required for operator
• Emergency preparedness and Mock Drill Training
• Safe Use of Fork Lift Training
• Safe Use of Mobile Elevating Working Platform Training
• Accident and Incident Investigation Training
• Risk Assessment Training (HIRA)
• Working at Height Training
• Safe Scaffolding Erection and Dismantling Training
• Defensive Drive Training
• HACCP and Food Safety Training
• General Health and Safety Training
• Electrical Safety Training
• Manual Handling Training
• Ergonomics Training

Task 5: Determining individual human factors that negatively influence

behaviour

Question 5
• Competence: At the beginning of the night shift, an experienced worker and a young temporary
worker took a large pile of waste cardboard boxes to the compactor. Although warning signs
specified ‘authorised workers only to use this compactor’, the experienced worker loaded
the compactor with the cardboard and then told the temporary worker to operate the
controls on the compactor. After a short while, the machine stopped with the hydraulic ram
down on top of some compacted cardboard. The experienced worker saw that the compactor
was jammed (as it often did) and so immediately opened the safety gate and reached inside to
try and clear the jam. The compactor re-started suddenly, crushing the worker’s hand.
Temporary worker does not have competent to operate the Compactor.

• Attitude: Although warning signs specified ‘authorised workers only to use this compactor’, the
experienced worker loaded the compactor with the cardboard and then told the temporary
worker to operate the controls on the compactor, since there was very clear instruction from
the scenario that only authorised workers can operate the compactor, but due to his attitude
giving instruction to operate temporary worker.

• Motivation: This supermarket was listed in the top 10 for sales last year and the store manager
wants to do even better this year. They have told shift managers that they do not care how it is
done, but the supermarket must be in the top 5 this year for everyone to receive their bonus.
however, the way of implementing their workforce and achieving work not in line with positive
health and safety culture and Motivation to be done appropriate manner. Experienced worker
does not get well motivated positively. Whenever workers raised any safety concern, the
response was usually the threat of discipline in the form of formal warnings, loss of bonus, or
dismissal and replacement by other ‘more willing’ workers.

• Risk Perception: After a short while, the machine stopped with the hydraulic ram down on top
of some compacted cardboard. The experienced worker saw that the compactor was jammed
(as it often did) and so immediately opened the safety gate and reached inside to try and
clear the jam. The compactor re-started suddenly, crushing the worker’s hand. It shows
that injured person done mis judgement, he never expects those risk by his perception

• Skills: The plan was, that following on from the risk assessment, the day shift supervisor would
develop a safe operating procedure (SOP) for the machine. However, this supervisor retired
and left the organisation before the SOP was completed and authorised. As a result, some
workers did not fully understand the SOP and often sought clarification from the day shift
or night shift manager.

Answer sheet IG1_IGC1-0005-ENG-OBE-V1 April21 © NEBOSH 2021 page 6 of 11

Task 6: Showing how the faulty compactor exposed workers to greater risk

Question 6 (a) (i)

According to the scenario matrix has given in basic method to understand the risk factor in the
Supermarket. The Risk Rating formulae is Risk(R)= Likelihood(L) X(S) Severity

As per the scenario Here likelihood is in Horizontal row,

Severity in Vertical Columns,

Likelihood has rating varies from 1 to 3.

• 1 - Very unlikely,
• 2 - Likely,
• 3 - Very likely

Severity has ratings varies from 1 to 3.

• 1 - Minor injury,
• 2 - First aid injury,
• 3 - Major injury.

If Compactor operation risk assessment was not done adequately. The risk ratings have taken as
acceptable, so it might be calculated accordingly to acceptable level like

1. Severity: Minor Injury (1)

Likelihood: very unlikely (1)
Risk= Likelihood X Severity
Risk = 1X1= 1
Risk is Low (Risk Level was Acceptable)

2. Severity: Minor Injury (1)

Likelihood: likely (2)
Risk= Likelihood X Severity
Risk = 1X2= 2
Risk is Low (Risk Level was Acceptable)

3. Severity: first aid injury (2)

Likelihood: very unlikely (1)
Risk= Likelihood X Severity
Risk = 2X1= 2
Risk is Low (Risk Level was Acceptable)

Since there was two safety devices gate and lock are available on Compactor, which is coming
under in Engineering control as per hierarchy of control, so the risk is reduced to minimum due to
this. if SOP, Authorised person not appointed, then still risk is low because of engineering control.

Question 6 (a) (ii)

When the Compactor Safety Protection Device not working, then control measure was considered
as obstructed and that too the Engineering Control, that means the risk is now increased to a
subsequent level, since it can be calculated accordingly:

1. Severity: Major Injury (3)

Likelihood: Very likely (3)
Risk= Likelihood X Severity
Risk = 3X3= 9
Risk is High

Answer sheet IG1_IGC1-0005-ENG-OBE-V1 April21 © NEBOSH 2021 page 7 of 11

 2. Severity: Major Injury (3)
Likelihood: likely (2)
Risk= Likelihood X Severity
Risk = 3X2= 6
Risk is High

3. Severity: First aid injury (2)

Likelihood Very likely (3)
Risk= Likelihood X Severity
Risk = 2X3= 6
Risk is High

The Store Manager was unable to identify the High risk of operating the compactor without safety
protection device and since do not take strict measure to prohibit the use of it and the night shift
temporary operator was also not authorised and he took the help of new worker who does not know
to operate it even, and hence call an accident was happen.

Question 6 (b)
The additional administrative control measures to prevent repeat of this accident with the compactor
as follows:

• Warning signage: should be on the machine to make awareness regarding current status or
environment or hazard or risk factors.

• To Implement manufacturer’s Manual and operating instructions (SOP), safety rules and
maintenance procedures to avoid unsafe behaviour of workforce.

• Employers should implement standard operating procedures (SoP) for dealing safely with
common events such as material jams.

• “Machine fencing /Enclosure have to do” if the baler if any deficiencies are found during our
peruse inspection of the baler.

• Top Management should train their workers in these safe work procedures and strictly enforce
adherence.

• Senior employees should be trained in the safe use of Compact operating machines to avoid
the specific mechanical hazards. Shift managers make restricting the compacting work to only
those competent or qualified to perform the work. Previously temporary worker told to operate
the controls of the compactor.

• Employers should train workers to recognize the hazards of operating or working near
compactors and balers.

• Enhance job-rotation schedules which limit the amount of time an individual worker is working
on the compactor from the long-time work.

• Implement frequent request limits the length of time a worker is exposure to a hazard and the
worker may relax.

• Housekeeping programs should establish for proper maintenance.

• Procedures and safe work practices addressing problems that may develop during machine
operation should be developed and implemented. At a minimum, training should include the
following elements:

Answer sheet IG1_IGC1-0005-ENG-OBE-V1 April21 © NEBOSH 2021 page 8 of 11

 1. A description and identification of the hazards associated with particular machines.

2. The safeguards themselves, a description of how they provide protection, and a list of the
hazards for which they are intended

3. Instructions for using the safeguards Instructions for removing the safeguards (these
should include the circumstances under which they can be removed and the persons who
can remove them—in most cases, repair and maintenance personnel only)

4. What to do (e.g., contact the Immediate Manager ) if a safeguard is damaged, missing, or

unable to provide adequate protection

• Observe any locks and/or tags placed on the baler by maintenance personnel, and NEVER
bypass any lock or tag to operate the baler.

• Make sure you complete the Maintenance Risk Assessment.

Answer sheet IG1_IGC1-0005-ENG-OBE-V1 April21 © NEBOSH 2021 page 9 of 11

Task 7: Financial arguments for the store manager to improve health and
safety

Question 7

According to International Labour Organization Article No: 16 of C155 and UK Health and Safety at
work 1974(HSWA) and Regulations made under legal requirements that reinforce their duty of care
every employee in our supermarket. OSH legislation requires all organization including our
supermarket to ensure the safety, welfare and health of employees and to conduct all work-related
activities in such a manner that they should not pose any harm to them. There are strong Financial
reasons for employers to manage risk in our supermarket.

Our supermarket was listed in the top 10 for sales last year and we want to do even better this year.
They have told shift managers that they do not care how it is done, but the supermarket must be in
the top 5 this year for everyone to receive their bonus.

We must enhance our health and Safety practice in our supermarket because When an accident or
ill-health occurs in our supermarket due to lack health and safety practices, there will be Direct and
Indirect costs associated with that event. Some of these losses can be insured against, but many
cannot. Accidents and ill health can significantly affect the financial resources of our stores and, in
some cases, can put a supermarket out of business.

Due to lack of Training for our temporary worker, they don’t have written Job Description, very
minimal training and supervision, Lack of Effective Communication, worker does not aware health
and Safety Policy and reporting system.

Also, due to lack of Health and Safety awareness recently one worker hand was crushed/ injured
and due to this following financial losses has happened in our supermarket.

There are Direct Cost and Indirect Cost also involved:

Direct Cost including as follow:

• First-aid treatment and Hospital Treatment was given to our injured person.
• Our Worker sick pay taken.
• Repairs or replacement cost of Compactor safety devise
• Lost production time while dealing with the injury person due to hospital Treatment.
• Training and Adjustment to substitute
• Claim Compensation
• Insurance Premium Payment
• Enforcement Violation Penalties

Some of Indirect cost also involved in our supermarket:

• Reduction in staff morale due compactor accident and Hand Was crushed.
(which impacts on productivity, quality and efficiency).
• General difficulties in recruiting and retaining staff as a result of the accident.
• Loss of goodwill of customers following delays in production and fulfilling orders.
• Damage to public image and business reputation.
• Cost of Accident and Incident Investigation
• Loss of production and Commercial losses
• Loss of time due to legal reason
• Damage to industrial relations, perhaps leading to industrial action (e.g. strikes).

So, avoiding such unnecessary Direct and Indirect Cost and Some cost can be insured and many
of the cost uninsured, so it will huge Financial losses to our Supermarket, we must follow the
Effective Health and safety Management system in our Super market. So, Improvement of
Effective health and Safety in our Supermarket is very much mandatory and it shall be
implemented immediately to save our cost and Increase our Profit.

Answer sheet IG1_IGC1-0005-ENG-OBE-V1 April21 © NEBOSH 2021 page 10 of 11

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Documents and For example: course notes,

sources of information
you used in your
examination
Task 1: ILO Law, Scenario and Own Practical Experience
Knowledge.
Task 2:Scenario,M2Y Text Book
Task 3: Scenario and M2Y Text Book
Task 4: Scenario, M2Y Text Book and HSE Website
Task 5: Scenario, Course Notes an M2Y Text Book
Task 6: Scenario and M2Y Text Book
Task 7: Scenario and M2Y Text Book

End of examination

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Answer sheet IG1_IGC1-0005-ENG-OBE-V1 April21 © NEBOSH 2021 page 11 of 11