Ethics and Moral Value

1. EETTHHIICCSS AANNDD MMOORRAALL VVAALLUUEESS By Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur

2. Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 2 Environmental Ethics EEtthhiiccss TThhee bbooddyy ooff mmoorraall
pprriinncciipplleess oorr vvaalluueess ffoolllloowweedd bbyy aann iinnddiivviidduuaall.. TThheessee
aarree yyoouurr AACCTTIIOONNSS!!!! EEtthhiiccss aarree aa ssyysstteemm ooff mmoorraall
pprriinncciipplleess aanndd aa bbrraanncchh ooff pphhiilloossoopphhyy wwhhiicchh ddeeffiinneess
wwhhaatt iiss ggoooodd ffoorr iinnddiivviidduuaallss aanndd ssoocciieettyy..

3. Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 3 Environmental Ethics Morals ““WWhhaatt iiss rriigghhtt vvss..
wwhhaatt iiss wwrroonngg””.. Morals are principles and values based on what a person or society
believes are the right, proper or acceptable ways of behaving.

4. Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 4 Environmental Ethics Values ““WWoorrtthh iinn

iimmppoorrttaannccee ppllaacceedd oonn ssoommeetthhiinngg oorr ssoommeeoonnee bbyy aa
ppeerrssoonn””.. Values of a person or group are the moral principles and beliefs that they think are
important in life and that they tend to live their lives by such values as guiding principles.

5. Three Key Branches of Ethics Descriptive ethics involves describing, characterizing and studying
morality  “What is” Normative ethics involves supplying and justifying moral systems  “What
should be” Applied Ethics about “how” moral outcomes can be achieved in specific situations; Dr.
Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 5 Environmental Ethics

6. Moral Values. Moral values are the standards of good and evil, which govern an individual’s
behavior and choices. Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 6 Environmental Ethics OR Values are the criteria
for determining good and bad, fair and unfair, just and unjust.

7. Types of “Values”. Universal Values: It has the same value or worth for all, or almost all people. Eg,
Sanctity of human life, Peace, and human dignity. Instrumental Values: These are values that can be
used to get something else. Examples of these would include Progress (which allows leisure time),
Freedom (Through which we can get dignity and/or self actualization), and Knowledge (which helps
us to get economic prosperity, and progress). Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 7 Environmental Ethics

8. Intrinsic Values: ( opposite to instrumental value) Something has intrinsic worth simply because of
what it is, and not necessarily what it will lead to. For example ,beauty, artistic expression and
happiness. We value them because they are an important aspect of life. Prerequisite Values: These
are values that are necessary before you can get to some bigger goal. Examples of this type of value
include safety (which is needed before people can even think about having anything else), Justice
(which is needed before we can move onto equality), or the common good (which must be honored
if we can ever get to a state of peace). Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 8 Environmental Ethics

9. Paramount Values: It is the value which is above all other things. For example, freedom (which
many people have given up their lives for and see as essential to a decent life). Operative Values:
These types of values are the ways that we make judgments on how to live the rest of our lives. We
use these values as the overarching and guiding principles which tell us what is always right and
wrong. For example, Integrity, Honesty, and Loyalty. Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 9 Environmental
Ethics
10. Other many sources of Values. The Individual Conscience Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 10
Environmental Ethics Fellow Workers Family Friends The Law Regions of Country Profession
Employer Society at Large Fellow Workers Religious Beliefs

11. Moral Principles or Values • Trustworthiness • Respect • Responsibility • Fairness • Caring •

Citizenship Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 11 Environmental Ethics

12. Moral Principles or Values Trustworthiness  Work with little supervision, yet seek guidance as
needed.  Be honest, reliable, and ethical in all dealings.  Refuse to steal, misuse or abuse company
time, property or equipment.  Refuse to lie, cheat, deceive, manipulate, exploit or take advantage
of others. Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 12 Environmental Ethics

13. Moral Principles or Values Respect  Value and honor all people.  Respect the dignity, privacy
and freedom of all.  Use good manners. Be courteous and polite.  Listen to and communicate
openly with others.  Be friendly and cooperative. Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 13 Environmental
Ethics

14. Moral Principles or Values Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 14 Environmental Ethics Responsibility 
Show initiative. Pay attention to detail. Pursue excellence.  Be loyal.  Strive to improve abilities,
learn new skills and take on broader responsibilities.  Be accountable. Fulfill commitments,
persevere and get the job done.

15. Moral Principles or Values Fairness  Listen. Know your job. Communicate honestly.  Consider
all stakeholders and the possible short- and long-term consequences of decisions.  Be free of bias,
just, without favoritism or prejudice.  Use tact and courtesy.  Share knowledge, ideas and skills
with others. Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 15 Environmental Ethics

16. Moral Principles or Values Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 16 Environmental Ethics Caring  Strive for
harmonious, mutually beneficial relationships.  Show kindness and sensitivity to the feelings of
others.  Express gratitude.  Show personal concern for others.  Take time to help others.  Be
kind. Be kind. Be kind.

17. Moral Principles or Values Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 17 Environmental Ethics Citizenship 
Understand and contribute to the organization.  Take care of equipment and resources.  Pursue
life-long learning.  Volunteer without expectation of recognition or reward.  Be a role model and
mentor to new employees.

18. Character is like a tree and reputation like its shadow. The shadow is what we think of it; the tree
is the real thing. Abraham Lincoln Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 18 Environmental Ethics

19. What is Character? WRITE IT DOWN!!! The inherent complex of attributes that determine a
persons moral and ethical actions and reactions. Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 19 Environmental Ethics

20. What are Characteristics of Character? WRITE IT DOWN!!! Trustworthiness Respect Inspiring
Integrity Confident Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 20 Environmental Ethics Honesty Competent
Courageous Tact Fairness Loyal Unselfish Responsibility Citizenship Caring
21. Why is Character Important? Warren Bennis says, “that after vision and passion, INTEGRITY
(character) is the most basic fundamental competency to be a leader.” He further points out that
Integrity is the basis of TRUST. Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 21 Environmental Ethics

22. Who Cares About Character? • The Age of Accountability • The Importance of Family Values
PEOPLE ARE ALWAYS WATCHING!!! Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 22 Environmental Ethics

23. Impacting Moral & Character Development Four major questions need to be addressed when
focusing on character development: 1. What is good character? 2. What causes or prevents good
character? 3. How can good character be measured ? 4. How can good character best be developed?
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 23 Environmental Ethics

24. Components of Character Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 24 Environmental Ethics

25. Impacting Moral & Character Development 1. What is good character? Personal • honest and
truthful • autonomous • responsible • self-management and self-discipline • courageous • integrity
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 25 Environmental Ethics

26. Impacting Moral & Character Development 1. What is good character? Dr. Rajendra Singh
Thakur/ 26 Environmental Ethics Social • sociable • benevolent • compassionate • courteous •
trustworthy

27. Impacting Moral & Character Development 2. What causes or prevents good character? 1.
heredity 2. early childhood experience 3. modeling by important adults & older youth 4. peer
influence 5. general physical and social environment 6. communications media 7. content taught in
the schools, etc. 8. specific situations and roles Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 27 Environmental Ethics

28. Impacting Moral & Character Development 3. How can good character be measured ? •
Cognitive knowledge • Age appropriate cognitive and moral development. • Values expressed •
Commitments expressed • Written plans • Personal and social overt behavior Dr. Rajendra Singh
Thakur/ 28 Environmental Ethics

29. Impacting Moral & Character Development 4. How can good character best be developed?
Effective communication and shared values among families, schools, religious organizations, and
communities. Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 29 Environmental Ethics

30. Personal experience - Moral Values  I have learnt through this assignment how to behave in a
society with morals, values and principles.  I learnt to be honest, reliable, and ethical in all dealings
pertaining to my job and career.  I learnt how to respect, honour and value the people. Dr.
Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 30 Environmental Ethics

31. Personal experience - Moral Values  I learnt how to strive to improve abilities, learn new skills
and take on broader responsibilities.  I learnt how to share knowledge, ideas and skills with others.
 I learnt to show kindness and sensitivity to the feelings of others. Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 31
Environmental Ethics

32. General value systems observed… Classification of Values : Ethical Values Social Values Spiritual
Values Educational Values Professional Values Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 32 Environmental Ethics
33. Ethical Values / Moral Values : Concept - Right / Wrong Good / Bad Virtue / Vice Influence the
activities of Human being Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 33 Environmental Ethics

34. Social Values : According to Patanjali – Five “Yamas” Ahimsa Satya Asteya Brahmacharya
Aparigraha Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 34 Environmental Ethics

35. Spiritual Values : Intrinsic Values Truth Beaut y Goodness Intellect Will Feeling Jnana Karma
Bhakti Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 35 Environmental Ethics

36. Educational Values : According to Vivekananda – Man making Education Dr. Rajendra Singh
Thakur/ 36 Environmental Ethics Physica l Psychological Social Moral

37. Man making Education Samveg Samskara s Swabhav a Emotions Formed habits behaviour
Righteous conduct Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 37 Environmental Ethics Right emotions Noble
associations

38. Learning domains according to Psychology Cognitive – Affective - Psychomotor Receiving

Responding Valuing Organization Characterization Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 38 Environmental
Ethics

39. Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 39 Environmental Ethics Valuing :- Commitment to certain goal
Commitment to certain Idea Commitment to certain belief

40. Organisation :- Value system and behaviour Characterization : - By value / value complex Dr.
Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 40 Environmental Ethics

41. Educational Values : Good Useful Valuable Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 41 Environmental Ethics
Activities - - in Education

42. SCOPE OF VALUE BASED EDUCATION INCULCATING SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE BEHAVIOR

CREATINGVALUE BASED QUALITY PROMOTING ETHICAL BEHAVIOR VALUE BASED EDUCATION
DEFINING INSTITUTIONAL IDEOLOGY Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ 42 Environmental Ethics

43. DIMENSIONS OF DEVELOPMENT VALUES 1.Physical Discipline Healthy living Dignity of labor
Punctuality 2. Intellectual Truth Scientific temper Rational outlook Quest for knowledge Dr. Rajendra
Singh Thakur/ 43 Environmental Ethics

Environmental Ethics

3. Moral/Ethical Resistance to temptation Righteousness Sense of responsibility Self control Non-

violence 4. Spiritual Purity, Tolerance Faith , Freedom 5. Social Co-operation Mutual respect Sharing,
Concern DIMENSIONS OF DEVELOPMENT VALUES

Environmental Ethics

46. The needs of Environmental Ethics have arisen as results of the following three factors-

1. New effects on nature 2. New knowledge about nature 3. Expending moral concern
 ETHICS Vs MORALITY

● MORALITY: from the Latin moralitas "manner, character, proper behavior", it is the conduct or
rules that a person or community adhere to, believing these things to be, in some sense, obligatory.
It gives us rules for everyday life (morals= moral rules) and it is practical.

● ETHICS: critical reflection of “morals”. Philosophical reflection about the nature of the good life,
of right action, of duty and obligation. It is theorical.

2. EXAMPLES OF MORAL LEVEL (moral vivida, Aranguren)

● When I keep a promise I made yesterday although I have discovered today that its compliance
generates some problems to me.

● I help a friend voluntarily though I can hurt his pride.

● I decide if I have to be or not sincere with a partner who apparently wants to be my friend.

● I refuse to steal a classmate's calculator

3. EXAMPLES OF MORAL RULES IN SOCIETY Tell the truth

● Do not vandalize property

● Have courage ● Keep your promises ● Do not cheat

● Treat others as you want to be treated ● Do not judge ● Respect others

4. MORALITY DEPENDS ON SOCIETY AND CULTURE

● Morality can be a body of standards or principles derived from a code of conduct from a particular
philosophy, religion, or culture, or it can derive from a standard that a person believes should be
universal. In this last case, we are talking about moral philosophy or Ethics, since the preoccupation
for universal values is part of the Ethical reflection, which tend to be objective (sensibly examined)
Vs morality (subjective, not sensibly examined).

5. MORALITY IN DIFFERENT CULTURES

Morals vary dramatically across time and place. One group’s good can be another group’s evil.
Examples:

● Cannibalism, practiced by groups in every part of the world. Anthropologists found evidence for
cannibalism in 34% of cultures. ● Blood sports, such as those practiced in Roman amphitheaters:
thousands of excited fans watched as human beings engaged in mortal combat.

6. MORALITY IN DIFFERENT CULTURES II ● Arranged marriage: some cultures marry off girls while
they are still pubescent or even younger. In parts of Ethiopia, half the girls are married before their
15th birthday. ● Extreme forms of public torture and execution, as was the case in Europe before
the 18th century. ● Female genital mutilation (FGM): the ritual removal of some or all of the external
female genitalia. 27 African countries, Yemen and Iraqi Kurdistan, Asia, the Middle East, and among
diaspora communities around the world

7. YOUR OWN EXAMPLES ● Activity 1: Can you find three new exaples of morality in different
cultures? Write them down in your notebook.

8. ETHICS = theoretical ● Ethics= philosophical study or reflection about what justifies the rules given
by morality. When we have to make a decision, conflicts of moral rules appear, and they are the
engine for ethical reflection = moral pensada (Aranguren)

9. EXAMPLES OF ETHICAL LEVEL ● We reason that deals have to be always fulfiled, because if not, we
would have to do legal contracts instead of deals. ● I wonder what is more important morally
speaking, the intention that inspires an act or the results that we obtain with it. ● I reflect on values,
wondering if the value of authenticity is better than the value of friendship. ● I have in mind the key
golden rule: “ don't do to the others what you don't want for you”

10. Summarizing... ETHICS MORALITY Philosophical and cientific study of morality → theoretical
Rules for everyday life → practical It emerges from the inner being, as a result of her own reflection
and election. It has a social base, that is, established rules in a society It makes influence in a
person's conduct but from her own consciousness and will It is a group of rules that act from the
outside or from the unconscious, an external motivation of the human consciousness It is the value
that we discover inside us in our reflection as subjects, not imposed from the outside. The legal,
obligatory, coercive and punitive aspect is dominant OBJECTIVE SUBJECTIVE