LECTURE 2

(Book: Digital Signal Processing, 4th Edition by John G. Proakis)

Prepared By: Tahia Fahrin Karim Chapter 1 Contd.
 RECALL

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 RECALL

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 SAMPLING OF ANALOG SIGNAL

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 SAMPLING OF ANALOG SIGNAL

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 SAMPLING OF ANALOG SIGNAL

Folding
Frequency

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 SAMPLING OF ANALOG SIGNAL

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 EXAMPLE OF SAMPLING

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 SAMPLING OF ANALOG SIGNAL

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 ALIASING
• If we sample at a frequency less than the a definite
frequency, the samples can be used to reconstruct another
signal of lower frequency. This phenomenon of a high
frequency signal behaving as a low frequency signal is
called aliasing.

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 QUANTIZATION

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 QUANTIZATION OF CONTINUOUS AMPLITUDE
SIGNALS

• Quantization is done by two methods:

• Rounding
• Truncation (Discarding the excess digits)
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 QUANTIZATION OF CONTINUOUS AMPLITUDE
SIGNALS

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 CODING
• The coding process in an A/D
converter assigns a unique binary
number to each quantization level.
• If we have ‘L’ levels we need at least
L different binary numbers.
• With a word length of b bits we can
create 2b different binary numbers.
Hence we have 2b≥ L or
equivalently b≥ log2L.

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 EXAMPLE
• For this example , we
have
L = 11
Therefore, no. of bits
per sample will be.
b = log2(11) = 3.46 ≈ 4

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 QUANTIZATION AND CODING SUMMARY

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM

A digital communication link carries binary-coded words representing samples of an input signal
𝑥𝑎 𝑡 = 5 cos 1000𝜋 𝑡 + 7 sin 3000𝜋𝑡 + 8𝑐𝑜𝑠6000𝜋𝑡
The link is operated at 24,000 bits/sec and each input sample is quantized into 4096 different voltage
levels.

a) Find out sampling frequency, sample interval, Nyquist rate and folding frequency?
b) Justify whether there is any aliasing effect occurs using the sampling frequency found in
problem 2(a)?
c) Determine the corresponding discrete time signal x(n).
d) Find the frequency components in x(n). Is x(n) periodic? If periodic, what is the fundamental
period?
e) Determine the reconstructed analog signal ya(t) from the simplified discrete form of x(n).
f) Find out step size ∆, SQNR, Noise Power.
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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM CONTD.
a) Find out sampling frequency, sample interval, Nyquist rate and
folding frequency?
𝐹1 = 500𝐻𝑧
𝐵𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 24000
Ans: Sampling Frequency, 𝐹𝑠 = = = 2000 𝐻𝑧. 𝐹2 = 1500𝐻𝑧
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 12
𝐹𝑚 = 𝐹3 = 3000𝐻𝑧
1 1
Sampling Interval, 𝑇 = 𝐹 = 2000 𝐿 = 4096
𝑠
𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝐿 = 12𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
Nyquist Rate, 𝑓𝑁 = 2𝐹𝑚 = 2 × 3000 = 6000𝐻𝑧

𝐹𝑆
Folding frequency, 𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑑 = = 1000𝐻𝑧
2
b) Justify whether there is any aliasing effect occurs using the sampling
frequency found in problem 2(a)?

Ans. As 2𝐹2 > 𝐹𝑆 and 2𝐹3 > 𝐹𝑆 , they do not satisfy Nyquist theorem, so
aliasing occurs in these two freq. components.

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM CONTD.
c) Determine the corresponding discrete time signal x(n).
1000𝜋 3000𝜋 6000𝜋
Ans: 𝑥 𝑛 = 5 cos 𝑛 + 7 sin 𝑛 + 8𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝐹
2000 2000 2000 𝑓=
𝐹𝑆
𝜋 3𝜋
= 5 cos 2 𝑛 + 7 sin 𝑛 + 8𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜋𝑛
2

𝜋 𝜋
= 5 cos 2 𝑛 + 7 sin(2𝜋 − 2 )𝑛 + 8cos(2𝜋 + 𝜋)𝑛

𝜋 𝜋
= 5 cos 2 𝑛 − 7 sin 2 𝑛 + 8cos 𝜋𝑛

d) Find the frequency components in x(n). Is x(n) periodic? If periodic, what is the
fundamental period?
1
Ans: 𝑓1 = , All frequency components are rational
4
1
𝑓2 = 4, numbers, so x(n) is periodic.
1
𝑓3 = 2 So, fundamental period = LCM(4,4,2) = 4

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 MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM CONTD.
e) Determine the reconstructed analog signal ya(t) from the simplified discrete form of x(n).

𝜋 𝜋
Ans: 𝑦𝑎 𝑡 = 5 cos 2 2000𝑡 + 7 sin 2 2000𝑡 + 8𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋2000𝑡
𝐹 = f × 𝐹𝑆
= 5𝑐𝑜𝑠1000𝜋𝑡 + 7 sin 1000𝜋𝑡 + 8𝑐𝑜𝑠2000𝜋𝑡
f) Find out step size ∆, SQNR, Noise Power.
Ans: Noise Power, 𝑃𝑞 =
∆2
SQNR =
𝑃𝑆
=
200
= 25.15 × 106
𝑥 −𝑥 12 𝑃𝑞 7.95×10−6
Step size, ∆= 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐿−1
= 7.95 × 10−6 𝑃𝑆
5+7+8=20
20−(−20) = 10log = 74 𝑑𝐵
= 𝑃𝑞
4096−1 𝐴2
Signal Power,𝑃𝑆 = 2
40
= 202
4095 = = 200
2

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 DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERSION:
RECONSTRUCTION

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 DIFFERENT
RECONSTRUCTION/INTERPOLATION
TECHNIQUES:
Techniques Filter Impulse Response Example
Ideal
Reconstructi
on

Zero Order
Hold

First Order
Hold

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 IDEAL RECONSTRUCTION

The sampled signal is converted back

to a continuous signal by using a
reconstruction system such as a low
pass filter having a Sinc function as
the impulse response

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 ZERO ORDER HOLD RECONSTRUCTION
• A zero-order hold reconstructs the following continuous-time waveform from a
sample sequence x(n) having a filter with an impulse response of a rectangular
function.

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LINEAR/FIRST ORDER HOLD RECONSTRUCTION
• A first-order hold reconstructs the following continuous-time waveform
from a sample sequence x(n) having a filter with an impulse response
of a triangular function.

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