CE-418

Lecture 2

Fall 2017-18

1
 Atmosphere
 The earth systems can be divided into three parts:
◦ Atmosphere – Gaseous cover above the hydrosphere
and lithosphere
◦ Lithosphere – is the solid shell of the planet Earth. That
means the crust and the part of the upper of the mantle
◦ Hydrosphere - is the liquid water component of the
Earth, includes the oceans, seas, lakes, ponds, rivers and
streams.
Hydrology and current scenario
According to UN Research Council: Science that
treats the waters of the earth, their occurrence,
circulation and distribution, physical and chemical
properties and reactions with environment
Water is needed for survival
Population growth and accelerated industrial
revolution but ‘fix amount of water supply
How we fulfill the requirement?
With better understanding and planning
Water Resources
How come we never run out of water?

After four and a half million years you'd think the water
would be all used up!

 It's not though, because of one special process: the

hydrologic cycle, more commonly called "the Water
Cycle."
 Hydrologic Cycle
Flowing
artesian well

Precipitation
Evaporation and transpiration
Well requiring a pump

Evaporation
Confined
Recharge Area

Runoff

Aquifer
Stream
Infiltration Water table
Lake
Infiltration
Unconfined aquifer

Confined aquifer
Less permeable material
such as clay
Confirming permeable rock layer
 Components of Hydrologic Cycle
It is a continuous process of exchange of water
from surface of the earth and oceans to the
atmosphere and vice versa. The major
components are:
 Precipitation includes ??
 Evaporation and Transpiration
 Surface Runoff
 Deep Percolation
 Baseflow or interflow
Field Capacity is the amount of water attained in
an thoroughly wet (saturated) soil after the rate of
drainage by gravity has significantly decreased. The
rate of drainage depends upon the soil type,
temperature, and generally is between 24 to 48 hours.
(Unit: % or fraction)

 Wilting Point (Crop Extractable Water) is defined

as the soil moisture content at which plant cannot
recover overnight from excessive drying during the
day. (Unit: % or fraction)

Available Water ??
Soil-Water Relationship
Soil Textural Triangle
 Watershed

Watershed is an area defined by highpoints and

ridgelines that receives precipitation and runs off through a
single outlet.
Sub
Basin Watershed Area (Km2)
Basin

Indus 35 171 1,174,562

Dasht 8 37 116,191

Hamun-i- 3 - 188,436
Mashkhel
Watersheds of Pakistan
Soil porosity refers to the amount of pore, or
open space between soil particles. (unit - % or
fraction)
Sand
0.25 - 0.50

Silt
0.35 - 0.50

Clay
0.40 - 0.70
Particle density - The soil particle density, ρs, or the
density of solids, represents the density of the soil
particles collectively and is expressed as the ratio of
the solid phase mass (M) to the volume (V)of the solid
phase of the soil. Soil particle density is defined as
follows
ρs = Msoil / Vsoil

Bulk density (Dry)– Mass of dry soil divided by the

total volume of soil. It is inversely related to the
porosity: the more pore space in a soil the lower the
value for bulk density (ρs ). (mass/volume, for
example g/cm3)
ρb = Msoil / Vsoil + Vwater + Vair
Total density (wet) - The total, or wet, density of
soil, is the ratio of the total mass of soil to its total
volume and can be defined as follows:
ρb (wet) = Ms + MW / Vsoil + Vwater + Vair

Soil porosity can be calculated by using soil particle

density and soil bulk density (dry):
Permeability is the degree of connectivity between
soil pores. A highly permeable soil is one in which
water runs through it quite readily. Coarse textured
soils tend to have large, well-connected pore spaces
and hence high permeability.
Hydraulic conductivity: Also known as coefficient
of permeability and is the rate of flow of water
through the cross section of a unit area under a
hydraulic gradient
Unit: m3/day/m2 = m/day
 Methods of Measuring Rainfall:
Manual

 Often have a funnel opening into a

cylinder gauge.
 Come in a variety of shapes and sizes
 Calculate the rainfall (in mm) by
dividing the volume of water collected
by the area of the opening of the cup.
(The gauge marking often accounts for
this).
Methods of Measuring Rainfall:
Remote
 Tipping bucket rain gauge -The bucket tips
when precipitation of 0.2 mm, 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm
has been collected. Each tip is recorded by a
data logger.

 Radar - Ground-based radar equipment can be

used to determine how much rain is falling and
where it is the heaviest.