PART 1

Personal identification is defined as establishing the identity of an individual. The need for personal
identification arises in natural mass disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, floods etc., and in
man-made disasters such as terrorist attacks, bomb blasts, mass murders, and in cases when the body is
highly decomposed or dismembered to deliberately conceal the identity of the individual. (IN THE
CONDUCT OF CRIMININAL INVESTIGATION OF COURSE THE FUNCTION IS TO IDENTIFY WHO IS THE
AUTHOR OF THE CRIME JUST LIKE IN THE CASE OF DECERA NA NANGYARI KAMAKAILAN LANG. THEY
NEED AN EVIDENCE TO PROVE WHO ARE THE AUTHOR OF THE CRIME COMMITED. IT ALSO VITAL IN THE
CONDUCT OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION.

PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES

Forensic Anthropology

- Forensic anthropology plays a vital role in medico-Legal investigations of death. (IN CASE NA
MAY PATAY DYAN AT HINDI NATIN ALAM KUNG ANO ANG KATAUHAN NIYA THE FORENSIC
ANTHROPOLOGY CAN ABLE TO DETERMINED THE IDENTITY)
- Today, forensic anthropologists are intimately Involved in many aspects of these investigations;
they May participate in search and recovery efforts Develop a biological profile, identify and
document Trauma, determine postmortem interval, and offer Expert witness courtroom
testimony. (GENERALLY SPEAKING AS FAR AS FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY IS CONCERN IT
INVOLVES THE EXAMINATIONS OF HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FOR THE CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATORS OR LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES HELP IN RECOVERY IN HUMAN REMAINS
AND IT WILL ALSO DETERMINE THE IDENTITY OF UNIDENTIFIED REMAINS AND IT WILL
INTERPRET TRAUMA. MEANING IN FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGIES CAN ABLE TO DETERMINED
WHAT IS THE CAUSES OF THE DEATH OF THIS PERSON OR HOW LONG THIS PERSON BEEN DIED
BEFORE, HOW MANY HOURS, DAYS OR YEARS. IN OTHER WORDS THE FORENSIC
ANTHROPOLOGY CAN ABLE DETERMINE THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES BY MEANS OF HIS/HER BONE.
TAKE NOTE THAT FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY IT IS THE STUDY OF MAN MEANING AS FAR AS
ANTHROPOLOGY CONCERNED IT INCLUDES ALSO THE CULTURE WHERE IN TINATAWAG NATIN
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGIST AND WITH REGARDS TO LANGUAGE ANG TAWAG NATIN DYAN
LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGIST AND THE PHYSICAL REMAINS, ARTIFACTS REMAINS LEFT BEHIND
BY HUMAN OCCUPATION IS CALLED PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGIST.

Forensic Odontology

- Forensic Odontology, or forensic dentistry was defined by Keiser-Neilson in 1970 as “that

branch of forensic medicine Which in the interest of justice deals with the proper handling And
examination of dental evidence and with the proper Evaluation and presentation of the dental
findings.” (F.O IS USEFUL WITH REGARDS WITH THE EXAMINATION DENTAL EVIDENCE WHICH
WAS RECOVERED IN THE CRIME SCENE. HOW THIS F.O UTILIZE IN CRIME SOLUTION OR
DETECTION? BY THE LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES. DENTAL SCIENCE IS A PROVIDE DETECTION
AND CRIME SOLUTION BECAUSE IT PLACE A MAJOR ROLE IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF THOSE OF
 INDIVIDUALS WHO CANNOT BE IDENTIFY VISUALLY OR BY OTHER MEANS EX. IF FINGERPRINT
RECOVERS IF THERE IS NO OTHER EVIDENCE RECOVER IN THE CRIME SCENE EXCEPT FOR THE
PRESENCE OF TEETH. THE TEETH MAY ALSO USED AS A WEAPON AND UNDER THE CERTAIN
CIRCUMSTANCES IT MAY ALSO PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT THE IDENTITY OF THE BITER.
MEANING OUR TOOTH FORMATION WILL HAVE INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTIC PWEDE DIN YANG
GAMITIN AS OUR PERSONAL IDENTITY WITHOUT THE ABSENCE OF THE PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES. AS FAR AS TOOTH IS CONCERN IT IS A COURSE TONE IN POSITIVE
IDENTIFICATION OF LIVING OR A DECEASED PERSON USING THE UNIQUE TRAITS AND
CHARACTERISTICS HENCE DETAL PROFESSIONALS PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN REGARD WITH
KEEPING DENTAL RECORDS AND PROVIDING ALL NECESSARY INFORMATION SO THAT LEGAL
AUTHORITIES ABLE TO RECOGNIZE MAL PRACTICES, NEGLIGENCE, FRAUD CHILD ABUSE AND
IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL. IMPORTANTE DIN YUNG AGE KASE YUNG MGA MINOR DI PA TUMUTUBO
YUNG MGA WISDOM TOOTH NILA.)

DNA(Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Profiling

- DNA profiling is the process where a specific DNA pattern, called a profile, is Obtained from a
person or sample of bodily tissue.
- Human DNA profiles can be used to identify the origin of a DNA sample at a Crime scene or test
for parentage

DNA profiling is used to:

- Identify the probable origin of a body fluid sample associated with a crime Or crime scene
- Reveal family relationships; and
- Identify disaster victims.

(IM OTHER WORDS, WHEN THE ONLY EVIDENCE RECOVERED IN THE CRIME SCENSE EX HAIR, BODILY
TISSUES SUCH US BLOOD, SEMEN OR OTHER FORMS OF LIQUIDS, THEY CAN ABLE DETERMINE THAT BY
USED OF DNA PROFILING BEC. IT CAN BE USED TO IDENTIFY HUMAN REMAINS ALSO. EX. WALA NA
SILANG BUTO NA MATAGPUAN ANG PWEDI NILANG GAWIN DYAN. KAHIT BUHOK IT MAY SUBJECT FOR
DNA PROFILING. THE HARDEST BONE IS OUR ENAMEL, THE LONGEST BONE IS THE PEMOR. STRONGEST
MUSCLE.)

Fingerprint ldentification

Fingerprint ldentification is the method of identification Using the impressions made by the minute ridge
Formations or patterns found on the fingertips. (THE MAIN PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION AND THE MAIN
FOCUS OF OUR COURSE. FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES IS AN ABSOLUTE VALUEWITH
REGARDS WITH THE PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION AND IT PLAYS EXTREMELY LARGE ROLE IN P.I. IT SERVES
A POSITIVE MEANS OF P.I IN THE HANDS OF KNOWLEDGEABLE TECHNICIAN AND EXPERTS. IT CAN BE
ALSO A WEAPON IN CONTINUING A FIGHT AGAINST CRIME BECAUSE FINGERPRINT FORMATION
STARTED DURING EMBRYO GROWTH STAGE AND PERFECTED AROUND 3-4MONTHS. IT IS CONSIDERED
AS THE QUICKEST IN THE POSITIVE MEANS IN P.I AND VERY LIABLE IDENTIFICATION KASE NAG START NA
SYA MAG FORM SA LOOB NG SINAPUOUNAN NG NANAY NATIN. IT WILL COMPLETELY DEVELOP
AROUNG 4-5 MONTHS. FRICTION RIDGES CAN BE DISTINCTIVE THOSE ARE THE RIDGES YAN YUNG MGA
NASASALAT NATIN NA MAGAGASPANG. IT CAN BE DISTINCTIVLY OBSERVED IN ITS DESIGN, JOINT A
SEPARTE AND CROSS TO OTHER. THE INDIVIDUAIZE CHARACTERISTIC OF OUR FINGERPRINT ARE NEVER
AFFECTED BY THE PHYSICAL GROWTH AND AGING OF THE HUMAN BODY. KUNG ANO YUNG NA
DEVELOP NG FINGERPRINTS NATIN IN EMBRYO STAGE HINDI MAGBABAGO YAN HANGGANG PAGTANDA
NATIN. FINGERPRINT IS AN ABSOLUTE IMPERMISSIBLE TO MIS IDENTIFIED BECAUSE IN WAS PROVEN IN
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. FINGERPRINT IS THE MOST RELIABLE MEANS IN IDENTIFICATION. SA DNA KASE
YUNG TWIN BROTHERS PWEDI SILANG MAGKAPAREHAS NG DNA TEST HOWEVER IN FINGERPRINT HINDI
SILA PWEDING MAGKA PAREHAS. WILL WEST AND WILLIAM WEST FATHER OF ANTHROPOLOGY)

3 BASIC DOGMATIC PRINCIPLES IN THE STUDY OF FINGERPRINTS

1. Principle of Individuality (THERE ARE NO 2 FINGERS THAT ARE EXACTLY A LIKE UNLESS TAKEN
FROM THE SAME FINGER UNIQUENESS SO THE COMPLEX FINGER RIDGE DETAILS IN A SINGLE
FINGERPRINT NOT DUPLICATE IN ANY OTHER FINGER. THERE IS NO 2 PERSON HAVE THE SAME
FINGERPRINT EXACTLY A LIKE. ACCORDING TO CALCULATION OF FRANCIS GALTON
MAGKAKAROON MUNA DAW NG 64B ANG MGA TAO BAGO MAGKAROON NG KAPAREHAS NA
FINGERPRINT ANG MGA TAO)
2. Principle of Permanency (Constancy/Perennial/Immutable)
(STAGE FOR CONFIGURATION OF THE DETAILS OF INDIVIDUAL RIDGES CHARACTERISTICS OF
FINGERPRINT PATTERN, IT DOESN’T CHANGE. KUNG ANONG NA DEVELOP DYAN IT MAY SERVE
AS OUR P.I FI NA MAGBABAGO YAN
3. Principle of Infallibility (THE P.I IS THE RELIABLE MEANS OF P.I AND ALL COURTS ADOPT
FINGERPRINT AS A MEANS OF P.I IT WILL NOT FAIL BE FORGE, DI PWEDENG DAYAIN. THERE IS
NO ROOM FOR ERROR.) (IN THE FINGERPRINT CONCEPT IN NATURE OF COURSE THERE ARE
TWO MAIN LAYERS OF OUR SKIN, WE HAVE THE DERMIS – INNER LAYER AND EPIDERMIS-
OUTER LAYER OF OUR SKIN.)

IMPORTANCE OR VALUE OF FINGERPRINT

1. Prevent impersonation. (NAGPAPANGGAP)

2. Speedy identification of wrongdoers. (FINGERPRINT IS THE QUICKEST POSITIVE MEANS OF P.I)
3. Serve to give evidence.
4. Identify bodies whose cadaver is beyond recognition. (DI NA MA RECOGNIZE YUNG MUKHA)
5. Aids Judiciary in penal treatment.
6. Prevent criminal substitution of the newly born. (IN HOSPITAL KINUKUHANAN NA NG
FINGERPRINT ANG MGA NEWLY BORN)
 PART 2

PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

- Used to determine the identity of unknown person/s (dead or alive).

- Used to confirm the identify of persons.

WHERE DO WE FIND OUR FINGERPRINT?

IT CONTAINS OF FRICTION AND NON-FRICTION SKIN-BACK OF OUR FINGER LIKE HAIR.

BASIC TERMS:

DACTYL – A Latin term which mean finger or toe.

DACTYLOSCOPY - The science of identification by means of fingerprints.

DACTYLOGRAPHY- The science of recording fingerprint for the purpose of identification.

FINGERPRINT

- It refers to a reproduction on some Smooth surfaces of the pattern or Design formed by the
ridges of the Inside of the end joint of fingers And thumbs. (MAKIKITA NATIN YUNG MGA
FINGERPRINTS OR RIDGES INSIDE THE END JOINT OF OUR FINGERS AND THUMBS. DIFFERENT
RIDGES ANG MAKIKITA NATIN DYAN.)
- It is an impression made by the end Joint of the fingers and thumbs Which can be seen through
the Medium of sweat, ink or any Ingredient capable of producing visibility. (BY MEANS OF
IMPRESSION HOW FINGERPRINTS DEVELOP, BY MEANS OF SWEAT NAGKAKAROON NG LIQUID
THEN WHEN WE TOUCH SMOOTH SYRFACES AY MAG IIWAN YAN NG IMPRESSION AND IT WILL
 BE KNOWN AS LATENT FINGERNT, INK OR GRASSY MATERIALS. WE CAN ABLE LIFT AND DEVELOP
THAT BY MEANS OF OTHER CHEMICALS OR POWDER.)

NATURE OF FINGERPRINTS

- A fingerprint is a composite of the Ridge outlines which appears on the Skin surface of the bulbs
on the Inside of the end joints of the Fingers and thumbs.
- These ridges are commonly referred To as papillary or friction ridges.
- The ridges have a definite contour and Appear in several ridge formations or Patterns, each
possessing definite Individual details by which positive identification can be made.
- Ridge characteristics are formed prior to Birth and remain constant throughout Life except for
growth and deep Scarification. (HINDI YAN MAGBABAGO HANGGAT TAYO AY NABUBUHAY
EXEPT PAG TUMATANDA TAYO LUMALAPAD YUNG RIDGES PERO YUNG FORMATION IS SAME,
PAG NAGKAROON NG SUGAT PWEDE MAGKAROON NG SCARS AT MAY MAGBAGO BUT IN
OTHER MEANS MAG REREGENERATE YAN AND IT WAS PROVED IN OTHER PERSONALITIES WHO
REMOVERE THEIR FINGERPRINT PERO DI NAGING SUCCESSFUL.)
- From a law enforcement viewpoint fingerprints has an additional purpose. Since the ridges on
the skin surface emit a film of perspiration or oily matter, there is a tendency for the ridge
impression to adhere to nonporous objects that any person may touch. (BEACUSE OF THE
PERSPIRATION OR THE OILY MATTERS NA LIQUID NA PINOPROVIDE NG KATAWAN NATIN OR
NAHAHAWAKAN NATIN BY MEANS OF INK, WHEN WE TOUCH A NONPOROUS OBJECT SUCH AS
A PLASTIC, A METALS LAHAT NA SMOOTH SURFACES NA PWEDE NATING MAHAWAKAN PWEDE
TAYO MAG IWAN NG IMPRESSION DYAN AND THAT’S CALLED LATENT PRINT)
- Such fingerprints may be rendered visible by various powders and chemicals used for this
purpose. (THAT FINGERPRINT BEING OR lEFT IN THE SMOOTH SURFACES AY PWEDING MAGING
VISIBLE YAN BY THE USE OF POWDERS. EX IF THE SURFACES IS WHITE WE CAN USED BLACK
POWDER IN ORDER THAT THE FINGERPRINT BECOME VISIBLE.)
- Generally, the courts set twelve (12)Characteristics as the minimum number of Matching
characteristics required to Establish identity (AS LONG AS THE FINGERPRINT AND STANDARD
FINGERPRINT RECOVERED IN THE CRIME SCENE. NAGKAROON SILA NG PAGKAKAPAREHAS
WHEN COMPARING THAT FINGERPRINT, NAGKAROON NG 12 CHARACTERISTICS POSSIBLE YAN
IT WILL ESTABLISH THE IDENTITY OF A PERSON.

IMPORTANCE OR VALUE OF FINGERPRINT

1. Prevent impersonation. (NAGPAPANGGAP)

2. Speedy identification of wrongdoers. (FINGERPRINT IS THE QUICKEST POSITIVE MEANS OF P.I)
3. Serve to give evidence.
4. Identify bodies whose cadaver is beyond recognition. (DI NA MA RECOGNIZE YUNG MUKHA)
5. Aids Judiciary in penal treatment.
6. Prevent criminal substitution of the newly born. (IN HOSPITAL KINUKUHANAN NA NG
FINGERPRINT ANG MGA NEWLY BORN)
CLASSIC EXAMPLE OF THE IMPORTANCE OR VALUE OF FINGERPRINTS

THE PAJERO LADY

-Ma. Lourdes De Guzman a.k.a. Josephine Roque Garcia. On January 29, 2005 Josephine Roque Garcia
was arrested By the police. During the trial of the said petition, the police through the use of fingerprint
analysis managed to prove that Josephine Roque Garcia is the same Ma. Lourdes De Guzman who has a
string of criminal cases pending in various courts.

-In fact, to evade from these cases, she even made it appear that she had an accident that resulted in
her supposed death in Norzagaray, Bulacan sometime in January 2003. Using the Automated
Fingerprint ldentification System (AFIS), the police compared the said fingerprints with the fingerprints
taken from The suspect on January 30, 2005, and found out that “they are impressions made by one and
the same person

-On the basis of this finding, Quezon City RTC Branch 223 Judge Ramon Cruz held in his Decision dated
February 21, 2005 that Josephine Roque Garcia is the same Ma Lourdes De Guzman whose conviction by
Branches 141 and 145 of the Makati RTC had been sustained by the Court of Appeals and The Supreme
Court.

(IT PROVES IN THIS CASE THE VALUE OF FINGERPRINT KAHIT ANONG GAWIN MO MAG PA PLASTIC
SURGERY KA AS LONG AS YOUR FINGERPRINT IS THERE DI MO MATATAGO YUNG IDENTITY MO)

(NAGPANGGAP SIYA NG PATAY, NAGPALIT SIYA NG MUKHA WITH THAT THE VALUE OF FINGERPRINT IS
VERY MATERIAL.)

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF DACTYLOSCOPY

SOME HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS REGARDING THE STUDY OF FINGERPRINTS

 - Historical accounts are based upon a reliable records which maybe in the form of arts and
sciences (knowledge), writings and inventions, and also customs, traits, and languages of
different people of the past. (DATI SA KULTURA KUNG PAANO I IDENTIFY YUNG ISANG TAO).

HOLLAND AND CHINA

- Identification of individuals was By means of branding, tattooing, Mutilation, and also

manifested By wearing clothes of different Design. (INDIVIDUALS CAN BE IDENTIFIED BEFORE BY
MEANS OF BRANDING EX. DODONG PILAY, MAGANANAKW OR INANO. MARIANONG SUPOT
GANON. BY MEANSE OF TATTOO SIGN OF FIGHTER)
- In earlier civilization, Branding and even maiming Were used to mark the Criminal for what he
was...
- E.g. A thief was deprived of his/her hands.
- Rapist is deprived of his sex organ...

EGYPT

- The earliest evidence of ridge detail on the hands and feet of humans was seen in the 4.000 year
old mummies of ancient Egypt.
- The hands and feet of mummies had been examined On numerous occasions and the presence
of ridge Detail on the mummies’ digits was confirmed.

OLD MEXICO

- The Aztecs impressed their hands accidentally or intentionally on the molded and still soft clays,
of their hand Made idols to serve as their trade marks. (GINAGAMIT NILANG IDENTIFICATION
PAG MOMOLD NILA IN A SOFT CLAYS/ AZTECS- AMERICAN INDIAN PEOPLE)
- The authorities stamped their hands On the death warrants for the men And women who
offered their lives to Sacrifice for their idol gods.

FRANCE

- Numerous rock carvings and paintings featuring hand designs and fingerprints have been found
on the granite wall slabs in NOVA SCOTIA.(

BABYLONIA

- The first use of fingerprints for personal identification originated when Babylonian Magistrates
ordered their officers making arrest and property confiscations to secure the defendants
fingerprints.
- These facts in clay tablets and cuneiform writings are now preserved and kept in British
Museums.
In CHINA

- Fingerprints is called Hua Chi?. The value of fingerprints for purposes of identification was found
on a Chinese Clay seal made not later than the 3rd Century
- During the Tang Dynasty, fingerprints were used in connection with the preparation of legal
documents, thus providing them genuine.
- For contracts, Fingerprints were also used illiterates
- The Code of domestic relations as described in the Chinese Law Book states, “To divorce a wife
the husband must write a bill of divorcement and state the reasons or grounds that are due for
Actions, and they impress their palm prints thereon.

JAPAN

- Deeds, notes and certification to be used as proof were sealed by the mark of the hand called
“TEGATA”. (IN JAPAN, IN TREATMENT OF CRIMINAL THEY IMPRINT AT THE HAND WAS TAKEN
CRIMINAL SIGN ONLY BY THUMB PRINT. PAG NA SENTENSYAHAN ANG ISNAG TAO THUMB
PRINT A GINAGAMIT NILA. WIT REGARDS TO THE USED OF INDEX FINGER, IT IS A MEANS OF
SIGNING DIVORCE PAPER.)

ENGLAND

- THOMAS BEWICK, an English engraver, author, And naturalist engraved the Pattern of his own
Fingerprints on every wood-Work he had finished to serve As his mark so as to establish Its
genuineness. (PARA MAGKAROON NG TRADEMARK OR ORIGINALITY YUNG TRABAHO NYA INE
ENGRAVE NYA DAW YUNG FINGERPRINT NYA DON. IT SERVE HIS PERSONALITY NA DI PWEDENG
I IMITATE NG IBA.)

UNITED STATES

1. JCA MAYER (JOHANES CRISTOF ANDRES) - in 1788, he stated In his book that, “although the
Arrangement of skin ridges is never Duplicated in two persons, Nevertheless the similarities are
Closer among some individuals. (MERONG MGA CLOSER SIMILARITIES SA MGA INDIVIDUAL BUT
HINDI EXACT. DAHIL YUNG PATTERN IS NAMAMANA PERO HINDI MAGKAMUKHA AS IN)
- The first person to state that The prints of two persons are Never alike...

2. GILBERT THOMPSON, a Geologist in New Mexico, adopted The first individual use of Fingerprints on
August 8, 1882 by Using his own thumbprints as a Protection to prevent tampering With the pay
orders he issued. (WHEN HE ISSUE A PAY ORDER HE IMPRESS HIS FINGERPRINTS AS MEANS OF
IDENTIFICATION ARA HINDI I DUPLICATE YUNG MGA BINABAYARAN NILA)
3. Dr. HENRY P. FOREST - Utilized the first municipal use Of fingerprints for non- Criminal registration
on December 19, 1902 in New York.
- He required Civil Service Applicants to be fingerprinted. (IN ORDER TO PREVENT PAGKAKAROON
NG IMPOSTOR BAKA MAMAYA MAY MAG TATAKE NG CSE DI KA MAKAPASA PASA KAYA
KUMUHA KA NG IBANG TAK NA MAG EXAM PARA SAYO. IN 1902 NI REREQUIRE NA NILA
LAHAT.)

4. CAPT. JAMES I. PARKE – Advocated the first state and Penal use of fingerprints Which was officially
adopted in Singing-sing, Prison on June 5, 1903 and later on at Auburn Penitentiaries. (WITH THAT
DATE GINAMIT NA DIN NILA YUNG FINGERPRINT SA LOOB NG KULUNGAN.)

Mark Twain (1894)

- American author and lecturer, Twain Enhanced the position of fingerprints when he Included
their use in the plot of a novel entitled Pudd’n Head Wilson.
- In the novel, a bloody fingerprint is found on the Murder weapon and Pudd’n Head.
- The defense attorney had ordered the whole town to Be fingerprinted. (IN THERE NOVEL
RENEQUIRED LAHAT NG TAO DUN NA KUHANAN NG FONGERPRINT PARA MAALAMAN KU SINO
MAY ARI NG FINGERPRINT BECAUSE NO TWO PERSON HAVE SAME FINGERPRINT THAT ARE
EXACTLY A LIKE)
- He lectured the court and jury on the basics of Fingerprinting, how fingerprints are immutable
And that two fingerprints from different source will Never be found to be the same. (IN MARK
TWAIN’S STORY IT PROVES THE PRINCIPLES OF INDIVIDUALY, PERMANENCY AND IMPALIDILITY.)
- He also commented on how identical twins can be Indistinguishable in appearance, at times
even by Their parents, but their fingerprints will always be Different.

THE PIOONERS IN THE STUDY OF FINGERPRINTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION

Dr. NEHEMIAH GREW

- 1684, he offered one of The earliest known European publications of Fingerprint, “Theme on
Skin Structure”
- He described the “innumerable little ridges of equal Bigness on the ends of the first joints of the
Fingers.” He described sweat pores, epidermal Ridges, and their various arrangements”

Harold Cummins (1893 – 1976)

- In 1929, he published a paper, “The Topographic History of the Volar Pads in The Human
Embryo.
- He described the formation and Development of volar pads on the human Fetus.
- He concluded that the physical aspects of The volar pads such as location, growth Differential,
and configuration variances Afffected friction ridge development and Overall pattern
configuration.

Prof. MARCELO MALPIGHI

 - An Italian Anatomist, known as The “Grandfather of Dactyloscopy.” He perceived the Ridges to
be drawn into LOOPS And SPIRAL. (HE ALSO DISCOVER THE TWO LAYER OF THE SKIN known as
STRATUM MOCOSUM/ DERMIS AND STRATUM KONYONG AKA EPIDERMIS.
- The lower epidermis “Malpighian layer” was named after him.
- Malpighian layer is generally Defined as both the stratum Basale and stratum Spinosum as a
unit.

GOVARD BIDLOO

- In 1685, he Wrote a book, “Human Anatomy”, in which he included A drawing of the thumb
print Showing the ridge configuration of The whorl pattern.

Prof. JEAN JOHANNES EVANGELIST PURKENJI

- A Czechoslovakian professor at the University of Breslau, Germany

- He was known as the Father of Dactyloscopy
- In 1823, he described the various patterns of the Fingers and systematically classified and
divided Them into NINE GROUPS.

Sir WILLIAM HERSCHEL

- 1858 in Bengal, India, he began the first known official use of fingerprints in large scale.
- He was considered as the "Father of Chiroscopy
- He printed the palm of the natives whom he had business dealings in order to avoid
impersonation among laborers.
- Who was the first person that Herschel fingerprinted? Rajyadhar Konai

Dr. HENRY FAULDS

- He was a Scottish surgeon stationed in Tokyo, Japan.

- In 1880, he wrote the English Journal NATURE dealing with Latent prints found at the crime
Scene.
- He claimed that the impression Would provide positivę Identification of offenders when
Apprehended.
- Sir FRANCIS GALTON The scientist who divided the types of fingerprint into "Arches Loops and
Whorls" known as "ALW Method."
- His greatest contribution to Dactyloscopy Is the fact which he had proven that “the Ridges
remain constant and unchanging Throughout life until decomposition” and That “the friction
ridges contain Individual characteristics which he Termed as “Galton’s Details or Minutae”, He
wrote a book, entitled fInger prints” & published it in 1892.

ALPHONSE BERTILLON

- A French national whose method of identification was based upon eleven measurements of the
human anatomy, and used the metric system for recording the date. (HE WAS REGARDED AS
THE FATHER OF P.I)
- The Bertillon system was Generally accepted for thirty (30) Years. But it never recovered From
the Will and William West Case in 1903.
JUAN VUCETICH

- 1891, an Argentinean criminologist whose System of classifying and filing of Fingerprint sets is
still used by most Of Spanish and Latin countries. (HE WAS ONE OF THE FOUNDER OF LA PLATA –
A CRIMINAL FINGERPRINT BUREAU IN ARVENTINA. HE WAS CLAIM AS THE FATHER OF
FINGERPRINT IN THE ALL SPANISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES.)
- His collection of fingerprint records At his time was considered as the Largest of its kind in the
world.
- In 1892, Juan Vucetich, an Argentine police officer made the First criminal fingerprint
Identification
- He successfully proved Francisca Rojas guilty of murder after Showing that the bloody
fingerprint Found at the crime scene was hers, And could only be hers.

Sir EDWARD RICHARD HENRY

- Published the book “Classification and Uses of Fingerprints.”

- His system was adopted on July 1, 1901 in London and with some Modifications is still in general
Use in most English speaking Countries of today. He modified The Galton’s System.
- His system was also acclaimed and officially adopted in Wales as well as throughout England
- Credited as the "Father of Fingerprint.

In 1918, EDMOND LOCARD wrote that if 12 points (Galton’s Details) Were the same between two
Fingerprints, it would suffice as a Positive identification

- Locard’s 12 points seems to have been based on an unscientific “improvement” over the eleven
Anthropometric measurements used to “identify” criminals before the Adoption of fingerprints.

PHILIPPINES SETTING

Mr. JONES – The one who first Taught fingerprint in the Philippine Constabulary Sometime in the year
1900

BUREAU OF PRISONS – Records shows that in 1918 “Carpetas” (Commitment of Conviction) already
bear Fingerprints. (MERONG MGA TAO NA NAKUHANAN NG FINGERPRINTS DYAN SA LOOB NG
KULUNGAN

PEOPLE VS. MEDINA – The first leading judicial decision in the Philippines (IN US PEOPLE VS. JENNINGS)

- Republic of the Philippines

- SUPREME COURT (Manila)
- G.R. No. L-38434 defendant-appellant
- THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, plaintiff-appellee, vs. MARCIANO MEDINA y DIOKNO
(alias MARIANO MEDINA, alias ALEJANDRO DOLA), defendant-appellant.
- The trial court convicted the accused based on “TEN (10) POINTS” of identity, which were
marked on the photographs.”
 - The witness, Mr. Agripino Ruiz, a Constabulary agent and fingerprint expert, stated in his
opinion "that EIGHT (8) CHARACTERISTICS are sufficient to identify a person.”

Mr. GENEROSO REYES – The first Filipino fingerprint technician employed by the Phil. Constabulary.
(FIRST CHOP-CHOP LADY - LUCILA LALU. 1968 NERON DIN NOTABLE PERSON NA KINUHANAN NG
FINGERPRINTS BECAUSE FINGERPRINT ALREADY USED FOR FAMOUS PERSONALITY SUCH AS BABY AMA
OR MARCIAL AMA- LEADER OF CVCV GANG. NARDONG PUTIK OR LEONARDO MARICIANO- NOTORIOUS
GANG LEADER IN CAVITE. RAPPING THE ACTRESS IN 1967 SIN JAME JOSE, BASILLO PINEDA, EDGARDO
AQUINO. WITH REGARDS TO THE AUTOMATED FINGERPRINTS IN THE PHILIPPINES IT WAS STARTED
APRIL 11, 2003 DURING THE TIME OF DIRECTOR GENERAL HERMOHEMES APGANI JR.)

Video 3

A. PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALITY/UNIQUENESS

- There are no two persons having the same fingerprints.

Chief Superintendent Fidel P. Lajom, former Director, PNP Crime Laboratory, said that:

"Although nobody had ever examined and compared fingerprints of the entire population of the world,
it is universally known that no two individuals possess identical fingerprints."

The reason for this is based on the accepted principle, "nature never duplicates itself down to its
smallest details.

Galton and Edmond Locard believed in the Law of Probability in the duplication of fingerprints of two
individuals.

Although very remote like one (1) in 64 billion or one in Three (3) Trillion.

This view of Galton and Locard is DISPUTABLE?

The earliest scientific research that recorded friction skin as unique was of J.C.A Mayer, a German
Doctor and anatomist.
He published a book in 1788, which has been referred to as "an atlas anatomical illustrations."

B. PRINCIPLE OF PERMANENCY/CONSTANCY/Persistency

The configuration and details of individual ridges remain constant and unchanging.

Womb to tomb principle.

According to Kasey Wertheim and Alice Maceo in their published article, there are three structural
elements of skin that allow for the permanence of friction ridge detail.

1. THE ADHERENCE OF THE EPIDERMAL CELLS TO EACH OTHER

2. THE BASAL CELL LAYER OF THE EPIDERMIS, AND ITS ATTACHMENT TO THE BASEMENT MEMBRANE;

3. THE ATTACHMENT OF THE BASEMENT MEMBRANE TO THE DERMIS.

C. PRINCIPLE OF INFALLIBILITY

- Fingerprint is reliable means of identification.

SOME NOTABLE ATTEMPTS OF DESTROYING RIDGES AND DISGUISED.

o In 1933, "Handsome Jack" Klutas had attempted to file down the small ridges on his fingers, but he
ultimately failed;

o Kate "Ma" Barker's, Alvin "Creepy" Karpis and Ma's son Freddy, decided to remove their fingerprints as
well, so they hired mob physician Joseph P. Moran to do the job. Moran was inexperienced in this
procedure and repeatedly hacked and knifed at their prints until the gangsters couldn't bear any more
pain, but when their fingers finally healed, the fingerprint ridges grew back to their original patterns

o John Dillinger- A notorious criminal in US who tried to remove his fingerprints using acid but failed.

© Robert James Pitts - He destroyed his fingerprints by employing the services of a doctor. However, a
year after, he was arrested and the police were amazed to find that he has no fingerprints.

The Texas Dept of Public Safety was able to effect identification out of the second joints of his fingers.

SOME NOTABLE CASES ON FINGERPRINTS

© Stratton Brothers case in England

© Alfred Stratton (born 1883) and his brother Albert Ernest (1885, both died on May 23, 1905) were the
first men to be convicted in Great Britain for murder based on fingerprint evidence.

* The case, otherwise known as the Mask Murders (due to the black stocking-top masks that had been
left at the scene of the crime), the Deptford Murders (due to the location) or the Farrow Murders (the
last name of the victims), is widely regarded as the case that truly launched forensic science.

* People vs. Jennings (Dec 21, 1911). This is the pioneering case in the United States wherein the first
conviction based on fingerprint was recognized by the judicial authorities.

"SOME IRREGULARITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FINGERPRINTS"

o Ectodactyl - The condition in which the person is born with missing fingers.

o Macrodactyl - The condition in which a person's finger is enlarged.

o Microdactyl - The condition in which a person's finger is smaller than its usual size...

o Polydactyl - The condition in which a person has more than the regular number of fingers.

o Syndactyl - The condition of the hand characterized by the side fusion of some fingers.

STEPS IN FINGERPRINT EXAMINATION (ACE-V)

1. ANALYSIS – The unknown area of friction ridge structure (latent prints) must be examined. The
specific area of finger, palm or sole of the foot suspected of making the impression is determined. The
clarity of the impression and the variety of details present are established.

2. COMPARISON - The friction ridge structure is then compared to the exemplars.

3. EVALUATION - Similarities or dissimilarities present in the ridge structure will have specific value
toward establishing the individuality of the area of friction ridge structure.

4. VERIFICATION - The opinion of the forensic identification examiner must be verified by another
examiner.

THE ALLIED SCIENCES IN THE STUDY OF FINGERPRINT

*POROSCOPY - A method of personal identification through the comparison of the impressions of sweat
pores (present on friction ridges of palmar and plantar surfaces).

* Poroscopy was established by Dr. Edmond Locard in 1912.

*Locard was of the opinion that friction ridges could be identified by comparing pores with the use of a
microscope.

Ridgeology - A forensic identification science that is associated with any and all ridge details on the volar
areas (bottoms of the hands and the feet) and not just formations that appear in these areas.

ACCORDING TO EDMOND LOCARD

o believes that identity can be established in lower number of guidelines as laid down by the famous
French Criminalist and the "Father of Poroscopy."

The guidelines are as follows:

1. Clearness of the pattern

2. Rarity of the type.

3. Presence of core and delta in decipherable part.

4. Presence of pores.

5. The perfect and clear identity of the width of the ridges and furrows, of direction of the lines

Who introduced Ridgeology?

-David R. Ashbaugh

* Ridgeology attempts to explain how and why friction ridge structure differs from individual to
individual rather than depending upon the explanation of the basic laws of chance.

*CHIROSCOPY - The science of palm print identification.

*PODOSCOPY - The science of footprint identification.

* Edgeoscopy is a method of identification through the examination of the unique details and
characteristics found along the edges of individual fingerprint ridges.
* These shapes are only of use when the quality of the friction ridges found in both the latent fingerprint
and the exemplar print is high.

TWO FIELDS OF FINGERPRINT STUDY

Classification - dividing the fingerprints by type and characteristics according to their pattern and
transforming them into a formula for easy filing and future reference.

IDENTIFICATION OR COMPARISON

*Procedures on Fingerprint

*Comparison and Identification

1. Preliminary Examination - sufficient ridge details

2. Examination Proper - comparison of Q and S

3. Photograph Examination - enlarged the prints

Four (4) Requisites in Comparison of Friction Rprint

1. General Pattern Agreement - eight types of pattern

2. Qualitative Concordance - different ridge characteristics

3. QUANTITATIVE FACTORS - SUFFICIENT NUMBER

4. Relationship of Ridge Details - location of the ridges

What is the number of ridge characteristics as a basis of absolute Identity?

Can fingerprints be destroyed?

No, as long as the dermis of the bulbs of the fingers is not completely destroyed, the fingerprints will
always remain unchanged and indestructible.

* There is a considerable controversy regarding the possibility of forging fingerprints by burning them
with acid or making a simulated impressions or a perfect replica of impressions of the fingers.

o Various experiments conducted by authorities and although they could almost make an accurate
reproduction, still there is no case on record known or had been written that forgery of fingerprints has
been a complete success. The introduction of modern scientific equipments, new techniques and up to
date knowledge in crime detection always foil the attempt.

*The general shape or overall pattern of fingers and palms can be inherited. Family members will often
have similar patterns or designs on the same fingers of their hands.

o The tiny details in the fingerprints, ridges, however, ARE NOT inherited and is different between all
friction skin areas of all persons - even between twins.

"Can you force a Person to be fingerprinted?"

o Yes, as long as the person is under legal arrest. If he resist, he can be prosecuted for dis-obedience to
an agent of a person in authority, defined and penalized under Article 151 of the RPC.

*Child in Conflict with the Law

While under investigation, not to be fingerprinted or photographed in a humiliating and degrading

manner (Par. G., Sec. 12., Revised Rule on Children in Conflict with the Law).

JUDEA
The Holy Scripture or Bible contains many interesting facts based on fingerprints. Paul, the
Apostle used his own fingerprints to sing his letters (II Thessalonians 3:17 – “I, Paul, greet you
with my own hand. This is the mark in every letter. Thus I write.”) Other significant quotations
are found in Job 37:7 – “He sealth up the hand of all men that every man will know his works.”
And revelations 13:16 – “It will cause all, the small and the great, the rich and the poor, and the
free and the bond, to have a mark on their right hand or in their forehead.”
JERUSALEM
Fingerprint relics were found in clay lumps during the 4th and 5th centuries of the Christian Era.
The excavation of Palestine by the late Dr. Bade yield fragments of such specimens.

ü In 1903, New York State of Prison in Albany claims the first practical systematic use of
fingerprints in the US to identify criminals and Captain James Parke is the one who officially
installed/adapted the Henry Fingerprint System as a means of personal identification of
prisoners.
ü June 5, 1903 – Fingerprints were adopted in the following penitentiaries: Sing Sing, Napanoch,
Auburn, and Clinton.
ü 1904 – John Kenneth Ferrier – He is an Englishman and first fingerprint instructor at the St.
Louise Police Department, Missouri.
ü 1904 – The City of St. Louis Missouri became the first City to adopt Fingerprints.
ü 1905 – Fingerprinting was officially adopted by the US Army.
ü 1907 – Fingerprinting was officially adopted by the US Navy. (January 11, 1907)
ü 1908 – Fingerprinting was officially adopted by the US Marine Corps.
ü 1910 – Frederick A. Brayley published the First American book on Fingerprints in Boston by
Worcester Press.
ü 1911 – The State of Illinois, USA, made the first criminal conviction based solely upon
fingerprint evidence. It was known as the first judicial ruling on such evidence. (People vs.
Jennings, 252 Illinois 543 -96 NE 1077, 43 LRA (NS) 1206 for 1911).
ü 1915 – The International Association for Criminal Identification was founded and it was the
first organized body of professional identification experts.
ü 1916 – Frederick Kuhne published a book entitled, “The Fingerprint Instructor”, which
probably was the first authoritative book in fingerprint circulated in the USA by Munn and
Company.
ü 1916 – The Institution of Applied Science, Chicago, Illinois, USA was the first school to teach
fingerprint identification (June 16, 1916).
ü 1919 – Marked the publication of Fingerprint and Identification Magazine (Chicago). The first
monthly journal devoted exclusively to Fingerprint Science.
ü 1922 – Haken Jersengen, the sub-director of police in Copenhagen, Denmark introduced the
first long distance identification to the US at a Police conference. The method was adopted and
published in a magazine entitled, “Publications” of the International Police Conference, New
York City Police Department, 1932.
ü 1924 – The book entitled, “Single Fingerprint System”, by T.K. Larson was first published in
US (Barkley, Police Monograph Series D), Application and Co., New York City.
ü 1924 – The first National Bureau of identification was created by the act of Congress in US
DOJ, Washington DC.
ü 1925 – Harry J. Myers II installed the first official fact fingerprint system for infants in the
Jewish Maternity Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. The first identification system in
the United States.
ü 1925 – The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, USA used compulsory foot and fingerprinting of
new born infants and mothers, which was enacted into law by Act of General Assembly as
approved on April 20, 1925.
ü 1933 – The Bureau of Identification, US Department of Justice adopted the Single Fingerprint
Identification System. The first national use of single print for identification for purposes of
certain crimes only. Later, in the same year the first National Civil Voluntary Fingerprint file
was established.
ü 1938 – A book by Harry J. Myers II, “History of Identification of Fingerprints in US,” was
published in Fingerprint and Identification Magazine (Chicago, Illinois, Vol. 20, No. 4; October
1938).
6. What is the significant dates, events, and personalities in the history of fingerprinting in the
Philippines?
ü 1819 – Fingerprint has been used or introduced in the Philippines by Chinese traders.
ü 1900 – Philippine Constabulary personnel oriented about the practical use of fingerprint while
the Criminal Records and Identification Division of Manila Police Department sought the use of
the Bertillon System of Identification.
ü 1900- Mr. Jones - The one who first taught fingerprint in the Philippine Constabulary
sometime in the year 1900.
ü 1933 Dec. 23 (People of the Philippines VS Marciano Medina y Diokno) – The first landmark
case where fingerprint evidence serves as basis in the conviction.
N.B Agripino Ruiz – made an impression as the first expert witness whose expert opinion
receives merit in Philippine Judicial history.
ü 1937 – Attorney Agustin Patricio the first Filipino authority in fingerprinting and who topped
the first examination on fingerprints given by Captain Thomas Dugon of the New York Police
Department.
ü 1937 – Mr. Flaviano Guerrero – the lone Filipino member of the FBI who gave the first
examination of fingerprint in the Philippines
ü Mr. Generoso Reyes – the first fingerprint expert employed by the Philippine Constabulary,
Camp Crame, Quezon City.
ü Philippine Educational Institute (now PCCr) - First school authorized by the Government to
teach Police Sciences.
ü 1967 May 14 Lucila Lalu- the first Filipina chop-chop lady was identified through systematic
classification of her fingerprint.
ü 1968 – according to the Bureau of Prisons fingerprints was first systematically used as part of
the Carpeta or known as prisoner’s record.
N.B Famous Criminal Personalities:
o Marcial Ama aka Baby Ama – leader of sige–sige gang
o Leonardo Manecio aka Nardong Putik – notorious Gang leader in Cavite.
o Jaime Jose, Basilio Pineda, and Edgardo Aquino – accused of raping the actress Magie Dela
Riva in 1967.
ü April 11, 2003- PNP Director General Hermogenes Ebdane Jr., introduced the Automated
Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) in the Philippine National Police, the first electronic
and scientific method capturing fingerprint images and textual information.