Lesson 8

AUXILIARY VERBS – BE, HAVE AND DO.

The auxiliary verbs " be", "have" and "do", they are used with a main verb to form tenses,
negatives and questions.

Examples:

- He is planning to get married soon

- I haven’t seen peter since last night
- Which doctor do you want to see?

Verb to “be”.

present Past Future

I am was Will be
You are were Will be
He/she/it is was Will be
we are were Will be
You are were Will be
They are were Will be

"Be" as an auxiliary is used:

 With the ‘ing’ form of the main verb to form continuous tenses.
Examples:

- He is living in Germany
- They were going to phone you.

 With the past participle of the main verb to form the passive
Examples:

- These cars are made in Japan

- The walls of her flat were covered with posters.
“Have”

Present Past Future

I have Had Will have
You have Had Will have
He/she/it Has Had Will have
We have Had Will have
You have Had Will have
They have Had Will have

You use "Have" as an auxiliary with the past participle to form the perfect tenses

Examples:

- A have changed my mind

- I wish you had met Mauro
The present perfect continuous, the past perfect continuous, and the perfect tenses in the passive,
are formed using both ‘have’ and ‘be’.

Examples:

- He has been working very hard recently.

- She did not know how long she had been lying there

“DO”

Present Past Future

I do did Will do
You do did Will do
He/she/it does did Will do
We do did Will do
You do did Will do
They do did Will do

You use "Do" as an auxiliary to make negative and question forms from sentences that have a
verb in the present simple or past simple.

Examples:
 - He doesn’t think he can come to the party.
- Do you like her new haircut?
- She didn’t buy the house.
- Didn’t he get the job?

You can use ‘do’ as a main verb with the auxiliary ‘do’

Examples:

- He didn’t do is homework.
- Do they do the work themselves?
You can also use the auxiliary ‘do’ with ‘have’ as a main verb.

Examples:

- He doesn’t have any money.

- Does anyone have a question?

Lesson 9

Modal verbs
Modal verb is a type of auxiliary verbs that is used to express: ability, possibility, permission or
obligation.
The modals in English are;
 Can/could/be able to.
 May/might
 Shall/should
 Must/have to/ought to
 Will/would

 Can/could, may/might – express possibility and permission.

 “Can” is used to say that something is possible.
Example: cooking can be a real pleasure
- You can read my book
You use “cannot” or “can’t” to say that something is not possible
Example: this cannot be the answer
- You can’t be serious.
 Can and could is also used to express ability and permission.
Ability
Example: he can dance kizomba really well.
- He can speak French and English
Permission
Example: students you can go home now
- You can take my pen
 Could/might and may are used to indicate that you are not certain (sure) whether
something is possible but you think is it
Example: that could be the reason he is angry.
- He might come today
- They may help us with the cleanup
 Must/ought to/should and will express possibility and certainty
“Should or ought to” are used to say that something is probably true or will happen.
Example: we should arrive home at 8:00 PM
“Must” is used to say that something is true and you are sure
Example: you must be Amina’s husband.
“will” is used to say that something is certain to happen in the future.
Example: next year I will have 35 years.
- I’ll come tomorrow

Exercises
1. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of can/could.
Example: can I call you tonight?
I. ___________ Tony run long distances?
II. ___________ you please call a taxi for me.
III. Students you ___________ go home now.
2. Fill the gaps with should/shouldn’t.
Example: he shouldn’t encourage such a bad behavior.
I. You _____________ brush your teeth.
II. You _____________ put your feet on the table
III. The government _________________ help poor people.