Transformers

• Transformer is generally a four-terminal

device comprising two (or more)
magnetically coupled coils.
– With inner core
• AIR
• Magnetic material (to enlarge B)
Linear transformer:
 Constant permeability (描述一材料對於外加
磁場的磁化程度)
 Generally, it is satisfied
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 1
 Permeability (磁導率)

[Source：Magic Marks, YouTube]

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 2
 Material’s Response to
External Magnetic
• Bm/B0=Km (Relative permeability)
– Km: relative permeability
• Bm=KmB0=Kmu0nI=umnI
– Um: magnetic permeability of the material
• For Km
– Diamagnetic material
• （反磁性材料）
– Paramagnetic material
• （順磁性材料）
– Ferromagnetic material
• （鐵磁性材料）

2023/2/10 3
 13.4 Linear Transformers (1)
losses in the coils Isolated form
R1 M R2 mutual inductance

V R1
I1 L1 L2 I2 ZL L1
V ZR
Reflected
impedance
R1 R2

V I1 L1 L2 I2 ZL

jωMI2 jωMI1

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 4

 13.4 Linear Transformers (2)
R1 R2 I1

L1 L2 R1
V I1 I2
L1
ZL
V ZR
jωMI2 jωMI1 Reflected
impedance
Mesh2: j M
( R 2  j L 2  Z L ) I 2  j M I 1  0  I 2  I1
R 2  j L 2  Z L
Mesh1: V  ( R 1  j L 1 ) I 1  j M I 2  0
j M
 V   R1  j L1  I1  j M I1
R2  j L2  ZL
V  M 
2
Reflected
 I1  Z in   R1  j L1  impedance(ZR)
I1 R  j L  Z L
Magnetically Coupled
2 Circuits
2 5
1. 互感的部分把mesh2 的成分除掉。 無論M or –M，
2. 分子取平方再除，整體單位才會是Ω 結果一樣
 Example 13.4 (1)
Calculate input impedance and current I1
Z1 j5 Z2
 Z 1  60  j100 

 Z 2  30  j 40  I1 j20 j40 I2 ZL
 Z  80  j 60 
 L
5060 jωM I2 jωM I1
  1 rad / s
V 2M 2 Reflected
Z in   R1  j L1 
I1 R2  j L2  ZL impedance

52 25
Zin  Z1  j 20   60  j100  j 20 
j 40  Z2  ZL 110  j140
 60  j 80  0.14  - 51.8  60.1  j80.1  100.1   53
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 6
 Example 13.4 (2)
V
Z in   100.1   53
I1
V 50 60
I1    0.5 113 A
Z in 100.1   53

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 7

 13.4 Linear Transformers (3)
I1 I2
M  V1  j L 1 I 1  j M I 2

V1 L1 L2 V2  V2  j L 2 I 2  j M I 1
 V1   j L1 j M  I1 
    
Couple
 V2   j M j L2  I2 

No Couple  V 1  j La I1  j Lc I1  I2 

 V 2  j L c I1  I2   j Lb I2
T model
I1 La Lb I2  V1   j ( La  Lc ) j Lc  I1 
   I 
V
 2   j Lc j ( Lb  Lc )  2 
V1 V2
Lc L c  M  M  Lc
 
 L a + L c  L 1   L1  M  La
L + L  L L  M  L
 b
Magnetically
c Coupled
2  2
Circuits b 8
 Example 13.6 (1)
j1 For the linear transformer,
4 solve for I1,I2 and V0 using
690 T-equivalent circuit.
I1 j8 j5 I VO 10
2
和P3感應出來的電壓
極性相反 +M變-M

4 La Lb
690 Lc   M   j1
j9 j6
I1 I2 10 La  L 1  ( M )
Lc -j1
 8  1  j9

Mesh 2 Lb  L 2  ( M )
10 I 2  j 6 I 2  (  j )(I 1+I 2 )=0  5  1  j6
10  j 5
I 1 j  I 2 (10  j 6  j )  0  I 1  I 2  (5  j 10) I 2
j
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 9
 4 La Lb
9H 6H
690 I1
-1H I2 VO 10
Lc

Mesh 1 j 6  I1  4  j 9   ( j ) I1  I2  = 0
j 6  I1 (4  j9)   j I1  I2   (4  j 9  j ) I1  j I2
I 1  (5  j 10) I 2  (4  j 8)(5  j10) I2  jI2
  20  40 j  40 j  (80)I2  jI2  100  j  I2  100 I2
j6
 I2   j 0.06  0.0690 A
100
I1   5  j10  j 0.06  j 0.3+0.6
V 0  10   I2  0.6   90 A
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 10
 T model
I1 I2 I1 La Lb I2
M

V1 L1 L2 V2 V1 V2
M  L c Lc

 L 1  M  L a
L  M  L
 2 b

 model
LC
I1 I2
V1 LA LB V2 LA , LB , LC = ?

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 11

 R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
1 2 1 2 Ra 
R1 R2 Rc R1
Rb Ra
R3 R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
Rb 
3 R2
3
R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
Rc 
I1 La Lb I2 R3

V1 Lc V2 La Lb  Lb Lc  Lc La
LB 
La
La Lb  Lb Lc  Lc La
I1 LC I2 LA 
Lb
La Lb  Lb Lc  Lc La
V1 LA LB V2 LC 
Lc
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 12
 M  L c I1 La Lb I2

 L 1  M  L a
I1 I2 L  M  L
M  2 b V1 Lc V2

V1 L1 L2 V2 LC
I1 I2
La Lb  Lb Lc  Lc La V1 LA LB V2
LB 
La
Lc La Lc Lb La Lb
M ( L1  M )  M ( L 2  M )  ( L1  M ) ( L 2  M )

L 1  M La 課本是用反矩陣
M ( L 2  M )  ( L 1  M ) L 2 L 1 L 2  M 2 方式求得
 
L1  M L1  M
(...) L1 L2  M 2 (...) L1 L2  M 2
LA   LC  
Lb L2  M Lc M
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 13
 Brief Summary
L 1  L a  L c I1 La Lb I2

 L 2  L b  L c
M  L V1 V2
 c Lc
I1 I2
M

V1 L1 L2 V2 LC
I1 I2
V1 LA LB V2
1. 分子分母照抄 L1L2 -M2
2. LA離L1較近，分母去掉L1，湊成
一個電感單位（H），M2M

L1 L2  M 2 L2 L1  M 2 L1 L2  M 2
LA  LB  LC 
L2  M L1  M M

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 14

 Example 13.5
I1 2H I2
a c
Determine T-equivalent circuit
V1 L1 L2 V2 and -equivalent circuit of the
10H 4H linear transformer
b d LC
I1 La Lb I2 I1 I2
a c V1 LA LB V2
8H 2H
V1 Lc2H V2
b d
L 1 L 2  M 2 40-22
LC  =  18
L1  10 , L 2  4 , M  2 M 2
L 1 L 2  M 2 40  22
Lc  M  2H LA    18
L2  M 42
La  L 1  M  10  2  8H L 1 L 2  M 2 40  22
LB    4.5
Lb  L 2  M  4  2  2H L1 M 10  2
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 15
 13.5 Ideal Transformers (1)
Unity coupling factor M  k L 1 L 2  1 L 1 L 2
Coils have vary large reactance L1   , L 2   , M  
Primary and secondary coils are lossless ( R1 = R2 = 0 )

I1 M I2 V 1  j L1 I1  j M I2  0

v1 L1 L2 v2 V1  j M I2
I1 
j L 1
V 2  j L 2 (I 2 )  j M I 1

I1 I2 V1  j M I2
L1 L2   j L 2 I2  j M
j L1
jωMI2 jωMI1 M V 1 j M 2 I 2
  j L 2 I 2  
L1 L1
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 16
 13.5 Ideal Transformers (2)
M V 1 j M 2 I 2
V2   j L 2 I 2   I1 L1 L2 I2
L1 L1
jωMI2
M  k L1 L2  L1L2 (k =1) jωMI1
L1 L2
L12

L1 L2 V1 j L1 L2 I2 L2
 V2   j L2 I2    V1
L1 L1 L1
I1 I2
N2 N2
L  0 A  L  N  V2 
2
V1
l N1 v1 N1 N2 v2
length Permeability
N2 N
L  o n A  o
2
A n ; 線圈密度
l l
N2
注意! 把I2方向改變,重覆上述程序,仍可得相同結果 V2  V1
Magnetically Coupled Circuits N1 17
 I1 I2
M V1 L1 L2
I1 I2
v1 L1 v2 ZL
L2
jωMI2 jωMI1

Mesh2: ( j L2  ZL ) I2  j M I 1  0

j M M L1 L2 L1 I L1
 I2  I1  I1  I1  I1  2 
j L2  ZL L2 L2 L2 I1 L2

L2    j L2 >> Z L
V2 N 2 L2 I1
  
L2 L1 V1 N1 L1 I 2
 P2  V2 I2  V1 I1  V1 I1  P1
L1 L2

理想變壓器，只轉換電壓電流大小，不消耗功率 （因為不消耗能量）
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 18
 13.5 Ideal Transformers (3)
I1 I2
1: n
n = 1：Isolation transformer
v 2V(2t ) NN2 2
V1 V2v V
 n V2 > V1 : Step-up transformer
1 ( t1) NN1 1 V2 < V1 : Step-down transformer

另一種證明：磁通量變化一樣
Iron-core Magnetic flux of 1 turn

d
v 1 (t )  N 1
V1 V2 dt v 1 (t ) N 1

d v 2 (t ) N 2
v 2 (t )  N 2
dt
k 1

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 19

 13.5 Ideal Transformers (3)
I1 I2
V1 I1  V2 I2 1: n
Phasor: S1  V1 I1*  V2 I2*  S 2
Input power Output power V1 V2

Power conversion (complex)

互感與自感不消耗能量 Voltage n
Current n

V2
Power conversion (real)
V1
Time: v1 (t ) i1 (t )  v2 (t ) i2 (t )
v2 (t ) N 2 v2 (t ) i1 (t ) I1
 n   n I2
v1 (t ) N1 v1 (t ) i2 (t )
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 20
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 21
 13.5 Ideal Transformers (4)
變壓器中，因為鐵磁性材料主導磁場，所以不需要考慮互感電壓(太小)。
Dot同一端點，表示該兩端點的V in phase，如果和V1, V2一樣同相，正號，
否則負號 
點的位置相同，代表V1及V2 in phase，且電流流向相同，假設的電壓極性和
電流方向若符合上述條件，則V1/V2及I1/I2為正號，反之為負號。

I1 I2 I1 I2
N1 : N2 V2 N2 N 1 : N2 V2 N2
 
V1 N1 V1 N1
V1 V2 V1 V2
I2 N1 I2 N1
 
I1 N2 I1 N2
I1 I2 I1 I2
V2 N2 V2 N2
N1 : N2   N 1 : N2

V1 N1 V1 N1
V1 V2 V1 V2
I2 N1 I2 N1
 
I1 N2 I1 N2

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 22

 13.5 Ideal Transformers (5)
Thevein
I1 I2
Z1 1: n Z2 Z1 ZTH
a c a
VS1 V1 V2 VS2 VS1 VTH
b d b

N 線圈數  感應電壓
LN A L  N2
l V2 N 2 L2 I1 n
Find VTH : a-b are open  V  V
   
TH 1 V1 N1 L1 I 2 1
1 I1 I2
 I1  0  I2  I1 =0 1: n
Z2
n
 V2  VS2 a c
V2 VS2 VTH V1 V2 VS2
 VTH  V1   b d
n n
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 23
 13.5 Ideal Transformers (6)
V1
Find ZTH : remove VS2(short) Z TH  I1 I2
I1 1: n Z2
I1 a c
I2  , V2  n V1 , V2  Z 2 I2 V1 VS2
n V2
b d
V1 V n Z
 Z TH   2  22 V2縮小n倍，I2 放大n倍
I1 n I2 n
Thevein
Z2
Z1 I1 1: n
I2 Z2 Z1 I1 = nI2 n2
a c a
VS2
VS1 V1 V2 VS2 VS1
n
b d b

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 24

 13.5 Ideal Transformers (7)
Thevein
Z2
Z1 I1 1: n
I2 Z2 Z1 I1 = nI2 n2
a c a
VS2
VS1 V1 V2 VS2 VS1
n
b d b

 Reflect the primary side to the secondary side.

Z1 I1 I2 Z2 n2 Z 1
1: n Z2
a c c I2
VS1 V1 V2 VS2
n*VS1 = I1/n
b d d VS2

Thevein
V2 nV1
I2 = 0  I1 = 0  VTH  nVS1 Z TH |VS 1 0    n 2 Z1
I2 I1
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 25
n
 13.5 Ideal Transformers (8)
R1 M R2 理想變壓器的阻抗反射

V V R1
I1 L1 L2 I2 ZL L1

ZR
Reflected
 M 
2
V impedance
Zin   R1  j L1 
I1 R2  j L2  ZL
Ideal transformer  R1  R2  0, L1  , L2  , M  L1 L2

 2 L1 L2  2 L1 L2  j L1 j L2  j L1 Z L
 j L1  
j L2  Z L 通分 j L2  Z L
j L1 Z L Z L  與前頁thevein等效電路結果相同
  2  注意無論是+M 或M,反射阻抗均相同
j L2  Z L n 2
L N  1 線圈數  感應電壓
L2    Z L , 1   1   2
L2  N 2  n V2 N 2 L2 I1 n
   
Magnetically Coupled Circuits V1 N1 L1 I 2 1 26
 Example 13.7 I1 I2
An ideal transformer is rated at 2400V (rms) /120 V (rms),
apparent power of 9.6 kVA,
and has 50 turns on the secondary side. Calculate: 50
2400 120
(a) the turns ratio
(b) the number of turns on the primary side
(c) I1 , I2
V2 120 n
(a)    0.05
V 1 2400 1
n N2 50 50
(b)   0.05  N1   1000 turns
1 N1 N1 0.05
(c) S  V 1 I 1  V 2 I 2  9.6k VA
9600 9600 9600 9600
I1    4 A I2    80 A
V1 2400 V2 120
I
or I 2  1  80 A
Magnetically Coupled Circuits
0.05 27
 Example 13.8 (1)
4  j6 I2
I1 (a) source current I1
1200 (b) output voltage V0
Vrms V1 V 2 20 V 0 (c) complex power supplied by
the source
1: 2

Z2
Z1 I 1 1: n
I2 Z2 Z1 I1 n2
a c a
VS2
VS1 V1 V2 VS2 VS1
n
b d b

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 28

 Example 13.8 (2)
4  j6 I2 4  j6 ZR
I1
1200 120 I1 20
Vrms V1 V 2 20 V 0 2
5
Vrms 2
1: 2
Reflected impedance
20 20 9
(a) ZR  2  5 –33.7
n 4 -6
Z in  4  j 6  Z R  9  j 6  10.8   33.7 10.8

120 0 120 0

I1    11.1 33.7
Zin 10.8   33.7

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 29

 Example 13.8 (3)
4  j6 I2 (a) source current I1
(b) output voltage V0
1200 I1 (c) complex power supplied by
Vrms V1 V2 20 V 0 the source

1: 2
Last page  I 1  11.1 33.7

V2 n I2 1 1
(b)  ,   , n  2  I2   I1  5.5533.7
V1 1 I1 n n
 V 0  20 I 2  111 33.7  111 213.7

(c) S  VS I1*  (1200)(11.1  33.7)  1332   33.7 VA

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 30

 Example 13.9 (2)
Calculate the power of 10 resistor
2 :1
20
1200 VV11 V2
Vrms I2 10
I1
30

Variables : V1,V2,I1,I2  4 equations

V2 1
   V   1 V Eq.1
V1 2 2
2
1

I2 2
   I2  2 I1 Eq.2
I1 1

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 31

 2 :1
20
1 1200 V1 V2
V 2   V 1 Eq.1 Vrms 10
2 I1 I2
I 2  2 I 1 Eq.2 30

Mesh 2,  30 (I 2  I 1)  V 2  10 I 2  0 Eq.3
 30 I 1  40 I 2  V 2  0
 15 I 2  40 I 2  V 2  0  V 2  55 I 2
Mesh 1, 120  20 I 1  V 1  30 (I 1  I 2 )  0 Eq.4

 120  50 I 1  30 I 2  V 1  55 I2  2 V2  55 I2  110 I2  120

-25I2 -2V2 120
 I2   0.73 A
165
Power absorbed by 10Ω
1 2 1
   0.73 10  5.3W 32
2 2
P  Im R  Irms R  ICoupled
2Magnetically rms R Circuits
2

2 2
 13.6 Ideal Autotransformers (2)
 Autotransformer has a single continuous winding with a
connection point called a tap between the primary and
secondary sides.
step-down
V1 N1  N 2 I1
 N1 I2
V2 N2 V1
N2
*
S 1  S 2  V1 I  V I
1
*
2 2 V2 ZL
I1 N2
  ( P不變，I 和V比例相反) I2
I2 N1  N2 step-up
I1 N2
V1 N1 I 1 N1  N 2 V2 ZL
  N1
V2 N1  N 2 I2 N1 V1
I0
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 33
 Example 13.11 (1)
(a) I1 , I2 , and IO I2
(b) Complex power supplied to the load I1 120
turns
(a) N 1  80 , N 2  120 12030 80 V2 8  6 j
turns
Vrms V1
V 1  120 30  IO

N1  N 2 80  120
V2  V1  12030   30030V
N1 80
V2 30030 30030
I2     30  6.9 A
ZL 8  j6 1036.9
N1 80
I2  I1  I1   30  6.9 A
N1  N 2 200
200
 I1  30  6.9   75  6.9 A
80
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 34
 Example 13.11 (2) I2
I1 120
turns
12030 80 V2 8  6 j
I1  75  6.9 turns
Vrms V1 I
I2  30  6.9 0

I 2  I1  I O  I O  I 2  I1
I 2  I 1  30   6.9   75   6.9  45   6.9  A  45 173.1  A
(b) *
S 2  V2 I  I 2 Z L
2
2

 (30 ) 2 (10 36.9 )  9000 36.9  VA

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 35

 13.7 Three-Phase Transformers (1)
Review of 12.6:Power in a balanced system
IL IL
I rms V rms I rms
VL VL
V rms V rms V rms
I rms
IL IL IL I rms
IL
Y load I L  I rms VL  3 Vrms △ load I L  3 I rms VL  Vrms

Total average I L VL
power P  3 Vrms I rms cos  3 cos  3 VL I L cos
3
Total reactive Q  3Vrms I rms sin  3 QP  3 VL I L sin
power
2
Total complex S  P  j Q  3 I 2 Z  3 rmsV
Magneticallyrms P
Coupled Circuits 36
power ZP*
 13.7 Three-Phase Transformers (2)
ST  3 VL I L
PT  ST cos
VLP nVLP
nVLP
 3
 3 VL I L cos 3
3 3
QT  ST sin
 3 VL I L sin
Total complex power are the
same on both sides. Y-Y
VLP I LP  VLS I LS ...(1)
VLS  nVLP ...(2) I LP
 透過VL 和VP的 3倍關係求得  I LP
3
n 3

Bring (2) into (1)

I
 I LS  LP
n
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 37
△-△
13.7 Three-Phase Transformers (3)
VLP I LP  VLS I LS ...(1)

VLS 
nVLP
...(2) V nVP
Y-△
VP  LP
3 3 VP I LP
Bring (2) into (1) 1
 n
3I LP 3
 I LS 
n
VLP I LP  VLS I LS ...(1)
VLS  nVLP 3...(2)
△-Y
Bring (2) into (1) VP I LP
3 nVP
I LP
 I LS  VP  VLP
n 3 VLS  nVLP 3