Kinds of Equation First-degree Inequalities in Two Variables (The Linear

● Consistent - true equation/statement. Inequalities) - two or more linear inequalities in two variables
● Inconsistent - false equation/statement. considered together form a system of linear inequalities. The
First-degree Equations in Two Variables (The Linear solution to the system is the set of all points that satisfy the
Equations) inequalities. The graphical solution of the system is the
● General Form: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 double-shaded region in the graph of the inequalities.
○ Horizontal Line: 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 Methods in Solving the Solution Set of the System of
○ Vertical Line: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Inequalities
● Standard Form: ● Point-test Method: Select a point in the cartesian plane
○ Slope-intercept Form: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 and check if it will satisfy the inequalities.
○ Intercept Form:
𝑥
+
𝑦
=1 ● Graphical Method
𝑎 𝑏
○ Transform the inequality in slope-intercept form:
○ Point-slope Form: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1) 𝑦 < 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏. In place of <, we may also use
𝑦2−𝑦1 ≤, >, or ≥.
○ Two-point Form: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥2−𝑥1 (𝑥 − 𝑥1) Inequality Boundary Line Shaded Region
𝑦 > 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 Dashed Line
Systems of Linear Equations - two or more linear equations in 𝑦 ≥ 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 Solid Line
Above the boundary line
two variables considered together form a system of linear 𝑦 < 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 Dashed Line
Below the boundary line
equations. The solution to the system is the set of ordered pairs 𝑦 ≤ 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 Solid Line
(x, y) that satisfy all of the equations in the system. Relations and Functions
Kinds of System of Equations Relation: is a set of ordered pairs.
1. Consistent System: has at least one solution. ● Domain (Input): is the set of first coordinates/elements in
a. Independent: has only one solution. The the relation.
graphical solution of the equations in the system ● Range (Output): is the set of second coordinates/elements
is an intersecting line. The graphical solution of in the relation.
the system is a point. Kinds of Relation
b. Dependent: has infinitely many solutions. The ● One-to-one
graphical solution of the equations in the system ● One-to-many
is a coinciding line. The graphical solution of the ● Many-to-one
system is a line. Function: is a special kind of relation where every input has
2. Inconsistent System: has no solution. The graphical exactly one output.
solution of the equations in the system is a parallel line. ● Using the Vertical Line Test, we can determine whether
The graphical solution of the system does not exist. the graph of a relation is a function or not.
Kinds of SLE in General Form Slope-intercept Graph
Two Variables
Function Notation: The function 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 can be written as
Form
Consistent 𝑎1𝑥 + 𝑏1𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 𝑦1 = 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝑏1 Intersecting 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏.
Independent 𝑎2𝑥 + 𝑏2𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 𝑦2 = 𝑚2𝑥 + 𝑏2 Lines ● Evaluating Functions
2
Consistent 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 Coinciding ○ Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2, find 𝑓(− 3).
Dependent = = Lines
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑏1 = 𝑏2 ● Operations on Functions
Inconsistent 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 Parallel Lines ○ (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
= ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑏1 ≠ 𝑏2 ○ (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
Methods in Solving the Solution of the System of Equations ○ (𝑓 · 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) · 𝑔(𝑥)
● Graphical Method ○ (𝑓 ÷ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ÷ 𝑔(𝑥)
○ Tabulation **Composition of Function: A composite function is just a function
○ Intercept Method within another function.
○ Slope-intercept Method Example: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 5
2
𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 4
● Algebraic Method ● Denoted by (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) read as “the f of g of x”.
○ Substitution: In either equation, express in terms
Find (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥)
of x or y and substitute its equivalent to the other
(𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) the input is g(x) in the function f(x).
equation.
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(2𝑥 + 4)
○ Elimination: eliminate one variable and solve the 2
value of the remaining variable. 𝑓(2𝑥 + 4) = (2𝑥 + 4) + 5
2
**First-degree Equations in Three Variables (
= 4𝑥 + 16𝑥 + 16 ) +5
General Form: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 2
= 4𝑥 + 16𝑥 + 21
**System of First-degree Equations in Three Variables - two or
more equations in three variables considered together form a 2
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 5 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 4
system of equations. The solution to the system is the set of
● Denoted by (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑥) read as “the g of f of x”.
ordered triple (x, y, z) that satisfy all of the equations in the system
Find (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑥)
**Methods in Solving the System of First-degree Equations in (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) the input is f(x) in the function g(x).
Three Variables 2
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥 + 5)
● Algebraic Method 2 2
○ Substitution (
𝑔(𝑥 + 5) = 2 𝑥 + 5 + 4 )
2
○ Elimination = 2𝑥 + 10 + 4
2
= 2𝑥 + 14
** Extra topic (might not be included in the exam)
Expressions with Rational Exponents and Radicals
● Laws of Exponents / Power Law
𝑚
(𝑎𝑚)(𝑎𝑛) = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛
𝑎
𝑚

𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑛 𝑚 𝑚
(𝑎𝑏) = 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑎𝑏) 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑏
𝑚
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚·𝑛 𝑛·𝑚
( )
𝑎 =𝑎 =𝑎 (𝑎 )𝑏 𝑛
=
𝑛
𝑎
𝑏×𝑚

𝑎 𝑚
𝑚

( )
𝑚
𝑎
𝑎 𝑚
𝑛 𝑚
=
( ) ( )
𝑛
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏
𝑚
𝑏
= 𝑏
= 𝑛 𝑚
𝑏
𝑚
𝑎 𝑚−𝑛 −1 1
𝑛 =𝑎 ,𝑎 = 𝑎
𝑎

● Transforming expressions with a rational exponent to

radicals
𝑚
𝑛 𝑚
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎
Where:
n = index/order
√ = radical sign
a = radicand
m = exponent of the radicand
● Index: is the number that asks “what number should be
multiplied to itself by nth times to produce the radicand.”
3
○ Example: 64 = 4 because when 4 is
multiplied to itself 3 times it will yield 64.
3
4 = 64 the cube root of 64 is 4.
Principal Root
We only take the positive nth root of a number if the radicand is
positive and the index is even.
2
64 = +8 because (8)(8) = 64
but also note that (− 8)(− 8) = 64
We only take the negative nth root of a number if the radicand is
negative and the index is odd.
3
− 64 = −4 because (− 4)(− 4)(− 4) =− 64
The square root of a negative number does not exist. Its solution is
not found in the real number system (number line).
Properties of Radicals
𝑛 𝑛
● 𝑎 =𝑎
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
● 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 · 𝑏
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
● 𝑎 ± 𝑏≠ 𝑎± 𝑏
A radical is in its simplest form if it satisfies ALL the following
conditions:
● The radicand contains no exponent that is greater than or
equal to the index or if the radicand has no perfect nth
factor.
● The index cannot be reduced any further.
● No fractions appear under a radical.
● No radicals appear in the denominator of the fraction.

** Extra topic (might not be included in the exam)