PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES

LESSON 1
LESSON 2
Review on your general knowledge about Philippine Indigenous Communities,
Bangsamoro, IP sustainable economic development, ancestral domain and natural
resources conservation, and Bangsamoro.
Review the Introduction to PIC PPT Slides, Unit 1 5 Pillars of Islam, Unit 2 Northern and
Southern groups Research on the following which are not familiar to you. * IPRA *NCIP
*Vinta *CAB- Comprehensive Agreement on Bangsamoro *Pangalay *Mananagat
 EGE 312: PEOPLE & EARTH’S ECOSYSTEM
❖ Earth’s Major Terrestrial Biomes
❖ Aquatic Ecosystems
✓ Freshwater Ecosystems
✓ Brackish Ecosystems: Estuaries
✓ Major Ocean Life Zones

Earth’s Major Terrestrial Biomes

1. TUNDRA
✓ treeless biome that consists of boggy plains covered by lichens & mosses.
✓ extreme northern latitudes (snow melts seasonally).
✓ long, harsh winters and short summers.
✓ days are long.

2. BOREAL FOREST
✓ aka northern coniferous forest / taiga
✓ stretches across North America and Eurasia
✓ winters are extremely cold and severe (not as harsh as tundra)

3. TEMPERATE RAIN FOREST

✓ northwest of North America
✓ coniferous biome with cool weather, dense fog, and high precipitation
4. TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST
✓ Topsoil: organic material
✓ Lower Layer: clay-rich
✓ contained a variety of large mammals, such as puma, wolves, and bison, which are
now absent.
✓ Europe and North America: logging and land clearing for farms, tree plantations, and
cities destroyed much of it.
✓ among the first biomes converted to agricultural use.

5. TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
✓ soil has organic material because the aboveground portions of many grasses die off
each winter and contribute to the organic content of the soil, while the roots and
rhizomes survive underground.
✓ moist temperate grasslands, also known as tallgrass prairies, occur in the United
States.

6. CHAPARRAL
✓ with mild, moist winters and hot, dry summers
✓ vegetation is typically small-leaved evergreen shrubs and small trees.
✓ soil is thin and often not very fertile.
✓ Wildfires occur naturally in this environment and are particularly frequent in late
summer and autumn.
✓ during the rainy winter season, the environment may be lush and green.
✓ during the hot, dry summer, the plants lie dormant.
7. DESERT
✓ found in both temperate (cold deserts) and tropical or subtropical regions (warm
deserts)
✓ there is major change in temperature every 24- hour period.
✓ soil is low in organic material but is often high in mineral content.

8. SAVANNA
✓ tropical grassland with widely scattered trees
✓ has low or intense seasonal rainfall.
✓ temperature varies little throughout the year.
✓ Soil: low in essential nutrient minerals.

9. TROPICAL RAIN FOREST

✓ warm temperature throughout the year
✓ lush and species-rich but no single dominating species
✓ soil commonly ancient, highly weathered, and mineral-poor
✓ trees are typically evergreen flowering plants.
✓ typically, have at least 3 layers of vegetation:
▪ TOPMOST STORY
▪ MIDDLESTORY
▪ UNDERSTORY
✓ shelter the most abundant and varied insects, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.
✓ 90% of organisms are adapted to living in canopy.
 TUNDRA BOREAL FOREST TEMPERATE RAINFOREST

TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS TEMPERATE GRASSLAND CHAPARRAL

FOREST

DESERT SAVANNA TROPICAL RAINFOREST

AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS

Freshwater Ecosystems
✓ occupy 2% of earth surface.
✓ lake and ponds (standing water ecosystem)
▪ Zonation - characteristic of standing-water ecosystems
• Littoral Zone
• Limnetic Zone
• Profundal Zone
 ✓ rivers and streams (flowing water ecosystem)
✓ marshes and swamps (freshwater wetlands)
Marine Ecosystems

✓ occupy ¾ of earth surface.

✓ depend on free-floating photosynthetic plants (phytoplankton) and chemosynthesis.
✓ Marine snow
▪ sinking of dead plankton, algae, fish, and other organisms.
▪ Primary source of nutrients of deep-ocean ecosystem organisms
✓ vary with depth, temperature, and salinity.
✓ OCEAN LIFE ZONES
▪ Littoral / Intertidal Zone (Photic) - upper sunlit layers, reaching about 20 m deep.
• Spray Zone
• High Tide Zone
• Middle Tide Zone
• Low Tide Zone
▪ Pelagic Zone - comprise the water column.
• Epipelagic (Photosynthesis) – surface to 200 m
• Mesopelagic (Twilight Zone) – 200 m to 1000 m
• Bathypelagic (Midnight Zone) – 1000 m to 4000 m
▪ Benthic Zone - communities occur on the bottom.
• Abyssopelagic (Abbysal) – 4000 m to 6000 m
• Hadalpelagic (Hadal Zone) – 6000 to seafloor
Brackish / Estuarine Ecosystems

✓ Saltwater marshes - shallow wetlands in which salt-tolerant grasses grow.

✓ Tide pools - violet, wave-blasted shorelines that support fascinating life-forms.
✓ Mangrove forests - tropical equivalent of salt marshes.
✓ Reefs - aggregations of minute colonial animals (coral polyps) that live symbiotically with
photosynthetic algae.
✓ Seagrass / eel-grass beds – occupy shallow, warm, sandy areas near coral reefs.
 PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES

Review on your general knowledge about

✓ Philippine Indigenous Communities

✓ Bangsamoro
✓ IP sustainable economic development
✓ Ancestral domain
✓ Natural resources conservation

Review the Introduction to PIC PPT Slides

✓ Unit 1: 5 Pillars of Islam

✓ Unit 2: Northern and Southern groups
Research on the following which are not familiar to you.
✓ IPRA
✓ NCIP
✓ Karagan/Kalagan indigenous context
✓ Mandaya’s crucial cultural practice on their special events
✓ Timanem/Diwata for Manobo significance – “Timanem/Diwata” is a God who helps and
guides them to overcome challenges.
✓ Hula-Bangsa-Agama doctrine role in socio-political and religious framework
- Learn from Yesterday, Live for Today, and Work for Tomorrow" A Celebration of the
Bangsamoro Freedom Day
✓ Agama in fostering unity role
✓ Abdulmari Asia Imao - National Artist of the Philippines for Visual Arts in 2006
✓ Santanina Tillah-Rasul - first Muslim woman member of the Senate of the Philippines.
✓ Fulong - B'laan elder
✓ Obu-Manuvu ultimate authority in policy making entity.
✓ Sama - Original inhabitants of IGACOS
✓ Matikadong - Mansaka-elderly wise person who holds influence.
 NORTHERN PHILIPPINE ETHNIC GROUPS
➢ R1: Ilocos region
➢ R2: Cagayan Valley
✓ Kalanguya-Ikalahan
➢ R3: Central Luzon
✓ Aeta Magbukon
➢ R4: Calabarzon
✓ Dumagat-Remontado
➢ R5: Bicol region
✓ Agta
✓ Agta Tabangnon
✓ Agta Cimarron
➢ Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
✓ Isneg (Nagbuangan)
✓ Isneg (Barren)
✓ Ifugao (Tuwali)
✓ Ifugao (Ayangan)
✓ Kalinga

SOUTHERN PHILIPPINE ETHNIC GROUPS

➢ Caraga Region
✓ Mamanwa
✓ Manobo
➢ Zamboanga Peninsula
✓ Subanen
➢ Soccsksargen
✓ B'laan
➢ DavOr, DavNor, Surigao del Sur
✓ Mandaya
➢ South Cotabato
✓ T'boli

MUSLIM INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

o Islam - refers to belief/faith, submission.
o Muslim - people with islamic faith
o Muslims have 500 years political history.
o No PH history can be complete w/o Muslim development - Renato Constantino
Sultanate of Sulu

✓ 1st muslim in south

✓ founded by Sultan Abubakar
✓ survived 2 colonial waves: Spanish & American colonialism.
✓ Sulu - center of islamic learning
Sultanate of Maguindanao

✓ founded by Sultan Muhammad Sharif Kabungsuwan

Sultanate of Buayan

✓ founded by Buayan family (marriage of Buayan prince & daughter of Sultan Kabungsuwan
✓ founded after the death of Sultan KBSW.

Rajah Buisan

✓ Maguindanao ruler; commander during 3rd stage of Moro wars

Sultan Qudarat

✓ son of Rajah Buisan

✓ Over 10 years: held political power over Mindanao & united 2 sultanates and people of
Mindanao.
Loss of Asabiyah

✓ Asabiyah - tribal solidarity

5 PILLARS OF ISLAM
1. Shahada (Profession of Faith)
2. Salat (Prayer)
3. Zakat (Alms)
4. Sawm (Fasting)
5. Hajj (Pilgrimage)

11 MUSLIM ETHNIC GROUPS

1. Maranao - People of the lake; Malong & Abaya
2. Maguindanaon - People of the Flood Plains (Magig+Danao)
- Weaving & metalwork; Textile: Inaul
3. Iranun -
4. Tausug – Brave People (Tau+ma-isug)
- Pangalay dance; wearing fingernails: Janggay
- seafaring tradition
5. Yakan – located in Basilan.
6. Sama – togetherness (sama-sama)
7. Sangil
8. Kaagan
9. Kolibugan - "half-breed" due to intermarriages with muslim
10. Palawan - Early inhabitants in palawan: Panimusan
11. Molbog
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
➢ 400M IPs from 5k tribes
➢ 6% of world population
➢ 90% of cultural diversity

INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN PH
➢ more than 100 Indigenous Communities (12M population)
▪ 61% - Mindanao
▪ 33% - Luzon
▪ 6% - Visayas
➢ IGOROT: IPs in Cordilleras
➢ LUMAD: IPs in Mindanao
▪ Mandaya
▪ Mansaka
▪ T'boli
▪ B'laan
▪ Manobo
▪ Bagobo
▪ Ubo
▪ Kalagan
▪ Tiruray
▪ Subanen

ISSUES ON IPs
➢ Ancestral Domain / Lang grabbing
➢ Illegal logging & mining
➢ Poverty
➢ Internal Displacement

RA 8371: The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA)

➢ recognize ancestral lands of Ips.
➢ creates NCIP under OP

1. Rights to ancestral domains

2. Rights to self-governance and empowerment
3. Social justice & human rights
4. Cultural integrity