Índice

Introduce............................................................................................................................2

The Verb To Be.................................................................................................................3

Structure Of The Verb To Be In The Affirmative Sentence.............................................3

Structure Of The Verb To Be In The Negative Sentence..................................................4

Structure Of The Verb To Be In The Interrogative Sentence...........................................4

The Past Tense Of The Verb To Be..................................................................................5

Present Continous..............................................................................................................5

The Verb "To Have"..........................................................................................................6

Uses Of The Verb To Have...............................................................................................6

Affirmative Form...............................................................................................................7

Negative Form...................................................................................................................7

Interrogative Form.............................................................................................................7

Conclusion.........................................................................................................................8

Bibliographic References..................................................................................................9
INTRODUCE

The aim of this work is to look at the verb to be and the verb to have. These two verbs
are the main verbs in the English language, having as a reference in the language to
facilitate its perception.

This work is structured in a simple way, with the introduction, the development that
comes chapters and subchapters.
THE VERB TO BE

According to Blanton (2002) the verb to be corresponds in portuguese to the verbs “ser”
or “estar”. It is used todescribe and identify people and objects and in expressions of
time, place and age.

The three verbs that make up this tense are: am, are and is. These verbs are always used
together with personal pronouns. In english:

 I
 You
 He
 She
 It
 We
 You
 They

Collins (1993) states that, the verb to be, there is no rule to know when it means to be
and when means to be. It is necessary to understand the meaning of the message
expressed as a whole, to then understand the meaning of the verb in the sentence. He
can be used as the main verb and as an auxiliary verb of some verb tenses.

Notice some examples:

 This is a lion.
 Helen is 4 years old.
 It is raining.
 They are my parents.
 I am tall.

STRUCTURE OF THE VERB TO BE IN THE AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE

According to Soars (2001), when we head to our friends, our closest relatives, whether
through speech or writing, such as scraps, emails, etc. In this language, the objective is
the content, it is to convey the message we want quickly. However, when we address a
stranger, or people that we must show respect, as we don't have much coexistence, or
for the place that this person occupies, such as a position of presidency, management, or
the situation in which we find ourselves, such as a wake, a presentation, etc., we use
formal language. This is a more polished, more refined, both to direct us through speech
and through writing, through email, letter. In this language, the objective is to convey
the message and, in addition, to demonstrate respect.

 I’m a teenager girl.

 We’re best friends.

The pronoun i will always be accompanied by the verb am; the pronouns you, we and
they will be accompanied by the verb are; and the pronouns he, she and it will be
accompanied by the verb is.

STRUCTURE OF THE VERB TO BE IN THE NEGATIVE SENTENCE

According to soars (2001) when putting a sentence in the negative in portuguese, the
word no is added. In english the same thing happens. In this case, the word not has the
same meaning as our no. Look at the examples:

 I am not tall.
 This isn’t a lion.
 We aren’t friends.
 Lisa is not happy.

STRUCTURE OF THE VERB TO BE IN THE INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

In the english language, to create a question, especially using the verb to be, the
conjugated verb will always start, followed by the personal pronoun. Note the following
examples:

 Is she lisa?
 Is he your brother?
 Are you american?
 Am i tall?
 Where are you?
We can observe that when asking a question in english we swap the verb to be with the

subject. In other words, the verb to be is before the subject.( cohen,1998),

THE PAST TENSE OF THE VERB TO BE

The past tense of the verb to be is very simple, just follow a basic rule: “am” and “is” in
the past becomes “was”, while “are” becomes “were”. Let's look at some examples:

 I was a teacher.
 You were a student.
 He was my friend.
 She was working.
 It was a good game.
 We were students.

PRESENT CONTINOUS

According to Soars, (2001) Every english student must have heard of present
continuous, also known as present progressive. A verb tense that, contrary to what many
people think, has various uses in english. To begin with, know that this verb tense is
formed by: verb be + -ing. This means that you must know how to conjugate the verb
'be' and also know how to add -ing to the verb.

The similarity with the portuguese language is remarkable. For this reason, many
people, when faced with other uses of present continuous find everything very
complicated. It's also the fault of the famous word for word translation. Like this?

The point where a lot of people get confused is when they learn that present continuous
is also used to express the future in english. Or better yet, if i already have everything
planned, scheduled, schematized, etc. To do something in the future (tonight, tomorrow,
the day after tomorrow, week next, next month, next year, etc.) I can use present
continuous without fear. But i must remember to also use a time expression that
indicates the future. Watch:

1. I am traveling to beirra next year.

 2. We are having dinner together tonight.
3. She is starting a new job next week.
4. They are studying english at the moment.
5. They are studying english next year.

THE VERB "TO HAVE"

According to Eastwood (2001), the verb to have is quite interesting, as it can have two
different functions in the english language. It can be a main verb, whose meaning is “to
have”, in portuguese, or it can function as an auxiliary verb in different verb tenses,
especially in the perfect tenses.

Still according to the same author, it is not surprising, therefore, that many english
students are confused by the use of the verb to have, wondering whether they are
dealing with a common or auxiliary verb.

USES OF THE VERB TO HAVE

The two main uses of the verb to have, that is, when it acts as the main verb of a
sentence and when it has the function of an auxiliary. Now let's explore these uses in
more detail in the following subtopics:

 Verb to have as an auxiliary

The auxiliary verb is emptied of semantic content, that is, it does not add meaning.
Thus, its presence has a grammatical objective, such as indicating the person of speech,
a certain verb tense, etc. The verb to have is an auxiliary in the perfect tenses: past
perfect, present perfect, future perfect and the progressive perfect as well.

See some examples:

She has left the room.

They had had their meal when the rain started.
Have you seen maleficent?

Even in questions in the perfect tenses, we must use the auxiliary verb. It should come
at the beginning of the sentence: have you.

 Verb to have as main

According to Muphy (2002) if the verb to have does not perform the function of an
auxiliary verb, this means that it is occupying the position of the main verb of the
sentence. As a main verb, to have has the meaning of “to have”, “to possess”, in
portuguese. Consequently, it indicates possession. Note the following examples:

His friends have many toys.

His friends don’t have many toys.
Do his friends have many toys?

Thus, according to the same author, when the verb to have is the main verb of the
sentence, it is important to remember that, in an interrogative or negative sentence, the
auxiliary verb of the specific verbal tense must be used (do, did, to be, have ). This way,
it is possible to distinguish the auxiliary verb to have from the main one, just observe its
position and meaning in the sentence.

AFFIRMATIVE FORM

Exemplos:

I have a new car and a new house.

You will have a new job.
Brenda had two kids.

NEGATIVE FORM

I do not have a new car and a new house.

You will not have a new job.
Brenda did not have two kids.

INTERROGATIVE FORM

Do I have a new car and a new house?

Will you have a new job?
Did Brenda have two kids?

Note: In negative and interrogative sentences, the verb forms "do" and "does" serve as
auxiliaries. In the past, “did” is used. When we use did, the main verb is not inflected,
that is, it remains in the normal form. When used in the future, the auxiliary verb is
"will".
CONCLUSION

After so much research on this topic, we came to the conclusion that: in the English
language there are the verbs to have and the verb to be, they are the main ones because
they cover most of English grammar. These verbs cover the most important part of the
language, performing two other functions: auxiliaries and verbs.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

Soars, J. & Liz. (2001). Headway elementary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Soars, J. & Liz. (2001). Headway pre-intermediate. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Soars, J. & Liz. (2001). Headway intermediate. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Blanton, L. L. (2002). Idea exchange 1: from speaking to writing. Boston: Heinle &
Heinle.
Collins, C. (1993). Student’s grammar. Harare: Harper Collins Publisher.
Cohen, A. D. (1998). Strategies in learning and using a second language. New York:
Longman.
Departamento de Línguas. (2012). First year – Semester 1 English Course. Beira:
UCM-FEG.
Murphy, R. (2002). English grammar in use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Murphy R. (2012). English Grammar In Use. 4 Ed.
Soars, J. & Liz. (2001). Headway elementary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Soars, J. & Liz. (2001). Headway intermediate. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Complementar Blanton, L. L. (2002). Idea exchange 1: from speaking to writing.
Boston:
Cohen, A. D. (1998). Strategies in learning and using a second language. New York
Longman. Departamento de Línguas. (2012). First year – Semester 1 English Course.
Beira: UCM-FEG. Murphy, R. (2002). English grammar in use. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. Murphy R. (2012). English Grammar In Use. 4 Ed. Veit,
Richard. Discorvering English Grammar, 2nd ed: Pearson