UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS - 3RD QUARTER REVIEWER
W1: INTRODUCTION TO UCSP
DEFINITION OF CSP
CULTURE The way of life, especially the
general customs and beliefs of a
particular group of people at a
particular time
Complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, morals, law,
custom, acquired by man as a
member of society
SOCIETY An organized group of
individuals
Always made of persons and their
groupings
“Sense of Belongingness”
Shared territory and culture
POLITICS The collective decision-making
or policy-making common to the
whole society
Study of power and influence
CONCEPTUAL Allow to form other concepts, or
TOOLS relate concepts to each other, or
even deconstruct old ones and
replace with something new
EX:
● Sociopolitical - Society
and Politics
● Sociocultural - Society
and Culture
STUDENTS AS SOCIAL BEINGS
● In Society: Our gender role is already being
organized by society
● CATEGORIES or LABELS ascribed to or
given to us - basis to the way we live our
lives
● Totality of our sociality has already been
constructed for us
○ SOCIALITY: fact of living together
SOCIAL REALITIES: BEHAVIOR AND PHENOMENON
BEHAVIOR
VALUES AND BELIEFS AS BEHAVIOR MOTIVATORS
VALUES A person’s collectivity’s principle or
standards of behavior
judgment of what is important in life
Give Importance !!
BELIEFS Something one accepts as true or real
Subjective (what you believe is true or
not)
PHENOMENON Occurrences or Experiences
BEHAVIOR Way how one acts or conducts
themselves
W2: THE SOCIAL SCIENCES (SOCIOLOGY,
ANTHROPOLOGY, AND POLITICAL SCIENCE)
3 DIFFERENT WAYS IN ACCOMPLISHING AND
STUDYING SOCIETY
1. Mapping the social forces impinging on
social actors as their lives intersect in society
● Layman’s Term: “Identify the
problem”
2. Rehearsing the structures and components
of cultural practices and traditions
● Layman’s Term: Practice and
Repetition
3. Exposing the asymmetrical power distributed
among members of social communities and
organizations
● Layman’s Term: Exposure to
imbalance/injustices
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES:
1. SOCIOLOGY - human actions
2. ANTHROPOLOGY - cultural structures in
organizing human interactions
3. POLITICAL SCIENCE - power relations
SOCIOLOGY
● Study of society
● Focuses on “UBIQUITY” (Everywhereness)
of social forces
● Study of collective human behavior
● Sex, Gender, Religion, Class, Race,
Ethnicity, Sexual orientation, and the likes
Represent constellation of unseen yet
powerful forces influencing the behavior of
individuals or institutions
“Nagpapagalaw sa tao”
SOCIAL
FORCES Normally in the guise of:
- RULES (written or unwritten)
- NORMS (Acceptable Unacceptable
- EXPECTATIONS (standards)
These influences are normally taken for
granted and assumed to be natural
 UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS - 3RD QUARTER REVIEWER

“Placement”

Person’s specific economic and population

location
SOCIAL
MAP Look out for possibilities of SOCIAL
MOBILITY

SOCIAL MOBILITY - Capability of a person

to change its socio-economic position

C. WRIGHT MILLS (1959)

● “Individuals can still transcend the limitations
posed by their respective social locations”
“SOCIAL PHENOMENON”
○ Can be done by Imagining the
intersections of their life situations and
Set of values, cultural norms, and social
the events of their societies SOCIAL structures which transcends individuals or
FACT organizations
SOCIOLOGICAL “State of mind”
IMAGINATION Social forces that influence as which we
Allows socials actors discern can’t change or control
opportunities where there is none
through CONVERTING PERSONAL
TROUBLES INTO PUBLIC ISSUES ANTHROPOLOGY
● Study of
Personal Troubles > Public Issues ○ Cultural Structures
○ Human Evolution
OPPORTUNITY A situation where you ADDRESS ○ Societal Evolution
MARKERS THE PUBLIC ISSUES ● Seeking to uncover principles of behavior
that apply all human communities
QUICK HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY ● Focuses on human diversity around the
● Born in Europe world
● Dominated by Germany, England, France ● Compound Cultures/Cross Cultural
● During the Period of Industrial Revolution
POLITICAL SCIENCE
● “Power and Nations”
FIRST SET OF SOCIOLOGISTS
● Study of Government and Politics
AUGUSTE COMTE (1798 - 1857) ● Unjust and Unfair effects or relations
● Father of the Discipline
● Coined the term “SOCIOLOGY” SOCIAL CONTRACT
● Proposed “POSITIVISM” ● “The enemy of man is another man”
○ “Something should be studied using ○ EX: Law enforcement
empirical evidence and scientific
method
W3: INTERPRETATIVE DYNAMICS OF CULTURE
KARL MARX (1818 - 1883)
● Marxism
● Proposed “Communism” IDEAL SOCIETY/ TRIPLE O’s

EMILE DURKHEIM OMNIPOTENCE Quality of having unlimited or very

● “Niche Problématique” great power
● Made SOCIOLOGY popular
● THEORY OF SUICIDE “All powerful”
● Introduced the concept of SOCIAL FACT
OMNISCIENCE The state of knowing everything
EMILE DURKHEIM’S THEORY OF SUICIDE (DI
“All-knowing”
INCLUDED, SINAMA KO LANG KASI ANGAS NIYAH)
OMNIPRESENCE State of being widespread or
TYPES OF SUICIDE
constantly encountered
1. Anomic Suicide (Neglect, Less Regulation)
2. Fatalistic Suicide (Too much Pressure and
Regulation) “State of Belongingness”
3. Altruistic Suicide ( Selfless Act, Too much
Integration) SOCIAL AWARENESS
4. Egoistic Suicide (Loneliness; Too much Isolation
● Ability to take the perspective of and
empathize with others, including those
from diverse backgrounds and cultures
● Ability to understand social and ethical
norms for behavior & to recognize family,
school, and community resources and
supports
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS - 3RD QUARTER REVIEWER

THEORIES W4: ASPECTS OF CULTURE

STRUCTURAL “Macrotheory”
FUNCTIONALISM TYPES OF CULTURE
Looks at how structures/institutions
in society work together TANGIBLE INTANGIBLE

Structural Functionalism also refers Material; Perceived by the Non-material; Abstract

to different FUNCTIONALISTS five senses concepts
AND FUNCTIONALISM

FUNCTIONALISTS - ANTHROPOLOGY - study of what makes us human

anthropologists SOCIOLOGY - study of social life, social change, and
social causes and consequences of human behavior
EXAMPLE OF FUNCTIONS:
- Education (Acquisition of
Knowledge and Skills) DEFINITIONS OF CULTURE
- Healthcare
- Family EDWARD B. “Complex whole”
- Religion TYLOR
- Economy (Allocation of Knowledge, belief, art, morals, law,
Resources) and custom acquired by man as a
- Government (Policies) member of a society

FUNCTIONALIST’S PERSPECTIVES BRONISLAW The “use” or “function” of the

● Emphasizes that interconnectedness of society MALINOWSKI beliefs, practices, customs, and
on how each part influences and is influenced by institutions which together made
others the whole of a culture
● They use the terms:
ROBERT An organized body of
FUNCTIONAL DYSFUNCTIONAL REDFIELD conventional understandings
manifest in art in which persisting
through tradition, characterizes a
contribute to social Disrupt the social stability
human group
stability
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE

MANIFEST vs LATENT FUNCTIONS 1. Transmitted among members of society

MANIFEST FUNCTIONS
Intended social
functions of a social
institution
Functions an institution is
designed to serve
2. Continuous and cumulative (changes from
time to time)
LATENT FUNCTIONS
3. Gratifying (EX: religion) and idealistic
4. Defines situations
Unintended social 5. Defines attitudes, values, and goals
functions of a social
institution that are good
FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE
and useful
1. Defines myths, legends, and the supernatural
“Hindi niya role pero
2. Provides behavior patterns
naisagawa niya, which
contributed to the society”

SOCIETY AND ECONOMICS

CONFLICT Focuses on forces in society that FUNCTIONALIST Economics institutions = vital

THEORY promote competition and change PERSPECTIVE (because of involvement in
production, distribution, and
KARL MARX purchasing of goods and services
● CLASS CONFLICT that are essentials for survival)
(oppressed vs oppressor)
● HISTORICAL CONFLICT Economy reflects and reproduces
MATERIALISM (conflict PERSPECTIVE economic inequality, particularly in a
that reflects the interest of capitalist marketplace
the oppressed)
“Interest of oppressed”
SYMBOLIC Focuses on how individuals interact
INTERACTIONISM and how the behavior of individuals
affect one another POLITICS
● Allied with government which is considered
as the ultimate authority
RULES - essential in everyday conduct of the member ● PRIMARY ROLE OF GOVERNMENT: Rule
of society society by stimulating the basic laws

WRITTEN RULES UNWRITTEN RULES

3 CONCEPTS OF POLITICS (POJ)
Easily seen; Easily Not written, but we follow on
observed and obeyed a daily basis POWER Ability to influence others

EX: LAW EX: Bro and Sis Code ORDER Attained through obedience on the rules
set by leaders

JUSTICE Felt in a society with order

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS - 3RD QUARTER REVIEWER

● DEVIANT GENIUS
○ Inventors or Discoverers
PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICS

IDEALISM “What it should be” FORMS OF DEVIANCE

Envisages ideals and tries realizing ROBERT K. MERTON

them - American Sociologist
- Founding Father of Modern Sociology
Based on MORAL, AMBITION, LOGIC - Major Contributor of subfield of criminology

GOAL: create a “perfect” society MERTON’S DEVIANCE TYPOLOGY

REALISM “Ought to be”

Based on facts and reality

Maximize by any means possible

“The end justifies the means”

“Better to be feared than loved”

RATIONALISM “Politics of Reason” CONFORMITY Accept Goals and Means

Based on the exposition of principles RITUALISM Reject Goals; Accept Means

EXTREMISM Beyond what is ordinary Ginagawa nalang; “comply nalang”

EX: ANARCHISM AND FASCISM INNOVATION Accept Goals; Reject Means

“Ibang pamamaraan”

RETREATISM Reject Goals and Means

Totally gave up na hahaha me na

me

REBELLION Creating new means & goals

Might be accepting/rejecting the

goals and/or the means

W5: SOCIAL CONTROL, CONFORMITY, AND EX: Nagpasabog ng bomba sa

DEVIANCE school kasi di na maayos educ
system HAHAHA ( me soon )

SOCIAL People’s interaction and influence

W6: BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY
CONTROL To act in a certain way

CONFORMITY Acceptable act/manner HOW TO BECOME A MEMBER OF SOCIETY

SOCIALIZATION Occurs through social interaction

SOCIAL SANCTIONS - People is subjected to this when and transmission of culture in a
people violate the behavioral norms particular group

FORMAL INFORMAL PERSONALITY The body of a person upon

conception
Violation of law Gumawa ng something na
hindi pasok sa social norms Person’s Thumbmark

● Fine ● Disapproval Symbol of person’s being

● Imprisonment ● Ridicule
● Death ● Gossip IDENTITY May be likened to sense of fashion
● Deprivation that is observed by other people’s
eyes

DEVIANCE May be “Adapted”

● When individuals behave in contrast with
what is expected of them STATUS Person’s position in the social
● Violation of established social norms system
○ FOLKWAYS: right vs rude
ASCRIBED - by birth
■ Pagmano vs di pagmano
ACHIEVED - by hardwork & effort
○ MORES: right vs wrong
■ Haha lamonayan ROLE Part that someone has/plays in a
○ LAW: legal vs illegal society (teacher, mother, sister, etc)
● NOT ALWAYS NEGATIVE
● Creating differences = making INNOVATION
 UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS - 3RD QUARTER REVIEWER
SOCIAL PROCESSES (can co-exist !!)
ENCULTURATION The manner by which a person
learns/adapts the culture followed
by his/her co-members in the
society
ACCULTURATION “Two way process”
A person adapts to the influence of
another culture by borrowing
many of its aspects
● COLONIZATION
● CROSS-CULTURAL
● “Influence”
Psychological changes stimulated
by cross-cultural imitation
ASSIMILATION Denotes complete/almost total
adaptation of the minor culture to a
major one
Individuals learn new culture
tending to lose entirely his/her
previously held culture identity
“DOMINATION”
COOPERATION Form of social interaction wherein 2
or more persons work together
for a common end or purpose
DIFFERENTIATION Process of designating member of
a society w/ particular functions and
roles
AMALGAMATION When 2 family or groups become 1
through FORMAL UNION
EX: MARRIAGE
STRATIFICATION Heirarchal arrangement and
establishment of social categories
that may evolve into social groups
Division of society into social
categories
EX: Slaves > Commoners > Nobles
> Kings/Rulers
CONFLICT Struggle over values & claims to
scarce status, power, and
resources
COMPETITION Suggests the struggle between 2 or
more persons/groups that can be
translated to innovation in the
long run
SOCIAL CONTROL
● Mechanism by which social behavior of
people is controlled to maintain order or
to re-establish order once rules have been
broken
DEVIANCE
● Violation of established social norms
RIGHTS
● Privileges and entitlements a person must
enjoy in the attainment and protection of
his/her dignity
W7: SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
SOCIAL GROUP
● Collection of people who regularly
interact with one another on the basis of
○ shared expectations concerning
behavior
○ Shared sense of common identity
TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
PRIMARY Small
Long lasting; Intimate relationships
SECONDARY Large or Small
Common interest bind the members
together
IN-GROUP “You belong”
An individual feels he/she belongs
OUT-GROUP “Outcast” “Di ka belong” sakit
An individual does not identify with
GROUPTHINK
● “Ignoring ways of thinking and actions
that will go against the group”
● EX: Nambubully circle of friends mo and
tinotolerate mo nalang kasi ayaw mong
tumaliwas sakanila.
● Categorized in terms of how they are
linked to actual or imagined groups
● Forms by Personal, Economic, religious, or
political reasons
● Groups may influence their members in
variety of ways (can be negative or positive),
which leads to GROUPTHINK
KINSHIP
● Social institution that refers to relations formed
between members of society
CONSANGUINEAL By birth or blood affinity
KINSHIP
SANGUIS: blood
DESCENT Biological relationship
LINEAGE Line where one’s descent is
traced
UNILINEAL LINEAGE BILATERAL LINEAGE
Single line of ancestors Both ancestral lines of
from either male or female mother and father
line
PATRILINEAL - father line
MATRILINEAL - mother
link
 UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS - 3RD QUARTER REVIEWER

MARRIAGE CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS

ENDOGAMY Marriage in own village, community, ACADEMIC AND Universitives, schools,

ethnic, social, or religious group SCIENCE-BASED colleges, private think tanks,
ORGANIZATIONS polling firms, consultancy
KALAHI ang ni-marry!! groups

EXOGAMY Marriage custom where individual MASS MEDIA Provide conduits for
marries outside of their own group information and privacy

EX: LATIN or AMERICAN ang RELIGIOUS Provide effective venues for

pinakasalan hahaha INSTITUTIONS commentary and issue
advocacy for moralizing
MONOGAMY One partner issues

POLYGAMY More than one partner NON-GOVERNMENTAL Advocacy and facilitator of

ORGANIZATION (NGO) policies, particularly in a
community level

POLYGYNY POLYANDRY PEOPLE’S Grassroots-based

ORGANIZATIONS organizations composed of
Many female/wives Many male/husbands people who are directly
involved in a community

REFERRED Matchmaking
MARRIAGE

ARRANGED Community leaders/families decide the

MARRIAGE marital partner of an individual

FAMILY
● Basic unit of society
● Linked together by marriage, blood relations,
or adoption
● Based on consanguinity and kinship
● Factory that develops and produces human
personalities
● Passes down cultural transmission of a
society to the next generation

TYPES OF FAMILIES

NUCLEAR Basic Family !! (Mother, Father, Children)

FAMILY
Made up of group of people who are
united by social ties

EXTENDED With other members (relatives)

FAMILY
2 or more nuclear family

BLENDED Parents have children/child from previous

FAMILY marital relationships

FAMILY TO COMMUNITY

ARRANGEMENT:
● Family > Clan > Tribe > Nation

FAMILY Father, mother, children

CLAN Group of Families

TRIBE Group of Clans

NATION Group of Tribes