College of Criminal Justice Education

Second Semester, A.Y. 2023-2024

MODULE 5
UNIT II. ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS
 Atomic Structure

Course Title: GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Course Code: AdGE 1

Name: _____________________________________
Course and Year: _____________________________________
Contact Number: _____________________________________
Date and Time Allotment: _____________________________________
Instructor: Miss Eleanor Mae Taban

Introduction

This module entitled Atoms. Molecules, and Ions is about Atomic Structure. Atoms were once thought to be indestructible.
However, the bombs that were dropped at the end of World War II in Japan are powerful and grim reminders that atoms can be split.
This, among other phenomena in nature such as radiation and radioactivity, is proof that atoms are not indestructible and that they contain
smaller particles.

I. Objectives

At the end of the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
1. Differentiate the subatomic particles (protons, electrons, and neutrons) in terms of their relative masses and charges.
2. Describe the properties of the subatomic particles.
3. Differentiate among atomic number, mass number, and isotopes, are identify which of these distinguishes one element from
another.
4. Write isotopic symbols.
5. Explain why the atomic masses of elements are not whole numbers.
6. Calculate the average atomic mass of an element.

II. Lecture

Protons, Electrons and Neutrons

1. Joseph John Thomson (1897)
o Calculated the mass-to-electric-charge ration, m/e, of the cathode ray.
o He also concluded that the cathode rays must be composed of negatively charged particles in all atoms.
2. Robert Millikan
o In his series of oil drop experiments, determined the charge of the electron. Using the electric charge of the electron and
the mass-to-electric-charge ratio, the mass of the electron was computed to be 9.1094 x 10-28 g.
3. Ernest Rutherford and his assistant, Hans Geiger
o Performed experiments on the atom using alpha particles.
4. Geiger and Ernst Marsden
o They came up with the device that shoots rays of alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold.
o They recorded the trajectory of the alpha particles and from this, deduced the structure of the atom.
5. Benjamin Franklin
o an American statesman and scientist who discovered two types of electrical charges (positive and negative) -
RADIOACTIVITY – the release of radiant energy from matter that was discovered by HENRI BECQUEREL ( French,
1852-1908)
o We have 3 types of radiation: Alpha Particles – beams of positive particles, Beta Particles – made up of negatively
charged particles and Gama Radiation – was not deflected by a magnetic field indicating no charge.

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

- It was instrumental in the discovery of the first subatomic particle, the electron.
- The rays behaved as if they were made of negative particles.
- Old television and desktop computer screens use CRTs to display images.
Plum-Pudding Model
- Presupposes that in the gold foil experiment, the alpha particles, which are positively charged, will pass through the atom smoothly
in a straight line with little or no deflections.
- The alpha particles that were deflected indicate that the positive charge of the atom is concentrated in one small area. This led
scientists to revise the atomic model and propose that an atom has a small nucleus where particles with positive charges are
located.

Nuclear Model
- Fits perfectly in describing hydrogen atoms. It cannot account for the mass of the next lightest element, helium.
- The discrepancy led to a search for another subatomic particle, which James Chadwick discovered in 1932.
- In his experiment, Chadwick bombarded a thin sheet of beryllium with alpha particles. A very-high-energy radiation similar to gamma
rays was emitted.
- These rays were then found to consist of a third type of subatomic particle. Chadwick called them neutrons since they are electrically
neutral.

Atomic Number, Mass Number and Isotopes

Atomic Number (Z) or proton number of an atom tells how many protons the atom has.
Mass Number (A) of an atom tells the total number or protons and neutrons that the atoms has.
Isotopes have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons and was coined in 1913 by Frederick Soddy, a student of
Rutherford.

Sub-Atomic Particles Particle Symbol Atomic Mass Charge

 PROTONS (positively charged) – Ernest Rutherford Unit (amu)
 NEUTRONS (no charge) – James Chadwick Proton p+ 1 +1
 ELECTRONS (negatively charged) – Joseph John Thomson Neutron n0 1 0
Electron e 1/1837 ≈ 0 -1

The following formulas can be used as a guide in determining the numbers of the subatomic particles of an atom.
1. Number of p+ = atomic number
2. Mass number = no. of p+ + no. of n
Number of e- = number of p+

For example:
Hypothetical Mass No. No. of p+ No. of n No. of e- Atomic No.
Element
A 96 42
B 32 41
C 35 18
D 20 19

Solutions:
For A: For C:
no.of p+ = atomic no. = 42 no. of p+ = mass no. – no. of n = 35-18 = 17
no. of n = mass no. – no. of p+ = 96-42 =54 no. of e- = no. of p+ = 17
no. of e- = no. of p+ = 42 atomic no. = no. of p+ = 17

For B: For D:
no. of e- = no. of p+ = 32 no. of p+ = no. of e- = 19
mass no. = no. of p+ + no. of n = 32+41 = 73 mass no. = no. of p+ +no. of n = 19+20 = 39
atomic no. = no. of p+ = 32 atomic no. = no. of p+ = 19

Answer:
Hypothetical Mass No. No. of p+ No. of n No. of e- Atomic No.
Element
A 96 42 54 42 42
B 73 32 41 32 32
C 35 17 18 17 17
D 39 19 20 19 19
Name: _____________________________________________
Course and Year: _____________________________________
Contact Number: _____________________________________
Date of Submission: _____________________________________
Instructor: Eleanor Mae Taban

III. Application/Activity
Directions: What were the differences between Rutherford’s nuclear model and Dalton’s plum-pudding model? Draw a picture or a sketch
of each model.

IV. Assessment
Directions: Fill in the necessary information.
Element Atomic Number Mass Number Number of
Protons Electrons Neutrons
Zinc 30 35
Carbon 6 6
Silver 47 109
Copper 29 36
Titanium 48 22
Osmium 76 114
Radon 86 136

Date Finished: _________________________ Signature: _________________________

V. Other References
 Ilao, Luciana V. , Lontoc, Betty M. & Paderna-Gayon, Edwehna Elinore S.(2016). General Chemistry. Rex Book Store.
 Odian, George ,Ph.D. and Blei, Ira, Ph.D (2006). General, Organic and Biological Chemistry, The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
 Hein,Morris, Best, Leo R., Pattison, Scott and Arena, Susan (2005). Introduction to General, Organic and
Biochemistry,Golden Gate Printers for C & E Publishing, Inc..
 Jauco, Magdalena C. , Agudong, Julito A. , Solivio, Rosalie and Bernardo, Emily K. (2017). General Chemistry.
 Tabujara, Geronimo Jr. D. General Chemistry K-12 Compliant Worktext
 College of Criminal Justice Education
First Semester, A.Y. 2021-2022

MODULE 6
UNIT V. ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM AND THE PERIODIC TABLE
 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom

Course Title: GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Course Code: AdGE 1

Name: _____________________________________
Course and Year: _____________________________________
Contact Number: _____________________________________
Date and Time Allotment: _____________________________________
Instructor: Miss Eleanor Mae Taban
Introduction

This module entitled Electronic Structure of the Atom and the Periodic Table is about The Quantum Mechanical Model of the
Atom. Models are used to help provide mental images of things that we cannot actually see like the subatomic particles. Based on the
experiments done, theories have been proposed by several scientists which helped developed mental models of atomic structure (how
the particles are arranged in atoms). This give us an idea of what scientists believe individual atoms would look like if they could be seen.

I. Objectives

At the end of the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
1. Trace the development of the atomic model from the plum pudding model to the currently accepted quantum mechanical
model.
2. Describe the quantum mechanical model of the atom.
3. Use quantum numbers to describe electrons in atoms.
4. Explain how electrons are arranged within the atom.

II. Lecture

Models of Atomic Structure: Past to Present

Two Models of Atomic Structure (Past)

1. Thomson’s plum pudding model – in which the electrons were supposed to be embedded in a positive cloud
2. Rutherford’s nuclear model – which presents the atom as having a small nucleus where the positive charge and mass of the
atom is concentrated.

Present
1. The Bohr Model
- Came in 1913 when Neils Bohr, a Danish physicist, proposed a planetary model of the atom. The electrons were supposed
to move in orbits around the nucleus, but they could orbit only in certain specified energy levels, they cannot exist between
energy level.
- Electrons occupy orbits that are fixed energies and radii.
- Each orbit is assigned an integer quantum number, n.

2. Schrödinger’s Model
- The theory was supported by Erwin Schrödinger in 1926, who showed that if an electron within an atom is treated as wave
rather than as particle, the various allowable energies could be described by the mathematics of three-dimensional wave
behavior.

ENERGY LEVELS
o NIELS BOHR (Danish, 1885-1962), he introduced the theory of the locations of the electrons of an atom in the
GROUND STATE (lowest energy possible) move in particular orbits
o Excited State is a state in which an electron moves to a higher energy level

SUBLEVELS OR SUBSHELLS
o The energy levels of the electrons of an atom are further divided into sublevels or subshells
o The sublevels are denoted by s, p, d, and f.

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
o A way of distributing the electrons of the atom among the orbitals of the atom
o The mnemonic device is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 and so on
 o The electron configuration of an atom can be shown also by an ORBITAL DIAGRAM.
o In filling the orbitals with electrons, the following rules should be followed :

 HUND’S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY (FREDERICK HUND) – Electrons should enter the orbitals of a given sublevel
singly with the same spin before any pairing is done

 PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE (WOLFGANG PULI, 1900-1958) – Two electrons occupying an orbital should have opposite
spins. Note that the spin of an electron is either CLOCKWISE or COUNTERCLOCKWISE.

TYPES OF ORBITAL DIAGRAM

o PARAMAGNETIC – atom having one or more unpaired electrons
o DIAMAGNETIC – no unpaired electrons

QUANTUM NUMBERS
o PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE – A principle that states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of
four quantum numbers.
o THE FOUR QUANTUM NUMBERS :
1. PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER (n)
o Denoted by n, identifies the energy level of the electron being referred to. The possible
values of n are the positive integers from 1-7
2. ANGULAR MOMENTUM QUANTUM NUMBER (ℓ)
o Corresponds to the subshell or sublevel
3. MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER ( m ℓ)
o Refers to the orbitals
4. SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER (ms)
o Specifies the relative spin direction (clockwise or counter clockwise) of the electron,
The value of ms is either -1/2 or +1/2

Predicting Periods and Groups (GUIDELINES)

1. If the electron configuration of the element ends in s or p, then the element belongs to family A; otherwise, the element belongs
to family B.
2. The outermost energy level of the element corresponds to its period.
3. For an element belonging to family A, the number of electrons in the outermost energy level corresponds to the group of the
element.
4. For an element belonging to B, the total number of electrons in the outermost energy level and the incomplete inner sublevel is
equal to the group number except for the following sums whose corresponding groups are indicated.

Example:

7 N – 1S2 2S2 2P3

o 2 PERIOD- outermost energy level
o ends in p(Family A)
o electrons in 2 energy level – 2 +3 = 5 (Group 5)
o ANSWER : PERIOD : 2
o GROUP VA
Name: _____________________________________________
Course and Year: _____________________________________
Contact Number: _____________________________________
Date of Submission: _____________________________________
Instructor: Miss Eleanor Mae Taban

 Note/Reminder:
 Don’t hesitate to ask me if there are some difficulties.
 Always update me upon doing your activity/assessment.
 The deadline of your activities/assessment will be announced in our Group Chat.
 Keep calm and be motivated as always!
 Don’t push yourself to the limit. If you’re tired, then rest. After a while, make a move again.
 Put a smile on your face. 

III. Application/Activity
Directions: Answer the given question.
1. Describe the Rutherford model of the atom.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. How many electrons are present in an atom in which the 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s and 3p orbitals are filled?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. What words/terms are used to express where an electron is located in an atom?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

IV. Assessment
Directions: Do the following.
1. List down the symbols of atoms with atomic numbers 16-25 and write their electron configurations.
2. Using the shorthand method, write the electron configurations of atoms with atomic numbers 34-48.

Date Finished: _________________________ Signature: _________________________

V. Other References
 Ilao, Luciana V. , Lontoc, Betty M. & Paderna-Gayon, Edwehna Elinore S.(2016). General Chemistry. Rex Book Store.
 Odian, George ,Ph.D. and Blei, Ira, Ph.D (2006). General, Organic and Biological Chemistry, The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
 Hein,Morris, Best, Leo R., Pattison, Scott and Arena, Susan (2005). Introduction to General, Organic and
Biochemistry,Golden Gate Printers for C & E Publishing, Inc..
 Jauco, Magdalena C. , Agudong, Julito A. , Solivio, Rosalie and Bernardo, Emily K. (2017). General Chemistry.
 Tabujara, Geronimo Jr. D. General Chemistry K-12 Compliant Worktext.
 College of Criminal Justice Education
Second Semester, A.Y. 2023-2024

MODULE 7
UNIT II. ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM AND THE PERIODIC TABLE
 The Periodic Table

Course Title: GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Course Code: AdGE 1

Name: _____________________________________
Course and Year: _____________________________________
Contact Number: _____________________________________
Date and Time Allotment: _____________________________________
Instructor: Miss Eleanor Mae Taban

Introduction

This module entitled Electronic Structure of the Atom and the Periodic Table is about The Periodic Table. The periodic table is
a very useful device in understanding, organizing, and predicting the behavior of all known elements. The modern periodic table is a
systematic arrangement of elements illustrating the periodic law. This law states that “The physical and chemical characteristics of the
elements are periodic functions of their atomic number”.

I. Objectives

At the end of the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
1. Determine the relative stability and magnetic property of an element based on its electron configuration.
2. Describe and explain the trends in atomic properties in the periodic table.
3. Predict the properties of individual elements based on their position in the periodic table.
4. Describe the arrangement of the elements in the modern periodic table with regard to electron configuration.
5. Explain the periodic recurrences of similar properties of elements in the table.
6. Relate the number of valence electrons of atoms to the position of elements in the periodic table.
7. Compare the properties of families of elements.

II. Lecture

Stability of Atoms
1. An atom with completely filled levels is quite stable.
2. An atom with eight electrons in the outermost level has a special stability.
3. An atom having fully filled or half-filled sublevel is also more stable than other arrangements.

PERIODIC TABLE
o A chart showing the different elements and properties.
o The elements in the periodic table are arranged in such a way that those having similar properties are grouped together.
o The feature of Periodic Table is divided into horizontal rows called period or series and vertical columns called groups
or families.
 Periods – Hindu-Arabic numerals 1-7
 Families – Roman Numerals (paired with A or B) IA through VIIIA and IB through VIIIB

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
1. Metals – good conductors of heat and electricity and they are shiny, solid at room temperature, malleable and ductile
The typical properties that characterize metals are:
a. Luster – the mirror-like shine that reflects light well
b. Conductivity – the ability to transfer heat and electricity well
c. Malleability – the ability to be rolled or hammered into thin sheets
d. Dutility – the ability to be drawn into wire

2. Non-metals- poor conductors of electricity and heat generally gases and brittle solids
3. Metalloids – properties of metals and non-metals

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
o A way of distributing the electrons of the atom among the orbitals of the atom
o The mnemonic device is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 and so on
o The electron configuration of an atom can be shown also by an ORBITAL DIAGRAM.
 o In filling the orbitals with electrons, the following rules should be followed :

 HUND’S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY (FREDERICK HUND) – Electrons should enter the orbitals of a given sublevel
singly with the same spin before any pairing is done
 PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE (WOLFGANG PULI, 1900-1958) – Two electrons occupying an orbital should have opposite
spins. Note that the spin of an electron is either CLOCKWISE or COUNTERCLOCKWISE.

Atomic Properties and Their Trends in the Periodic Table

1. Atomic size – Since an atom is considered as having a spherical shape, its size is measured in terms of the radius, which is the
distance from the nucleus to its outermost principal energy level or valence level.
2. Ionization Energy – the energy needed to remove an atom’s most loosely held electron is called the first ionization energy. It is
measured in kilojoules per mole.
3. Electron Affinity – Electron affinity is a measure of the energy change that occurs when an atom gains a single electron and
forms a negative ion.
4. Electronegativity – a measure of an atom’s ability to attract a pair of electrons when bonded to another atom.

Arrangement of Elements in the Periodic Table

In the 19th century, two chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev (Russia) and Lothar Meyer (Germany), working independently, arranged the
known elements in order of their atomic masses in horizontal rows and produced a table where those with similar properties were in the
same vertical column.

a. Group 1 (IA): H, Li, N, K , Rb, Cs, Fr

- It is associated with Group 1 because it has the electron configuration 1s1

b. Group 2 (IIA): Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

- Each of these alkaline earth metals have two valence electrons with ns2 configuration

c. Group 3 (IIIA): B, Al, Ga, In, Tl

- Has three valence electron

d. Group 14 (IVA): C, S, Ge, Sn, Pb

- Has four valence electron

e. Group 15 (VA): N, P, As, Sb, Bi

- Has five valence electrons

f. Group 16 (VIA): O, S, Se, Te, Po

- Has six valence electron

g. Group 17 (VIIA): F, Cl, Br, I, At

- These elements are collectively called halogens, each has seven valence electrons

h. Group 18 (VIIIA): He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

- It has eight valence electrons
i. Groups 3-11 (The Transition Elements)
- They are the d-block elements and includes all group Bs.
- These elements are all recognizably metallic
j. The Inner Transition Elements
- The lanthanides or lanthanoids or rare earth, belong to period 6 but do not belong to any group
- The actinides or actinoids are in period 7 but not classified with any group
Name: _____________________________________________
Course and Year: _____________________________________
Contact Number: _____________________________________
Date of Submission: _____________________________________
Instructor: Miss Eleanor Mae Taban
 Note/Reminder:
 Don’t hesitate to ask me if there are some difficulties.
 Always update me upon doing your activity/assessment.
 The deadline of your activities/assessment will be announced in our Group Chat.
 Keep calm and be motivated as always!
 Don’t push yourself to the limit. If you’re tired, then rest. After a while, make a move again.
 Put a smile on your face. 

III. Application/Activity
A. Directions: Classify the following elements as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids.
1. Potassium 6. Iodine
2. Phosphorus 7. Tellurium
3. Sulfur 8. Molybdenum
4. Antimony 9. Germanium
5. Aluminum 10. Silicon
B. As shown by the dividing lines in the periodic table, which of the three classes of elements are greatest in number?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
C. How many are classified as nonmetals?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
D. How many are the metalloids?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

IV. Assessment
Directions: Get a copy of the periodic table. Select at random one element from each of the s, p, d, and f-blocks. Justify the position in
the periodic table of each element chosen by writing their electron configurations.

Date Finished: _________________________ Signature: _________________________

V. Other References
 Ilao, Luciana V. , Lontoc, Betty M. & Paderna-Gayon, Edwehna Elinore S.(2016). General Chemistry. Rex Book Store.
 Odian, George ,Ph.D. and Blei, Ira, Ph.D (2006). General, Organic and Biological Chemistry, The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
 Hein,Morris, Best, Leo R., Pattison, Scott and Arena, Susan (2005). Introduction to General, Organic and
Biochemistry,Golden Gate Printers for C & E Publishing, Inc..
 Jauco, Magdalena C. , Agudong, Julito A. , Solivio, Rosalie and Bernardo, Emily K. (2017). General Chemistry.
 Tabujara, Geronimo Jr. D. General Chemistry K-12 Compliant Worktext
 College of Criminal Justice Education
Second Semester, A.Y. 2023-2024

MODULE 8
UNIT III. CHEMICAL BONDING
 Ionic Bonds

Course Title: GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Course Code: AdGE 1

Name: _____________________________________
Course and Year: _____________________________________
Contact Number: _____________________________________
Date and Time Allotment: _____________________________________
Instructor: Miss Eleanor Mae Taban

Introduction

This module entitled Chemical Bonding is about Ionic Bonds. Atoms react with each other by way of their valence electrons
result into some changes in the distribution of electrons in their outermost energy levels. It focuses on the way atoms achieve a stable
configuration by transferring electrons and what results from such interaction.

I. Objectives

At the end of the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. Draw the Lewis structure of atoms, ions and ionic compounds.
2. Relate the stability and reactivity of atoms with their valence electrons.
3. State and illustrate the octet rule.
4. Discuss the formation of ions.
5. Describe the results of the transfer of electrons.
6. Predict charges of ions that will be formed.
7. Explain the properties of ionic compounds in terms of their structure.
8. Differentiate the types of ionic compound.

II. Lecture

Ionic Bonding
Atoms react by making use of their electrons in the outermost energy level (the valence electrons). These valence electrons are
represented by dots surrounding the symbol of the atom or element in what is called the Lewis electron dot symbol, or Lewis electron dot
formula, or simply structure when applied to compounds.
When writing a dot symbol, imagine a square around the symbol of the element and put dots one at a time on each side, pairing
up when needed to have all the valence electrons placed. (The number of dots equals the number of s and p electrons in the atom's
outermost energy level). The side used for pairing dots is not so important.
Example: The valence electrons of the sulfur atom are in the second energy level 2s2p4, and these can be represented by the
electron-dot formula. Atoms react in order to become stable. Stability is attained when the atom acquires valence level that is isoelectronic
with the valence level of noble gases. Two electrons if the valence level is the first principal energy level, or eight electrons if the valence
level is the second or higher principal energy level. In this case, each of the s and p orbitals in the valence level has its full quota (two
electrons for s and six for the p orbitals) and the valence level is said to be complete. This represents a structure of maximum stability
upon which the octet rule is based.

Transferring Electrons
One way by which atoms attain a total of eight electrons in their outermost energy level is by transferring electrons. For electron
transfer to occur, one atom must be able to lose electrons readily (i.e., have a low ionization energy) and the other atom must be able to
gain electrons readily (i.e., have a sufficiently negative electron affinity).

Charged particles are formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another they are generally called ions. When
an atom loses an electron, this means a negative charge is removed, leaving behind a positively charged particles consisting of the
nucleus and the remaining electrons. Such a positively charged ion is called a cation. A cation is smaller than its parent atom.
When an atom gains one or more electrons, it takes on the negative charge of the additional electron or electrons and
becomes a negatively charged ion, called anion. An anion is larger than its parent atom.
An ion is represented by a formula using the symbol of the atom from which the ion was formed, with the charge of the ion as a superscript.
Examples

Lewis Lewis Lewis Symbol Lewis

Symbol Symbol Symbol
Ion Atom Ion
Atom
Na+ Loss of 1e- Na+ F Gain of 1e- F --

Ca+ Loss of 2e- Ca2+

O Gain of 2e- O 2--

Al- Loss of 3e- Al3+

N Gain of 3e- N 3--

Predicting Charges of Ions

The number of outermost energy level electron or valence electrons of the atom indicates the atom's tendency to lose or gain
electrons.
Atoms with 1, 2, or 3 outer energy level electron tend to lose them while atoms with 5, 6, or 7 electrons tend to gain more to
have a total or eight electrons in outer energy level.
Atoms that lose electrons are those that have an octet in the next lower energy level and those that gain electrons need only a
few (1, 2, or 3) electrons to complete an octet in the outer energy level.

It is important to realize that some properties of the element charge as the atom charges to an ion. Examples: Pure Na metal
and Cl gas, consisting of their individual atoms are highly toxic and dangerous, but Na+ and Cl- when bonded to form common table
salt can be eaten.
Polyatomic Ions are groups of atoms (two or more covalently bonded atoms) which Carry electrical charges as unit particles.
They act in many ways as single units and maintain their identity in combining with other ions to form electrovalent or ionic compounds.

Writing Chemical Formulas

In writing the chemical formula of ionic compounds, the symbol of the positive ion is placed first, with the symbol of the
negative ion placed after it.

Naming Ionic Compounds

The following rules are used in the nomenclature of ionic or electrovalent compounds:
1. Binary compounds (compounds made up of only two elements
- Are named directly from the elements

Structure of Ionic Compounds

- The attraction formed between the positive and negative ions is not limited to pairs of ions.
- Oppositely pattern ions arrange themselves in a regular array like an orderly three-dimensional pattern of crystal lattice.

Properties and Types of Ionic Compounds

- In general, most ionic compounds exist as amorphous or crystalline solids. Those in the form of well-defined crystals have
high melting points, tend to be soluble in water, and conduct electric current in the molten state.
- One basis for classifying ionic compounds is the kind of the ions they contain. This is how acids, bases and salts, which
constitute the largest groups of ionic compounds, are distinguished. Several theories define acids and bases. At this
point, the Arrhenius theory will be used.
Name: _____________________________________________
Course and Year: _____________________________________
Contact Number: _____________________________________
Date of Submission: _____________________________________
Instructor: Miss Eleanor Mae Taban

 Note/Reminder:
 Don’t hesitate to ask me if there are some difficulties.
 Always update me upon doing your activity/assessment.
 The deadline of your activities/assessment will be announced in our Group Chat/Google Classroom.
 Keep calm and be motivated as always!
 Don’t push yourself to the limit. If you’re tired, then rest. After a while, make a move again.
 Put a smile on your face. 

III. Application/Activity
Directions: Answer the following in NOT MORE THAN 3 sentences.

1. What are ions? Ionic bonds? How are they formed?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What changes happen to atoms of elements when ions are formed?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. What are the characteristics of ionic compound?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
IV. Assessment
Directions: Copy the table below and complete it using the eight elements of Period 2 in the periodic table.
Name Symbol Atomic Number Group Number Number of Valence Electron-Dot
Electrons Symbol
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne

Date Finished: _________________________ Signature: _________________________

V. Other References
 Ilao, Luciana V. , Lontoc, Betty M. & Paderna-Gayon, Edwehna Elinore S.(2016). General Chemistry. Rex Book Store.
 Odian, George ,Ph.D. and Blei, Ira, Ph.D (2006). General, Organic and Biological Chemistry, The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
 Hein,Morris, Best, Leo R., Pattison, Scott and Arena, Susan (2005). Introduction to General, Organic and
Biochemistry,Golden Gate Printers for C & E Publishing, Inc..
 Jauco, Magdalena C. , Agudong, Julito A. , Solivio, Rosalie and Bernardo, Emily K. (2017). General Chemistry.
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