Design of Steel Structures

Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

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This materials should never be made available to any other students/engineers except by this instructor. All recipients
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Roof Purlins

Roof
Purlin

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

 Roof Purlins

Sections used in Purlins

Hot Rolled I-Sections Hot Rolled C- Cold Formed Section

(IPE - Section) Sections (C and Z sections)
(UPN, UPE,..etcc.)

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

Loads on Purlins

1- Dead Loads:

The dead loads include: weight of sheets and self weight of

purlins.

Weight of single layer corrugated sheets = 5 – 8 kg/m2

Weight of double layer corrugated sheets = 12 – 18 kg/m2

Own weight of hot rolled purlins can be assumed = 15 – 20 kg/m

Own weight of cold-formed purlins can be assumed = 5 – 8 kg/m

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

Loads on Purlins
1- Dead Loads:

WD.L = Wsheet x a/ cos a + own weight

WxD.L = WD.L x cos a

WyD.L = WD.L x sin a

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

Loads on Purlins

Internal Forces due Dead Loads:

The bending moment and shear force on simply supported

purlin is calculated as follows:

MxD.L = WxD.L x S2 / 8

MyD.L = WyD.L x S2 / 8

QxD.L = WxD.L x S / 2

QyD.L = WyD.L x S / 2

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

Loads on Purlins
2- Live Load:
Live load shall be the critical case from either the uniformly
distributed loads or a single concentrated load of 100 kg at the
middle of the purlin.

2a- Uniform Live Load

i- Case of inaccessible roof:
L.L. = 60 – 66.67 tan α…..kg/m2

ii- Case of accessible roof:

L.L. = 200 – 300 tan α…..kg/m2

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

Loads on Purlins
2- Live Loads:

a) Uniform Load
WL.L = L.L x a

WxL.L = WL.L x cos a

WyL.L = WL.L x sin a

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim
Loads on Roof Purlin

Kg/m2

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

Units for this equation
q = N/m2
V = m/sec.
So divide the result by 10
to change it to kg/m2

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim
 Loads on Purlins

3- Wind Loads:

Wxwind = Ce x k x q x a / cos a

q = 70 kg/m2 for Cairo

= 80 kg/m2 for Alexandria

If tan a < 0.4, thus wind load

Will be suction and it will
decrease the effect of dead and
live load.

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

Loads on Purlins

3- Wind Loads:

Wxwind = Ce x q x a / cos a

Mxwind = Wxwind x S2 / 8
Mywind = 0

Qxwind = Wxwind x S /2
Qywind = 0

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim
Design of hot rolled Purlin
• Case of Wind load Suction
1st Design on:

2nd Check on :

• Case of Wind load Pressure

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

Biaxial Bending (Laterally supported @ x-axis)
• Section is subject to biaxial factored bending moments (Mux and
Muy):
M ux M uy
  1 y
M rx M ry
• For laterally supported sections
M rx   b Z x F y ........ compact sec tions
x x
M ry   b Z y Fy ........ compact sec tions
Z x  1 . 15 S x and Z y  1 .5 S y
 b  0 . 85 y
• Choice of Section : Assume Sx = 7 Sy
0 . 87 M ux  4 . 7 M uy
Sx 
 b  Fy
©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim
Biaxial Bending (Laterally unsupported @ x-axis)
• Section is checked under biaxial factored bending moments (Mux
and Muy) for case of laterally unsupported @ x-axis as follows
y
M ux M
  1
uy

M rx M ry
• For laterally supported sections
x x

M rx  b M n ........ as laterally un sup ported beams

M ry   b Z y Fy ........ compact sec tions
Z x  1 . 15 S x and Z y  1 .5 S y  b  0 . 85
©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim
Width-to-Thickness Ratio for Comp. Elements
Compact Non-Compact
l ≤ lp lp < l ≤ lr
Hot-
c 16.9 c 33
rolled  
tf Fy tf Fy
c c
ST37:  11  21
tf tf
c c
ST52: 9  17
tf tf
Welded c 15.3 c 28
(Built-up)  
tf Fy tf Fy
c c
ST37:  10  18
tf tf
c c
ST52: 8  15
tf tf
2020-12-26 18
Width-to-Thickness Ratio (cont.)
Compact Non-Compact
l ≤ lp lp < l ≤ lr
Bending d 127 d w 222
w
 
tw Fy tw Fy
dw dw
ST37:  82  143
tw tw
dw dw
St 52:  67  117
tw tw
Axial dw 58 dw 64
 
Comp t w Fy tw Fy
dw dw
St37:  37.4  41.3
tw tw
dw dw
st52:  30.5  33.7
tw tw
2020-12-26 19
Shear Resistance of Beams

• Shear usually does not control the choice of the

beam section unless the beam is very short and
subject to high concentrated load.
• For checking the shear force:
Vu  Vr  s Vn
s  0.85

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

Shear Resistance of Beams
Vu  Vr  s  Vn
s  0.85
h d
Aw  d  tw

h 112
 Vn  0.6Fy A w
tw Fy
112 h 139 112 / Fy 
<  Vn  0.6Fy   Aw
Fy t w Fy  h / t w 
139 h  9500 
<  260 Vn   2
Aw
Fy t w  h / t w  

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

Deflection

1   2   camber   limit -camber

 2   limit -no camber
Member No Initial
camber camber
Beams & Trusses in buildings carrying plaster or brittle finish L/300 L/250
Floors supporting columns L/500 L/400
All other beams L/200 L/160
Cantilevers L/180 L/140
Crane Track Girders L/800 L/650
L is the beam span or twice the projecting length of the cantilever.

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

Using Tie Rod
Tie rods are used to reduce My
Case of using one tie rod at mid span

Truss
S/2 T5

T1 T2 T3 T4 S
S/2
θ
Truss
T5
S/3 T2
T1 T3 T4

S/3 S

S/3 θ
Truss

Case of using two tie rods at the third point

of spacing

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

Using Tie Rod

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

Using Tie Rod
Tie rods are used in purlins to reduce My in case of steep
roofs.

What is the effect of tie rod?

1- Reduce My
For case of using single tie rod:
My = Wy x (S/2)2 / 8

For case of using two tie rod:

My = Wy x (S/3)2 / 8

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

Design of Tie Rods
• The force in the tie rod is calculated from the reaction in y-
direction of the purlin.

©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim

Design of Tie Rods

Assume tie rod diameter 10 or 12 mm  A  d 2 / 4

Yielding : Tr1  0.85  A  Fy
Rupture : Tr 2  0.7  A net  Fu  0.7  0.78  A  Fu
Tmax  Minimum of Tr1 and Tr 2 
©Dr. Sherif Mohamed Ibrahim