SUM & DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES,

AND DOUBLE-ANGLE &

HALF-ANGLE IDENTITIES
Learner’s Module in Pre - Calculus
Second Quarter ● Module 5 (Week 7)

CHERRY A. CAPUYAN
Developer

Department of Education • Cordillera Administrative Region

NAME:____________________________GRADE AND SECTION ______________

TEACHER: _________________________SCORE __________________________
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Cordillera Administrative Region
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BAGUIO CITY
Military Cut-off, Baguio City

Published by
DepEd Schools Division of Baguio City
Curriculum Implementation Division

COPYRIGHT NOTICE
2020

Section 9 of Presidential Decree No. 49 provides:

“No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines.
However, prior approval of the government agency of office wherein the work is
created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.”

This material has been developed for the implementation of the K-12
Curriculum through the DepEd Schools Division of Baguio City – Curriculum
Implementation Division (CID). It can be reproduced for educational purposes and the
source must be acknowledged. Derivatives of the work including creating an edited
version, an enhancement or a supplementary work are permitted provided all original
work is acknowledged and the copyright is attributed. No work may be derived from
this material for commercial purposes and profit.

ii
 PREFACE

This module is a project of the DepEd Schools Division of Baguio City through
the Curriculum Implementation Division (CID) which is in response to the
implementation of the K to 12 Curriculum.

This Learning Material is a property of the Department of Education, Schools

Division of Baguio City. It aims to improve students’ academic performance specifically
in Mathematics.

Date of Development : January 2021

Resource Location : DepEd Schools Division of Baguio City
Learning Area : Mathematics
Grade Level : 11
Learning Resource Type : Module
Language : English
Quarter/Week : Q2/W7
Learning Competency/Code : Apply trigonometric identities to find other
trigonometric values; and solve situational problems
involving trigonometric identities/STEM_PC11T-IIe-1-2

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The developer wishes to thank all those who helped in the development of this
learning material. The fulfillment of this learning material would not be possible without
them.
To the school’s supervisory office led by the school principal, Madam Brenda
M. Cariño. Thank you all for the moral and technical support in the crafting of this
learning module. To the teachers in the Mathematics department of Baguio City
National High School for sharing their knowledge and expertise in developing this
learning resource. To the office of DepEd Division of Baguio City for giving the
developers the opportunity to discover their skills as module writers.
Lastly, to the developer’s family and to the ultimate source of her everything,
the Creator.

Development Team
Developer: Cherry A. Capuyan
Illustrator: Marilyn Degay- Bugatti (Label Icons)
Adiel John B. Rivera (Cover Page)
Language Editor:

School Learning Resources Management Committee

Brenda M. Cariño School Head / Principal
Janet B. Pascua OIC-Assistant School Head
Niño E. Martinez Subject Specialist
Sherwin Fernando School LR Coordinator
Jopie B. Ferrer School LR Coordinator - SHS

Quality Assurance Team

Francisco Copsiyan EPS – Mathematics
Niño M. Tibangay PSDS – District 3

Learning Resource Management Section Staff

Loida C. Mangangey EPS – LRMDS
Victor A. Fernandez Education Program Specialist II - LRMDS
Christopher David G. Oliva Project Development Officer II – LRMDS
Priscilla A. Dis-iw Librarian II
Lily B. Mabalot Librarian I

CONSULTANTS

JULIET C. SANNAD, EdD

Chief Education Supervisor – CID

CHRISTOPHER C. BENIGNO
Asst. Schools Division Superintendent

MARIE CAROLYN B. VERANO, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
COPYRIGHT NOTICE …………………………………………………..….….. ii
PREFACE ………………………………….…………………………...…….…. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………….…………………………….. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………….……. …. v
What I Need to Know……………………………………………………………. 2
What I Know ……………………………………………………………………... 3
What’s In …………………………………………………………………………. 4
What’s New ………………………………………………………………………. 5
Activity 1: Rate of Change ……..…………..…………………………… 5
Activity 2: Explore the Differences .…………..……………………… 5
What Is It ..…… ………………………………………………….……………… 6
What’s More .…………………………………………………………………….. 13
Activity 3: Exact Values of Functions …….……….………………………… 13
What I Have Learned …………………………………………………………… 14
Activity 4:Express Knowledge Acquired ………….. ………………….. 14
What I Can Do …………………………………………………………………… 14
Activity 5: Identity Verification ………………… ………………………… 14
Assessment …………………...…………………………………………………. 15
Additional Activity..……………………………………………….……………… 16
Activity 6: Trigonometric Identities …………………………………….. 16
ANSWER KEY………………………………..………………………………….. 17
REFERENCES………..……..……………………………………...…….…….… 18

v
SUM & DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES,
AND DOUBLE-ANGLE &
HALF-ANGLE IDENTITIES
Learner’s Module in Pre - Calculus
Second Quarter ● Module 5 (Week 7)

CHERRY A. CAPUYAN
Developer

Department of Education • Cordillera Administrative Region

1
 What I Need to Know
This material aims to help the users in understanding the different
trigonometric identities.
For the learner, this material will help you accurately apply trigonometric
identities to find other trigonometric values; and solve situational problems involving
trigonometric identities. Thus, for every activity, read and follow carefully the
instructions to achieve the learning objectives.

While going through this module, you are expected to:

1. enumerate the sum & difference identities and double-angle & half-angle
identities;
2. apply appropriate trigonometric identities to find other trigonometric values;
3. simplify and/or prove trigonometric equations using trigonometric identities;
4. solve situational problems involving trigonometric identities.
Now, here is an outline of the different parts of your learning module. The descriptions
will guide you on what to expect on each part of the module.

Icon Label Description

What I need to This states the learning objectives that you need to
know achieve as you study this module.
What I know This is to check what you already know about the
lesson on this module. If you answered all the
questions here correctly, then you may skip studying
this module.
What’s In This connects the current lesson with a topic or
concept necessary to your understanding.
What’s New This introduces the lesson to be tackled through an
activity.

What Is it This contains a brief discussion of the learning

module lesson. Think of it as the lecture section of the
lesson.
What’s More These are activities to check your understanding and
to apply what you have learned from the lesson.

What I have This generalizes the essential ideas tackled from this
Learned module.
What I Can Do This is a real-life application of what you have
learned.

Assessment This is an evaluation of what you have learned from

this learning material.

Additional Activity This is an activity that will strengthen and fortify your
knowledge about the lesson.

2
 What I Know
This is to check what you already know about the lesson on this module. Answer all
the questions here before studying this module.

I. Choose the letter of the BEST answer for each item, and write your answers
on the space provided before each number.
____1. Which is an identity equation?
tan 𝑥+tan 𝑦 1+tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦
A. tan(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 1−tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦 C. tan(𝑥 − 𝑦) = tan 𝑥−tan 𝑦
tan 𝑥−tan 𝑦 tan 𝑥+tan 𝑦
B. tan(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 1+tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦 D. tan(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 1−tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦

____2. Which among the equation is not an identity equation?

A. cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 C.sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦
( )
B. cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 D. sin(𝑥 − 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦

2 tan 𝑥
____3. If the expression is simplified, then it is equal to ________.
1+ tan2 𝑥
A. sin 2𝑥 B. cos 2𝑥 C. tan 2𝑥 D. csc 2𝑥

____4. What is the exact value of sin 15°?

√2−√3 √2+√3 √2−√3 √2+√3
A. B. C. D.
2 2 4 4

1+cos 2𝑥
____5. Simplifying is equal to ________.
sin 2𝑥
A. cot 2𝑥 B. tan 2𝑥 C. sec 2𝑥 D. csc 2𝑥

II. Simplify the expression into single term using the trigonometric identities.
Show all your solutions.
#s 6-10: 8 cos 3 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 4 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥

III. Verify if the given equation is an identity. Write your solutions on the provided
answer sheets.
#s 11-15: sin 4𝑥 = 4 sin 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 − 4 sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥

3
 What’s In
From the previous lessons, fundamental trigonometric identities were
discussed and these are the Reciprocal Identities, Quotient Identities, and
Pythagorean Identities.
Reciprocal Identities are:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽

Quotient Identities are:

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Pythagorean Identities are:

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽 + 𝟏 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽

These identities can be used to prove that other trigonometric equation are also
identities. In some cases, Even-Odd Identities are also considered as fundamental
identities and are needed in identifying identity equations. The box below shows that
only cosine and secant are even functions and sine, cosecant, tangent, and cotangent
are odd functions.

Even-Odd Identities are:

𝐬𝐢𝐧(−𝜽) = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬(−𝜽) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧(−𝜽) = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
𝐜𝐬𝐜(−𝜽) = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 𝐬𝐞𝐜(−𝜽) = − 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐭(−𝜽) = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽
These identities also can be used to simplify trigonometric expressions.
Example: The rate of change of the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = − csc 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 is given by the
expression csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 . Show that this expression can also be written as
cos 𝑥 cot 2 𝑥.
Solution: Simplify csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 into cos 𝑥 cot 2 𝑥.
Prove that 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙.
1 cos 𝑥 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
Use: 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 and 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
∙ − cos 𝑥 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥 Simplify the first term of the expression.
− cos 𝑥 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙
sin2 𝑥
cos 𝑥 − (cos 𝑥 )(sin2 𝑥 ) 𝟐
Find the least common denominator and
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 transform the expression into single
sin2 𝑥
fraction.
2 Factor out cos 𝑥 .
cos 𝑥 (1 − sin 𝑥) 𝟐
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙
sin2 𝑥
cos 𝑥 (cos 2 𝑥) 𝟐 Use: 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏;
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
sin2 𝑥
cos 2 𝑥 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
Use: 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 ;
cos 𝑥 ( 2 ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙
sin 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 2
= ∙ = cot 𝑥 ∙ cot 𝑥 = cot 𝑥
sin2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝟐 𝟐 The given expression is simplified.
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙

4
 What’s New

Answer the activity below to check if you remember when and how to use the
fundamental identities in proving an identity equation before using other identities.

Activity 1: Rate of Change

Prove if the given equation is an identity. Write your solutions on the space provided
below.
Problem: The rate of change of the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = sin 𝑥 + csc 𝑥 is given by the
expression cos 𝑥 − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 . Show that this expression can also be written as
−cos 𝑥 cot 2 𝑥.
Solution:

Before proceeding to the next lesson in this module, do some exploration in activity
2.

Activity 2: Explore the Differences

Illustrate the graphs of the given pair of expressions below on the same plane and
compare each pair if they have similar graph. Explain what you observe from their
graphs. Use a graphing paper for your illustrations.

1. sin(𝑢 + 𝑣 ) & sin 𝑢 + sin 𝑣

2. sin 2𝑥 & 2 sin 𝑥
𝑥 sin 𝑥
3. sin 2 & 2

4. sin2 𝑥 & (sin 𝑥 )2

5
 What Is It
Aside from the Fundamental Identities discussed from the previous lesson,
there are other identities that could be used in simplifying trigonometric expression
and proving an identity equation. In this lesson, we will be discussing sum & difference
identities, double-angle identities, and half-angle identities.

A. Sum & Difference Identities

Sum & Difference identities will be used when dealing with 2 different angles in
one equation.

Sum & Difference Identities are:

𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚) =
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 − 𝒚) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚

𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙 + 𝒚) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚

𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 − 𝒚) =
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙 − 𝒚) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚

These identities can be used to evaluate trigonometric functions with special

angles, simplify trigonometric expressions and equations, and derive other identities.

Examples:

A.1. Evaluating Trigonometric function

a) Find the exact value of cos 75° .
From the given angles on the table of exact
values on the right side, 75° is not included. So, to
solve for the exact value of cos 75°, use 30° and 45°, (tes.com, 2021)

since, 75° = 30° + 45°.

Using 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙 + 𝒚) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚, andhttps://www.tes.com/teaching-
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝟎° + 𝟒𝟓°), we can now
find the exact value of 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟕𝟓°. resource/table-of-exact-values-
of-trigonometric-functions-
Solution: 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟕𝟓° = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝟎° + 𝟒𝟓°) 7527640
cos(30° + 45°) = cos 30° cos 45° − sin 30° sin 45° Use sum identity of 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝑦).

√3 √2 1 √2
cos(30° + 45°) = ( )( ) − ( )( ) Substitute the exact values.
2 2 2 2

√6 √2 Simplify.
cos(30° + 45°) = −
4 4
√6 − √2 Simplify.
cos(30° + 45°) =
4
√𝟔 − √𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟕𝟓°) = Final answer (approximately
𝟒 0.2588)

6
 7𝜋
b) Find the exact value of sin 12

𝟕𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
Solution: Use 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑 + 𝟒 and 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚

𝟕𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝟕𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
Since = 𝟑 + 𝟒, then sin 12 = sin (𝟑 + 𝟒) and sin (𝟑 + 𝟒) = sin 𝟑 cos 𝟒 + cos 𝟑 sin 𝟒.
𝟏𝟐

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin (3 + 4 ) = sin 3 cos 4 + cos 3 sin 4 Use sum identity of 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝑦).

𝜋 𝜋 √3 √2 1 √2
sin (3 + 4 ) = ( 2 ) ( 2 ) + (2) ( 2 ) Substitute the exact values.

𝜋 𝜋 √6 √2
sin (3 + 4 ) = ( 4 ) + ( 4 ) Simplify.

𝜋 𝜋 √6+√2
sin (3 + 4 ) = ( ) Get the sum of the right side of the equal sign.
4
𝟕𝝅 √𝟔+√𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝟏𝟐) = ( ) Final answer.
𝟒

A.2. Simplifying an Expression

3𝜋
a) Simplify cos (𝑥 − ).
2

Solution:
3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 Use:
cos (𝑥 − ) = cos 𝑥 cos + sin 𝑥 sin 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙 − 𝒚) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚
2 2 2
3𝜋
cos (𝑥 − ) = (cos 𝑥 )(0) + (sin 𝑥 )(−1) Substitute the values and then simplify.
2
3𝜋 (cos 𝑥 )(0) = 0 and (sin 𝑥 )(−1) = − sin 𝑥,
cos (𝑥 − ) = − sin 𝑥 then 0 + − sin 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
2

b) Simplify tan(𝑥 + 3𝜋).

Solution:
tan 𝑥 + tan 3𝜋 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚
tan(𝑥 + 3𝜋) = Use: 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚) = 𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚
1 − tan 𝑥 tan 3𝜋
tan 𝑥 + 0
tan(𝑥 + 3𝜋) = Substitute the values and then simplify.
1 − (tan 𝑥 )(0)
tan(𝑥 + 3𝜋) = tan 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 )(0) = 0 and tan 𝑥 + 0 = tan 𝑥

7
A.3. Verifying an Identity

𝜋
a) Prove the cofunction identity cos (2 − 𝑥) = sin 𝑥.
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 Use:
cos ( − 𝑥) = cos cos 𝑥 + sin sin 𝑥 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙 − 𝒚) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚
2 2 2
𝜋
cos ( − 𝑥) = (0)(cos 𝑥 ) + (1)(sin 𝑥 ) Substitute the values and then simplify.
2
𝜋 (0)(cos 𝑥 ) = 0 and (1)(sin 𝑥 ), and then
cos ( − 𝑥) = sin 𝑥 0 + sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
2
𝜋
After simplifying the left side of the equation: cos ( − 𝑥), we were able to get sin 𝑥,
2
𝜋
thus we can say that sin 𝑥 is a cofunction of cos (2 − 𝑥).

cos(𝑥−𝑦)
b) Verify the identity: sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = cot 𝑥 + tan 𝑦
Solution:
cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) We will simplify the left side and aim to
= cot 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 get cot 𝑥 + tan 𝑦.
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 Use:
= cot 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙 − 𝒚) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
+ = cot 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 Divide each term by the common
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 denominator.
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 is divided from the 1st term and
+ = cot 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 is divided from the 2nd term since
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦
they are common factors
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
cot 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 = cot 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 Use: 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 and 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Since after simplifying the left side, we arrived at the same expression as the right
side, then the identity is verified.

𝜋 tan 𝑥−1
c) Prove the identity: tan (𝑥 − 4 ) = tan 𝑥+1
Solution:
𝜋 tan 𝑥 − 1 We will simplify the left side and aim to
tan (𝑥 − ) = tan 𝑥−1
4 tan 𝑥 + 1 get .
tan 𝑥+1
𝜋 Use:
tan 𝑥 − tan 4 tan 𝑥 − 1 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚
𝜋 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 − 𝒚) =
1 + tan 𝑥 tan 4 tan 𝑥 + 1 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚

tan 𝑥 − 1 tan 𝑥 − 1 𝜋
tan =1
= 4
1 + (tan 𝑥 )(1) tan 𝑥 + 1
tan 𝑥 − 1 tan 𝑥 − 1 Simplify.
=
tan 𝑥 + 1 tan 𝑥 + 1
Since after simplifying the left side, we arrived at the same expression as the right
side, then the identity is proven.

8
B. Double-Angle Identities
Double-angle identities can be derived from the Sum identities. If we assume
that the given two angles are equal: (𝑥 = 𝑦), then the angle will be 2𝑥 𝑜𝑟 2𝑦.
From 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 , if 𝑥 = 𝑦, then we’ll have
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙. Simplifying the equation, sin(𝑥 + 𝑥 ) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
and sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ,then we’ll arrived at equation
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 .
Also, from 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙 + 𝒚) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚, if 𝑥 = 𝑦, then we’ll have
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙 + 𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙. Simplifying the equation, cos(𝑥 + 𝑥 ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙,
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙, and sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙, we’ll have 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 .
If we use 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽, then 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 will become
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 ,then finally 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙.
If we use 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽, then 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 will become
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 − (𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏, then finally
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏.
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚
Lastly, from 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚) = 𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 , if 𝑥 = 𝑦, then we’ll have
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒙) = 𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 . Simplifying the equation, tan(𝑥 + 𝑥 ) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙 , and
tan 𝑥+tan 𝑥 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙
= , then 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙 = .
1−tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙
,
Double – Angle Identities are:
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 − 𝒚)
𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚
=
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚
Note: sin 2𝑥 ≠ 2 sin 𝑥, cos 2𝑥 ≠ 2 cos 𝑥, and tan 2𝑥 ≠ 2 tan 𝑥

C. Half-Angle Identities
Half-angle formulas can be derived by finding sin2 𝑥 from cos 2𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥,
sin 𝑥
cos 2 𝑥 from cos 2𝑥 = 2cos 2 𝑥 − 1, and using tan 𝑥 = cos 𝑥. Derive the following:
cos 2𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 = 2cos 2 𝑥 − 1 sin 𝑥
2 2 tan 𝑥 =
2 sin 𝑥 = 1 − cos 2𝑥 2cos 𝑥 = cos 2𝑥 + 1 cos 𝑥
2
2 sin 𝑥 1 − cos 2𝑥 2cos 2 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 1 𝑥
𝑥 sin 2
= = tan =
2 2 2 2 2 cos 𝑥
1 − cos 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 1 2
sin2 𝑥 = cos 2 𝑥 =
2 2 √1 − cos(𝑥 )
Take the roots of both Take the roots of both 𝑥 ± 2
sides of the equation and sides of the equation and tan 2 =
𝑥 𝑥 1 + cos(𝑥 )
substitute 𝑥 by . substitute 𝑥 by . ±√
2 2 2
1 − cos 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 1 1 − cos(𝑥 )
√sin2 𝑥 = ±√ √cos 2 𝑥 = ±√ 𝑥 2
2 2 tan = ±√
2 1 + cos(𝑥 )
𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑥 1 − cos (2 ∙ 2) 𝑥 1 + cos (2 ∙ 2)
sin = ±√ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = ±√ 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
2 2 2 2 𝐭𝐚𝐧 = ±√
𝟐 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒙 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙) 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙)
𝐬𝐢𝐧 = ±√ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 = ±√
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

9
For the half-angle of tangent, it can be simplified further:
1−cos 𝑥 1+cos 𝑥
Multiply by 1+cos 𝑥:
1+cos 𝑥

𝒙 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 1 + cos 𝑥 1−cos 𝑥 1+cos 𝑥

Multiply 1+cos 𝑥 by 1+cos 𝑥
𝐭𝐚𝐧 = ±√ ∙
𝟐 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 1 + cos 𝑥

Simplify.
𝑥 1 − cos 2 𝑥
tan = ±√
2 (1 + cos 𝑥 )2

𝑥 sin2 𝑥 Use: 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽

tan = ±√
2 (1 + cos 𝑥 )2
sin2 𝑥
𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 Take the square root of √(1+cos 𝑥)2.
𝐭𝐚𝐧 =
𝟐 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

1−cos 𝑥 1−cos 𝑥
Multiply by 1−cos 𝑥:
1+cos 𝑥

𝒙 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 1 − cos 𝑥 1−cos 𝑥 1−cos 𝑥

Multiply 1+cos 𝑥 by 1−cos 𝑥.
𝐭𝐚𝐧 = ±√ ∙
𝟐 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 1 − cos 𝑥

Simplify.
𝑥 (1 − cos 𝑥 )2
tan = ±√
2 1 − cos 2 𝑥

𝑥 (1 − cos 𝑥 )2 Use: 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽

tan = ±√
2 sin2 𝑥
(1−cos 𝑥)2
𝒙 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 Take the square root of √ 2 .
𝐭𝐚𝐧 = sin 𝑥
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

Half-Angle Identities are:

𝒙 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧 =
𝒙 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 = ±√ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = ±√ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 =
𝟐 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Note: The signs of sin 2 and cos 2 depend on the quadrant in which lies.
2

10
Finding the exact value using Double-angle identities and Half-angle identities:

2 tan 15°
1. Find the exact value of .
1−tan2 15°

Solution:
2 tan 15° Use: tan 2𝑥 =
2 tan 𝑥
= tan((2)(15°)) 1−tan2 𝑥
1 − tan2 15°
tan((2)(15°)) = tan 30° Simplify.

1 √3 √3 Solve for tan 30° and rationalize the

tan 30° = ∙ = denominator.
√3 √3 3

2. Find the exact value of cos 112.5°.

Solution:
225° 2𝑥
cos 112.5° = cos Use: 𝑥=
2
2
𝑥 1+cos 𝑥
225° 1 + cos 225° Use: cos 2 = ±√ 2
cos = −√
2 2
Solve for cos 225° .
√2
1 + (− 2 )
225° √
cos =−
2 2
Simplify.
√2
225° √1 − 2
cos =−
2 2
Convert the numerator into a single
2 − √2 fraction.
225° √ 2
cos =−
2 2
Divide the fractions.
225° 2 − √2
cos = −√
2 4
Take the root of 4 to rationalize the
√2 − √2
cos 112.5° = − denominator.
2

11
Proving an identity using Double-angle identities and Half-angle identities:

1. Verify the identity: cos 3𝑥 = 4 cos 3 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥

Solution:
cos 3𝑥 = cos(2𝑥 + 𝑥 ) We will simplify the left side.
Break down the angle: 3𝑥 =
2𝑥 + 𝑥
cos(2𝑥 + 𝑥 ) = 4 cos 3 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥 Substitute cos(2𝑥 + 𝑥 ) to cos 3𝑥.

cos 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 = 4 cos 3 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥 Use: cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 −
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
(2cos 2 𝑥 − 1)(cos 𝑥 ) − (2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 )(sin 𝑥 ) Use: cos 2𝑥 = 2cos 2 𝑥 − 1 and
= 4 cos 3 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
2cos 3 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − 2 sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 4 cos3 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥 Multiply and simplify.

2cos 3 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − 2(1 − cos 2 𝑥 ) cos 𝑥 = 4 cos3 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥 Use: sin2 𝑥 = 1 − cos 2 𝑥

2cos 3 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 + 2cos 3 𝑥 = 4 cos3 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥 Multiply and simplify.

𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 Combine similar terms.

Since after simplifying the left side, we arrived at the same expression as the right
side, then the identity is proven. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 is an identity.

1−cos 2𝑥
2. Verify the identity: tan 𝑥 =
sin 2𝑥

Solution:
1 − cos 2𝑥 We choose to work on the right side.
tan 𝑥 =
sin 2𝑥

1 − (1 − 2 sin2 𝑥 ) Use: cos 2𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥 to substitute

tan 𝑥 = cos 2𝑥 and 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 to substitute sin 2𝑥
2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

1 − 1 + 2 sin2 𝑥 Simplify the numerator.

tan 𝑥 =
2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

2 sin2 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 Divide common factors of the numerator

tan 𝑥 = = and denominator.
2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

sin 𝑥 Simplify.
tan 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥
tan 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 Use: tan 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥
(Quotient Identity)

Since after simplifying the right side, we arrived at the same expression as the left
𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
side, then the identity is proven. 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 is an identity.

12
 𝑥 sec 𝑥
3. Verify the identity: tan 2 = sec 𝑥 csc 𝑥+csc 𝑥

Solution:
𝑥 sec 𝑥 We choose to work on the right side.
tan =
2 sec 𝑥 csc 𝑥 + csc 𝑥
1 1
Use: sec 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 and
1
csc 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
𝑥 cos 𝑥
tan =
2 ( 1 1 1
) ( ) +
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
1 Simplify the denominator.
𝑥 cos 𝑥
tan =
2 ( 1 1
)+
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
1 Convert the denominator into single fraction.
𝑥 cos 𝑥
tan =
2 ( 1 + cos 𝑥 )
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑥 1 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 Divide the fractions.
tan = ( )( )
2 cos 𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥
𝑥 sin 𝑥 Divide common factor of the numerator and
tan = denominator.
2 1 + cos 𝑥
𝒙 𝒙 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Use: tan 2 = 1+cos 𝑥 (Half-angle Identity)
𝐭𝐚𝐧 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝟐 𝟐
Since after simplifying the right side, we arrived at the same expression as the left
𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙
side, then the identity is proven. 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙+𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 is an identity.

What’s More
These are activities to check your understanding and to apply what you have learned
from the lesson.

Activity 3: Exact Values of Functions

Find the exact value of each expression using sum & difference identities, double-
angle identities, or half-angle identities. Write your solutions on the provided answer
sheets.
𝜋
1. sin
12

2. cos 80° cos 20° + sin 80° sin 20°

3. tan 135°
4. cos 2 15° − sin2 15°
5. tan 22.5

13
 What I Have Learned
Answer the activity below to summarize what you learned from this module.

Activity 4: Express Knowledge Acquired

Answer/explain the following in at least 3 sentences. Write your answers on the
provided answer sheets.

1. Enumerate 3 real-life situations wherein you can apply the Trigonometric Identities.
2. Give some insights or reflection/s regarding your experience while studying the
modules on Trigonometric Identities.

What I Can Do

Activity 5: Identity Verification

Verify each of the trigonometric identities using sum & difference identities, double-
angle identities, or half-angle identities. Write your solutions on the provided answer
sheets.
1. tan(𝑥 + 𝜋) = tan 𝑥

sin(𝑥+𝑦)
2. cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦

3. cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) = cos 2 𝑥 sin2 𝑥

sin 2𝑥
4. tan 𝑥 = 1+cos 2𝑥

𝑥
5. tan 2 = csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥

14
 Assessment

This part evaluates your understanding of the lesson.

I. True or False. Write TRUE if the given statement is correct and False if otherwise.
Write your answers on the provided answer sheets.
1. sin(𝑢 + 𝑣 ) = sin 𝑢 + sin 𝑣
2. sin 2𝑥 ≠ 2 sin 𝑥
𝑥 sin 𝑥
3. sin 2 = 2
4. sin2 𝑥 = (sin 𝑥 )2
𝑥 1−cos 𝑥
5. tan 2 = ±√1+cos 𝑥

II. Choose the letter of the BEST answer for each item, and write your answers on
the provided answer sheets.
6. Which is an identity equation?
A. cos 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 C. cos 2𝑥 = cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥
B. tan 2𝑥 = − cot 2 𝑥 D. sin 2𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥

7. Which among the equation is not an identity equation?

A. cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 C. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥 + 1) = sec2 𝑥
tan 𝑥+tan 𝑦 𝑥 1+cos 𝑥
B. tan(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 1−tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦 D. cos 2 = ±√ 2

1−cos 2𝑥
8. If the expression sin 2𝑥 is simplified, then it is equal to ________.
A. sin 𝑥 B. cos 𝑥 C. tan 𝑥 D. csc 𝑥

9. What is the exact value of cos 15°?

√2−√6 √6−√2 √2+√6 √6+√2
A. B. C. D.
4 4 4 4

tan 50°−tan 20°

10. The exact value of 1+tan 50° tan 20° is ________.
1 3 √3
A. B. C. D. √3
√3 √3 3

III. Verify if the given equation is an identity. Write your solutions on the provided
answer sheets.

𝑥 sin2 𝑥+1 cos2 𝑥

#s 11-15: 2 tan 2 = (sin 𝑥)(1+cos 𝑥)

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 Additional Activity
Activity 6: Real Trigonometric Identities
Solve each problem. Write your solutions on the provided answer sheets.
4 15
1. If sin 𝑥 = 5 and cos 𝑦 = 17, find the value of sin(𝑥 + 𝑦).

sin(𝑥+ℎ)−sin 𝑥 sin ℎ 1−cos ℎ

2. Verify that = cos 𝑥 ( ) − sin 𝑥 ( ); where ℎ ≠ 0.
ℎ ℎ ℎ

𝜋 𝜋
3. Find all solutions of sin (𝑥 + ) + sin (𝑥 − ) = 1.
4 4

𝑥
4. Find all solutions of 2 − sin2 𝑥 = 2 cos 2 2.

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 REFERENCES
Malang, Paulino P., Thelma V. Pagtalunan, Evelyn R. Camara, and Rainilyn R.
Leonardo. Pre-Calculus 11. Bulacan: St. Andrew Publishing House, 2016.

Larson, Ron, Robert P. Hostetler, and Bruce H. Edwards. Algebra and

Trigonometry: A Graphing Approach 3rd Edition. USA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2001.

Young, Cynthia Y. Algebra and Trigonometry, 2nd Edition. USA: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 2010.

Exact Value Table. Accessed February 15, 2021.

https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/table-of-exact-values-of-trigonometric-
functions-7527640

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