TRIGONOMETRY

Compound & Double Angles

GRADE 12
1. COMPOUND ANGLES
2. DOUBLE ANGLES
3. TRIG EQUATIONS
4. TRIG GRAPHS
5. 2D AND 3D TRIG

NAME:____________

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 COMPOUND ANGLES

In Grade 12, we combine our special angles and produce exciting results, which can be used in the real
world. We refer to the combination of these angles as compound angles and focus primarily on the sum
and difference of these combinations. Consider, for example the combination of 45 and 30 which can
lead us to an angle of 75 or 15 by addition or subtraction.

The term double angle refers to twice the value of a given angle. It too has a prominent part to play in
our mathematics. Consider the importance of doubling a 15 angle to yield a 30 angle which is so
prominent in our mathematics.

We are going to investigate the relevance of the distributive rule in trigonometry.

1. If  = 60 and B̂ = 30 , use a calculator to evaluate the following:

1.1 cos (A − B) __________________________________________________________

1.2 cos A − cos B ________________________________________________________
1.3 cos A.cos B + sin A.sin B ______________________________________________

You would have noticed that cos(A − B)  cos A − cos B .

Hence, the rules of distribution in Algebra cannot be applied in this trigonometric expansion, but rather
the value of:

cos(A − B) = cos A.cos B + sin A.sin B RULE 1

The above result is called an identity and can easily be proved. However, the proof of this identity is not
for examination purposes. For those who like to extend themselves, please refer to the proof in
Mindbourne, pg.131.
However, this identity can be used to derive other powerful and useful identities.

Derivation of cos(A + B) :
We start with cos(A − B) = cos A.cos B + sin A.sin B and by letting B = ( − B) , we will get:

cos  A − ( − B) = cos A.cos( − B) + sin A.sin( − B)

 cos(A + B) = cos A.cos B + sin A.( − sin B)

Since the value of sin( − B) = − sinB

cos(A + B) = cos A.cos B − sin A.sin B RULE 2

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sin(A − B) = sin A.cos B − cos A.sin B RULE 3

Derive the expansion for sin(A − B) :

sin(A + B) = sin A.cos B + cos A.sin B RULE 4

Derive the expansion for sin(A+B) :

SUMMARY: COMPOUND ANGLES:

cos(A − B) = cos A.cos B + sin A.sin B

cos(A + B) = cos A.cos B − sin A.sin B

sin(A − B) = sin A.cos B − cos A.sin B

sin(A + B) = sin A.cos B + cos A.sin B

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Applications:

Exercise 1: Using the formulae, expand the following compound angles:

1.1 cos( − 20)

1.2 sin(2  + 10)

1.3 cos( − 50)

1.4 cos(90 −  +  )

1.5 cos( − )

HOMEWORK: PAGE 134 EX 4.2 (a)

Exercise 2: Using the compound angle formulae, simplify each expression to one term:

2.1 cos 2M.cos M − sin 2M.sin M

2.2 sin31.cos18 + cos31.sin18

2.3 sin 2 .sin 2  − cos 2 .cos 2 

2.4 sin( +  ).cos( −  ) − cos( +  ).sin( −  )

HOMEWORK: PAGE 134 EX 4.2 (c)

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Exercise 3: Evaluate without a calculator:

3.1 cos 40.cos 20 − sin 40.sin 20

3.2 sin82.cos8 + cos82.sin172

3.3 cos 20.cos 25 − cos 250.cos115

3.4 sin10.sin 23 − sin80.cos337

HOMEWORK: PAGE 134 EX 4.2 (d)

Exercise 4: Use the compound angle formulae to verify other identities.
4.1 Verify that cos(180 − A) = − cos A

4.2 Verify that sin(90 −  ) = cos 

4.3 Verify that cos(90 +  ) = − sin 

HOMEWORK: PAGE 134 EX 4.2 (b)

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Exercise 5: Evaluate the following without using a calculator:
5.1 cos15

5.2 sin 345

5.3 cos( −165)

HOMEWORK: PAGE 136 EX 4.3 (f)

Exercise 6: Prove the following identities:
6.1 Prove that cos( +  ) + cos( −  ) = 2 cos  .cos 

6.2 Prove that sin(A − 60) + cos(A − 30) = sin A

Prove that sin( +  ).sin( −  ) = sin  .cos  − cos  .sin 

2 2 2 2
6.3

6.4 Show that in any triangle ABC: sin A = sin B.cosC + cos B.sin C

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 3
6.5 Show that if sin( + 60) = 2sin  , then tan  = .
3

HOMEWORK: PAGE 136 EX 4.3 (a – i)

Exercise 7: Use a diagram and compound angles.

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7.1 If sin  = and tan  = with  and  both being acute angles, find cos( −  ) without
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using a calculator.

7.2 If cos 22 = m express, each of the following in terms of m :

7.2.1 sin 68

7.2.2 sin 22

7.2.3 cos67

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 DOUBLE ANGLES

From our compound angles formulae, we can derive double angle formulae.
From cos(A + B) = cos A.cos B − sin A.sin B , we proceed as follows:

Let A = B , then
cos(A + B) = cos A.cos B − sin A.sin B
 cos(B + B) = cos B.cos B − sin B.sin B

Resulting in:

cos 2B = cos 2 B − sin 2 B RULE 1

We know that sin B + cos B = 1 . If we re-write RESULT 1 then two other Rules become evident:
2 2

cos 2B = 1 − 2sin 2 B RULE 2

cos 2B = 2cos 2 B − 1 RULE 3

Similarly, we can derive a result for sin 2B from using sin(A + B) = sin A.cos B + cos A.sin B

By letting A = B ,
sin(A + B) = sin A.cosB+ cos A.sin B
 sin(B + B) = sin B.cos B + cos B.sin B

Resulting in,

sin 2B = 2sin B.cos B RULE 4

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Applications
Exercise 1: Use the double angle formulae to expand the following:
1.1 sin 4A
1.2 cos6A
1.3 sin A
1.4 cos A
1.5 sin80

HOMEWORK: PAGE 139 EX 4.4 (d)

Exercise 2: Write the following in compressed form:

2.1 2sin x.cos x
2.2 2sin3A.cos3A

2.3 sin x.cos x

2cos 2 − 1
2
2.4

sin 22 − cos 22

2 2
2.5

1 − 2sin 37
2
2.6

1 − sin 22,5
2
2.7

HOMEWORK: PAGE 140 EX 4.4 (b)

Exercise 3: Simplify without using a calculator:

3.1 2sin15.cos15

(cos15 + sin15)
2
3.2

2 cos 75 − 1
2
3.3

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 sin 35.cos 35
3.4
tan 225.cos 200

sin(180 − 2 x )
3.5 2
sin( x − 180).cos (180 − x).tan(180 + x)

3.6 6sin  cos

cos(90 + 2 )

HOMEWORK: PAGE 139 EX 4.4 (c - e) and PAGE 141 EX 4.5 (a-f)

Exercise 4: Proving identities:

sin 2 x + cos 2 x + 1
4.1 Prove that = 2cos x
sin x + cos x

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 cos x 2
4.2 Prove that tan x + =
sin x sin 2 x

sin 3 x cos 3 x
4.3 Prove that − = 2
sin x cos x

1 + sin 2A cos A + sin A

4.4 Show that =
cos 2A cos A − sin A

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 Show that sin 3A = 3sin A − 4sin A
3
4.5

HOMEWORK: PAGE 149 EX 4.7

Exercise 5: Using diagrams in double angles.

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5.1 If tan  = and 90    360 evaluate:
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5.1.1 sin 2

5.1.2 cos 2

5.1.3 tan 2

HOMEWORK: PAGE 146 EX 4.6 (a-e)

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5. 2 If cos13 = k express the following in terms of k :

5.2.1 sin 77

5.2.2 cos( −193)

5.2.3 cos 26

5.2.4 sin( −26)

5.2.5 sin 6,5

HOMEWORK: PAGE 146 EX 4.6 (f-k)

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Exercise 6: Using double and compound angles in maximum and minimum value applications.
Remember:

Trig Graph Maximum Minimum

y = sinx
y = cosx
y = sin2x
y = cos2x

6.1 Determine the maximum value of 2sin x.cos x + 3

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(cos  − sin  ) .
2 2
6.2 Determine the maximum and minimum value of
4

6.3 Find the maximum and minimum value of sin x + cos x .

6.4 Find the maximum and minimum value of:

2
6.4.1 sin x

(1 − sin x)
2
6.4.2

3
6.4.3
5 − 4sin x
2

HOMEWORK: PAGE 167 f-h

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SOLVING TRIG EQUATIONS

Exanples:
1) Solve for  if cos  cos 24 + sin  sin 24 = 0, 715 and   [−90 ; 90]

2) Find the general solution of:

a) sin 2 + 2sin  = 0

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 b) cos 2 − sin  = −2

c) 1 + sin 2 − 4sin 2  = 0 and tan   0 .

HOMEWORK: PAGE 156 EX 4.8

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TRIG EQUATIONS OF THE FORM sin A =  sin B

3) Without the use of a calculator, solve for x if x  [0;360] :

a) sin x = sin 40
b) sin x = − sin 40

4) Find the general solution of:

a) tan( x + 20) = tan 2 x
b) cos3x = sin x

HOMEWORK: PAGE 160 EX 4.9 and ex 4.10

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SPECIAL GRAPHS

y = sinx

Using Key Angle Using the graph

KA = 0° and Q1 & 2
1. sinx = 0 𝑥 = 0° + 𝑘360°, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍 𝑥 = 𝑘180°, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 180° + 𝑘360°, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
KA = 90° and Q1 & 2
𝑥 = 90° + 𝑘360° 𝑥 = 90° + 𝑘360°, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
2. sinx = 1
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 180° − 90° + 𝑘360°
∴ 𝑥 = 90° + 𝑘360°, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
KA = 90° and Q3 & 4
𝑥 = 360° − 90° + 𝑘360° 𝑥 = 270° + 𝑘360°, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
3. sinx = – 1
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 180 + 90° + 𝑘360°
∴ 𝑥 = 270° + 𝑘360°, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍

y = cosx

Using Key Angle Using the graph

KA = 90° and Q1 & 4
𝑥 = 90° + 𝑘360°, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
1. cosx = 0 𝑥 = 90° + 𝑘180°, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
or 𝑥 = 360° − 90° + 𝑘360°
𝑥 = 270° + 𝑘360°, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
KA = 0° and Q1 & 4
𝑥 = 0° + 𝑘360°
2. cosx = 1 𝑥 = 𝑘. 360°, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
or 𝑥 = 360° − 0° + 𝑘360°
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑘. 360°, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
KA = 0° and Q2 & 3
𝑥 = 180° − 0° + 𝑘360°
3. cosx = – 1 𝑥 = 180° + 𝑘360°, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
or 𝑥 = 180° + 0° + 𝑘360°
∴ 𝑥 = 180° + 𝑘360°, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍

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TRIG GRAPHS

HOMEWORK: PAGE 162 EX 4.11 AND 4.12

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EXERCISE 4.11
a 2)

a) 3)

a 4)

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a5

a 9)

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b2

b 3)

b 4)

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Ex 4.12

a)

b)

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 c)

d)

e)

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2D AND 3D TRIG WITH DOUBLE ANGLES

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HOMEWORK: BOOKLET

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