10th Science EM Full Study Materials English Medium PDF Download

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t t10th standard Science one marks t t Answer key

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LESSON 2 OPTICS
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LESSON 4 ELECTRICITY
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LESSON 6 NUCLEAR PHYSICS
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LESSON 7 ATOMS AND MOLECULES P
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LESSON 8 ELEMENTS OF PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION
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MOHAMMED ALI A KHADERIA HR. SEC. SCHOOL, VNB. Page 1
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LESSON 9 SOLUTIONS
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LESSON 10 TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION
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LESSON 11 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
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LESSON 12 PLANT ANATOMY AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
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LESSON 14 TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS AND CIRCULATION IN ANIMALS
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LESSON 15 NERVOUS SYSTEM
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LESSON 16 PLANT AND ANIMAL HORMONES
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LESSON 17 REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

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LESSON 19 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LIFE
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LESSON 20 BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
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LESSON 21 HEALTH AND DISEASE
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LESSON 22 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
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LESSON 23 VISUAL COMMUNICATION
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MOTION
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N et
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THERMAL PHYSICS
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ACOUSTICS
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4 False (The Velocity of sound is less in gases than liquids.)
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NUCLEAR PHYSICS
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and electricity.
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SOLUTIONS
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TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

N N eet t N N e et t N
lalai .
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i
hydrogen
l a
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gas from Nitric acid
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PLANT ANATOMY AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
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1 food in plant.
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6 False. Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.
N eet t STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION OF ANIMALS

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l a
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5
corpus callosum.
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TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS AND CIRCULATION
N e e t t IN ANIMALS
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cell.
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l a
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6 False Initiation and stimulation of heart
l i
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a
la .
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takes place by Sino – atrial (SA) node.
l a
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pulmonary
aadd a s saa
vein, carry deoxygenated blood.
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
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Axon is the longest fibres that conducts impulses away from the cell body.
a .iN
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Sympathetic nervous system is a part of Autonomic nervous system.
a a dd a aadd a aa
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4 False Cerebellum the voluntary actions of our body.
5 Truew
6 False All the nerves in the body are covered and protected by Epineurium.
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8 True
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PLANT
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False. Ethylene hastens senescence of leaves, flowers and fruits.
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4 True
l a
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assaa 6 False. Estrogen is secreted
5 False. Pituitary gland is divided
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2 False. Seeds are the product of sexual reproduction.
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3 False. Yeast reproduces asexually by means of budding.
l a
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False. The part of the pistil which serves as
4
as stigma. a as s
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6 False. Sex organs produce gametes which are haploid.

7 False. LH is secreted by the anterior pituitary.
N N
8
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N Neet t N
l a
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lal i.i .
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a
gametes transportation.
l a
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HEREDITY
N N eet t N Ne et t N
lalai .
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l a
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of
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F2
.generation is 9 : 3: 3 : 1.
l a
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add a s
masked
a saa
by the presence of a dominant factor.
aa a
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4 True
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Some of the chromosomes have an elongated knob-likew w ww known as
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5
Satellite .
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lalai.iN
.N ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION
l a
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.N OF LIFE l a
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a .iN
.
assaa 1 False. The use and disuseaad a s aorgans’
ofs
a was postulated by Jean Baptiste Lamarck. aassaa
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theory
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different origin
3 True
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eet t BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
al eet t
l a
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1 True
l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
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.
assaa 2 called Polyploidy breeding. a as saa a s
a aa
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False. The process of producing an organism with more than two sets of chromosome is
P P a add PP a add
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False. A group of plants produced from a single plant through vegetative or asexual
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3
reproduction
False. Amino acid fortified rice variety determines the protein quality of the cultivated
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l a
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a .iN
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5 False. Golden rice is a Genetically modifiedi.
l al a iN.N
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l a
l i
a.iN
.
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False. In vitro fertilisation
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8 True
9 False. Molecular scissors refers to Restriction Endonucleases.
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HEALTH AND DISEASES

eet t eet t
lalai .iN
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1 True
l a
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. N l a
l i
a .
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.
assaa 3 False. Cancer is characterized
2 True
aa a as saa
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4 False. In leukemia increase in number.
5 Truew
6 True
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False. Type 1 diabetes mellitus results due to insulin deficiency
lalai.iN
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8 True
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
et
a a a
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a a
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False. Cirrhosis is.associated
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1 False. Correct statement : Biogas is a Bio-fuel.
2
eet tTrue
al eet t
l a
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3 True
l a
l ai .
i N
. N l a
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assaa 5 False. Overgrazing increases s saa s aa
s
4 False. Nuclear energy is a non-renewable energy.
a a a a
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6 False. Poaching
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7 Truew
8 True
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e e t t UNIT 1 LAWS OF MOTION

e e t t
lalai .iN N inertia. Give its classification.
.Define
III. Answer briefly.
l al ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa This law states that everybody continues s saaits state of rest or the state of uniform motion alongaasa saa
1.
a add a
toabe in
a add
w w
straight line unless it is acted P
. P
.upon by some external force. w w..PP
Classification of w www
interia: wwww
1. Inertia of rest, 2. Inertia of motion 3. Inertia of direction
t t
2. Classify the types of force based on their application.
e e eet t
lalai.iN
.(b)NUnlike parallel forces
(a) Like parallel forces
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 3. If a 5 N and a 15 N forces are acting a s s aa a ssaa
et
a a a
dopposite
d to one another. Find the resultant forcePPandaadthed a
direction of action of thew w P P
. . force. w w ..
.N
wwww wwww
resultant
Given:- F1 = 5N
ai
F =15N
N t t 2
ee Resultant force = Fnet =F -F i.iN

al 15
ee t t 5
l a
l i
a .
i . N l a
l a
2 . N
1
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa = 15 -5 ss
a a aa F2 a s
a aa
s
as
PP aadd P P
F1
aadd
ww .F.net is directed along the greater force,(F ). ww. .
=10N
ww ww
ad
w w
4. Differentiate mass and weight.
w w 2
S.no Mass Weight

.P
eet t e et t
l a
l i
a.2iN
.N Its unit is Kg
1 Fundamental quantity
l i .
i N
. N
Derived quantity
a
l a l a
l i
a.iN.
w
assaa 3 It is measured by physical a add a s

a aa
s Its unit is Newton
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
w
w .. Pbalance It is measured by spring balance
w w .. P
4
wwww
Scalar quantity Vector quantity
wwww
w
5. Define moment of a couple.
eet t t t
 The line of action of the two forces does not coincide.
ee
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N
 It does not produce any translatory motion since the resultant is zero.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  But Rotating effect of a couple isaa a as aofathe body.
s
a couple results in causes the rotation
dd as moment of a couple. aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w P
.. P known
w
w P
.. P
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6. State the principle of moments.

e et t e et t
lalai .iN
.Nequal to zero. l al a .iN
.N
 At equilibrium, the algebraic sum of the moments of all the individual forces about any point is
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 7. State Newton’s second law. aaddaassaa aadd aa ssaa
w w P
 The force acting on a bodyP
. . is directly proportional to the rate of change of linear
w w P
.P
.momentum of
wwtheww
the body and change in momentum takes place in the direction of ww wforce.
the w
8. Why a spanner with a long handle is preferred to tighten screws in heavy vehicles?
e t t t t
 When the handle of the spanner is long, the force required to turn the body is less.
e e e
lalai.iN.Nthe applied force from the axis of rotation. lalai.iN.N
 The turning effect of a body depends upon the perpendicular distance of the line of action of
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a s aa
s assaa
et
a a a
dMoment
d of force = F x d add
a a
 Hence, the spannerw w P P P P
.a.long handle is preferred to tighten screws in heavywvehicle.
w ..
.N
9. While catchingw
aw
ww has
cricket ball the fielder lowers his hands backwards.w www
Why?
ai
 A fielder experiences a smaller force for a longer interval of time to catch the ball, resulting in
e e t t
a less impulse on his hands.
al e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
10. N does an astronaut float in a space shuttle?lalai.iN
.How .N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Astronaut a a s saaaround the earth due to the huge velocity. aassaa
as
are not floating but falling freely
P P a add P P aadd
w w ..
They are in the state of weightlessness.
w w ..
ww ww
ad
w w
VIII. Answer in detail.
1. What are the types of inertia? Give an example for each type.
w w
Types of Inertia
.P
e e t t e e t t
.iN .iisN .iN
a) Inertia of rest:
l a
l i
a .NThe resistance of a body to change its state oflalrest
ai .N l a
l i
a .
w
assaa aa of a tree, some of the leaves and fruits are detached aa

called inertia of rest.
dd a
E.g: When you vigorously shake the as s
branches
ddaa ss
and they fall down. .P a a P aa
w
w w . P w
w .. P
b) Inertia of motion:w w ww
w w ww
w
 The resistance of a body to change its state of motion is called inertia of motion.
E.g: An athlete runs some distance before jumping. Because, this will help him jump longer and
e e t t e e t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N higher
l alai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  The resistance of a body to change s aa of motion is called inertia of direction. aassaa
c) Inertia of direction:
dd a a s dd
P P
E.g: When you make a.sharp
. a a its direction
P
turn while driving a car, you tend to lean sideways.. . Paa
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2. State Newton’s laws of motion? (Sep 2021)

eet t e t
e t
lalai .iN
.NThis law states that everybody continues to belalinaiits.iN
Newton’s First Law:
Nof rest or the state of uniform motion lalai.iN
.state .
assaa along a straight line unless it is d
a a da
actedas saaby some external force.
upon
aadd a assaa
Newton’s second law: w. .
w P P w w P
.. P
 The force w www
acting www
on a body is directly proportional to the rate of change ofwlinear momentum of
the body and the change in momentum takes place in the direction of the force.
t t
Newton’s third law:
ee ee t t
lalai.iN
.NThey always act on two different bodies’ lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
 Newton’s third law states that ‘for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
assaa 3. Deduce the equation of a force using a s saa assaa
et
aa a
ddNewton’s second law of motion. add
a a
Initial momentum w
ofw
.P P
the .body Pi w
w P
.. P
.N
wwwwof the body Pf = mv wwww
= mu
Final momentum
ai
Change in momentum Δ p = Pf –Pi
eet t al = mv – mu
e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NBy Newton’s second law of motion, Force, lFal∝airate.iN
.ofNchange of momentum l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a as saa a s
a aa
s
as
F ∝ change in momentum / time
PP aaddmv − mu P Paadd
w w .. 𝐹 ∝ 𝑡 𝐹 ∝ 𝑡 m(v − u)
ww..
wwww ww
ad
𝐹=
K m(v − u) w w
𝑡
.P
m(v − u)
eet t 𝐹=
eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a
𝑡
.iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa aF=am x a aa
Since, acceleration = change in velocitytime, a = (v-u) / t. Hence, we have
aa
dForce ss
d = mass × acceleration a
dd s
a s
P a a P aa
w
ww .. P ww.. P
ww ww wwww
w
4. State and prove the law of conservation of linear momentum.
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
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Force on body B due to A, FB = m (v –u ) / t

Forcee
t
one t m e(ve
t
–ut) / t
2 2 2
lalai .iN
.N body A due to B, FA
l
=
a
l i
a .iN
.N 1 1 1
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Action force = Reaction force aaddaaFAssa=a– FB aa
By Newton’s III law of motion,
a
dd s
a s
P
P
. . m (v - u ) / t = – m (v - u ) / t P
..Paa
w w ww
wwww wwww
1 1 1 2 2 2
m v +mv =mu +mu

1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
 The above equation confirms in the absence of an external force, the algebraic sum of the
e et t t t
momentum after collision is numerically equal to the algebraic sum of the momentum before
e e
lalai.iN. N collision.
l a
l ai .iN
. N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Propulsion of rockets is basedaaonddtheaalawssaofaconservation of linear momentum as wellaasaddaassaa
et
5. Describe rocket propulsion. (Sep 2021)
ww .P. P w
w .P
. P
.N
 Rockets are ww ww
Newton’s III law of motion.
ww
filled with a fuel (either liquid or solid) in the propellant
ww
tank.
ai
 When the rocket is fired, this fuel is burnt and a hot gas is ejected with a high speed from the
eet t
nozzle of the rocket producing a huge momentum.
al e e t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NTo balance this momentum, an equal and opposite
l a
l ai N
.N force is produced in the combustion lalai.iN
.ireaction .
assaa  chamber, a as s aforward.
a a as s aa
as
which makes the rocket project
While in motion, the mass ofa
P P adrocket
d gradually decreases, until the fuel is completely PP a ad d out.
w w .decreases
. the
w w . . in velocity of
burnt
 The mass of theww ww
ad
w
the rocket.
w rocket with altitude, which results in the
ww
gradual increase
 At one stage, it reaches a velocity, which is sufficient to just escape from the gravitational pull of
.P
e thetEarth.
t e t t
i .iN
.State e iN e
N the universal law of gravitation and derivelalitsai.mathematical
.N expression. i.iN
.
l a
l a l a
l a
w
assaa  This law states that every particle aain this universe attracts every other particle withaaassaa
6.
dd a
of ass
matter
dd
P a a P a a
w
force.
w w .. P ww .. P
ww ww proportional to the product of their masses wwww
 This force is directly
w
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between

the centers of these masses.
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lala .iN
.N
 The direction of the force acts along the line joining the masses.
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t
lalai.iN
.N l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a ss aa assaa
et
a a dd a add
a a
w w ..P P w
w P
.. P
.N
w w ww w
w ww
7. Give the applications of universal law gravitation.
ai
eet t
 Helps in discovering new stars and planets.
al e et t
l a
l i
a .iN al i
a .iN
.NHelps to predict the path of the astronomicallbodies..N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  The mass of the star can be calculateds
a a saathe law of gravitation. a as saa
as
using
Dimensions of the heavenly a
P P a ddcan be measured using the gravitation law. PPaadd
w w . . of roots is due to the property of geotropism which
bodies
ww .is. the property of
wwwwto the gravity.
 Helps to explain germination
wwww
ad
a root responding
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS:
.P
e et t
1. Write a short note on gears? (Sep 2020)
eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NA gear is a circular wheel with teeth around litsala i
rim..iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa  Itpower. a a dd a as
helps to change the speed of rotation saaawheel by changing the torque and helps to transmit
of
a add a assaa
P P
w
ww . . P ww . . P
w w ww
2. Explain the types of force? {Rev –I (2022)}
w w ww
w
 Based on the direction in which the forces act, they can be classified into two types as: (a) Like
parallel forces and (b) Unlike parallel forces.
N e et t N e e t t
l a
l i
a .
i N  (a) Like parallel forces : Two or more equal forces
ai.
. (b) Unlike parallel forces : If two or morelalequali N acting along the same direction.
.forces act along opposite directions l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Balanced forces a:d
a d a
If thea ssaa force is equal to zero.
resultant
a a d a
d s
a aa
s
 Unbalanced forces . .
w w P P : If the resultant force is not equal to zero.
ww ..P P
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e e t t LESSON 2 OPTICS
eet t
lalai .N.N
IV. Answer Briefly:
1.i What is refractive index? l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Refractive index gives us anaideaaddofahow assafastaor how slow light travels in a medium. Theaa dd a
ratioas
of
aa
s
w w
speed of light in vacuumP P
. .to the speed of light in a medium is defined as refractive
w w P P
. .index ‘µ’ of that
medium. w www wwww
2. State Snell’s law.
 The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence and sine of the angle of refraction is equal to the
N eet t N e e t t
lalai.i . Nratio of refractive indices of the two media. This
l a
l ai .
law
i . N
is also known as Snell’s law.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa ssasina𝑟 = 𝜇1 ssaa
sin 𝑖 𝜇2
a a
et
a add a a add a
3. Draw a ray diagram tow w P P
. .the image formed by a convex lens when the object w w P P
.is.placed
.N
www
between F and 2F.w
show
wwww
ai
e et t
4. Define dispersion of light.
al eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NWhen a beam of white light or composite lightlalisai.iN .N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aas saaas a s
a aa
s
as
glass or water, it is split P P dcomponent
itsa
d colours.
refracted through any transparent media
a
such
P Paadd
w w . . as ‘dispersion of light’.
into
ww..
ww ww
ad
w w
This phenomenon is called
5. State Rayleigh’s law of scattering.
w
w
 Rayleigh’s scattering law states that, “The amount of scattering of light is inversely proportional
.P
e t
toe t ee t t
l a
l i
a .iN the fourth power of its wavelength”.
.NAmount of scattering ‘S’ α 1 / λ 4 l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa 6. Differentiate convex lens and concave aadd a as s

lens.
aa
a add a s
a aa
s
P P
w
Convex .lens
w w . P Concave lens . .
ww P
ww w w w w
wwin the middle than at
w
A convex lens is thicker in the middle than at A concave lens is thinner

edges. edges.
e e t t
It is a converging lens.
t t
It is a diverging lens.
ee
l a
l i
a .iN
.NIt is used to treat hypermeteropia.
l a
l a N.Nto treat myopia.
It iis.used
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 7. What is power of accommodation of eye?ss
 The ability of the eye lens toa a aa aa
ddnearby as well as the distant objects is called power
a ofd
a daassaa
accommodation ofw w P
.eye..Pfocus
w w ..PP
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8. What are the causes of ‘Myopia’?

e et t e et t
lalai .iN
.Nthe eye. l a
l a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
 Myopia occrs when the eyeball is too long, relative to the focusing power of the cornea and lens of
i i .
assaa 9. Why does the sky appear in blueaacolour?
dda as s aa
a add a as saa
w w P P
 When sunlight passes through
ww P P
. . the atmosphere, the blue colour (shorter wavelength)
. . is scattered
ww
to a greater
wwthan the red colour (longer wavelength). This scattering
extent wwwwcauses the sky to
appear in blue colour.
t t
10. Why are traffic signals red in colour?
e e eet t
lalai.iN l a
l ai .iN
.NThen red light is scattered the least by air molecules..N
 Red colour has longest wavelength. Since it is visible from a long distance.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa VII. Give the answer in detail aaddaassaa assaa
et
add
a a
w w .. PP w
w P
.. P
.N
wwofwenergy. wwww
1. List any five properties of light
 Light is a wform
ai
 Light always travels along a straight line.
ee t t
 The speed of light in vacuum or air is, c = 3×108 ms–1.
al e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NDifferent coloured light has different wavelength l a
l i
a .iN
and.N
frequency.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Among a as saalowest wavelength and red light has the highestaassaa
as
the visible light, violet light has the
P P a a dd PP a add
wavelength.
w w . . c = ν λ. (c - velocity of light, wavelength (λ), frequency
w w . . (ν)).
ww
 light is in the form of waves ww
ad
w w ww
 When light is incident on the interface between two media, it is partly reflected and partly
refracted.
.P
e t
e t eet t
.iN
.N When rays strikes at optical centre lalai.iN .iN
2. Explain the rules for obtaining images formed by a convex lens with the help of ray diagram.
l a
l i
a .N l a
l i
a .
w
assaa adeviation aa
Rule-3:
a a s s a a s
a s
P add any deviation
Convex lens – Travel without
a
any
P aadd
w
Concave lens - .
w w . P
Travel without
ww.. P
wwww wwww
w
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
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.N
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Rule-2: When parallel rays strikes to the principal axis

eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N Concave lens - Diverged
Convex lens – Converged ;
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a add a as saa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t
lalai.iN
.N Convex lens – parallel to the principallalaxis;
Rule-3: When rays strikes to the principal focus
a i .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a s saa assaa
et
a a
Concave lens - parallel to a
ddthe principal axis add
a a
w w P
.. P w
w P
.. P
.N
wwww wwww
ai
e e t t al e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 3. Differentiate the eye defects: Myopia aas saa a s
a aa
s
as
P Paadd and Hypermetropia
P Paadd
w w .. ww ..
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Myopia Hypermetropia
ad
Short sightednessw Long sightedness

Nearby objects can be seen clearly but distant Distant objects can be seen clearly but nearby
.P
e et t
object cannot be seen clearly
eet
object cannot be tseen clearly
l a
l i
a .iN
.Nfall before the retina
Image
l a
l i
a
Image .iN
.Nbehind retina
fall
l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa The distance between eye lens and retina ass

a a a aaThe distance between eye lens and retina aassaa
dd decreases aadd
P P
w
increases
w w . . P w
w . . P
wwwwlens
Treated by using concave Treated by convex lens w
www
w
4. Explain the construction and working of a ‘Compound Microscope’.

ee t t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NIt has two convex lenses.
Construction:
lal i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Objective lens – placedaad da
near a s
the
saa
object.
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
 Eye lens
w w P. P
–. Placed near the eye.
w
w P
.. P
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.N
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Working:
eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.NThe object AB is placed in a slighter distancelaoflai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  objective lens.
a a a as
dd(A B ).s aa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
. .(A B ) in eye lens.
An inverted and real image formed
 Adjust the eyew w w
I I
ww P
..P
w w w
ball to fall I I
w
w ww
 An enlarged and erect image is formed (A B ). II II
e et t eet t
.iN N the uses of Convex lenses.(Rev-1 2022) lalai.iN .iN
lalai .Write .N l a
l i
a .
assaa  Convex lenses are used as camera aa aa
1.
a s s ass
et
a add a
lenses.
add
a a
..P
 They are used as magnifying
w w P lenses.
w
w P
.. P
.N
 They are used w
inwmaking microscope, telescope and slide projectors. ww
ww
 They are used to correct the defect of vision called hypermetropia
w
w
ai
2. Write the uses of Concave lenses.
e et t al ee t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NThey are used in wide angle spy hole in doors.lalai.iN .N
 Concave lenses are used as eye lens of ‘Galilean Telescope’
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  They are used to correct the adefect a a s saacalled ‘myopia a s
a aa
s
as
P P add of vision
P Paadd
w w . . Eye.
3. Explain the structure of Human
w w ..
ww -w wwtow
ad
 Cornea w Thin transparent layer. It refracts or bends the lightw

on the lens.
 Iris - It is the coloured part of the eye. Iris controls amount of light entering into the
.P
eet t
pupil.
eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NRetina
 Pupil
i .
i N
. N
- It is the centre part of the Iris. It is the pathway for the light to retina.
l a
l a l a
l i
a.iN.
w
assaa - back surface of the eye -a
a add a as s a
most sensitive part of eye- real and inverted
a
image
a dd aof
a s saa
P P
w
objects is formed.
- It ww P P
.to. change the focal length of the eye lens accordingwtowthe. .position of the
www wwww
 Sclera helps
object. w
w
 Eye lens - It is convex in nature.
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
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e et t LESSON 3 THERMAL PHYSICS

e et t
lalai .iN
VI. N in briefly
.Answer l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1. Define one calorie.
a a a as aa
s
ddthe amount of heat energy required to rise the temperature
a a aa
ddof 1ssaa
ww P P
 Calorie: One calorie is defined
.1°C.. as
w w ..P P
wwww
gram of water through
2. Distinguish between linear, arial and superficial expansion.
wwww
Linear Expansion Arial Expansion Cubical Expansion
eet t
If there is an increase in If there is an increase in
eet t If there is an increase in
lalai.iN i .iN
.theNlength of a solid object the area of a solidlalaobject.N the volume of a solid body l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa due to heating, then the adueaddtoaheating, assaathen the assaa
et
due to heating, then the
a a dd a
expansion is called
w w P
..Pexpansion is called expansion is
w ..
called
w P P
cubical
.N
expansion
wwww superficial or areal
longitudinal or linear
expansion
wwwwexpansion.
or volumetric
ai
∆L/ Lo = α L ∆ T ∆A / Ao = α A ∆ T ∆V / Vo = α v ∆ T
e e t t al eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  The ratio of increase in volumeaadofdtheaasbody saaper degree rise in temperature to its unit volume ssaa
3. What is co-efficient of cubical expansion?
a a
as
P P P P aa dd is
called as coefficient of.cubical
. ..
w w expansion. This is also measured in K–1.
w w
wwww wwww
ad
α v = ∆V / V ∆ T
o
4. State Boyle’s law

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e t t t t
 When the temperature of a gas is kept constant, the volume of a fixed mass of gas is inversely
e e e
l a
l i
a .iN
.N proportional to its pressure.
l a
l ai .iN
. N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa 5. State-the law of volume aaddaassaa P α 1/V (OR) PV = constant
a add a as aa
s
P P
w
w w . P
.When the pressure of gas is kept constant, the volumew
w P
.a .gas is directly
ww
 According to this law,
ww wwww
of
w
proportional to the temperature of the gas.

V α T (OR) V / T = constant.
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
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.N
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6. Distinguish between ideal gas and real gas.
N e et t N e et t
lalai .
i . N Ideal gas
l a
l i
a .
i . N Real gas
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa with each other s aa
s s aa
s
atoms or molecules of a gas do not interact atoms or molecules of a gas interact with each
a a a a
dd other a a a
dd a
w w P P
. . are weak No intermolecular forces of attraction w w ..P P
wwww wwww
intermolecular forces of attraction
7. What is co-efficient of real expansion?
e t t t t
 Coefficient of real expansion is defined as the ratio of the true rise in the volume of the liquid per
e ee
lalai.iN
.Ndegree rise in temperature to its unit volume.lalai.iN .N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 8. What a s saais K . a s aa
s
et
is co-efficient of apparanta a a
 The SI unit of coefficient of real expansion
dd
–1
a add a
w w P P
.expansion
. is defined as the ratio of the apparentw
expansion?
risew
inw
P
.. P
.N
 Coefficient of w
w w w
apparent
liquid per degree rise in temperature to its unit volume.
w
w w the volume of the
ai
 The SI unit of coefficient of apparent expansion is K–1.
e e t t
VIII. Answer in detail
al ee t t
l a
l i
a .iN N the ideal gas equation.
.Derive l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  The ideal gas equation is an aequation, aarelates all the properties of an ideal gas. An idealaagasssaa
1.
aas s
as
P P a
obeys Boyle’s law and.Charles’
dlawdand Avogadro’s law.
which
P P aadd
w w . w w ..
According to Boyle’s w w ww
ad
wwlaw,
PV = constant
w w
According to Charles’s law,
.P
e et t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N to Avogadro’s law,
V / T = constant
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa aa aa
According
V/n = constant d d a as s a
dd s
a s
P a a P aa
w
After combining equations we.can

ww . Pget the following equation.
ww.. P
www w = constant wµNww
n =w
w
PV/nT
PV / µNA T = constant
eet t PV / µNA T = K B
eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N PV = µNA K TB
lal ai.iN. N µNA K = R B

l a
l i
a .
i N
.
assaa  Ideal gas equation is also called s s aa s s aa
PV = RT
a a a a
dasdequation of state because it gives the relation between
aa aa
dthedstate
w w P P
.to.describe the state of any gas. w w ..PP
wwww wwww
variables and it is used
eet t eet t
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.N
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ww
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2. Explain the experiment of measuring the real and apparent expansion of a liquid with a neat
eet t e et t
lalai .iN
.NTo start with, the liquid whose real and apparent
diagram.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa s saL1.a s aa
s
expansion is to be determined is poured in a
a add
container up to a level. Mark this a a
level as
a add a a
 Now heat the container.by
w w P
. P
using burner.
w w ..P P
wthewwvolume
 As a result, w of the liquid appears to have wwww
reduced. Mark this reduced level of liquid as L2.
e t t t t
 On further heating, liquid through the container results in
e e e
lalai.iN
.NHence, the level of liquid rises to L3 lalai.iN
the expansion of the liquid.
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  The difference between the levels a ssaa assaa
et
a a a
ddL1 and L3 is called as add
a a
w w ..P P w
w P
.. P
.N
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apparent expansion.
 The difference between the levels L2 and L3 is called as
ai
real expansion.
eet t Real expansion = L3 – L2

al eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N Apparent expansion = L3 – L1 lalai.iN.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aassaa a s
a aa
s
as
PP a add P Paadd
w w .. ww..
wwww wwww
ad
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eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa add
a aassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
w
w .. P ww.. P
wwww wwww
w
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
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e e t t UNIT 4 ELECTRICITY
e et t
lalai .iN
VI. N short answer questions.
.Very l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1. Define the unit of current.
 The current flowing througha aa
a as s aa
dd is said to be one ampere, when a chargeP aa da ass
dcoulomb
aa
ww P P
. . of a conductor, in one second.
conductor
ww ..P
of one
ww / 1 second.
flows across any cross-section
 1 ampere =1wwcoulomb wwww
2. What happens to the resistance, as the conductor is made thicker?
e e t t e et t
 As the resistance is inversely proportional to the area, (R α 1/A) thick wires will cause low
lalai.iN
.Nresistance. l al i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 3. Why a s saain fuse wires? a s aa
s
et
 Tungsten have very highP aa a
ddpoint.
is tungsten metal used in bulbs, but not
a add a
w w P
. . melting point.
melting
w w ..P P
.N
 Fuse wires arew w ww
w w having low
w w
 If tungsten is used as a fuse wire, then it will not melt even when large amount of current is passed
ai
through it , and the appliance will be damaged.
eet t al eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NElectric Heater l a
l a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
4. Name any two devices, which are working on the heating effect of the electric current.
i i .
assaa  Electric Iron. a as saa a s
a aa
s
as
VII. Short answer questions .P Paadd P Paadd
w w . ww..
ww and potential difference. wwww
ad
1. Define electricww
potential
Electrical potential:
.P
 The electric potential at a point is defined as the amount of work done in moving a unit positive
e et t e e t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N potential Difference:
charge
l a
l ai .iN
.N
from infinity to that point against the electric force.
l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa  The electric potential difference s s aa ssaa

Electric
a add a a
between two points is defined as the amount of work
aa dd
done aa
in
P P
w
w w . P
.charge w w P
. .force.
ww
moving a unit positive
ww wwww
from one point to another point against the electric
w
2. What is the role of the earth wire in domestic circuits?

 This wire provides a low resistance path to the electric current.
t t t t
 The earth wire serves as a protective conductor, which saves us from electric shocks
ee e e
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
3. State Ohm’s law.
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  According to Ohm’s law, at a
a
constant
a a a s saa
temperature, the steady current ‘I’ flowing
ddto the potential difference ‘V’ between the twoP
through
endsaa
a
a
dthed s
a aa
s
P
.. P
conductor is directly proportional
w w Hence, I/V = constant. w w .. P of
wwww wwww
conductor. I α V.
eet t eet t
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.N
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ww
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4. Distinguish between the resistivity and conductivity of a conductor

e e t t e et t
lalai .iN
.N Resistivity
l a
l ai .iN
.Nof electrical resistivity of a
Conductivity
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa defined as the resistance of a conductor s saa ssaa
The Electrical resistivity of a material is The reciprocal
a a aa
dofdunit material is called its electrical conductivity.
a dd
a aa
w w ..P P w w ..P P
wwww www w
length and unit area of cross section.
–1 -1 -1
Its unit is ohm metre. Its unit is Ohm m or mho m
e et t
5. What connection is used in domestic appliances and why?
eet t
lalai.iN.NThe connections in houses for domestic appliances
l a
l i
a .iareN
.Nparallel so that even disconnection of one lalai.iN
.
assaa  circuit a aa
does not affect the other circuit.ss
a ssaa
et
To get equal voltages for all aa a
dd parallel circuit is used. a add a
ww P
.. P appliances,
w w P
.. P
.N
w w w w
VIII. Long answer questions.
w w ww
1. With the help of a circuit diagram derive the formula for the resultant resistance of three
ai
resistances connected:
eet t
a) in series and b) in parallel
al e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NLet, three resistances R1, R2 and R3 be connected
l a
l i
a .iinNN
.series. l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  According a s
a aa V1, V2 and V3 across R1, R2 and R3 aassaa
s
as
to Ohm’s Law, the potential differences
P P aa dd P Paadd
ww ..
respectively, are given by:
ww..
wwww wwww
ad
.P
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa add
a aassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
w
w .. P ww.. P
wwww wwww
w
eet t ee t t
l a
l i
a .iN lalai.iN
.NConsider three resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
across two common points A and B.
dd a as s dd aass
..PP aa ..PP a a
w w ww
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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a ssaa assaa
et
aadda add
a a
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
.N
wwww wwww
ai
2. a) What is meant by electric current?
e e t t eet t
 Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of charges in a conductor. If Q is the charge flowing
al
l a
l i
a .iN
.Nfor a time of t seconds in a conductor, then Il=alQ/tai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa b) Name and define its unit. aaddaassaa a ass aa
as
P P P P aadd
w w ..
 The SI unit of electric current is ampere (A).
ww ..
ww through a conductor is said to be one ampere, when
wwwawcharge of one coulomb
ad
ww
 The current flowing
flows across any cross-section of a conductor, in one second.
.P
 Hence, 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/ 1 second.

e et t e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
c) Which instrument is used to measure the electric current? How should it be connected in a
l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa  An ammeter is a device usedatoadmeasure s saa s aa

s
circuit?
da a the electric current in a circuit.
aa a
dd a
P P
w
w
 An ammeter is always
w P
.connected
. w w .. P
www wwww
in series with a device to measure its current.
3. a) State Joule’sw
w
law of heating.
 Joule’s law of heating states that the heat produced in any resistor is:
t t t t
 Directly proportional to the square of the current passing through the resistor.
ee e e
l a
l i
a .iN i .iN
.NDirectly proportional to the time for which thelalcurrent
.Nis passing through the resistor.
 Directly proportional to the resistance of the resistor.
a l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a add a assaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w ..P P w w ..P P
wwww wwww
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ww
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b) An alloy of nickel and chromium is used as the heating element. Why?

ee t t e t
e t
lalai .iN
.NIt has a high melting point
 It has high resistivity,
l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  It is not easily oxidized. aaddaassaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww
c) How does a fuse wire protectP P
. . electrical appliances? ww P
..P
www
 The fuse wire is w
connected in series, in an electric circuit. wwww
 When a large current passes through the circuit, the fuse wire melts due to Joule’s heating effect
eet t
and hence the circuit gets disconnected.
eet t
lalai.iN al ai .iN
.NThe electricity produced in power stations isldistributed
.Nto all the domestic and industrial
4. Explain about domestic electric circuits. (circuit diagram not required)
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a ssaa assaa
et
consumers through overheada a a
ddunderground cables. a add a
w . P P and
is to.bring the power supply to the main-box.
w w w ..PP
.N
wwwa fuse box and a meter. wwww
 The domestic circuit
 Main box wcontains
ai
 Meter – Used to record the consumption of Electricity.
e t t
 Fuse box
e al e t t
– It protect the household electrical appliances.
e
l a
l i
a .iN
.NMCB l a
l a N
.Nas manually.
– can be activated automatically asi.well
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Red aa s sawire
a a s
a aa
s
as
insulation wire - live
P P a d
-ad neutral wire
PPaadd
Black insulation wire
w w . . is 220V. ww ..
ww
 Potential of domestic ww
ad
w w current
w w
 Electricity meter  Main switch with 5A rating  Appliances with 15A rating.
 Advantage of the parallel connection of circuits is that each electric appliance gets an equal
.P
e et t e t
e t
.iN .iN .iN
voltage.
l a
l i
a .a)NWhat are the advantages of LED TV over thelalnormal
a i .NTV? l a
l i
a .
w
assaa  It has brighter picture quality.aaddaassaa aa

5.
a
dd s
a s
 It is thinner in size. .P P aa
w
w w . P ww.. P
w w wwand consumes very less energy.
 It uses less power
w
w ww
w
 Its life span is more.

b) List the merits of LED bulb.
eet t e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NA wide range of colours is possible here. lalai.iN
 It is not harmful to the environment.
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  It is cost-efficient and energyaefficient.
add a as saa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w
 Mercury and other toxic P P
. .materials are not used in LED bulbs. w
w P
.. P
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eet t eet t
.NN
.N
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e e t t LESSON 5 ACOUSTICS
ee t t
lalai .iN
VI. N very briefly
.Answer l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1. What is a longitudinal wave?
a a a ass aa
dd that can travel through any medium (solids, P a a da as
dgases)
aa
s
w w P P
 Sound waves are longitudinal
. .on the properties of the medium.
waves
w w .. P
liquids,
wwww
with a speed that depends
2. What is the audible range of frequency?
wwww
 The audible range of frequency is 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz
e et t
3. What is the minimum distance needed for an echo?
eet t
lalai.iN
.NThe minimum distance required to hear an echo
l a
l i
a
is N
.Nm.
.i17.2 l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 4.331What a s saam as its wavelength, when it travels with a speed
a s saa
et
aa dd a
will be the frequency sound having 0.20
a add a of
ms ? –1
w w..P P ww ..P P
.N
wwww V= n λ n = V/ λ
λ = 0.20 m ; V= 331 ms-1
wwww
ai
n = 331 ms-1 / 0.20 m = 331 / 0.20 = 1655 Hz.
eet t al e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NBat, Mosquito, Dogs. l a
l a .iN
.N
5. Name three animals, which can hear ultrasonic vibrations.
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa VII. Answer briefly aa ssaa a ass aa
as
P Pa a drainy
d day than on a dry day? P P a add
w w ..
1. Why does sound travel faster on a
w w..
wwthe moisture content is more in the atmosphere and wwor velocity of sound.
ad
wwdays,
 During rainy wwspeed
2. Why does an empty vessel produce more sound than a filled one?
.P
 The sound is produced by the vibration of the vessel.

eet t e t
e t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NMore is the pressure less is sound. l a
l a .iN
.N
 More the vibration amplitude and frequency more is the noise.
i l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa 3. Air temperature in the Rajasthanaad d aa

desert
ssaa
can reach 46°C. What is the velocity of
a
sound
add
in a
air as
at
aa
s
P P
w
w w P
. .s ) –1
w w .. P
ww ww
that temperature? (V = 331
0 m
wwww
w
Speed of the sound wave as function of temperature is given by

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Where T c is the temperature in º celcius.
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l a
l i
a .iN
.N a i.iN
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So the speed of sound wave in air at 46ºc is given by
l la l a
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.
assaa aa aas
V aa
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= 331 (√1
dd = 357.8 m/s.
+ 46/273)
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4. Explain why, the ceilings of concert halls are curved.

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.Nto the multiple reflections of sound waves from
l a
l a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
 When a person is talking at one focus, his voice can be heard distinctly at the other focus. It is due
i i .
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s
the curved walls.
aa
no Doppler effect in sound?
aa a
dd a
w w P P
. . (L) both are at rest.
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w w ..P
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ww
 When S and
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IX. Answer in Detail
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1. What are the factors that affect the speed of sound in gases?
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lalai .iN
.Ndensity of the gas. Hence, the velocity decreases
l a
l ai .iN
. N
 Effect of density: The velocity of sound in a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Effect of temperature: The velocityaofadsound
a s saa as the density of the gas increases. v α 1/√d
a ssaa
et
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dofdits
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temperature.
wofwsound
 The velocityw
wwww
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 Velocity at temperature T is given by the following equation: vT = (vo + 0.61 T) m s–1 Here, vo
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i .
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. Ne e the
al i .
i N
. Nee i .iN
.
l a
l a l
changes by 0.61 m s–1 when the temperature changes
a
l a by one degree Celsius.
l a
l a
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as
hear sound from long distances P P a dduring
of relative humidity: When humidity
a d rainy seasons.
increases,
P P a add
w w .of. sound? Explain:
clearly
w w..
ww ww
ad
w w
2. What is mean by reflection
w w
 When sound waves travel in a given medium and strike the surface of another medium, they can
be bounced back into the first medium. This phenomenon is known as reflection.
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eet t e e t t
l a
l i
a .iN
a) Reflection at the boundary of a rarer medium
a i .iN
.NConsider a wave travelling in a solid mediumlalstriking
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
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assaa  The compression exerts a forceaadFdonaathesssurface

aa of the rarer medium. aa
on the interface between the solid and air.
dd aa s s
P P a a
w
ww . P
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w
of
w P
. . pushed
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backwards.w www wwww
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 As the particles of the rarer medium are free to move, a rarefaction is produced at the interface.
 Thus, a compression is reflected as a rarefaction and a rarefaction travels from right to left.
eet t e e t t
l a
l i
a .iN
b) Reflection at the boundary of a denser medium
i.iN
.NA longitudinal wave travels in a medium in thelalaform.ofNcompressions and rarefactions. l a
l i
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.
assaa  Suppose a compression travelling a a a as saa
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w w
 The compression exerts
PP
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 In turn, the wall exerts an equal and opposite reaction R = – F on the air molecules.
e e t t e et t
lalai .iN
.NThus, a compression travelling towards the rigid
 This results in a compression near the rigid wall.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa ssaa s aa
s
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a a dd a a
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a a dd a a
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.. P
 When the w www
sound wwwwof the reflected waves
waves are reflected from the curved surfaces, the intensity
is changed.
t t t t
 When reflected from a convex surface, the reflected waves are diverged out and the intensity is
e e e e
lalai.iN.NWhen sound is reflected from a concave surface,
decreased.
l a
l i
a .iN
. N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a s saa a ssaa
et
the reflected waves are converged and focused at
a a a
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ww P P
a point. So the intensity of reflected
. .by the term ‘ultrasonic vibration’? w w ..P P
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www w www w
3. a) What do you understand
 The vibrations whose frequencies are greater than 20,000 Hz are called Ultrasonic Vibrations.
ai
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 Used in SONAR to measure the depth of sea or ocean.
e al eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NUsed to check the presence of stones in the gall
l a
l ai .iN
.Nand kidney.
bladder
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa c) Name aa s saplants
a a s
a aa
s
as
 It is used for homogenizing milk in milk
three animals which can a
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w Dogs.
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 An echo is the sound reproduced due to the reflection of the original sound from various rigid
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e t
e t ee t t
.iN .iN .iN
surfaces such as walls, ceilings, surfaces of mountains, etc.
l a
l i
a N two conditions necessary for hearing an lecho.
.State a
l i
a .N l a
l i
a .
w
assaa  The minimum time gap between aasound and an echo must be 0.1 s. aa
a)
a
the as s
dtodhear an echo is 17.2 m.
original a
dd s
a s
P a a P aa
w
 The minimum distance.required

w w . P w w .. P
w w wwapplications of echo? w
w ww
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b) What are the medical

 It is used in obstetric ultra sonography.
 It is used to create real-time visual images of the developing embryo or fetus in the mother’s
e et t ee t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N uterus.
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Speed of Sound = distance travelled s aataken = 2d/t. s aa
c) How can you calculate the speed of sound using echo?
dd aa s a
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w w w
w
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e et t LESSON 6 NUCLEAR PHYSICS

e et t
lalai .iN
IX. N in one or two word (VSA)
.Answer l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1. Who discovered natural radioactivity? ss
aa dd a a aa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
 Henri Becquerel.
w w P P
. .is present in the ore of pitchblende? ww P
..P
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2. Which radioactive material
 Uranium. w
3. Write any two elements which are used for inducing radioactivity?
e et t
 Boron, Aluminium.
e et t
lalai.iN
4. .Write ai .iN
N the name of the electromagnetic radiationlalwhich.N
is emitted during a natural radioactivity.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 5. IfA isAlpha a ssaa a s s aa
et
– rays.
a radioactive elementP a a a
demits
d an α - particle and produces 104Rf 259. P aa dd a
ww P
. . of the element A.
which
w w .. P
Write the
.N
ww
atomic number and massww number
w w ww
 263
Sg Atomic number of A = 106, Mass number of A = 263.
106
ai
6. What is the average energy released from a single fission process?
ee t t al e et t
 The average energy released in each fission process is about 3.2 × 10 -11 J
l a
l i
a .N
7.i.
N a ai
Which hazardous radiation is the cause for thelgenetic
l .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Gamma – rays. aa aa
disease?
a ass aass
as
P P a a ddmay cause death of a person when exposed toPP a dd
a
w w ..
8. What is the amount of radiation that
w w .. it?
wiswexposed to about 600 R, it leads to death. wwww
ad
 When the w w
body
9. When and where was the first nuclear reactor built?
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 The first nuclear reactor was built in 1942 at Chicago, USA.

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NBecquerel.
10. Give the SI unit of radioactivity.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa 11. Which material protects us fromaadradiation?

da a s saa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
 Lead. w w .. P ww.. P
wwww wwww
w
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
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X. Answer the following questions in few sentences.

e et t eet t
lalai .iN
.N Natural Radioactivity l a
l ai .iN
.N Artificial Radioactivity
1. Write any three features of natural and artificial radioactivity.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa It is a spontaneous process. aaddaassaa It is an induced process aadd a a ssaa
Exhibited by elementsw
w P P
. .atomic number Exhibited by elements with atomic
w w P P
. .number less
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with
more than 83.w than 83.
This cannot be controlled. This can be controlled.
e et t
Radiations are emitted.
e e t t
Elementary particles are emitted.
lalai.iN
.N l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 2. Define a s saa a s aa
s
et
critical mass
 The minimum mass of a P a a dd a
material necessary to sustain the chain reaction is P a a dd a
ww .. P
fissile
w w .. P
called 'critical
.N
mass (m )'. w
www c
wwww
 It depends on the nature, density and the size of the fissile material.
ai
3. Define one roentgen.
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 One roentgen is defined as the quantity of radioactive substance which produces a charge of 2.58
al
l a
l i
a .iN –4
a
l a .iN
.N× 10 coulomb in 1 kg of air under standardlconditions
i .Nof pressure, temperature and Humidity. lalai.iN
.
assaa 4. State Soddy and Fajan’s displacement a as saa a s
a aa
s
as
P P a addan alpha particle,
law.
P P aadd
w ..
 When a radioactive element
w emits
w w ..
wwis formed whose mass number is less by 4 unitswwww
ad
 a daughterw
w
nucleus
 The atomic number is less by 2 units, than the mass number and atomic number of the parent
.P
nucleus.
e et t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NA daughter nucleus is formed whose mass number
 When a radioactive element emits a beta particle,
l a
l ai .iisN
.theNsame. l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa  The atomic number is more a by 1d

a d aa
unit,
s saathe atomic number of the parent nucleus. aassaa
than
aadd
P P
w
ww
5. Give the function of control P
. .rods in a nuclear reactor. w w .. P
wwtheww wwww
w
 They absorb neutrons.

 Control rods are used to control the number of neutrons in order to have sustained chain reaction.
t t
 Mostly boron or cadmium rods are used as control rods.
ee e e t t
l a
l i
a .iN i.iN
.NReason – Exploitation of atomic bomb duringlalWorld
.N
6. In Japan, some of the new born children are having congenital diseases. Why?
a l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Hazardous radiation like gamma aa a
draysassaa War II.
d affects the leaving creature. aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w P
.. P w
w P
.. P
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.N
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7. Mr. Ramu is working as an X - ray technician in a hospital. But, he does not wear the lead
eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
aprons. What suggestion will you give to Mr. Ramu?
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Use lead coated aprons and lead s saa s aa
s
My Suggestions:
aadd a a
gloves.
aa a
dd a
w w P P
. . radioactive elements.
 Avoid eating while handling
ww P
..P
ww
 Use remote
wwdevice or tongs.
control wwww
 Worn Dosimeter to check the level of radiation.
t t
8. What is stellar energy?
e e eet t
lalai.iN a
l ai .iN
.Namount of energy, which is called as 'stellar lenergy. .N l a
l i
a .iN
.
 Fusion reaction that takes place in the cores of the Sun and other stars results in an enormous
assaa 9. Give any two uses of radio isotopes a s s aa assaa
et
a a a
dindthe field of agriculture? add
a a
w w ..PP w
w P
.. P
.N
wwwwquestions in detail. wwww
 Phosphorus- 32 and Nitrogen-15.
XI. Answer the following
ai
1. Explain the process of controlled and uncontrolled chain reactions.
eet t
Controlled chain reaction:
al e et t
l a
l i
a .iN a i .iN
.NIn the controlled chain reaction the number oflalneutrons
.Nreleased is maintained to be one. l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  This a a saa with a neutron absorber leaving only one neutron
is achieved by absorbing the extrasneutrons
a as aa
s
as
to produce further fission. a
P P add P P aadd
w w . .to a controlled chain reaction can be utilized for constructive
ww . . purposes.
ww
 The energy released ww
ad
w w due
w w
 Controlled chain reaction is used in a nuclear reactor to produce energy in a sustained and
controlled manner.
.P
ee t t e t
e t
.iN .iN
.N multiplies indefinitely and causes lalai.iN
Uncontrolled chain reaction:
l a
l i
a .NIn the uncontrolled chain reaction the numberlalofaineutrons .
w
assaa a a ssaa
ddamount of energy within a fraction of a second.PPaadd
fission in a large amount of the fissile
a a
material. aassaa
P
w
w ..
 This results in the release
w P
of a huge
w w ..
wwwwreaction is used in the atom bomb to produce anw
 This kind of chain
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explosion.
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
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.N
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2. Compare the properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations.

e t
e t eet t
lalai .iN N are they
.What
Properties Alpha
l a
l i
a .
i N
. N Beta Gamma
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Charge s aa
s ssaa
Helium nucleus Electrons Electromagnetic waves
Positive ad
a a a
d Negative aa dd aa
w w P P
. . greater than
Neutral
w w ..P P
wwwwbeta rays.
100 times
w
w ww
Very less ionization
Ionising power Comparatively low
10,000 times greater power.
e e t t than gamma rays.

e t
e t
lalai.iN N power
.Penetrating l a
l ai .iN Nalpha rays Very high penetrating lalai.iN
.than .
assaa ssaa ssaa
Low Greater
a a
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a a a
dd Deflected by both the power.
a a dd a
w w PP
. . by both the fields. ww P P
.not. deflected
.N
Effect of electric ww ww
w
and magnetic field
w Deflected
fields. But opposite direction
w
w They are
by both the fields.
ai
to alpha rays.
eet t al ee t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
Speed
1/10 to 1/20 times the
l a
l i
a .
i N
. N
9/10 times the speed of They travel with the
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
speed of light. light. speed of light.
a a s s aass
as
P P a a dd P P a add
3. What is a nuclear reactor?.Explain
. ..
w w its essential parts with their functions.
w w
wwwis a device in which the nuclear fission reaction takes
wwwplace
w in a self-sustained
ad
 A Nuclearw reactor
and controlled manner to produce electricity.
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 The first nuclear reactor was built in 1942 at Chicago, USA.

eet t e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NFuel
Essential material:
l a
l ai .
i N
. N l a
l i
a.iN.
w
assaa ssaa ssaa

: Fissile material (E.g: Uranium)
 Moderator : Slow down the d
a a a
high a
d energy neutrons to provide slow neutrons. (E.g: a a ddaa
Graphite)
P P
w
w w
 Control rod : control P
.the. number of neutrons in order to have sustainableww P
. .reaction
www w wwww
chain
w
(E.g: Boron and cadmium).

 Coolant : To remove heat produced in the reactor core to produce steam.
eet t  (E.g: Water, air and helium)

e t
e t
l a
l i
a .iN .iN
.NProtection wall: concrete lead wall to preventlathelaileakage
.N of harmful Radiations. l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a add a a s saa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
.. P w w ..PP
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.N
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e et t UNIT 7 ATOMS AND MOLECULES

eet t
lalai .iN
1. N Relative atomic mass.
.Define: l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
2. Write the different types of isotopes of oxygen and its percentage abundance.
et
e t eet t
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a ssaa assaa
et
aadda add
a a
w
w P
..P w
w P
.. P
.N
wwww
3. Define: Atomicity. wwww
ai
 The number of atoms present in the molecule is called its Atomicity. E.g: Hydrogen.
eet t al e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N a
4. Give any two examples for heterodiatomic molecules.
l l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
s
asaa  CH, OH, NH.
a a s saa a s
a aa
s
as
5. What is Molar volume of a gas?a
P P a dd P Paadd
w w .. w w ..
ww
 One mole of any gas occupies 22.4 litre or 22400 ml at STP.
ww
ad
 The volume ww wwvolume.

occupied by one mole of any gas at S.T.P is called molar
6. Find the percentage of nitrogen in ammonia.
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eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa add
a aassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
w
w .. P ww.. P
wwww wwww
w
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l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
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w P
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VII. Long answer questions

e et t e et t
lalai .iN
1. .Calculate .iN
N the number of water molecule presentlalinaione
.Ndrop of water which weighs 0.18 g.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aadd a a ssaa
a add aassaa
ww P
.. P w w P
.. P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a ssaa assaa
et
aadda add
a a
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w P
.. P
.N
wwww wwww
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eet t al eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
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a aa
s a s
a aa
s
as
P Paadd P Paadd
w
w .. ww..
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ad
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eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa add
a aassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
w
w .. P ww.. P
wwww wwww
w
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
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aa a
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a aa
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lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
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a aa
s
aa a
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e et t
4. Give the salient features of “Modern atomic theory”.eet t
lalai.iN
.N Atomic Theory: l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  An atom is no longer indivisible adiscovery
a of the electron, proton and neutron). aassaa
Modern
a s s
et
aadhave a
d different atomic mass (discovery of IsotopesPPa
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20
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20
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l a
l i
a .iN i .iN
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.N l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
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certain
a d
a d assaa
a volume of a gas or vapour to the mass of anaequal
P P
w
ww P
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l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
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.
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dd s
a aa
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ww P
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w P
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a.IX.iNN Exercise – Solve the following problemslalai.iN
.Book .N l a
l i
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.
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a aa
s
as
P P d
following?
P Paadd
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i) 2 moles of hydrogen molecule, 2
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Mass = No. moles × Molecular Mass.

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eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
ii) .3N
moles of chlorine molecule, Cl .
2
l a
l i
a .iN
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l i
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.
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= No. of moles × Molecular Mass.
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a aa
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iii) 5 moles of sulphur molecule, S8.
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eet t = No. of moles × Molecular Mass.
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l i
a .iN
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Mass
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
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.
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a aa
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iv) 4 moles of phosphorous molecule, P4.

e et t eet t
lalai .iN
.N = (4 × 31) × 4
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l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
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.
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Mass
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a add a a a add aa
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ww ..PP w
w P
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2. Calculate the %
ww element in calcium carbonate. (Atomic mass:ww
of each
wwO-16, Ca -40).
C-12,
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e t eet t
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
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.N l a
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.
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aadda add
a a
ww P
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w P
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wwww wwww
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eet t al eet t
l a
l i
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.N l a
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.
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a aa
s a s
a aa
s
as
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3. Calculate the % of oxygen in Al2(SO4)3. (Atomic mass: Al-12, O-16, S -32)

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l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
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.
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a aassaa
aa a
dd s
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w
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wwww wwww
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eet t eet t
l a
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l i
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.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
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4. Calculate the % relative abundance of B -10 and B -11, if its average atomic mass is 10.804 amu.
eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
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.N l a
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.
assaa a ssaa assaa
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 The Avogadro’s law states that “equal volumes of all gases under similar conditions of
e et t al ee t t
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l a
l i
a .iN
2. N the applications of Avogadro’s law. lalai.iN
.Write .N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  ItIt explains Gay-Lussac’s law.
a as saa a s
a aa
s
as
helps in the determinationa
P P d
ofa d of gases. P Paadd
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.. atomicity
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e et tMolecule
l a
l i
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.N a i
a .iN
.Nis the smallest particle of an
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l l a
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.
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dd a s
a aelement
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aa a
dd s
a aa
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P P
w
w w
Atom does not exist in free state P
. .except in a Molecule exists in free a state ww. . P
wwww wwww
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noble gas
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Molecules are less reactive
N e et t
highly reactive
N e et t
l a
l i
a .
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l la i.i
in .
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molecule are held by chemical
l a
l i
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a aa
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a s
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e et
LESSON 8 PERIODIC CLASSIFICATIONS OF ELEMENTS
t ee t t
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VI. N answer questions
.Short l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1.compound. aa
A is a reddish brown metal, which combines
a a
s sawith
a O at < 1370 K gives B, a black coloured aassaa
dK,dA gives C which is red in colour. Find A,B and
2
a add
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At a temperature > 1370
ww ww ..PP C with
reaction.
 The reddish ww ww
brown metal 'A' is copper. wwww
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e t eet t
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
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.
assaa a s saa assaa
et
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a a
ww P
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.. P
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w w ww w
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Compound Molecular formula Name
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A Cu Copper
N eet t al N eet t
l a
l i
a .
i . N B CuO
Cu O la
l ai .
i . N Copper (ii) oxide
l a
l i
a .iN
.
s
asaa C
a as saa2 Copper (i) oxide
aassaa
as
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A.combines with O to form B at 800 C, the alloy of A
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making the aircraft. Find

 The silvery white metal. A is Aluminium.
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l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
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ad
a a
d ass aa
Molecular formula Name
aada
d s
a aa
s
P P
w
A
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ww P
B w
w w
w w w
ww oxide
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Al O 2 3Aluminium
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3. What is rust? Give the equation for formation of rust.
ee e et t
l a
l i
a .iN lalai.iN
.NThis compound is known as rust and the phenomenon.N l a
l i
 When iron is exposed to moist air, it forms a layer of brown hydrated ferric oxide on its surface.
a .
i N
.
assaa s saa ssaa
of formation of rust is known as rusting.
a a dd a a a add a a
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4. State two conditions necessary for rusting of iron.

e et t e e t t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
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 Air, water and Moisture are necessary for rusting of iron.
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1. a) State the reason for additionaofacaustics saato bauxite ore during purification of bauxite.aassaa
dd a a alkali
a add
ww P
. P
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w w P P
of.concentrated
ww
caustic soda
ww to obtain Sodium meta aluminate.
at 150°C wwww
 On diluting sodium meta aluminate with water, a precipetate of aluminium hydroxide is formed.
t t t t
 This precipitate is filtered, washed, dried and ignited at 1000°C to get alumina.
ee e e
lalai .iN
.N l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa b) Along with cryolite and alumina,aaanothera s saa a ssaa
et
a
dd substance is added to the electrolyte mixture.
a a a
dName
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. .for the addition. w w P
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 Fluorspar.w(Itw
ww
substance and give one reason
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2. The electronic configuration of metal A is 2, 8, 18, 1. The metal A when exposed to air and
e et t e e t t
moisture forms B a green layered compound. A with con. H2SO4 forms C and D along with water.
al
iD.iN
.isN i .iN
.N i .iN
.
l a
l a a gaseous compound. Find A,B,C and D.
l a
l a l a
l a
assaa i)ii)Metal aas saa a a s aa
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as
A is copper.
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l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
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assaa add
a aassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
w
w .. P ww.. P
wwww wwww
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e et t e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
3. N smelting process.
.Explain lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
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.
assaa Smelting aasa
aas
is the process of reducing the roasted saa oxide from the metal in its molten condition.aaInssaa
metallic
dslagdby the addition of flux. aa dd
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this process, impurities are removed
w w ww ..P P
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eet t eet t
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(a) The Lower Region (Combustion Zone)-

eet t eet t
lalai .iN
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 The temperature is at 1500°C.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a adda s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w P P
. .Zone) – ww P
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wwww wwww
(b) The Middle Region (Fusion
 The temperature prevails at 1000°C.
et
e t eet t
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a s aa
s assaa
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(c) The Upper Region (Reduction a add a add
a a
w w P P
. .at 400°C .
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wwww
 The temperature prevails
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.Nstrong alkali forms C. Find A,B and C with lreactions.
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l a
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a a
l ai l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
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a ass a s
a s
as
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eet t eet t
l a
l i
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.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
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assaa add
a a ass aa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
w
w .. P w w.. P
wwww wwww
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Compound Molecular formula Name

A Al Aluminium
N t t
ee C
B Al2O3
N t t Aluminium Oxide
ee Sodium meta aluminate
l a
lai .
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lalai.i . N 2
l a
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.
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2. Name the acid that renders aluminium passive. Why?

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lalai .iN
.Nit renders aluminum passive due to the formation
l a
l a .iN
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 Conc. Nitric Acid (Conc.HNO3). Concentrated and dil Nitric acid does not attack aluminium, but
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 3. i) Identify the bond between H a ssaa s aa
s
of an oxide film on its surface.
andd
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aa a
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.. P w w ..P
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ww
ii) What property
wwthe basis of identification?
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 Electronegativity.
t t
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e e e et t
lalai.iN al ai .iN
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 Along the period from left to right in the periodic table, the electronegativity increases because of
l a
l i
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.
assaa  On moving down a group, theaaelectronegativity
a s saa a s saa
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number of energy levels.
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1. Write down the physical properties of metals?
e t t
 High melting point.
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l a
l i
a .iN
.NHigh density. l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 2. Write a a s s aa a s
a aa
s
as
 Good Conductors of heat and electricity.
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w w ..
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l a
l i
a .NAn alloy is a homogenous mixture of one orlmore
al i
a i .N
.metals. l a
l i
a .
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assaa  One or more metals with nonametals. a a

dd a s saa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
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w
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w
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 An amalgam isw walloy of mercury with another metal. ww
w w w
w
w
an
 Amalgam used in dental filling.
5. What are the types of alloys?
eet t ee t t
l a
l i
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.NNon ferrous amalgam - Do not containla
 Ferrous amalgam -
la iN.N
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i l a
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6. Define Corrosion.
e et t e et t
lalai .iN
.Nenvironment. l a
l a .iN
.N
 It is the gradual destruction of metals by chemical or electrochemical reaction with the
i l a
l i
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.
assaa  It is a natural process. WhichaConversion
dd
a a a s saofametal into oxides, hydroxides or sulphides. aassaa
a add
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measures w w P
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 Galvanization: It is a method of coating one metal over another metal by passing electric current.
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e ee
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
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.
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l i
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.N l a
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a aa
s a s
a aa
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as
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e e t t LESSON 9 SOLUTIONS
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V. N answer
.Short l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1. Define the term: Solution
a a aas saa
ddof two or more substances. a a dda a s aa
s
w w ..P P
 Solution is a homogeneous mixture
w w ..P P
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2. What is mean by binary solution
 A solutionw contains in water, Sugar in water.
3. Give an example each i) gas in liquid ii) solid in liquid iii) solid in solid iv) gas in gas
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 Gas in liquid. Soda water.
e et t
lalai.iN.NSolid in liquid. Sodium chloride in water. lalai.iN .N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Solid in solid. Copper dissolved in a ssaa a s aa
s
et
–aOa
a
dgases.
d Gold (alloys).
a a dd a
Gas in gas. Mixture of He
ww P P
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2
w w P
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w w
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w w ww
 Aqueous solution: The solution in which water acts as a solvent is called aqueous solution. eg:
ai
Common salt in water, sugar in water.
e et t al e et t
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l a
l i
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l a
l i
a .iN
.inN
carbon di sulphide, iodine dissolved in Ccl . la
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 5. Define Volume percentage aaddaassaa s saa
4
a a
as
P P P P a advolume
d
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w as the percentage by volume of solute
w
present
w
in ..
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Volume of the solute
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l a
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.N Volume percentage =
l a
l i
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Volume of the solute
l a
l i
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.
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assaa 6. The aquatic animals live more inaacold s aaWhy? s aa

Volume of the solution
a a s
ddoxygen is present in the water of cold regions.PThis
region aa
dd thats
 Because, more amount.ofP
a a
w
ww . P
dissolved
w w .. P shows
w w ww w w ww
w
the solubility of oxygen in water is more at low temperature.

7. Define Hydrated salt.
 The number of water molecules found in the crystalline substance is called water of
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.Ncrystallisation.
l a
l ai .iN
Such salts are called hydrated salts.
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a a dd a as saa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww ..P P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
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.N
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8. A hot saturated solution of copper sulphate forms crystals as it cools. Why?

eet t e et t
lalai .iN
.NWhen blue coloured copper sulphate crystalsla l a .iN
.N
 The number of water molecules in blue vitriol is five, so its water of crystallisation is 5.
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa s saa s aa
s
are gently heated, it loses its 5 water molecules and
a a dd
becomes anhydrous copper sulphate.a a a a dd a a
w
w
 Then add a few drops ofP P
. .water or allow it to cool, the colourless anhydrous w salt .
w P.P
again turns back
wwwwhydrated salt.
into blue coloured wwww
9. Classify the following substances into deliquescent, hygroscopic. Conc. Sulphuric acid, Copper
N et
e t N e t
e t
sulphate penta hydrate, Silica gel, Calcium chloride, and Gypsum salt.
lalai.i. N Deliquescent
l a
l ai .
i . N Hygroscopic
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Calcium Chloride a ssaa Conc. Sulphuric acid assaa
et
aadda add
a a
w w P
.. P Copper sulphate penta hydrate
w w P
.. P
.N
wwww Silica gel
wwww
Gypsum salt
ai
e et t al e et t
.iN N notes on i) saturated solution ii) unsaturated .iN
.N .iN
VI. Long answer:
l a
l i
a .Write l a
l i
a l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
1. solution
a ass a s
a s
as
P P a
Saturated solution
ad d Unsaturated solution
P P a ad d
ww . .solute can be A solution is one that containsww
A solution in which no more ..
wwwamount of the solvent at that of the saturated w wwwat a given
less solute than
ad
dissolved in aw
definite
solution
a given temperature is called saturated
temperature.
.P
N N et t
solution.
e N e e t t N
i .
i . eg: 36 g of sodium chloride in 100 g of water ai.i.N i.i .
eg: 10 g (or) 20 g (or) 30 g of sodium chloride
l a
l a l l a l a
l a
w
assaa at 25° C. ss aa s aa
s
in 100 g of water at 25° C form unsaturated
aadd a a a add a a
P P
w
solution.
w w .. P w w .. P
2. Write notes onw wwwfactors affecting solubility. wwww
w
various
Factors affecting solubility: There are three main factors which govern the solubility of solute. They are;
e et t
i) Nature of the solute and solvent.
eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
ii) N
.Temperature. lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa iii) Pressure. aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
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ww
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ww
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Nature of the solute and solvent:

e e t t e et t
lalai .iN N
.N it does not dissove everything. For lalai.iN
.Nan enormous variety of substances, both ioniclalandai.icovalent,
 The nature of the solute and solvent plays an important role in solubility. Although water dissoves
.
assaa example: Fat dissolved in Ether.d
aa daas saa
aadd a assaa
Effect of temperature : w. .
w P P ww ..P P
 Solubility w
ofw
ww solute in a liquid solvent increases with increaseww
a soled
ww
in temperature.
 In endothermic Process: Solubility increases with increase in temperature.
t t t t
 In exothermic Process: Solubility decreases with increase in temperature.
e e ee
lalai.iN
.NSolubility of gases in liquid decrease with increase
Solubility of gases in liquid:
l a
l i
a .iN
.in N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Generally water contains dissolved a s saa a s saa
et
temperature.
a a a
ddoxygen. When water is boiled the solubility ofPoxygen
a a a
ddin water
ww P P
. . in the form of bubbles. ww .. P
.N
wwww wwww
decreases. So oxygen escapes
Effect of pressure:
ai
 When the pressure is increased, the solubility of a gas in liquid increases. Eg.: Carbonated
e et t
beverage.
al eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
3. .a)NWhat happens when MgSO4 . 7H2 O is heated? l a
l i
a .iN
.Nthe appropriate equation b) Define lalai.iN
Write .
assaa solubility. a as saa a s
a aa
s
as
 Its water of crystallisation isa
PP dd magnesium sulphate hepta hydrate crystals P
7.a are a
P a dd
heated, it losesw w w . . molecules and becomes an hydrous magnesiumw
When
w .. genetly
www wwww
ad
seven water sulphate.

.P
eet t e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa aa aassaa aas

ddof grams of solute that can be dissolved in 100PgPofaaadsolvent
d
aa
s
P
w
 Solubility is defined as.the

w w . Pnumber
w w ..
wwww solution at a given temperature and pressure. wwww
w
to form its saturated

Mass of the solute
Solubility = Mass of the solvent X 100
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
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ww
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4. In what way hygroscopic substances differ from deliquescent substances.

e et t eet t
lalai .iN
.N Hygroscopic substances l a
l ai .iN
.NDeliquescent substances l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa When exposed to the atmosphereaaatdordinary
a
d s
a aa
s When exposed to the atmospheric air at d
aa daa ssaa
w w P P
. . and do not ordinary temperature, they absorb
ww P P
.moisture
.
dissolve. ww w w
temperature, they absorb moisture
dissolve. ww w w and
Hygroscopic substances do not change its Deliquescent substances change its physical
e t t
physical state on exposure to air
e e t t
state on exposure to air
e
lalai.iN.N
Hygroscopic substances may be amorphous
l a
l ai .iN
.N substances are crystalline solids. lalai.iN
Deliquescent .
assaa solids or liquids. a ssaa a ssaa
et
a add a a add a
w w P P
. . 45 g of sugar in 180 g of water. Calculateww P P
. .mass
.N
w www
5. A solution is prepared by dissolving
w w ww the
percentage of solute.
ai
eet t al eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a s
a aa
s a s
a aa
s
as
P Paadd P Paadd
w
w .. ww..
wwww wwww
ad
.P
6. 3.5 litres of ethanol is present in 15 litres of aqueous solution of ethanol. Calculate volume
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
percent of ethanol solution.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa add
a aassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
w
w .. P ww.. P
wwww wwww
w
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
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ww
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e e t t LESSON 10 TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION

e et t
lalai .iN
V. N Answer questions:
.Short l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1.a white precipitate is formed. Giveaa aass aa is added to an aqueous solution of silver nitrate,
When an aqueous solution of potassium chloride
ddchemical equation of this reaction. a add a as saa
ww ..PP the
ww ..P P
wwww wwww
2. Why does the reaction rate of a reaction increase on raising the temperature?
 Most of the reactions go faster at higher temperature.
e et t e e t t
lalai.iN
.Nreaction. l a
l a .iN
.N
 Because adding heat to the reactants provides energy to break more bonds and thus speed up the
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 3. Define combination reaction. Give a s saa a ssaa
et
a a a
donedexample for an exothermic combination reaction.a a dd a
w w P P
.is. a reaction in which two or more reactants combineww P P
to.forms
.
.N
 A combination reaction
compound.ww w w ww ww a
ai
 Most of the combination reactions are exothermic reactions.
e e t t
4. Differentiate reversible and irreversible reactions
al e e t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N REVERSIBLE REACTION lalai.iN .NIRREVERSIBLE REACTION
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa ItBothcanforward a as saa It cannot be reversed. a assaa
as
be reversed under suitable conditions
P P a addtake It is unidirectional. It proceeds onlyPinPaforward

a dd
w
w ..
and backward reactions
w
w ..
ww ww
ad
w w
place simultaneously.
It attains equilibrium.
direction.
w w
Equilibrium is not attained.
The reactants cannot be converted completely The reactants can be completely converted into
.P
e e t t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
into products
l a
l i
Ita
.N .N
isifast
products
l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
a
ass a It is relatively slow
aassaa a s
a aa
s
P add
a P aadd
w
VI. Answer in detail

ww .. P ww.. P
ww ww reactions? wwww
w
1. What are called thermolysis

 The molecule is dissociated by the absorption of heat. It is otherwise called ‘Thermolysis’.
 Example - 1: When mercuric oxide is decomposed into mercury metal and oxygen gas.
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
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ww
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ww www.CBSEtips.in
 Example - 2: When calcium carbonate is decomposed into calcium oxide and carbon di oxide.
e et t e et t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  In thermal reaction heat is applied
a a aa s saa
ddto break bonds. In which heat is absorbed are called
a dd
a aassaa
w w ..PP w w ..P P
wwofww www
Endothermic.
2. Explain the types double displacement reactions with examples. w
 When two components react, if their ions are interchanged, then the reaction is called double
eet tdisplacement reaction.

e e t t
lalai.iN l a
l i
a .iN
.NThere are two different types of double displacement .N
reactions.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Precipitation a s saa a ssaa
et
reaction:
a a a
ddsolutions are mixed, if they forms an insolublePandPasoluble
add a
w w PP
 When a two compound of aqueous
.. w w ..
.N
wwwwaqueous solution of potassium iodide is reacts withww
components is called
 Example: When
precipitation reaction.
ww
lead it forms a yellow
ai
precipitate of lead.
eet t al e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Neutralisation reaction: a s
a saa a s
a aa
s
as
 When acid reacts with base ita
P P a ddsalt and water. It is called neutralization. PPaadd
w w .of.Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloride acid. ww. .
forms
wwww wwww
 Example -1: Reaction
ad
.P
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l ai .iN
.N
 Example -2: Reaction of ammonium hydroxide with nitric acid.
l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa add
a aassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
ww .. P ww.. P
wwwinfluencing
w the rate of a reaction. wwww
w
3. Explain the factors

Important factors that affect rate of reaction are; i) Nature of the reactants. ii) Concentration of the
t t t t
reactants. iii) Temperture. iv) Catalyst. v) Pressure. vi) Surface area of the reactants.
ee ee
l a
l i
a .iN
Nature of the Reactants:
.iN
.NThe reaction of sodium with hydrochloric acidlalisaifaster
.Nthan that with acetic acid. Because, l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a ad a a ssaa
dthan acetic acid and thus more reactive. So, thePPnature
aa aas
ddof the
aa
s
w w P
Hydrochloric acid is a stronger
.P
the.reaction
acid
w w ..
wwww wwww
reactants influences rate.
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
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ww
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ww www.CBSEtips.in
e et t e et t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Concentration of the Reactants: aaddaassaa a a da a ssaa
dsubstance
w ..
 Changing the amount of
w P P
the reactants also increases the reaction rate. The
ww P
..
amount P
of the
present in w
aw wwvolume of the solution is called ‘concentration’.wwww
certain
 More the concentration, more particles per volume exist in it and hence faster the reactions.
eet t e et
Granulated zinc reacts faster with 2M hydrochloric acid than 1M hydrochloric acid.
t
lalai.iNTemperature:
l a
l ai .iN
.NMost of the reactions go faster at higher temperature. .N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa s saa s aa
s
Because adding heat to the reactants
a a
et
a add
provides energy to break more bonds aand thus speed up the reaction.
a add a
 Calcium carbonatew
w P P
. .slowly with hydrochloric acid at room temperature.ww P P
. . the reaction
.N
wwwthe reaction rate increases. wwww
reacts When
mixture isw
heated
ai
Pressure:
eet t al e et t
 If the reactants are gases, increasing their pressure increases the reaction rate.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
 This is because, on increasing the pressure the reacting particles come closer and collide
l a
l i
a .iN
.
s
asaa a as saa a as saa
as
frequently.
P Pa a dd P P a add
Catalyst:
w w. .which increases the reaction rate without being consumed
w w . . in the reaction.
wwwadding a substance as catalyst speeds up the reaction.
wwww
 A catalyst is a substance
ad
In certain w
reactions,
 For example, on heating potassium chlorate, it decomposes into potassium chloride and oxygen
.P
e et
gas, t ee t t
but at a slower rate. If manganese dioxide is added, it increases the reaction rate. (Here,
l a
l i
a .iN
.NMnO2 act as a catalyst) l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa aadd a as saa

a add aassaa
P P
w
w w .. P w w .. P
ww
Surface Area of the Reactants:
wwreactants are involve in a reaction, their powdered formw wwwmore readily.
w
 When solid reacts

 For example, powdered calcium carbonate reacts more readily with hydrochloric acid than marble
N eet t N e e t t
chips. Because, powdering of the reactants increases the surface area and more energy is available
l a
l i
a .
i . Non collision of the reactant particles. Thus,
a
the
l l i.i .
reaction
a Nrate is increased.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a add a assaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w ..PP w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
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ww
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ww www.CBSEtips.in
4. How does pH play an important role in everyday life?

e e t t e et t
lalai .iN
.Ndifferent pH values. l a
l a .iN
.N
 Living organisms can survive only in a narrow range of pH change. Different body fluids have
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  pH of blood is ranging fromaa7.35 dd a a
to
s saaAny increase or decrease in this value leads to aassaa
7.45.
a a dd
w w P
diseases. The ideal pH .for
. P
blood is 7.4.
w w ..P P
 It helps inw ww
the w of food without harming the stomach. pH ofww
digestion
wstomach fluid is
the w
approximately 2.0. pH of the saliva normally ranges between 6.5 to 7.5.
e t t t t
 When the pH of the mouth saliva falls below 5.5, the enamel gets weathered.
e e e
lalai.iN .iN
.Nhigh purity. If the pH of rain water is less thanlal7,aithen
.N
 The pH of rain water is approximately 7, which means that it is neutral and also represents its
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  In agriculture, the pH of soilaisavery a s saa a ssaa
et
it is called acid rain.
a
ddimportant. It depends upon the nature and thePrange adofd
a a
w w P
. P
.crops w
w .. P
.N
wwwequilibrium?
w wwww
different soil, different are cultivated.
5. What is a chemical What are its characteristics?
ai
Chemical Equilibrium:
e et t al e t t
 It is state of a reversible chemical reaction in which no change in the amount of the reactants and
e
l a
l i
a .iN
.Nproducts takes place. l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Characteristics a a s sa=aRate of Backward reaction a assaa
as
 At equilibrium, Rate of Forward reaction
of Equilibrium: a
P P a dd P P a a dd
w w . . the rates of the forward and backward reactions arewwequal.
..
ww
 In a chemical equilibrium, ww
ad
w w w w
 The observable properties such as pressure, concentration, colour, density, viscosity etc., of the
system remain unchanged with time.
.P
eet t eet t
 The chemical equilibrium is a dynamic equilibrium, because both the forward and backward
l a
l i
a .iN
.Nreactions continue to occur even though it appears
l a
l i
a N
.Nexternally.
.istatic l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa  In physical equilibrium, the a volumea

add as
of satheaphases remain constant.
all
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
w w .. P ww.. P
wwww wwww
w
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
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ww
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ww www.CBSEtips.in
e e t t LESSON 11 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUND

eet t
lalai .iN
V. N answer questions
.Short l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1. Name aa a as saa formula.
the simplest ketone and give its structural
dd aa a
dd s
a aa
s
 Acetone.
ww P
.. P ww P
..P
wwwwcompounds based on the pattern of carbon wwww
2. Classify the following
chain and give their structural formula: (i) Propane (ii) Benzene (iii) Cyclobutane (iv) Furan
et
e t
S.no Compound
eet t
Formula
Structural formula
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a ssaa assaa
et
Propane aa a
ddCH – CH – CH . add
a a
1
ww ..PP 3 2
w
3
w P
.. P
.N
wwww wwww
ai
eet t 2 Benzene
al eet t
C6 H6.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a s
a aa
s a s
a aa
s
as
PP aadd P Paadd
w w .. ww..
wwwCyclobutane
w wwww
ad
3 C H. 4 8
.P
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N 4 C Hlal ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa ssaa s aa
s
Furan O.4 4
a add aa aa a
dd a
P P
w
ww .. P w
w .. P
w w ww ww ww
w
3. How is ethanoic acid prepared from ethanol? Give the chemical equation.
 Ethanoic acid is prepared in large scale, by the oxidation of ethanol in the presence of alkaline
eet t ee t t
.iN
.N .iN .iN
potassium permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate.
l a
l i
a lalai .N l a
l i
a .
assaa a add a as saa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w ..P P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
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ww
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wwwww.CBSEtips.in
4. How do detergents cause water pollution? Suggest remedial measures to prevent this pollution?
eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.NPhosphates in detergents can lead to fresh water
l a
l a .iN
.N
 Detergents also add another problem for aquatic life by lowering the surface tension of the water.
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa s saa s aa
s
algal blooms that releases toxins and deplete
oxygen in waterways.
a add a a a add a a
w w P P
. . they use up the oxygen available for aquatic life.ww. .
 When the algae decompose, P P
ww:ww
Remedial Measures wwww
 Immediate reduction and evetual eradication of phosphates in detergents.
t t t t
 Awareness among consumers to select washing products with the least amount of polluting
e e e e
lalai.iN. N ingredients.
l a
l a i .iN
. N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a s saa a ssaa
et
5. Differentiate soaps and detergents.
aa dd a aa dd a
Soap
ww P P
.chain Detergent
. fatty acids. It is sodium salts of sulphonic w w ..P P
.N
It is a sodium saltw ww
w w w
of long
It is prepared from animal fats or vegetable
ww acids.
It is prepared from hydrocarbons obtained from
ai
oils. crude oil.
e e t t al e et t
.iN .iN .iN
Soaps are biodegradable. Most of the detergents are non-biodegradable.
l a
l i
a .N l a
l ai .N l a
l i
a .
assaa VI. Long answer questions aaddaassaa a s
a aa
s
as
P P
1. What is called homologous.series? P Pa add
w w . Give any three of its characteristics?
w w ..
ww: is a group or a class of organic compounds having www w general formula and
ad
 Homologous wwseries same

similar chemical properties in which the successive members differ by a - CH group.
2
.P
General characteristics:
e et t e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NThey are represented by a general molecularlformula.
a
l a .iN
.N
 All members of a homologous series contain the same elements and functional group.
i l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa  Chemical properties of the members s s ahomologous

a series are similar. s aa
s
e.g. Alkanes, CnH2n + 2.
aa dd a a
of a
aa a
dd a
P P
w
 All the members canw w P

be.prepared
. by a common method. ww .. P
wwww the IUPAC name of the compound: CH –w ww–wCH –OH.
w
2. Arrive at, systematically, 3 CH 2 2
 Step 1 - It contains 3 carbon atoms (Prop).
eet t
 Step 2 - It contains single bond (ane).
eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NIUPAC of the given formula is (propanol). lalai.iN
 Step 3 - It contains alcohol group –OH (al)
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a add aas aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w ..P P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
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ww
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3. How is ethanol manufactured from sugarcane?

e et t e et t
lalai .iN
.Nsugarcane juice. l a
l a .iN
.N
 Molasses is a dark coloured syrup liquid after the crystallization of sugar from concentrated
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  It contains 30% of sucrose, which a add a a s
cannot
s abeaseparated by crystallization.
a a dd a s
a aa
s
Dilution of Molasses : w. .
w PP ww P
.. P
ww
 Molasses is
wdiluted with water to bring down the concentrationwofwsugar
firstw
wwto about 8 to 10
percent..
t t
Addition of Nitrogen source :
e e e et t
lalai.iN
.Nfermentation process. l a
l ai .iN
.N
 Molasses usually contains enough nitrogenous matter to act as food for yeast during the
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  If the nitrogen content of theamolasses a ssaa a ssaa
et
a a
dd is poor, it may be fortified by the addition P aadd a
w w P
.P
.phosphate. w w .. P
of ammonium
.N
ww
sulphate or ammonium
Addition of Yeastw :w wwww
ai
 The solution obtained in step (ii) is collected in large ‘fermentation tanks’ and yeast is added to it.
eet t al e t t
 The mixture is kept at about 303K for a few days. During this period, the enzymes invertase and
e
l a
l i
a .iN l a
l i
a .iN
.Nzymase present in yeast, bring about the conversion .ofNsucrose into ethanol. l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a a s saa a s
a aa
s
as
P P a a dd P Paadd
w w .. ww..
wwww wwww
ad
Distillation of 'Wash' :
.P
e t t t t
 The fermented liquid (i.e. wash), containing 15 to 18 percent alcohol, is now subjected to
e e e
l a
l i
a .iN
.N fractional distillation.
l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa  The main fraction drawn is an aqueouss

4.5% of water. This is calleda a a a saa of ethanol which contains 95.5% of ethanolaandassaa
solution
dd spirit. aa dd
P P
w
w .. P rectified
refluxed over quicklime for about 5 to 6 hours and thenw
w w P
. . to stand for
www wwww
 This mixture is then allowed
12 hours. w
w
 On distillation of this mixture, pure alcohol (100%) is obtained. This is called absolute alcohol.
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
wwww wwww
ww
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4. Give the balanced chemical equation of the following reactions:

eet t e et t
lalai .iN
.N
(i) Neutralization of NaOH with ethanoic acid.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a a dd a as saa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w P P P
. . by the action of ethanoic acid with NaHCO . ww. .
(ii) Evolution of carbon dioxide P
wwww wwww
3
et
e t eet t
(iii) Oxidation of ethanol by acidified potassium dichromate.
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a ssaa assaa
et
aadda add
a a
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
.N
(iv) Combustion w
www
of ethanol. wwww
ai
e e t t al ee t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 5. Explain a as sa
ofa
aas saa
as
the mechanism of cleansing action soap.
PP a a dd distinct parts that interact differently withPPwater.

aa dd
 It has one polarw w w . . is a short head with a carboxylate group (–COONa)
 A Soap molecule contains two chemically
ww .and. one non–polar
w ww
ad
ww end, which
end having the long tail made of the hydrocarbon chain.
w w
 The polar end is hydrophilic (water loving) in nature and this end is attracted towards water.
.P
eet t e et t
 The non– polar end is hydrophobic (water hating) in nature and it is attracted towards oil and dirt.
l a
l i
a .iN
.NWhen a soap (or) detergent is dissolved in water,
l a
l ai .iNN join together as clusters called lalai.iN
.molecules .
w
assaa aa aa
the
micelles. a as s
dthedsoap molecules makes the micelles soluble inPwater. aa
dThus.
d thess
P a a a a
w
w w ..
 The changed carboxylate P
end of
w w .. P
dirt is washed w
wwith the soap.
wwaway wwww
w
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
wwww wwww
ww
www.Padasalai.Net
ww www.CBSEtips.in
e et
LESSON 12 PLANT ANATOMY AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
t e et t
lalai .V.iNN in a sentence:
.Answer l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1. What is collateral vascular bundle?
aa a
dlies s
a aa
s a
dd isa
d towards the centre and phloem lies towards thePPperiphery
a a
ssaa
called as collateralww P P
 Vascular bundle in which xylem
. . bundle. w w ..
2. Where does the w
wwthat is used in photosynthesis come from? wwww
wcarbon vascular
 Atmosphere
ee t t e et
3. What is the common step in aerobic and anaerobic pathway?t
lalai.iN
.NGlycolysis. l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 4. Name a ssaa are oxidized to release ethyl alcohol. aassaa
et
 Anaerobic respiration orP aadd a
the phenomenon by which carbohydrates
add
a
w w .. P
fermentation
w w P
.. P
.N
wwww
VI. Short answer questions
1. Give an account on vascular bundle of dicot stem.
wwww
ai
 Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral, endarch and open.
e et t al eet t
 They are arranged in the form of a ring around the pith.
l a
l i
a .N
2.i.
N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  The tissue present between theaaupper alower
a epidermis is called mesophyll. It is differentiated aa
Write a short note on mesophyll.
a as s a as s
as
P P dd parenchyma.
and
P P a add
ww ..
into Palisade parenchyma and Spongy
w w ..
theww of oxysomes. wwww
ad
3. Draw and label ww structure

Ans:-
.P
ee t
4. Name the three basic tissues system in flowering plants.
t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NGround tissue system
 Dermal or Epidermal tissue system
l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa  Vascular tissue system aaddaassaa aa a

dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
5. What is photosynthesisw
w P
. .where in a cell does it occur? ww .. P
www www
and
w w
w
 Plants prepare their own food with the help of sunlight and water. This process is called
Photosynthesis.
e t t
 It occurs in leaf, stem and green part of plants.
e e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
6. What is respiratory quotient?
l ala i.iN
. N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 𝑅. 𝑄 =a
a a as saa
Volume of CO2 liberated
dd𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑂2 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
wwww wwww
ww
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ww www.CBSEtips.in
7. Why should the light dependent reaction occur before the light independent reaction?
eet t ee t t
lalai .iN
.Nreactions provide the energy to from carbohydrates
l a
l a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
 In the light-independent reaction or calvin cycle, the energized electrons from the light dependent
i i .
assaa 8. Write the reaction for photosynthesis? s saa s aa
s
from carbon dioxide molecules.
a a dd aa aa a
dd a
ww P
.. P w w P
.. P
wwww wwww
ee t t eet t
lalai.iN.N
1. Differentiate the following
l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa ssaa ssaa
a) Monocot root and Dicot root
a a
et
Tissue
a add aMonocot root Dicot root
add
a a
Number of Xylemw w P P
. .Tetrach Polyarchww P
.. P
.N
Cambiumw www Present (during seconadry growth) w www
Absent
ai
Secondary growth Present Absent
eet
Pitht al Absent
e et t Present
l a
l i
a .iN
b) N and Anaerobic respiration
.Aerobic l a
l a i .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa It takes place Aerobic respiration ass
a aa aassaa
as
P P a dd
a
Anaerobic respiration
It takes place in lower plants (yeastP Pa dd
a
w w ..
in higher plants and animals
w w . .and
ww ww
ad
w w
Oxygen is utilized for respiration
bacteria)
w w
Oxygen is not utilized for respiration
.P
Glucose is completely oxidized Incomplete oxidation of glucose is oxidized

e e t t e et
istproduced
l a
l i
a .iN
.N More energy in produced
l a
l ai N.Nproducts are ethanol or lactic acid,
.iend
Less energy
l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa s saa ssaa

The end products are CO , H O and energy The
a a
2 2
a add a CO and energy.

a add a
P P
w
ww .. P 2
w w .. P
wwwthree wwww use to obtain
w stages of cellular respiration that aerobic organisms
w
2. Describe and name

energy from glucose.
e t t
Stages of Aerobic respiration
e ee t t
l a
l i
a .iN
a) N (Glucose splitting):
.Glycolysis l a
l ai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  ItGlycolysis
is the breakdown of one molecule ofs
aa a a saa into two molecules of pyruvic acid. aassaa
glucose
ddof the cell. aadd
P P
. .aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
takes place in cytoplasm
 It is the first step ofw
w w w ..P P
wwww both
wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
wwww wwww
ww
www.Padasalai.Net
ww
www.CBSEtips.in
b) Krebs Cycle:
e et t e e t t
lalai .iN
.NAt the end of glycolysis, 2 molecules of pyruvic
 This cycle occurs in mitochondria matrix.
l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  The oxidation of pyruvic acidaaintoddaCOassandaawater takes place through this cycle. aaddaassaa
acid enter into mitochondria.
.P P .PP
2
w
c) Electron Transport Chain
w . w w .
wwonww
 ETC located the inner membrane of the mitochondria. wwww
 NADH2 and FADH2 molecules formed during glycolysis and Krebs cycle are oxidised to NAD+
e t t
and FAD+ to release the energy via electrons.
e e e t t
lalai .iN. N l a
l i
a .iN. N
3. How does the light dependent reaction differ from the light independent reaction? What are the
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a ss aa assaa
et
end product and reactants in each? Where does each reaction occur within the chloroplast?
a a dd a add
a a
P P
.of.light
Light dependent reaction
w w P
.light.
Light independent reaction
It takes place in the absenceww P
.N
wHillwwreaction or Light reaction It is also known asw
It takes place in the presence
It is also known asw wwwCycle or Dark
Calvin
of
ai
reaction
ee t t al It is namedtCalvin
It is named as Hill reaction after its discoverer Hill
ee t Cycle after its discoverer
l a
l i
a .iN.N l a
l i
a .iN.NCalvin. l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Reactants - Light, Water, ADP andaNADPH aa Reactants - CO , ATP and NADPH aassaa
Melvin
aass
as
PP dd
a 2
P P
2
a add
w w ..
End Product - O , ATP and NADPH
2 2 End Product -
w
Carbohydrate.
w ..
w wwof the chloroplast
w membranes (Grana) It takes place in thewstroma
ad
It takes place inw w

the thylakoid w
of the chloroplast.
.P
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa add
a aassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
w
w .. P ww.. P
wwww wwww
w
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
wwww wwww
ww
www.Padasalai.Net
ww www.CBSEtips.in
e etLESSON 13 STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS

t eet t
lalai .iN
V. N in a sentence
.Answer l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1. Give aa
the common name of the Hirudinaria
a a
ssagranulosa.
a a
dd granulosa is Indian Cattle Leech. PPaadd s
a aa
s
w w P P
 The common name of the Hirudinaria
.. ww..
www w
2. How does leech respire?
 Leech respires through the skin. wwww
3. Write the dental formula of rabbit.
e e t t ee
(Canines- 2/0, Incisors – 0/0, Pre Molar – 3/2, Molar – 3/3 ).t t
lalai.iN
4. Nmany pairs of testes are present in leech?lalai.iN
.How .N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 5. How a s aa
ins assaa
et
a a a
 Eleven (11) pairs of testes are present
dd leech.
a a dd a
P P
. .and premolar forms the diastema. Diastema helpsw
is diastema formed in rabbit?
w w w P P
. . and
.N
w w ww
 The gap between incisors
ww ww in mastication
chewing of food in rabbit.
ai
6. What organs are attached to the two bronchi?
ee t t al
 Lungs are attached to the two bronchi eet t
l a
l i
a .N
7.i.
N
Which organ acts as suction pump in leech? la l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Pharynx acts as suction pumpaaindleech. a assaa a s
a aa
s
as
8. What does CNS stand for?.P P d P Paadd
w w . ww..
forww Nervous System. wwww
ad
 CNS stands ww Central

9. Why is the teeth of rabbit called heterodont?
.P
 As there are three different kinds of teeth (Incisors, Premolars and Molars)` in rabbit, the dentition
e t
ise
t e et t
l a
l i
a .iNN does leech suck blood from the host? lalai.iN
.How called heterodont.
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa  Leech attaches itself to the body s saa ssaa

10.
add
aofa a
the host by suckers. Jaws of mouth causes
a
wound.
add
Then a a
the
P P
w
blood is sucked byw

w.. P w w .. P
www wwww
pharynx.
VI. Short answerw
w
questions
1. Why are the rings of cartilages found in trachea of rabbit?
t t t t
 Tracheal walls are supported by rings of cartilage. Cartilage is flexible tissue. They help in the
e e e e
l a
l i
a .iN
.N free passage of air.
l ala i.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 2. List out
Blood is sucked by pharynx.a a a as
the parasitic adaptations in leech.
dd s aa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w P.P
.suckers help the leech attacks itself to the body of thew
w ..P P
wwww wwww
 Anterior and posterior host.
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
wwww wwww
ww
www.Padasalai.Net
ww www.CBSEtips.in
 The three jaws inside the mouth, causes a painless Y–shaped wound in the skin of the host.
eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N  Blood is stored in the crop.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1. How is the circulatory system designed ssaato compensate the heart structure? aassaa
a add a a
in leech
aadd
 haemocoelic system - .
w w NoP
. P
true blood vessels.
w w ..PP
www
 Haemocoelic w – contains blood like fluid.
channels wwww
 There are four longitudinal channels are there:
eet t
 Dorsal channel - lies above alimentary canal
e et t
lalai.iN.N
 Ventral channel - lies below
i
alimentary
l a
l a .iN
. N
canal
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  All the four channels connected

a s aa
s assaa
et
Lateral channel - lies either sides of the canals.
a a a
dtogether
d at 26 segment. aa dd a
P P
th
w w .P
.place w w .. P
.N
 Locomotion ww ww
2. How does locomotion take in leech?
www
in leech takes place by (i) Looping or crawling movement
w
and (ii) Swimming
ai
movement.
e et t
i) Looping or crawling movement :
al e e t t
l a
l i
a .iN i .iN
.N and relaxation of muscles. The two lalai.iN
.NThis type of movement is brought about by thelalacontraction .
assaa ii) Swimming a as aa on a substratum.
s aassaa
as
suckers serve for attachment during movement
PP aadd P P a add
movement :
 Leeches swimw w w . . and perform undulating movements in water. ww. .
w ww
ad
w w very actively
ww
3. Explain the male reproductive system of rabbit with a labelled diagram.
 Male reproductive system of rabbit consist of a
.P
eet t eet t
.iN
.NTestes are enclosed by scrotal sacs. lalai.iN .iN
pair of testes.
l a
l i
a .N l a
l i
a .
w
assaa  Each testis consists of numerous a add a

finea ssaa
tubules
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
w w ..
called seminiferous tubule.P ww.. P
w w
 Epididymis leadswwto vas deferens. w
w ww
w
 The vas deferens join in the urethra just below

the urinary bladder. The urethra runs backward
eet t e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NThere are three accessory glands namely lalai.iN
and passes into the penis.
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a dd
prostate gland, cowper’s gland and
a a as saagland. Their secretions are involved in reproduction.
perineal
a add a as aa
s
w w ..P P w w ..P P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
wwww wwww
ww
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e e t
LESSON 14 TRANSPIRATION IN PLANTS AND CIRCULATION IN
t e et t
lalai .iN
.N HUMANS
l a
l a i .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa V.1. Name
Answer in a word or sentence
two layered protectiveP aa a as aa
s
ddof human heart. aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww . P
.covering
covering
ww P
..P
ww ww
 Two layered protective of human heart is Pericardium.
w
w ww
2. What is the shape of RBC in human blood?
 RBCs of human blood are biconcave or disc-shaped.
e et t e et t
lalai.iN.N
3. Why is the colour of the blood red?
l a
l i
a
 Blood is colour red due to the pigment hemoglobin. .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 4. Which kind of cells are found inatheaddlymph?
aassaa a s aa
s
et
a add a
w ..
 White Blood cells (WBC)
w P Pare found in the lymph.
w w ..P P
.N
w
5. Name the heart
w wwassociated with the major arteries leaving the w
valve
w ww
ventricles.
 Semilunar valves are associated with the major arteries (Pulmonary artery and aorta) leaving the
ai
ventricles.
e et t al e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l ai .iN
.N
6. Mention the artery which supplies blood to the heart muscle.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa VI. Short answer questions aaddaassaa aa
 Coronary artery supplies blood to the heart muscles.
aass
as
P P P P aa dd
w
1. What causes the opening
w . . closing of guard cells of stomata during transpiration?
and w w ..
wwandwwclosing of the stomata is due to the change in turgidity
wwwofwthe guard cells.
ad
 The opening
 When turgidity increases within the two guard cells stoma opens.
.P
t t t t
 When the guard cells lose water, it becomes flaccid and the stoma closes
e e e e
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
2. What is cohesion?
l a
l i
a .iN
. N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa 3. Trace the pathway followed by awater

 The force of attraction between
a a ssaa
molecules
a of water is called cohesion
a as s
ddmolecules from the time it enters a plant rootPPtoatheaddtime it
aa
P
w
w w .from
. P w w ..
wwww wwww
escapes into the atmosphere a leaf.
w
e t t e t t
4. What would happen to the leaves of a plant that transpires more water than its absorption in the
e e
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
roots?
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  When Dehydration affects growth,aa aa ssaaby the roots, the plant dehydrates.
transpiration exceeds water absorption
dd etc. which can result in wilting and dying aa aas saa
dthedplant.
w w P
..P photosynthesis
w w ..PPof
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5. Describe the structure and working of the human heart.

eet t e e t t
lalai .iN
.N Heart is a pumping organ.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Two upper thin walled artium.aaddaassaa aa
 Human heart is four chambered.
a
dd s
a s
P P
. .ventricles. P
..Paa
w w
 Two lower thick walled
ww deoxygenated blood from varies parts of the w w
w
wwreceives
 Right atrium www
body.
 Right and left auricles blood into the right and left ventricles.
t t t t
 Aorta supplies oxygenated blood to varies parts of the body.
ee ee
lalai.iN. N l a
l i
 The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart.
a .iN
. N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  When the blood circulates twice a s saa assaa
et
6. Why is the circulation in man referred to as double circulation?
a a a
dthrough dd
d the heart in one complete cycle, it is calledPPdouble
a a a
ww P
.. P w w ..
.N
circulation.
7. What are heartww ww
sounds? How are they produced? wwww
ai
 Lubb during the closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valve.
e t t
 Dubb during the closure of semilunar valve.
e al eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
8. N is the importance of valves in the heart?lalai.iN
.What .N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 9. Who  Valves regulate the blood into a singles
a a saa and prevent back flow of blood. a s
a aa
s
as
direction
P P a a dd PPaadd
ww .discovered
.
discovered Rh factor? Why was it named so?
w w ..
ww
 Landsteiner and ww
ad
w w weiner Rh factor in
 It was found in rhesus monkey so it is called as.
1940.
w w
10. How are arteries and veins structurally different from one another?
.P
N eet t N e e t t
N N .iN
S.no Arteries Veins
l a
l i
a .
i .
. Wall of artery is strong, thick and elastic.lalai iWall
. of veins is weak, thin and non l a
l i
a .
w
assaa 1
a a ddaassaa elastic.
aada
d s
a aa
s
P P
w
2
w w
Internal valves are P
. .absent. Internal valves are present . .
ww P
ww w w ww w w
w
11. Why is the Sinoatrial node called the pacemaker of heart?

 It is capable of initiating impulse which can stimulate the heart muscles to contract.
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
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12. Differentiate between systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation.

eet t ee t t
lalai .iN
.N It occurs between the heart and the entirelalai.iItN
S.no Systemic circulation
N between heart and the lungs.
.occurs Pulmonary circulation
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1
body.
a add aa ssaa
a add aassaa
w w P P
. . from the heart to It carries deoxygenated bloodw w PP
.from
.
2 w w
It carries oxygenated
wwthe body.
around to lungs. ww w w heart
It carries deoxygenated blood to the heart. It carries oxygenated blood to heart from
3
ee t t lungs. t
ee t
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 13. TheArterial a s saa0.8 sec. What is the timing for each event? aassaa
et
a a dd a
complete events of cardiac cycle last for
aa dd
systole
ww P P
.0.3. sec.
- 0.1 sec.
w w P
.. P
.N
wwww
 Ventricle systole
 Ventricle diastole
-
- 0.4 sec.
wwww
ai
VIII. Long answer questions
eet t al e t
e t
.iN N .iN
1. How do plants absorb water? Explain.
l a
l i
a .NWater is absorbed along with minerals, by thelalroot
ai .Npurely by diffusion.
.ihairs, l a
l i
a .
assaa  Root hairs are thin walled, slender a as saaof epidermal cell that increase the surface areaaofassaa
as
P P a add extension
PP a add
absorption.
w w .. w w..
 Once the waterww the root hairs, the concentration of water molecules wwin the root hair cells
ad
w w enters
become more than that of the cortex.
w w
 Thus water from the root hair moves to the cortical cells by osmosis and then reaches the xylem.
.P
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN From
i .iN
.NOnce water is absorbed by the root hairs, it canlalamove .N
there the water is transported to the stem and leaves.
l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa s aa s aa
deeper into root layers by two distinct
dd a a s dd a a s
pathways:
P aa P a a
w
 Apoplast pathway :. .
w w P Movement of water occurs exclusively through the
w w P
. .intercellular
spaces andw ww w of the cells. wwww
w
the walls
 Symplast pathway : Movement the water travels through the cells.
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
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2. What is transpiration? Give the importance of transpiration.

e et t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
 Transpiration is the evaporation of water in plants through stomata in the leaves.
i i .
assaa  Creates transpirational pull foraatransport ssaawater. s aa
s
Importance of Transpiration:
dd aa of
aa a
dd a
w w ..PP
 Supplies water for photosynthesis.
ww P
..P
 Transportswwwwfrom soil to all parts of the plant.
minerals wwww
 Cools the surface of the leaves by evaporation.
t t
 Keeps the cells turgid; hence, maintains their shape.
e e ee t t
lalai .iN
. N l a
l i
a .iN
. N l a
l i
a .iN
.
3. Why are leucocytes classified as granulocytes and agranulocytes? Name each cell and mention its
assaa  Granulocytes : They containagranules a s saa assaa
et
functions.
a a
dd in their cytoplasm. add
a a
w w P P P
. .are not found in the cytoplasm of these cells. ww. . P
.N
wwwof granulocytes / wwww
 Agranulocytes : Granules
wName
S.no Functions
ai
agranulocytes
1 tt t t
i .
i N
. Nee Neutrophils
al i .N ee
Increase their number during infection and
.iN i .iN
.
ssaal a
la 2 ss l a
l a
inflammation.
aIncrease l
a their number during allergy and parasitic aassaa a
l a
a aa
as
Eosinophils
P Paadd infections. P Paadd

w w.. ww ..
wwww wwww
ad
3 Basophils It releases chemicals during inflammation

4 Lymphocytes They produce antibodies during viral and
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bacterial infection.
N e t
5et Monocytes
N e et t
l a
l i
a .
i . N l a
l a i .
i . N
They are phagocytic and can engulf bacteria
l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa 4. Differentiate between systole andaadiastole.

aa s saa
dd Explain the conduction of heart beat. PPaadd aassaa
P
w
w w . P
.Systole w w ..
S.no
It is thew
w ww wwofww
Diastole
w
1 contraction of atrium and ventricles. It is the relaxation atrium and

ventricles.
eet2
t
Due to systole, the auricles and ventricles Due totdiastole, the auricles are filled with
e e t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N push the blood out of heart. lalai.iN N
.blood. l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 3 Atrial a as s
systole lasts about 0.1 seconds.
Ventricular systole lasts aa
aa Ventricular diastole lasts about 0.4 aassaa
dd0.3 seconds. seconds a a dd
w w P
.. P about
w w ..P P
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The conduction of heart beat

e t
e t e e t t
lalai .iN
.Nwhich can stimulate the heart muscles to contract.
l a
l a .iN
.N
 Sino-atrial node acts as the ‘pacemaker’ of the heart because it is capable of initiating impulse
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  The impulse from the sinoatrial aa dd a
node a s saaas a wave of contraction over the right and leftaatrial
spreads
a add a s saa
w w P
. P
wall pushing the blood.through P
the atrioventricular valves into the ventricles. . .P
wwwhich is stimulated
 The wave wofw
ww from SA node reaches the atrioventricularw
contraction w w
(AV) wnode
to emit an impulse of contraction spreading to the ventricular muscle via the atrioventricular
e et t
bundle and the Purkinje fibres.
ee t t
lalai.iN
. N
5. Enumerate the functions of blood.
l a
l ai .iN
. N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Transport of respiratory gasesaa(Oxygen a s s aa assaa
et
Functions of blood:
a
dd and CO ). add
a a
w w P P
. . materials to the different body cells.
2
w
w P
.. P
.N
 Transport w ofw
ww
 Transport of digested food
hormones. wwww
ai
 Transport of nitrogenous excretory products like ammonia, urea and uric acid.
ee t t al e t t
 It is involved in protection of the body and defense against diseases.
e
l a
l i
a .iN
.NIt acts as buffer and also helps in regulation lofalpHai.iandN
.Nbody temperature. l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  It maintains proper water balance a as aa
s a s
a aa
s
as
in the body.
P P a a dd P Paadd
w w .. w
w ..
wwww wwww
ad
.P
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa add
a aassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
w
w .. P ww.. P
wwww wwww
w
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
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e et t LESSON 15 NERVOUS SYSTEM

ee t t
lalai .iN
VI. N answer questions
.Short l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1. Define stimulus.
aa a as saa
dindthe environmental condition, that are detected P a add a assaa
present in the body.w
w ..PP
 ‘Stimulus’ refers to the changes
w w .. P
by receptors
wof w
2. Name the parts w
w
the hind brain.
wwww
 Hindbrain is formed of three parts
e e t t
a) Cerebellum,
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lalai.ib)NN and
.Pons l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 3.c)What a ss aa assaa
et
Medulla oblongata
aa dd a add
a a
P P
.in. the protection of brain are
are the structures involved
w w
in the protection of brain?
w
w P
.. P
.N
 The structuresw w ww
a) Skull
w w involved
w
w
ai
b) Three membranes of meninges
e et t al ee t t
l a
l i
a .ic)NN
i) Duramater ii) Arachnoid membrane and iii) Piamater
.Cerebrospinal l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 4. Give an example for conditionedaareflexes. aa aa
fluid.
a a s s a s
a s
as
P P
 Playing harmonium by.striking
da dparticular key on seeing a music note is an example
P P aa dd
w w . w w .. of
ww which required conscious training effort. wwww
ad
ww
conditioned reflexes
5. Which acts as a link between the nervous system and endocrine system?
.P
 Hypothalamus acts as a link between the nervous system and endocrine system.
e et t e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
6. Define reflex arc.
l a
l ai .iN
.Nwithout consciouness. The pathway lalai.iN
.NA reflex action is any response that occurs automatically .
w
assaa aa dd a
taken by nerve impulse to accomplish as saa
reflex action is called reflex arc.
a a ddaassaa
P P
w
ww .. P w
w .. P
www actions. wwww
VII. Differentiate between
1. Voluntary andw
w
involuntary
S.no. Voluntary actions Involuntary actions
eet1
t
The Voluntary actions are under the control
e et t
Involuntary action are not under our
l a
l i
a .iN
.N of our will. E.g: Eating, Locomotion etc.lalai.iN N E.g: Breathing,Heart beat etc.
.control. l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 2 Involuntary
e.g Breathing,Heart beata a dda as
action are not under oursaa It is controlled by the spinal cord. aassaa
control.
aa dd
w w ..P P etc.
w w ..PP
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2. Medullated and non-medullated nerve fibre.

eet t e et t
lalai .iN
.N1 The axon is covered with myelin sheath.lalai.iTheN
S.no. Non-medullated nerve fibre
.Naxon is not covered by myelin
Medullated nerve fibre
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa dd aassaa
sheath.
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w P P
. . matter. w w P
.. P
wwwas Myelinated nerve fibre Also known as Non-myelinated
wwww nerve
2 They form the white They form the grey matter.
3 Alsow
known
fibre.
e t
e t eet t
lalai.iN
.NLong answer questions
VIII.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1.Cyton
With a neat labelled diagram explain thes
a saa of a neuron. assaa
et
a add a structure
add
a a
:
w w P
.P
.body. w
w P
.. P
.N
w ww
 Cyton is also called
w cell
w
w ww
 It has a central nucleus with abundant cytoplasm
ai
called neuroplasm.
e et t
 Neurons do not have the ability to divide.
al eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  These are the numerous branched aa aa
Dendrites:
a a ss a s
a s
as
P P a add of the cell
cytoplasmic
P Paadd
w w ..
processes that project from the surface
ww..
ww nerve impulses towards the ww
ad
w w
body. They conduct
cyton.
w
w
 The branched projections increase the surface
.P
e et t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.Ncells.
area for receiving the signals from other nerve
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa Axon: a add a as saa

a add a a ssaa
P P
w
w w P
. . slender projection.
 The axon is a single, elongated,
w w .. P
ww ww of axon is called axolemma, while the cytoplasm
wwwiswcalled axoplasm. It
w
 The plasma membrane

carries impulses away from the cyton.
eet eet
 Myelin sheath breaks at intervals by depressions called Nodes of Ranvier.
t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
 Myelin sheath acts as insulator and ensures rapid transmission of nerve impulses.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
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2. Illustrate the structure and functions of brain.

e e t t ee t t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N
 A human brain is formed of three main parts: (a) forebrain (b) midbrain and (c) hindbrain.
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
 Forebrain: The forebrain is formed of cerebrum
dd a as s and diencephalon. The latter consists of dorsal
dd a a ss
P
.. P a a
thalamus and ventral hypothalamus.
P
.. P a a
Cerebrum ww w w
wwwpart
 It is the largest wportion. wwww
 It is divided into two halves of cerebral hemisphere.
e t t t t
 The outer part is formed of white matter called cerebral cortex.
e ee
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
. N
 The inner part is formed of grey matter called cerebral medulla.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Thalamus:

a ssaa assaa
et
It is responsible for thinking, intelligence, memory, imagination and reasoning.
a a dd a add
a a
w w P
. P
.medulla. w w P
.. P
.N
ww
 It is a centre
ww
 It is present in cerebral
of sensory and motor signaling. wwww
ai
 It acts as relay centre.
ee t t
Hypothalamus:
al eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NIt lies at the base of thalamus. l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Midbrain: a as sasexual
a desire, anger, fear, etc. a s
a aa
s
as
It controls hunger, thirst, sleep, sweating,
P P a a dd P Paadd
w w . .brain and hind brain ww..
ww
 It is located between ww
ad
ww fore
 It controls visual and hearing reflexes.
w w
Hind brain:
.P
ee t t e et t
 It is formed of 3 parts cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa  It is second largest part of brain. aa aa

Cerebellum:
a s
a s
ddand maintance body balance. a
dd s
a s
 It coordinates voluntary.P a a P aa
w
w w . P
movements
ww.. P
w w ww w
w ww
w
Pons:
 It connects the lobes of cerebellum.
 It controls respiration and sleep cycle.
ee t t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NIt connects spinal cord and various parts of brain.
Medulla oblongata:
l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  It controls vomiting and salivation.aa dd a as saa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w ..P P w
w P
.. P
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3. What will you do if someone pricks your hand with a needle? Elucidate the pathway of response
eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N
with a neat labelled diagram.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa sstheaa aa
 When a needle pricks our hand, we withdraw
our hand away from the sourced a
ofd a a
dd s
a s
P P aa pain,
. . in turn triggers an P
..Paa
w w
needle. This stimulus (pain)
ww
impulse inwwwwneuron.
sensory wwww
 The sensory neuron transmits or conveys the
eet t message to the spinal cord.

e et t
lalai.iN
.Nimpulse is passed on to the relay neuron which
 Spinal cord interprets the stimulus and the
l a
l ai .iN. N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Motor neurons carry command a ss aa a s saa
et
in turn transmits it to a motor neuron.
a a dfroma
d spinal cord to our arm. aadd a
 Muscle in our armw w P P
. . and we withdraw our hand immediately from thewwsource P P
. . of pain, the
.N
www wwww
contracts
needle. w
ai
4. Describe the structure of spinal cord.
e t t
 Cylindrical structure.
e al eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NProtected by vertebral coloumn. l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Covered a a s saa a s
a aa
s
as
by meninges.
P P a addfluid (CSF). P Paadd

w w .and
.
Spinal cord contains cerebrospinal
ww..
ww
 It contains white ww
ad
w w matter grey matter (H shaped).

 Afferent root – fiber pass into the posterior horn.
w
w
 Efferent root – Fiber pass into the anterior horn.Spinal cord conducts sensory and motor impulses
.P
eto tand
t e t t
i.5.iN N
.How e from the brain.
i .
i N
. N e i.iN.
l a
l a l a
l a l a
l a
w
assaa  All the information from theaenvironment

nerve impulses are transferred
a
from
a as saa
one neuron to next neuron?
dd are detected by the receptors located inP oura a aas
ddorgans saa
P
w
w w P
. . the skin etc. w w .. P sense
ww
such as the eyes, the
ww
nose,
wwisww
w
 Information from the receptors is transmitted as electrical impulse and received by the dendritic
tips of the neuron.
t t t t
 This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body and then along the axon to its terminal end.
ee ee
l a
l i
a .iN i.iN
.NOn reaching the axonal end, it causes the nervelalaendings
.Nto release a chemical called l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa neurotransmitter which diffuses acrosss
dendrites of the next neuron,a a a a asasynapse
a and starts a similar electrical impulse in theaassaa
ddto their cell body to be carried along the axon. PPaadd
 In this way, thew w w P P
. .signal reaches the brain or spinal cord.
then
ww ..
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 The response from brain (or spinal cord) is similarly passed on

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toe
t t e e t t
lalai .iN
.Nundergoes the desired response.
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l a
l i
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l a
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aa a
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a aa
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w w P
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e e eet t
lalai .iN
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l i
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l i
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l i
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a aa
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e et t LESSON 16 PLANT AND ANIMAL HORMONES

eet t
lalai .iN
VI N in a word or sentence
.Answer l a
l i
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.N l a
l i
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.
assaa 1. Which aa aa
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dd sofa
s a flowers in Cucurbits?
male
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
 Gibberellins
ww P P
. . auxin. w
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wwww Acetic Acid.
2. Write the name of a synthetic
 2,4 Dichlorophenoxy wwww
3. Which hormone induces parthenocarpy in tomatoes?
e et t
 Gibberellins.
eet t
lalai.iN
4. N is the hormone responsible for the secretion
.What l a
l ai N
.Nin female after child birth?
of.imilk
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 5. Name a s saa assaa
et
 Prolactin
a a a
ddwater and mineral metabolism in man. PPaadd a
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the hormones which regulates
w w w w ..
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 Aldesterone. w w ww
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6. Which hormone is secreted during emergency situation in man?
w w
ai
 Adrenalin and nor Adrenalin
eet t al eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NPancreas. l a
l a .iN
7. Which gland secretes digestive enzymes and hormones?
i .N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 8. Name the endocrine glands associated aa s s akidneys.
a a s
a aa
s
as
P P a add with
P Paadd
 Adrenal gland.
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1. What are synthetic auxins? Give examples.
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 Artificially synthesized auxins that have properties like auxins are called as synthetic auxins.
e e t t 2, 4 D (2,4 Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid). e et t
l a
l i
a .iN N is bolting? How can it be induced artificially?
.What
Example:
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa  Bolting : Treatment of rosetteaaplants s saa s aa

s
2.
dda a
with gibberellin induces sudden shoot
a
elongation
a dd aa
followed by
P P
w
w w P
. .bolting. w w .. P
ww
flowering. This is called
ww by artificial treatment with plant hormone gibberellin. w www
w
 It is induced
 It causes stem elongation in plants under normal condition.
t t t t
3. Bring out any two physiological activities of abscisic acid.
ee e e
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l alai.iN
.N
 ABA promotes the process of abscission (separation of leaves, flowers and fruits from the
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa branch). ABA promotes
a
senescence
aa dd as
in
s aa
leaves by causing loss of chlorophyll.
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww ..P P w w P
.. P
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4. What will you do to prevent leaf fall and fruit drop in plants? Support your answer with reason.
e et t eet t
lalai .iN
.Nabscission layer thus delay the abscission oflleaves
al i
a N
.Nfruits. So leaf and fruit can remain
.iand
 We can spray auxins to prevent leaf fall and fruit drop in plants. Auxins prevent the formation of
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa attached to the stem long time. d
aa da a s saa
aadd aassaa
w w ..P
5. What are chemical messengers? P ww ..P P
 Hormonesw ww
are w messengers that control and coordinate essential
powerful wwww processes such as
growth, metabolism and fertility by carrying messges from endocrine glands to target cells and
e et t
tissues.
e et t
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
6. Write the differences between endocrine and exocrine gland.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa They secrete hormones aaddaassaa They secrete enzymes, saliva and milkaaddaassaa
et
Endocrine gland Exocrine gland
w w .P. P w w .P. P
.N
w w ww
They are ductless gland
w w ww
They may have or may not have ducts
They are transported through blood stream They are transported through ducts or tubes
ai
eet t al eet t
.iN .iN .iN
7. What is the role of parathormone?
l a
l i
a .NRole of parathormone l a
l i
a .N l a
l i
a .
assaa  The parathormone regulates acalcium a a ss aphosphorus
a metabolism in the body. a as saa
as
P P a dd to maintain blood calcium levels. PPaadd
and
 They act on bone, kidney
w w ..and intestine
ww ..
ww secreted by posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
ww
ad
w w
8. What are the hormones
which they exert their effect.
w w Mention the tissues on
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N N t t
ee or Antidiuretic hormone Tissues ofe
N N t t
e tubules N
l a
l i
a .
i . Vasopressin
l a
l ai .
i . kidney
l a
l i
a.i .
w
assaa 9. Why are thyroid hormones referred s saa ssaa

Oxytocin Tissues of uterus and mammary gland
a a a a
ddas personality hormone? aadd aa
P P
w
 As thyroid hormones w w .. P (T3) and Tetraiodothyronine (T4) orww P

. . are
ww ww (Triiodothyronine
normal physical, mental and personality development,w wwarewalso known as
Thyroxine)
w
essential for they

personality hormone.
e et t eet t
10. Which hormone requires iodine for its formation? What will happen if intake of iodine in our
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
diet is low?
lal i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Triiodothyronine
Less intake of Iodine leads toaa a a ssaa
(T3) and Tetraiodothyronine.
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VIII. Long answer questions

eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.NEthylene is the gaseous plant hormone. lalai.iN .N
1. (a) Name the gaseous plant hormone. Describe its three different actions in plants.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Ethylene promotes the ripening a add
of a as
fruits
saaTomato, Apple, Mango, Banana, etc. aassaa
E.g:
aadd
w w P P
. . of stem and root in dicots.
 Ethylene inhibits the elongation
w w P
.. P
wwwwthe senescence of leaves and flowers.
 Ethylene hastens wwww
 Ethylene breaks the dormancy of buds, seeds and storage organs.
t t
(b) Which hormone is known as stress hormone in plants? Why?
e e eet t
lalai .iN
.Nkinds of stress. So, it is called as stress hormone.
l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
 Abscisic acid (ABA) is the stress hormone. Because it increases tolerance of plants to various
.
assaa 2. Describe an experiment which demonstrates a s aa
s a s saa
et
a a a
dd that growth stimulating hormone is produced
a a a
ddat the
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w ..P P
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tip of coleoptile.
 Frits Warmolt Went demonstrate the effect of auxin in plants.
ai
 He did experiments in Avena coleoptiles.
ee t t al e
 In his experiment he removed the tip of Avena coleoptiles.
et t
l a
l i
a .iN ai .iN
.NThe cut tip did not grow. Indicates somethinglalessential
.Nfor growth. l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  InIt also a as saaon tip. a s
a aa
s
as
second experiment he placed agar block
P P a add P Paadd
w w ..
did not shown any response.
ww..
ww
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ad
w w agar
 It grew straight up.
block.
w
w
 He conclude that it need some chemical on the top of coleoptiles responsible for growth.
.P
e et t
 He named the chemical Auxin means to grow. e et t
l a
l i
a .iN N the physiological effects of gibberellins. lalai.iN
.Write .N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa  Gibberellins break dormancyaofadpotato aa aa

3.
a as s
dof seedless fruits. (E.g: Tomato)
tubers.
ddaass
P P a a
w
w w ..
 Gibberellins inducing the P
formation
w w .. P
w w ww the production of male flowers in monoeciouswplants
 Gibberellins promote
w ww(Cucurbits).
w
 Treatment of rosette plants with gibberellin induces sudden shoot elongation followed by
flowering. This is called bolting.
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lala .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
 Application of gibberellins stimulates extraordinary elongation of internode. eg: Corn and Pea.
i i .
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
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w P
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4. Where are estrogens produced? What is the role of estrogens in the human body?
ee t t ee t t
lalai .iN al a .iN
.NIt brings about the changes that occur duringlpuberty.
.N
 Estrogens are produced by the Graafian follicles of the ovary.
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  It initiates the process of Oogenesis.
a add a a ssaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w P P
. . of ovarian follicles in the ovary.
 It stimulates the maturation
w
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the development
5. What are the conditions which occur due to lack of ADH and insulin? How are the conditions
t t
different from one another?
e e e et t
lalai.iN
.NLack of Insulin causes Diabetes mellitus. lalai.iN
 Lack of ADH causes Diabets insipidus.
.N l a
l i
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assaa a s aa
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et
a add a add
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al e et t
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l a
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Polydipsia
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s a s
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e et
LESSON 17 REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
t eet t
lalai .iN
V. N in a word or sentence
.Answer l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1.ovules? a a a as saahow many pollen grains are needed to fertilize
If one pollen grain produces two male gametes,
dd a a dd a as s
10aa
ww P
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 Ten pollen grains are needed to fertilize 10 ovules.
 Because ofw double
2. In which part of the flower germination of pollen grains takes place?
e e t t
 Stigma surface of the flower.
eet t
lalai.iN
3. .Name i
a .iN
N two organisms which reproduces throughlalbudding.
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 4. Mention a s saa assaa
et
 Yeast and Bryophyllum.
a add a add
a a
P
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the function of endosperm.
w w w
w P
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w ww
 Nutritive tissue.
w w
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 It provides food to the developing embryo.
ai
5. Name the hormone responsible for the vigorous contractions of the uterine muscles.
ee t t
 Oxytocin
al eet t
l a
l i
a .N
6.i.
N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Hyaluronidase – helps to enteraasperm adeveloping
a embryo. aa
What is the enzyme present in acrosome of sperm?
aas s a s
a s
as
P P
7. When is World Menstrual.Hygiene
dDay
d observed?
into
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8. What is the need for contraception ?
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 Contraception is one of the best birth control measures. Contraception is needed to follow the
e et t e et t
l a
l i
a .iN N the part of the human female reproductive
.Name
small
l a
l ai .iN
.Nwhere the following occurs.
family norms, which improve economic status, living status and the quality of life.
l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa a. Fertilization - Ampullaaadofdfallopian aassaatube s aa

s
9. system
a a a
dd a
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VI. Short answerw
w
question
1. What will happen if you cut planaria into small fragments?
t t t t
 If we cut a Planaria into small fragments, over time each piece will regenerate into a complete
ee ee
l a
l i
a .iN
.Nworm by the process regeneration.
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a a dd aassaa
aa a
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a aa
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2. Why is vegetative propagation practiced for growing some type of plants?

eet t e et t
lalai .iN
.NSeeds of some plants have long dormant period
l a
l a .iN
.N
 Some plants have reduced power of sexual reproduction.
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  It is a rapid and easier method.aaddaassaa s aa
s
or poor viability.
aa a
dd a
ww P
. P
 Good characters can be.preserved
ww P
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ww differ from multiple fission?
wwfission
3. How does binary wwww
Binary fission Multiple fission
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A single parent cell divides into two
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A single parent cell divides into many
e
lalai.iN.Ndaughter cells l a
l ai .iN
.Ncells
daughter
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa It occurs during favourable conditions s
a saa It occurs during unfavourable conditions eg: aassaa
et
aadd a eg:
add
a
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w w P
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w w ww w w ww
4. Define triple fusion.
ai
 The fusion of second sperm (n) with secondary nucleus (2n) is known as triple fusion. As the
eet t
result
al
of triple fusion endosperm nucleus is formed.
e et t
l a
l i
a .iN a i .iN
.NSecond sperm (n) + Secondary nucleus (2n) l=alEndosperm .N nucleus (3n). l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 5. Write the characteristics of insectaapollinated
a as saflowers.
a aa s aa
s
as
P P
 To attract insects these.flowers
d d
are brightly coloured, have smell and nectar. .P Pa add
ww .
wware larger in size, the exine is pitted, spiny etc., sowthey
ww w w .
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 The pollen grains
the sticky stigma.
w can be adhered firmly on
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eet t ee t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NProstate gland.
 Penis.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa  Vas deferens, etc. a add aas saa

a add a as aa
s
P P
w
w w P
7. What is colostrum? How is.milk
. production hormonally regulated?
ww .. P
www w is released from the mammary gland after childww wwis called as colostrum.
w
 The first fluid which birth

 Milk production is stimulated by prolactin secreted from the anterior pituitary.
 The ejection of milk is stimulated by posterior pituitary hormone oxytocin.
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NSanitary pads should be changed regularly. lalai.iN
.N
8. How can menstrual hygiene be maintained during menstrual days?
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Use of warm water to clean genitals
a a a as s aa a
ddhelps to get rid of menstrual cramps. PPaadd s
a aa
s
w w ..P
 Wearing of loose clothing.
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9. How does developing embryo gets its nourishment inside the mother's body?
eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.NUmbilical cord connects the placenta and foetus.
l a
l a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
 The embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood with the help of special tissue called placenta.
i i .
assaa 10. Identify the parts A, B, C and aDaAddBa Ca
sDsaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
 A : Exine.
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 C : Generative cell.
t t
 D : Vegetative nucleus.
e e eet t
lalai.iN. N l a
l i
a .iN
. N
11. Write the events involved in the sexual reproduction of a flowering plant.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Pollination. a s aa
s assaa
et
a. Discuss the first event and write the types.
a a dd a add
a a
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wwww and the disadvantages of that event. wwww
 Fertilization
b. Mention the advantages
ai
Advantages:
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e t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NFlowers do not depend on agents for pollination.
l a
l a i .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Disadvantages: a a ss aa a s
a aa
s
as
 More viable seeds are produced.
P Pa add P Paadd
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w
w
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12. Why are the human testes located outside the abdominal cavity? Name the pouch in which they
l a
l i
a N
.present. l al i
a .N l a
l i
a .
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assaa  Because spermatogenesis needaaslightly aathan the normal temperature. aa

are
dd a as s
lower
dd a a ss
P P a a
w
w w ..
 Testes are present in the P
scrotum.
w w .. P
w w ww w w wwreason.
w
13. Luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is also called the secretory phase. Give
 Female hormones like Estrogen and progesterone secrete in this phase. So it is called secretory
phase.
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l a
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.N lalai.iN
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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.NThe nucellus is enveloped by one or two protective
l a
l ai .iN
.N
1. With a neat labelled diagram describe the parts of a typical angiospermic ovule.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa coverings called integuments d
a a da assaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w P
. P
 Hilum is represents the.junction between ovule and
ww P
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funicle. w www wwww
 In an inverted ovule, the funicle is adnate to the
eet t
body of the ovule forming a ridge called raphe.
eet t
lalai.iN.NInner layer perfrom nutritive function for thelalai.iN
 Nucellus is a parenchymatous tissue reserve food.
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a s saa assaa
et
a a a
dd or integumentary tapetum (Example : Asteraceae)
aadd a
w w P
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embryo sac and is called as endothelium
ww P
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wwwwof menstrual cycle? Indicate the changes in thew
2. What are the phases wwwand uterus.
ovary
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Phase Days Changes in Ovary Changes in Uterus
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Menstrual Development of primary
al e et t
Breakdown of uterine endometrial lining
l a
l i
a .iN N
.phase 4–5 days
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l a
l ai .iN
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l i
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assaa Follicular aa s saainto Endometrium regenerates through aassaa
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dd follicle dd
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w w w
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l a
l i
a .iN N
.phase
Luteal 15th– 28th
l a
l a .iN
.NIf fertilization does not take place –
Emptied Graafian follicle
i Endometrium prepared for implantation.
l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa s aa corpus luteum regenerate. s aa

day develops into corpus luteum
dd a a s dd aa s
P a a P a a
w
w
w .. P ww .. P
wwww wwww
w
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
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ww P
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w P
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e e t t LESSON 18 GENETICS
e et t
lalai .iN
V. N in a sentence
.Answer l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1. What aa s
is a cross in which inheritance of two
 A cross in which inheritancea
sapairs
a of contrasting characters are studied? aassaa
dtwodpairs of contrasting characters are studied is called
ofa a add
w w ..PP w w ..P P Dihybrid
cross.
wwwwwhen both the alleles are identical?
2. Name the conditions
wwww
 Homozygous - the conditions when both the alleles are identical ( TT or tt)
ee t t e et t
3. A garden pea plant produces axial white flowers. Another of the same species produced terminal
lalai.iN
.Nflowers. Identify the dominant trait? lalai.iN
violet .N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 4. What a s s aa a s aa
s
et
a a a
 The dominant trait is axial white flower.
dd of DNA, which are responsible for the inheritance a a a
ddof a
..P
is the name given to the
w w Psegments
w w .. PP
.N
particular character?w w ww
ww ww
 Gene is the segments of DNA, which are responsible for the inheritance of a particular character
ai
5. Name the bond which binds the nucleotides in a DNA.
ee t t al
 Hydrogen bond binds the nucleotides in a DNA. eet t
l a
l i
a .iNN answers questions
.Short l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1. Why did Mendel select pea plantaaforddhisaasexperiments?
saa aa
VI.
a s
a s
as
P P P Paadd
w
 The flowers are bisexual.
w .. ww..
ww wwww
ad
ww
 It is easy to cross–pollinate.
 It has a short life span.
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 It has deeply defined contrasting characters.

eet t e t
e t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NPhenotype l a
l ai .iN
.N trait.
2. What do you understand by the term phenotype and genotype?
l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa  Genotype s aa
s s aa
s
: External expression of a particular
:
a a dda a
Genetic expression of an organism.
aa a
dd a
P P
w
3. What are allosomes? w. .

w P ww.. P
wwww wwww
w
 Sex chromosomes.
 Responsible for sex determination.
e t t
 A male has XY chromosome.
e eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N  A female has XX chromosome.
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
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4. What are Okazaki fragments?

e e t t ee t t
lalai .iN
.Ndiscontinuously and later linked together bylenzyme
a
l ai .iNN ligase to create the lagging strand lalai.iN
 Okazaki fragments are short sequences of DNA nucleotides which are synthesized
.DNA .
assaa during DNA replication.
a a dd a as saa
a add aassaa
w w P P
. .to be advantageous to both plants and animals?ww. .
5. Why is euploidy considered P P
 Organismsw www
with wwww
multiples of the basic chromosome set are called euploid.
 Plants with euploidy condition have increased fruit and flower size.
t t t t
 Plants and animals with euploidy condition are typically sterile.
e e e e
lalai.iN
. N l a
l ai .iN
. N
6. A pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with pure dwarf plant (tt), what would be the F1 and F2
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Mendel selected tall (TT) andaadwarf
a s aa
s a ssaa
et
generations? Explain.
a a add a
dd(tt) garden pea plants, Pisum sativum, for thePMonohybrid
w
w P
..P w w .. P
.N
wwww wwww
cross.
ai
eet t al eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a s
a aa
s a s
a aa
s
as
P Paadd P Paadd
w
w .. ww..
wwww wwww
ad
.P
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa add
a aassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
w
w .. P ww.. P
wwww wwww
w
(Tall) (Tall)
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N
(Tall)
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
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ww
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7. Explain the structure of a chromosome.

eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.Ntogether by centromere. l a
l a .iN
.N
 Chromosome made up of two sister chromatids. Joined
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  The chromosomes are madeaupadofdDNA, aassaRNA,
a
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
chromosomal proteins .
ww P
. P
(Histones and non–histones) and
ww P
..P
wwwions.
certain metallic w wwww
 These proteins provide structural support to the
ee t t
chromosome.
eet t
lalai.iN.Nsatellite. l a
l i
a .iN
 Some chromosomes has a knob like structure called
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Chromosomes with satellite acalled a ssaa assaa
et
a a
ddSAT chromosome. a dd
a a
8. Label the parts of the ww P P
. .in the diagram given below. Explain the structureww..P P
.N
wwww wwww
DNA briefly.
ai
e et t al ee t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l al i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  AA sugar a as saa a s
a aa
s
as
molecules – Deoxyribose sugar.
P P a add P Paadd
w w . . and Guanine).
nitrogenous base. There are two types of nitrogenous bases in DNA.
ww..
ww ww
ad
w w
 They are; Purines (Adenine
 Pyrimidines (Cytosine and Thymine).
ww
 A phosphate group.
.P
e et t e et t
l a
l i
a .N.N
i
1.i Explain with an example the inheritance of dihybrid
l a
l a N.N How is it different from monohybrid lalai.iN
.icross. .
w
assaa cross? aa dd a assaa

aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
w w
Monohybrid P
. .cross Dihybrid cross . .
ww P
ww w w w w
ww contrasting
w
The inheritance of one pair of contrasting The inheritance of two pairs of

characteristics characteristics
eet t
The phenotypic ratio is 3:1
eet t The phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
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ww
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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a ssaa assaa
et
aadda add
a a
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
.N
wwww wwww
ai
eet t al eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a s
a aa
s a s
a aa
s
as
P Paadd P Paadd
w
w .. ww..
wwww wwww
ad
.P
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN ai .iN
.NDihybrid cross involves the inheritance of twolalpairs.ofNcontrasting characteristics (or contrasting lalai.iN
.
w
assaa  traits) at the same time.

Characters (a) Yellow Rounda a a as saa
dd(b) Green wrinkled. aa dd a a ssaa
P P
w
w w .. P and
w w .. P
wwwwwere RrYy.
 The parental gametes are RY and ry.
wwww
w
 The F1 generation
 The F1 hybrids are self fertilized for F2 generation.
eet t eet t
 The ratio of each phenotype (or appearance) of seeds in the F2 generation is 9:3:3:1. This is
l a
l i
a .iN
.Nknown as the Dihybrid ratio. lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a dd
a aassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww ..P P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
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ww
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2. How is the structure of DNA organised? What is the biological significance of DNA?
eet t e et t
lalai .iN
.NDNA – Deoxy Ribose Nucleic Acid. lalai.iN
Structure of DNA:
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Proposed by Watson and Crickaadind1959.aassaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w P
 DNA is made up of 4 Base P
. . pairs of Nucleotides. ww P
..P
wwww
 Adenine always pairs with Thymine with two hydrogen bond. wwww
 Guanine always pairs with Cytosine with three hydrogen bond.
e t t
 Each turn of the double helix is 34 A°
e e et t
lalai.iN
.NIt is responsible for the transmission of hereditary
Significance:
l a
l i
a .iN N
.information l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a s saa assaa
et
from one generation to next
a add a a add a
generation.
w w P
. P
.required w w ..P P
.N
ww w wwww
 It contains information for the formation of proteins.
 It controlswthe developmental process and life activities of an organism.
ai
3. The sex of the new born child is a matter of chance and neither of the parents may be considered
eet t eet t
responsible for it. What would be the possible fusion of gametes to determine the sex of the child?
al
l a
l i
a .iN
.NHumans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  2223 pairs aas aa
s a s
a aa
s
as
are called Autosomes.
pair called Allosomes. a
P P dd
a P Paadd
rd
ww . .(44 XX+ XY) ww..

ww
 Males are heterogametic ww
ad
w w
 Females are homogametic (44XX + XX)
w
w
 Father determines the sex of the child.
.P
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa add
a aassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
w
w .. P ww.. P
wwww wwww
w
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
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V.N
eet t LESSON 19 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LIFE
eet t
lalai i N in a word or sentence
.Answer l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1.adapted a s
A human hand, a front leg of a cat, a front
a a a saa of a whale and a bat’s wing look dissimilaraaand
flipper
disdthe name given to these organs? a add s aa
s
P
.. P
for different functions. What
ww w w P
..P
wiswconsidered
w to be the fossil bird?
 Homologous organs.
2. Which organismw
wwww
 Archaeopteryx is considered to be the fossil bird.
e et t
3. What is the study of fossils called?
e e t t
lalai.iN
.NThe study of fossils is called Palaeontology.lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa VI1. The a s saa assaa
et
Short answers questions
a dd
isa
a aa dd a
P
degenerated wing of a kiwi
w w P
. .in New Zealand. P
.. P
an acquired character. Why is it an acquired character?
w w
.N
w ww
 The kiwi was flying
w bird
w w ww
 They did not attempt to fly because of no enemies on the land.
ai
 Generation after generation resulting degeneration of wings and loss flight.
ee t t al e
 This character is acquired due to environmental changes. e t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NSo the degenerated wing of a kiwi is an acquired
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 2. Why is Archaeopteryx consideredaadtodbeaaasconnecting
saa link? aa
character.
a s
a s
as
P P P Paadd
w w ..
 Archaeopteryx is the oldest known fossil bird.
ww..
wwwaswa connecting link between birds and reptiles. wwww
ad
 It is considered
 It had wings and feathers like birds.
.P
 It had a long tail, clawed digits and conical teeth like a reptiles.
ee t t e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NEthnobotany is the study of a region’s plantsland
3. Define Ethnobotany and write its importance.
al i
a .iN
.Npractical uses through the traditional l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa s aa s aa
their
dd aa s dd aa s
a a
knowledge of the local culture of
P
people.
P a a
w
w w .. P w w .. P
www uses of plant. wwww
Importance of Ethnobotany:
 It providesw
w
traditional
 It gives information about certain unknown and known useful plants.
e t t t t
 The ethnomedicinal data will serve as a useful source of information for the chemists,
e e e
l a
l i
a .iN
.N pharmacologists and practitioners of herbal
a i.iN
.N
medicine.
l la l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Tribal communities utilize
a a a ass
ethnomedicinal aaplant parts like bark, stem, roots, leaves, flower
dddyes, gum for the treatment of diseases like diarrhoea,a a a a
bud,
dfever,
d ssaa
P P
. . snakebites, leprosy, etc.
flowers, fruits, seeds, oils, resins,
headache, diabetes,w w w w ..P P
wwww wwww
jaundice,
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4. How can you determine the age of the fossils?

e t
e t e et t
lalai .iN
.Nuranium, lead or potassium. l al a .iN
.N
 The age of fossils is determined by radioactive elements present in it. They may be carbon,
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Radioactive carbon (C ) dating method
14
aa a
dd:as saa
a add a assaa
w w P P
. . by W.F. Libby (1956).
 This method was discovered
w
w P
..P
wwww of animals and plants stops after death and sincewwthen,
 Carbon consumption
wwonly the decaying
process of C14 occurs continuously. The time passed since death of a plant or animal can be
e et t t t
calculated by measuring the amount of C14 present in their body.
ee
lalai.iN. N
VII Long answer questions
l a
l i
a .iN
. N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Overproduction: Living beings a ssaa a s aa
s
et
1. Natural selection is a driving force for evolution-How?
a adhave a
d the ability to reproduce more individuals andPPform
a a d a
dtheir
own progeny. Thisw w P
.P
.increase w w ..
.N
ww Overproduction creates an intense competition
will
wwexistence:
 Struggle for www w
reproductive potential leading to overproduction.
among the organisms for
ai
food and space leading to struggle.
e et t ee t t
 Variation: Small variations are important for evolution. According to Darwin favourable
al
l a
l i
a .iN a
l ai .iN
.Nvariations are useful to the organism. These lvariations.Nare inherited by offspring from their l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  parents. aa s saa aass aa
as
Survival of the fittest orP P a addselection: During the struggle for existence, thePP a add
w w . .challenging situation, survive and adapt to the surrounding
Natural
ww . . environment.
organisms
ww ww
ad
w w
which can overcome the
w w
 Organisms which are unable to face the challenges, are unfit to survive and disappear. The process
of selection of organisms with favourable variation is called as natural selection.
.P
e et t e et t
 Origin of species: According to Darwin, new species originates by the gradual accumulation of
l a
l i
a .iN l a
l ai .iN
.Nfavourable variations for a number of generations. .N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa 2. How do you differentiate homologous

a adda a s s
organs
aafrom analogous organs?
a a a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
w w . P
Homologous.organs Analogous organs. . P
wwdifferent
ww ww ww w w
w
They have inherited from common ancestors They have different origin with
with similar developmental pattern in embryos development pattern
ee t t
Homologous organs look dissimilar and
t t
The analogous organs look similar and perform
ee
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
adapted for different functions.
lal i.iN
.N
similar
a
functions.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
a add a assaa
ww ..P P w w ..P P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
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.N
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ww
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toe
bee
t
Example 1: Forelimb of a frog and man seem
t e e t
Example 1 : Wings of birds and bats look
t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l a i .iN
.Nall along the arm but the wings of bats lalai.iN
built from the same basic design of bones similar. But in birds wings are covered by
.
assaa ssaa s aa
s
but they perform different functions feathers
a adda a is skin folds stretched between

a
elongated
add a a
ww ..PP w w P
.. P
ww ww fingers
Example 2 : Penguins w w ww
and fish both have fin–
Example 2 : A human hand, a front leg of a cat,
like structures to swim aquatic environments.
flipper of a whate and a bat's wing look
et
e t e t t
These locomotory organs have different origin
e
lalai.iN
.N dissimilar and adapted for different functions
l a
l ai
but N
.Nsimilar and perform similar function lalai.iN
.ilook .
assaa a s saa assaa
et
3. How does fossilization occur in a add a aadd a
w w P P P P
. .of fossil in the rocks is called fossilization. Commonwwmethods
plants?
. . of
.N
ww petrifaction, molds and cast, carbonization, preservation,
 The process of formation
wincludes
fossilizationw
wwww compression and
ai
infiltration.
e et t e et t
 Petrifaction: Minerals like silica slowly penetrate in and replace the original organic tissue and
al
l a
l i
a .iN l a
l a .iN
.Nforms a rock like fossil. This method of fossilization
i .Ncan preserve hard and soft parts. Most lalai.iN.
assaa a s
a aa
s a assaa
as
P P a dplant
d or animal is preserved in sedimentary rocks.PWhen
bones and wood fossils are petrified.
a P a adthed
w..
 Mold and Cast: A replica
w of a
w w ..
organism gets w w in sediment it is dissolved by underground water ww a hollow
ad
w w buried
w w leaving
depression called a mold. It shows the original shape but does not reveal the internal structure.
.P
Minerals or sediment fill the hollow depression and forms a cast.

eet t ee t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.Norganisms from decay. The entire plant or lanimal
a
l a .iN
.N
 Preservation: Original remains can be preserved in ice or amber (tree sap). They protect the
i l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa  Compression: When an organism s aahard parts of their bodies settle at the bottom of atheassaa
is preserved.
dd a a s dd
P a a dies, the
P aa
w
w
w P
. .by sediment. The process of sedimentation goes onww P
. . and
www wwww
sea bed and are covered continuously
fossils arew
w
formed.
 Infiltration or Replacement: The precipitation of minerals takes place which later on infiltrate
N eet t N ee t t
the cell wall. The process is brought about by several mineral elements such as silica, calcium
l a
l i
a .
i . Ncarbonate and magnesium carbonate. Hard
a
parts
l la i.i
are . N
dissolved and replaced by these minerals.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a add a a ssaa
a add a a ssaa
ww P
.. P w w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
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.N
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ww
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e et LESSON 20 PLANT BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

t e e t t
lalai .iN
VI N in a sentence
.Answer l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1. Give aa a as s
the name of wheat variety having higher
dd
aadietary fibre and protein.
a dd
a aassaa
 Atlas 66
w w P
. P
.introduced in rice. This was made possible by theww P P
. . of
wwww
2. Semi-dwarf varieties were
dwarfing gene in rice. Name this dwarfing gene.
wwww presence
 Name of the dwarfing gene is sd1.
ee t t
3. Define genetic engineering.
e et t
lalai.iN a
l ai .iN
.NIt is technique of transfer of genes from one lorganism.N
to another organism to create a new DNA
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  called a ss aa as aa
s
et
r DNA.
aa a
ddtechnology. a add a
..P
It is also called recombinant
ww P DNA
ww ..P P
.N
4. Name the types of w w ww
w w stem
 Somatic stem cell.
cells.
ww
ai
 Embryonic stem cell.
e et t al eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
5. What are transgenic organisms?
l a
l i
a .iN
.NPlants or animals expressing a modified endogenous N or a foreign gene is known as transgenic lalai.iN
.gene .
assaa aassaa a as aa
s
as
organisms.
P Pa a dd P P a add
w w ..
6. State the importance of biofertiliser.
w w ..
ww the crop plants enriched with high level of desirable
wwww
ad
ww
 It is used to develop nutrients like vitamins,
proteins and minerals.
.P
eet
VII Short answers questions
t e e t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NPlant diseases are caused by pathogens like viruses,
l a
l ai .iN
1. Discuss the method of breeding for disease resistance.
N and fungi.
.bacteria l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa  This affects crop yield. Hence,aaitdd isaassaato develop disease resistant varieties ofacrops,
important
a dd a a s
that
aa
s
P P
w
would increase thew

w P
. .and reduce the use of fungicides and bactericides. ww. . P
wwwwcharacteristics of wheat that helped India to achieve wwwwhigh productivity.
yield
w
2. Name three improved

 Higher yield with better quality. eg: Protein Rich Atlas 66
e t t
 Resistance to diseases. eg: Himgiri
e eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
la i.iN
.N
 Shorter duration / Semidwarf. eg: Sonalika and Kalyan Sona.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 3. Name a as
two maize hybrids rich in amino acid
a a
s
dhybrids
alysine.
a a
d are; Protina, Shakti and Rathna. PPaadd s
a aa
s
w w ..P
 Lysine (Amino acid ) rich maize
P w
w ..
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eet t eet t
.NN
.N
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ww
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4. Distinguish between a. somatic gene therapy and germ line gene therapy
N e et t N e et t
lalai .
i . N Somatic Gene Therapy
l a
l a i .
i . N Germ line Gene Therapy
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa somatic cell. s saa s aa
s
It is the replacement of defective gene in It is the replacement of defective gene in germ
a add a a cell (sperm and egg)

a add a a
Correction of genetic w w P P
. . is beneficial to It may not be carried to next w w P P
. . and
patient. It mayww ww defects
not be carried to next generation will be beneficial to w wwgeneration.
next
w generation
e et t
b. undifferentiated cells and differentiated cells
ee t t
lalai.iN
.N Undifferentiated cells l a
l ai .iN
.N Differentiated cells l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa They are unspecialized mass ofacells. a ssaa They become specialized cells for doing aassaa
et
add a a a dd
w w P
.. P certain jobs
w w P P
. . cell, a
.N
ww
Example: Cells
ww
in early embryos are
Example: These
wwww
cells become a liver
blood cell, or a neuron, muscle cells, skin cells,
ai
undifferentiated.
etc.
e et t al e e t t
l a
l i
a .N.N
5.i State the applications of DNA fingerprinting technique.
l al i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  It is used in forensic lab to identify a a s saa a s
a aa
s
as
P Pa a d d the culprit.
P P a d
a d
w w . . testing in case of disputes.
 It is also used for paternity
ww..
www inw www wspeciation.
ad
 It is also helps the study of genetic diversity of population, evolution and

6. How are stem cells useful in regenerative process?
.P
 In treating neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease neuronal
e e t t e et t
l a
l i
a.7.iN N between out breeding and inbreeding.
.Differentiate
stem cells can be used to replace the damaged
l
or
a
l a i .iN
.N
lost neurons.
l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa Out breeding ad

a d a assaa
aadd aassaa
P P
w
In breeding
w w P
. . animals. w w P
. .animals.
ww
It is the breeding of unrelated
ww wwwwfemales of the
It is the breeding of closely related
w
Cross between two different species with Superior males and superior
desirable features of economic value are same breed and identified and mated in pairs.
eet t
mated.
eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
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.NN
.N
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VIII Long answers questions

eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.NIncreased production of milk by cattle. lalai.iN
.N
1. What are the effects of hybrid vigour in animals.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Increased production of egg abyadpoultry.
da a ssaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w P
. P
 High quality of meat is.produced.
ww P
..P
 Increased w wwwrate in domesticated animals.
growth wwww
Example 1: Cross breed of fowls:
e et t t t
White Leghorn X Plymouth Rock = Hybrid fowl - yield more eggs
e e
lalai.iN
2.
.N
Describe mutation breeding with an example.
l a
l i
a .iN
. N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Factors inducing mutation called

a ss aa a ssaa
et
Sudden heritable changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
a a a
ddmutagens. a add a
ww ..P P w w P
.. P
.N
wwX-rays, wwww
w α, β and γ-rays, UV rays, temperature etc. which
Physical mutagens:
 Radiationsw like induce mutations are
ai
called physical mutagens.
ee t t
Chemical mutagens:
al e e t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l al i
a
 Chemical substances that induce mutations are called.iN
.N chemical mutagens. e.g. Mustard gas and
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Achievement:
nitrous acid. The utilisation of inducedss
a a aa in crop improvement is called mutation breeding.
a as aa
s
as
mutation
P Pa a dd P P a add
w w .produced
. w w ..
 Sharbati Sonoraww ww
ad
w w wheat from Sonora-64 by using

 Atomita 2 rice with saline tolerance and pest resistance.
gamma
w w
rays.
 Groundnuts with thick shells.

.P
ee t t ee t t
.iN .iN .iN
3. Biofortification may help in removing hidden hunger. How?
l a
l i
a .NIt is the scientific process of developing croplaplants
l ai N with high levels of desirable
.enriched l a
l i
a .
w
assaa nutrients like vitamins, proteins anda

a a a ss aa
dd hidden hunger and improving the nutritional
minerals.
a add a s
a aa
s
P P
w
w .. P
 Bio fortification is effective
w in removing
w w .. P value.
w w wwrice variety.
 Iron rich fortified
w
w ww
w
 Atlas 66, a protein rich wheat variety.

 Vitamins enrich carrots, pumpkin and spinach.
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
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ww
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4. With a neat labelled diagram explain the techniques involved in gene cloning.
eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.NIsolate the gene of interest.
 Cloning – making of an identical copies.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Cut by using restriction enzymes. a a dd a s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w P
.. P
 Insert in bacteria with plasmid.
ww P
..P
 Transfer r w www
DNA into a bacterial cell. wwww
 Selection and multiplication.
e et t eet t
lalai .iN
. N
5. Discuss the importance of biotechnology in
l a
l i
a .iN
. N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Insulin used in the treatmentaofaddiabetes.a s aa
s assaa
et
the field of medicine.
d a add
a a
ww ..P P w
w P
.. P
.N
www w wwww
 HGH for growth deficiencies.
 Blood clotting factors for haemophilia.
ai
 Tissue plasminogen activator to dissolve blood clot and to prevent heart attack.
e t t
 Vaccines for hepatitis B.
e al eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NVaccines for rabies. l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a s
a aa
s a s
a aa
s
as
P Paadd P Paadd
w w.. ww..
wwww wwww
ad
.P
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa add
a aassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
w
w .. P ww.. P
wwww wwww
w
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
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ww
www.Padasalai.Net
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e et t LESSON 21 - HEALTH AND DISEASE

e et t
lalai .iN
.N
VII. Answer in a sentence
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1. What are psychotropic drugs?
 psychotropic drugs - whicha a aassaa
ddon the brain and alter the behavior, consciousness, aa a
ddofassaa
ww .. P
P acts
w w P
.. P power
wwwas mood altering drugs. wwww

thinking and perception.
 . They arew referred
2. Mention the diseases caused by tobacco smoke.
eet t
 Lung cancer
e et t
lalai.iN.NBronchitis l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Pulmonary a s saa a ssaa
et
tuberculosis
a add a aadd a
Emphysema, etc.
w w P
. P
.factors w w ..P P
.N
w w ww
3. What are the contributing for Obesity?
ww ww
 Obesity is due to genetic factors, physical inactivity, eating habits (overeating) and endocrine
ai
factors.
eet t al e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NNon insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. lalai.iN
4. What is adult onset diabetes?
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 5. What is metastasis? a a ssaa aassaa
as
P P a add parts of the body and affect new tissues. ThisPPprocess
a addis
w ..
 The cancerous cells migrate
w to distant
ww ..
wwww wwww
ad
called metastasis.
6. How does insulin deficiency occur?
.P
 Insulin deficiency occurs due destruction of β-cells of the pancreas.

e et t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN N are the various routes by which transmission
.What
VIII. Short answer questions
l a
l i
a .ofiN N immuno deficiency virus takes lalai.iN
.human .
w
assaa place? s saa s aa

s
1.
aadd a a a a dda a
P P
w
 Sexual contact withw

w P
. . person. w w .. P
wwww needles or syringe. wwww
infected
w
 Use of contaminated
 Transfusion of affected blood and blood products.
e t t t t
 From infected mother to child through placenta.
e ee
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
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ww
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2. How is a cancer cell different from a normal cell?
N ee t t N e et t
lalai .
i . N Normal cell
l a
l i
a .
i . N Cancer cell
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Small number of dividing cells aaddaassaa Large number of dividing cells. aaddaassaa
Small in size Large in size
w w.P . P w w .P
.P
wwww wwww
Organised cell arrangement Disorganised cell arrangements.
3. Differentiate between Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes mellitus.
et
e t eet t
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a ssaa assaa
et
aadda add
a a
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
.N
wwww wwww
ai
e et t al e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
4. .Why i .iN
Nis a dietary restriction recommended for lanalaobese .N individual?
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Low calorie, normal protein, vitamins s
a a saa a as s aa
as
and mineral, restricted carbohydrate and fat, high fiber diet
P P a add P P aa dd
can prevent overweight.
5. What precautions w ww . . for preventing heart diseases? w w ..
w ww
ad
w w can be taken
 Intake of low carbohydrate, cholesterol food, etc.
ww
 Diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA).
.P
eet t
 Regular exercise. eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NAvoid alcohol consumption. l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa  Increase the intake of fruits andadd

a a as saa
vegetables.
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
w w.. P ww.. P
wwww wwww
w
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
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ww
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IX. Long answer questions
N e e t t ee t t
lalai .N and counseling:
.Education l a
l i
a .iN
.N
1. Suggest measures to overcome the problems of an alcoholic.
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Counseling the alcoholics toaovercomedd
a a a s saaproblems and stress, to accept failures in their alife.assaa
their
a add
Physical activity: w w P
.. P w w ..P P
 Activities w ww
like w music, sports, yoga and meditation. wwww
reading,
Seeking help:
e t t t t
 The affected individuals should seek help and guidance from parents and peers.
e e e
lalai.iN
. N l a
l i
a .iN
. N
 This will help them to share their wrong doing and get rid of the habit.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Seek the help from psychologists a s saa a ss aa
et
Medical assistance:
a a a
ddand psychiatrists to lead a peaceful life. PPaadd a
w
w .P P .to. live a normal
and.rehabilitation programmes are helpful to the individual
w w
.N
ww
and healthy
ww
 Alcohol de-addiction
life. wwww
ai
2. Changes in lifestyle is a risk factor for occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. Can it be modified?
eet t
If yes, suggest measures for prevention.
al eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NYes, it can be modified. l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Intake a as saaetc. a s
a aa
s
as
of low carbohydrate, cholesterol food,
Diet rich in polyunsaturated a
P P a ddacid (PUFA). P Paadd
w w . . yoga, etc.
fatty
ww..
ww
 Regular exercises ww
ad
ww like walking,
 Avoid alcohol consumption.
w
w
 Increase the intake of fruits and vegetables.
.P
eet t
 Controlling calorie intake. eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NObesity places you at risk for high cholesterol.lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa  Reduce stress in a person’s life. a add a as saa

aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P P
w
w w .. P ww.. P
wwww wwww
w
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN
.N
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ww
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e et t LESSON 22 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

eet t
lalai .iN
V. N in a sentence
.Answer l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1. What will happen if trees are cut down? ss
a a aa aa
dandddrought aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww ..PP
 Ecoogical problems like floods
ww P
..P
wwlifeww
 Soil erosion
 Loss of wild wwww
 Extinction of species
eet t
 Imbalance of Biogeochemical cycles.
e et t
lalai.iN
.NDesertification. l al i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 2. What a s saa is disturbed? a ssaa
et
would happen if the habitat of wild
a a a
ddand protection to the animals. If the habitat is disturbed
animals
a a a
dthen
d the
P
 The habitat provides food,
w w P
. . and may decline in numbers and become endangered.
shelter
w w ..P P
.N
wwww
animals become unprotected
3. What are the agents of soil erosion?
wwww
ai
 High velocity of wind
eet t
 Air currents
al eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NFlowing water l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Landslide a ass aa a s
a aa
s
as
P Paadfarming
d and mining) and P Paadd
w ..
 Human activities (deforestation,
w ww..
wwbyww wwww
ad
 Overgrazing cattle.
4. Why fossil fuels are to be conserved?
.P
 They are limited. Once they are exhausted there will be none.
ee t t e e t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NWe have to use in a control way to control global
 There are no ideal alternative for fossil fuels.
l al i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa 5. Solar energy is a renewable energy. s saa s aa

s
warming.
a a dd a a
How?
aa a
dd a
P P
w
 Solar energy is thew

w P
. . obtained from the sun. w w .. P
wwww www unlike fossil
energy
free source of energy that is sustainable and totallyw
w
 It is a renewable inexhaustible,
fuels which are finite.
t t
6. How are e-wastes generated?
ee e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l ai.iN
.N
 E-wastes are generally called as electronic wastes.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  They are generated from the
a a
spoiled,
add as saa
outdated, non repairable electrical and electronic
a aa
devices
add ssaa
w w P
.. P w w ..P P
wwww wwww
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.NN
.N
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ww
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VI. Short answer questions

eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.NReduces flood and soil erosion. l a
l i
a .iN
1. What is the importance of rainwater harvesting?
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Overcome the rapid depletionaaofdgrounda
d s
a aa levels.
s
water
a add a as aa
s
w w P P
. . of water.
 To meet the increase demand
ww P
.. P
wwinwground
 Water stored wwww
w is not contaminated by human and animal wastes and hence can be used
for drinking purpose.
t t
2. What are the advantages of using biogas?
ee eet t
lalai.iN.NIt burns without smoke and less pollution. lalai.iN
 It is safe and convenient to use.
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  It can reduce the amount of greenhouse a s saa a ssaa
et
aa a
dd gases emitted. a a dd a
w w PP
. .effect caused by sewage? w
w P
.. P
.N
wwwor wastewater generated from domestic and industrial
wwwprocess
w is the leading
3. What are the environmental
 Untreated wsewage
ai
polluter of water sources in India.
e et t al e t t
 Sewage water results in agricultural contamination and environmental degradation.
e
l a
l i
a .iN
4. N are the consequences of deforestation? lalai.iN
.What .N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Ecological a as saa a s
a aa
s
as
problems like floods and drought
P P aa dd P Paadd
Soil erosion
w w .. ww..
ww
 Loss of wild life ww
ad
w w
 Extinction of species
w
w
 Imbalance of Biogeochemical cycles.
.P
ee t t
 Desertification. ee t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
w
assaa 1. How does rainwater harvestingastructures aa aa

a a s s
ddof collecting and storing rainwater for future P
recharge ground water?
ddaass
 Rainwater harvesting is.aP a a a
w
ww . P
technique
ww .. P
use.
w w ww
 It is a traditional
w w ww
w
method of storing rain water.

 Purpose - to recharge ‘groundwater level’.
Methods of rainwater harvesting :
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NThe rain water that falls on the roof of the houses,
lalai N.N commercial buildings etc. is
 Roof top rainwater harvesting: Roof-tops are excellent rain catchers.
.apartments,
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a add
collected and stored in the surface a a
tank
s saacan be used for domestic purpose.
and
aadd aassaa
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Recharge pit:
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lalai .iN l a
l a .iN
.Ninto the percolation pits through pipes for filtration. .N l a
l a .iN
 In this method, the rainwater is first collected from the roof tops or open spaces and is directed
i i .
assaa  After filtration the rainwateraentersadd a as
the
saa pits or ground wells.
recharge
aa a
dd s
a aa
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w w
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lalai.iN.NReforestation, terracing and contour ploughing.
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l a
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.
assaa  Wind speed can be controlledaabydd a s aa
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a add
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w w . P P planting trees in form of a shelter belt.
solid. wastes? How are solid wastes managed? w w P
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3. What are the sources of
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ai
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l i
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.industrial l a
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as
P P a a ddof waste materials like biodegradable and nonPbiodegradable
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settlement. The waste materials get stabilised in about 2-12 months. The organic matter undergoes
l a
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l ai .N l a
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a .
w
assaa Incineration: aa a as s aa
dd solid wastes (medical wastes) in properly constructed
a a dd a assaa
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 It is the burning of non-biodegradable
w w w w .. P
furnace at highw w ww
ww w w
w
temperature.
Composting:
 Biodegradable matter of solid wastes is digested by microbial action or earthworms and converted
e et t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N into humus.
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  Papers from old books, magazines s aa are recycled to produce papers in paper mills.
s aa
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dd aa s dd aa s
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..Paa and newspapers
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 Agricultural wastes like coconut shells, jute cotton stalk, bagasse of sugarcane can be used to
N ee t t N e et t
lalai .
i . Nmake
l a
toa
l i .
i . N
paper and hard board. Paddy husk can be used as livestock fodder.Cow dung and other
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 4. Enumerate the importance of forest. s saa s aa
s
organic wastes can be used in gobar gas plant provide biogas and manure for fields.
aa dd a a a dd
a a a
w w P
 Forests are vital for humanP
. . life ww .. P P
wwforww
 it is a source a wide range of renewable natural resource. wwww
 They provide wood, food, fodder, fibre and medicine.
N eet t N e et t
 They act as carbon sink, regulate climatic conditions, increase rainfall, reduce global warming,
lalai.i . Nprevent natural hazards like flood and

i
landslides,
l a
l a .i . N
protect wildlife and also act as catchments for
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa  They also play a vital role inamaintaining a s saa a s aa
s
et
water conservation.
a a
dd the ecological balance a a dd a
w w P P
. of. soil erosion? w w ..P P
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ww
 Soil erosion
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5. What are the consequences
wwthewwfertility of soil.
causes a significant loss of humus, nutrients and decrease
ai
 It affects the fertility of the soil.
e t t
 It affects the ground water level.
e al ee t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NVegetation cover cannot be recovered. lalai.iN .N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 6. Why aa s saaresource considered as a challenging task? aassaa
as
is the management of forest and wildlife
 People living in and around a
P P addare dependent on forest ie plants and animals products
P P aaddfor
various aspectsw w w .life. such as livelihood.
forests
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ad
w w of their
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 The forest department of the government who judicially allowed for owning the land and
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 The industrialists who use forest products such as timber, leaves, latex and raw materials for their
l a
l i
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.Nindustries. l a
l i
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.N l a
l i
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.
w
assaa  Global warming and climateachange a dd aa s saain water scarcity and changes in rainfall pattern ainassaa
results
aa dd
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w
forest area.
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 Lack of properw wenforcement and lack of sufficient number of guards wlead
w to indiscriminate
w w w w
w
law
illegal poaching affects wildlife populations and the environment.
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
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a .iN
.
assaa aa a
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e e t t LESSON 23 VISUAL COMMUNICATION

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III. Answer the following
l a
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aas saa a
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a aa
s
w w P P create
. . language. ww..
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2. Write a short note on editor and its types?
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eet t
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e et t
lalai.iN
.NScript area l a
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.N l a
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assaa  Block menu a ss aa assaa
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a a
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w w w w
 Stage is the background appearing when we open the scratch window.
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 We can change the background colour as you like. eet t
l a
l i
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4.i.
N l a
l i
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.N l a
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.
assaa  The characters on the background aa window are known as Sprite. aa
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a aass a s
a s
as
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a aa
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l i
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a .iN
.
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a aa
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aa a
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a .iN
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a aa
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aa a
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a aa
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Ground
t plan of Dicot root t
Ground plan of Monocot root
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.N Human Heart l a
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Stomata Human Brain

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t t10th standard Science one marks t t Answer key

LESSON 14 TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS AND CIRCULATION IN ANIMALS

LESSON 16 PLANT AND ANIMAL HORMONES

LESSON 17 REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

eet t TRUE OR FALSE (UNIT WISE)

assaa 1 False (Sound can travelathrough a a a s saa

3 False (The velocity of sound is dependent of temperature.)

PP a a ddacross the period from left to right. P P a a dd

assaa 1 False. Solutions whichacontains acomponents

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

N eet t STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION OF ANIMALS

assaa 2 True a a dd aa s saa

MOHAMMED ALI A KHADERIA HR. SEC. SCHOOL, VNB. Page 6

6 False. Sex organs produce gametes which are haploid.

assaa 6 True a a aas

HEALTH AND DISEASES

e e t t UNIT 1 LAWS OF MOTION

ee Resultant force = Fnet =F -F i.iN

S.no Mass Weight

assaa 3 It is measured by physical a add a s

5. Define moment of a couple.

6. State the principle of moments.

assaa aa of a tree, some of the leaves and fruits are detached aa

2. State Newton’s laws of motion? (Sep 2021)

assaa 3. Deduce the equation of a force using a s saa assaa

4. State and prove the law of conservation of linear momentum.

Force on body B due to A, FB = m (v –u ) / t

m v +mv =mu +mu

and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between

assaa 6. Differentiate convex lens and concave aadd a as s

A convex lens is thicker in the middle than at A concave lens is thinner

8. What are the causes of ‘Myopia’?

Rule-2: When parallel rays strikes to the principal axis

Short sightednessw Long sightedness

assaa The distance between eye lens and retina ass

4. Explain the construction and working of a ‘Compound Microscope’.

 Cornea w Thin transparent layer. It refracts or bends the lightw

assaa - back surface of the eye -a

 Eye lens - It is convex in nature.

e et t LESSON 3 THERMAL PHYSICS

4. State Boyle’s law

assaa 5. State-the law of volume aaddaassaa P α 1/V (OR) PV = constant

proportional to the temperature of the gas.

6. Distinguish between ideal gas and real gas.

7. What is co-efficient of real expansion?

After combining equations we.can

lal ai.iN. N µNA K = R B

MOHAMMED ALI A KHADERIA HR. SEC. SCHOOL, VNB. Page 20

eet t Real expansion = L3 – L2

assaa  The electric potential difference s s aa ssaa

2. What is the role of the earth wire in domestic circuits?

MOHAMMED ALI A KHADERIA HR. SEC. SCHOOL, VNB. Page 22

4. Distinguish between the resistivity and conductivity of a conductor

 Hence, 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/ 1 second.

assaa  An ammeter is a device usedatoadmeasure s saa s aa

b) An alloy of nickel and chromium is used as the heating element. Why?

assaa  It has brighter picture quality.aaddaassaa aa

 Its life span is more.

 The sound is produced by the vibration of the vessel.

assaa 3. Air temperature in the Rajasthanaad d aa

Speed of the sound wave as function of temperature is given by

4. Explain why, the ceilings of concert halls are curved.

assaa  The compression exerts a forceaadFdonaathesssurface