Định nghĩa:

Multiple processes are word formation processes that involve more than one of the basic
methods of creating new words, such as borrowing, clipping, compounding, conversion,
backformation, acronyms, onomatopoeia, and coinage. Multiple processes can result in complex
and creative words that reflect the dynamic nature of language. Here are some other examples of
multiple processes:

- Brunch: A word formed by blending the words breakfast and lunch, and then converting it into
a noun or a verb. For example, "We had brunch at the cafe" or "Let's brunch tomorrow".
- Spam: A word that originally referred to a type of canned meat, but was borrowed from a
Monty Python sketch that parodied its ubiquity, and then converted into a noun or a verb that
means unwanted or irrelevant messages or advertisements. For example, "My inbox is full of
spam" or "Don't spam me with your offers".
- Brexit: A word formed by blending the words Britain and exit, and then converting it into a
noun or a verb that means the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. For
example, "Brexit has caused a lot of uncertainty" or "The UK voted to Brexit in 2016".
- Selfie: A word formed by clipping the word self-portrait, and then adding the suffix -ie to make
it a diminutive or an informal term. For example, "She took a selfie with her phone" or "He
posted a selfie on Instagram"..
Cách phân biệt Preposition & Prefix
+ Compounding Affixation là quá trình tạo từ mới bằng cách kết hợp hai hay nhiều từ lại với
nhau, có thể có sự tham gia của các tiền tố (prefix) hoặc hậu tố (suffix). Để phân biệt preposition
và prefix trong Compounding Affixation, bạn cần chú ý đến một số điểm sau:
Preposition là giới từ, là từ loại chỉ sự liên quan giữa các từ loại trong cụm từ, trong câu.
Preposition thường đi trước một cụm danh từ hoặc động từ có -ing, và có thể kết hợp với các từ
khác để tạo thành giới từ kép (compound prepositions) Ví dụ: in, on, at, with, for, in front of, on
top of, etc.
- Prefix là tiền tố, là một thành phần không đứng một mình được, mà phải ghép với một từ khác
để tạo thành một từ mới. Prefix thường đi trước một danh từ, tính từ, hoặc động từ, và có thể
thay đổi nghĩa hoặc từ loại của từ gốc. Ví dụ: un-, re-, dis-, mis-, etc.
Một số ví dụ về Compounding Affixation với preposition và prefix:
- Preposition + Noun: overcoat, underground, without, etc.
- Prefix + Noun: unhappy, rewrite, disappear, mistake, etc.
- Preposition + Prefix + Noun: without + re + gard = disregard, under + un + cover = undercover,
etc.
BÀI TẬP
Bài 6:
1. He argued powerfully and persuasively against capital punishment. (power/persuade)
2. You should see her wardrobe - it’s unbelievable - she’s got about fifty pairs of shoes.
(believe)
3. It was very thoughtful of Melanie to invite the old man. (think)
4. A large migration of people is taking place from Syria to Europe. (migrate)
5. When there is disorder, people become suspicious of one another. (suspect)
6. We will not tolerate such undesirable behavior. (desire)
7. The band was considerably louder than the choir. (consider)
8. These plastic cups are indestructible. You cannot break them after all. (destroy)
9. The balls were old but still serviceable. (serve)
10. She gave me one of those irresistible smiles and I just had to agree. (resist)
11. Mountain gorillas are an endangered species. They have become extinct. (danger)
12. She is always indecisive, so don’t expect a decision from her. (decide)
13. Water is essential for living things. (essence)
14. The answer he gave was doubtfully correct. (doubt)
15. There must be some misunderstanding. I never asked for these chairs to be delivered.
(understand)
Bài 8: Clipped words, which are words that are formed by dropping one or more syllables from a
larger word, thereby resulting in a shorter word. Clipped words are more commonly used in
everyday language, and they are easier to spell and write.
• disco: discotheque
• taxi: taximeter cab
• deli: delicatessen
• curio: curiosity
• memo: memorandum
• Al: Albert, Alexander, Alfred, etc.
• Tom: Tomas, Tommy, Tomothy, etc.
• Joe: Joeseph, Joel, Joey, etc.
• Phil: Philip, Phillip, Phillips, etc.
• lab: laboratory
• dorm: dormitory
• gym: gymnasium
• prom: promenade
• porno: pornography
• wig: wiggery
• bus: bussel
• van: vanguard
• chute: parachute
• cute: acute
• sport: dissport
Bài 9: Blends, which are words that are formed by combining parts of two or more words,
usually the beginning of one word and the end of another.
1. pixel: picture element
2. happenstance: happening circumstance
3. cinemactress: cinema actress
4. Brangelina: Brad Angelina
5. edutainment: education entertainment
6. bromance: brother romance
7. spork: spoon fork
8. sitcom: situation comedy
9. ginormous: gigantic enormous (khổng lồ)
10. moped: motor pedal
11. slanguage: slang language
12. sunbrella: sun umbrella
13. fantabulous: fantastic fabulous
14. staycation: stay vacation
15. fridge: frigerator
16. dandle: dance candle
17. emoticon: emotion icon
18. tatooth: tattoo tooth
19. netiquette: network etiquette (nghi thức mạng)
20. bisquic: biscuit quick
Bài 10:
 1) transfer + resistor => transistor
2) automobile + omnibus => autobus
3) escalade + elevator => escalator
4) blow + spurt => blurt
5) flame + glare => flare
6) electro + execution => electrocution
7) splash + spatter => splatter
8) sanitary + flush => saniflush
9) alcohol + holidays => alcoholidays
10) momentary + instantaneous => momentaneous

Bài 11
Backformations are words that are formed by removing actual or supposed affixes from a longer
word, usually resulting in a change of word class:
housekeep: housekeeper
typewrite: typewriter
administrate: administration
babysit: babysitter
emote: emotion
Bài 12:
1) When I’m ill, I want to see a doc, not a vet. Clipping: doc and vet are clipped forms of doctor and
veterinarian, which are shortened by dropping one or more syllables.
2) I was a deejay before, but now I emcee in a nightclub. Backformation: deejay and emcee are
backformed from DJ and MC, which are abbreviations of disc jockey and master of ceremonies.
Backformation is the process of creating a new word by removing actual or supposed affixes from a
longer word.
3) The deceased’s cremains were scattered over the hill. Blending: cremains is a blend of cremated and
remains, which are combined by overlapping some sounds. Blending is the process of creating a new
word by combining parts of two or more words.
4) He’s always taking pills, either uppers or downers. Conversion: uppers and downers are converted
from adjectives to nouns, without changing their form. Conversion is the process of changing the word
class of a word without adding or removing any morphemes.

Bài 13: Word-formation process

 automation  automate --> Backformation: automate is formed by removing the suffix -

ion from automation, which is a noun, to create a verb.
  humid  humidifier --> Derivation: humidifier is formed by adding the suffix -er to
humid, which is an adjective, to create a noun that means ‘a device that makes something
humid’.
 stagnation, inflation  stagflation --> Blending: stagflation is formed by combining parts
of stagnation and inflation, which are both nouns, to create a new noun that means ‘a
situation of slow economic growth and high inflation’.
 love, seat  loveseat --> Compounding: loveseat is formed by joining two words, love
and seat, which are both nouns, to create a new noun that means ‘a small sofa for two
people’.
 énvelope  envélop -->Conversion: envélop is formed by changing the word class of
énvelope, which is a noun, to a verb, without changing its form or spelling.
 typographical error  typo --> Clipping: typo is formed by shortening typographical
error, which is a noun phrase, to a single syllable.
 aerobics, marathon  aerobathon --> Blending: aerobathon is formed by combining parts
of aerobics and marathon, which are both nouns, to create a new noun that means ‘a long
and strenuous exercise session’.
 act  deactivate --> Derivation: deactivate is formed by adding the prefix de- to act,
which is a verb, to create a new verb that means ‘to make something inactive’.
 curve, ball  curve ball --> Compounding: curve ball is formed by joining two words,
curve and ball, which are both nouns, to create a new noun that means ‘a ball that curves
in flight’ or ‘a surprise or unexpected event’.
 perambulator  pram --> Clipping: pram is formed by shortening perambulator, which is
a noun, to a single syllable.
 comb  comb (your hair) --> Conversion: comb is formed by changing the word class of
comb, which is a noun, to a verb, without changing its form or spelling.
 beef, buffalo  beefalo --> Blending: beefalo is formed by combining parts of beef and
buffalo, which are both nouns, to create a new noun that means ‘a hybrid of a domestic
cow and a wild buffalo’.
 random access memory  RAM--> Acronym: RAM is formed by taking the initial letters
of random access memory, which is a noun phrase, and pronouncing them as a word.
 megabyte  meg -->Clipping: meg is formed by shortening megabyte, which is a noun,
to a single syllable.
 teleprinter, exchange  telex --> Blending: telex is formed by combining parts of
teleprinter and exchange, which are both nouns, to create a new noun that means ‘a
system of sending and receiving messages by teleprinter’.
 influenza  flu -->Clipping: flu is formed by shortening influenza, which is a noun, to a
single syllable.
Bài 14:

 Affixation: enthuse, spoonfeed, smog, sunstroke, urinalysis, and specialist.

  Acronym: UCLA is an acronym for the University of California, Los Angeles, ENT (ear,
nose, and throat), and MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology).
 Backformation: laze is a backformation from the noun laziness, doc from doctor.
 Blending: flu from influenza.
 Clipping: profs is a clipped form of professors. LA from Los Angeles and OK from okay.
 Coinage: ohm is a coined word for the unit of electrical resistance. volt for the unit of
electrical potential difference.
 Compounding: sandwich is a compound of sand and wich. dry suit, headache, and blood
test.
Bài 15:
Morphology can be classified into three main types: isolating, inflectional, and agglutinative,
depending on how many morphemes (the smallest units of meaning) there are per word, and how
they are combined.
Samoan: Isolating. Samoan is an isolating language because it has a low morpheme per word
ratio, and it does not use any inflectional or derivational affixes to modify the words. Each word
consists of one or more free morphemes that can stand alone as words, and the grammatical
relationships are indicated by word order and particles.
Turkish: Agglutinative. Turkish is an agglutinative language because it has a high morpheme per
word ratio, and it uses many suffixes to modify the words. Each suffix represents one unit of
meaning or grammatical function, and they are attached to the root word in a linear and regular
way.
Finnish: Agglutinative. Finnish is also an agglutinative language because it has a high
morpheme per word ratio, and it uses many suffixes to modify the words. Each suffix represents
one unit of meaning or grammatical function, and they are attached to the root word in a linear
and regular way.
Japanese: Agglutinative. Japanese is another agglutinative language because it has a high
morpheme per word ratio, and it uses many suffixes to modify the words. Each suffix represents
one unit of meaning or grammatical function, and they are attached to the root word in a linear
and regular way.
Mohawk: Polysynthetic. Mohawk is a polysynthetic language, which is a subtype of
agglutinative languages. It has a very high morpheme per word ratio, and it uses many prefixes
and suffixes to modify the words. However, unlike regular agglutinative languages, polysynthetic
languages can also incorporate nouns and pronouns into the verb, resulting in very long and
complex words that can express a whole sentence.