Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Protons, neutrons, and electrons are fundamental particles that make up atoms. Protons carry a
positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons carry a negative charge. Understanding
these particles is essential to understanding the behavior of matter at a microscopic level.

by Dana raj
Properties and Characteristics
Protons are relatively heavy and are found in the nucleus of an atom. Neutrons also reside in the
nucleus and are similar in mass to protons but lack an electric charge. Electrons, much lighter than
protons and neutrons, orbit the atomic nucleus in specific energy levels.

The properties and characteristics of these particles contribute to the stability and reactivity of
elements, influencing various chemical and physical properties.

Particle Location Charge

Protons Nucleus Positive

Neutrons Nucleus Neutral

Electrons Orbiting Nucleus Negative

The Role in Atoms and Molecules
Protons determine the identity of an element, as the number of protons in the nucleus is unique to
each element. Neutrons contribute to the stability of the nucleus. Electrons play a crucial role in
chemical bonding and in the formation of molecules by participating in the sharing or transfer of
electrons between atoms.

Nuclear Stability
Neutrons add stability to the atomic
nucleus.
1 Identity Determination
Number of protons defines the
element.
2
3 Chemical Bonding
Electrons participate in bond
formation.