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Welcome to the world of Dressmaking NC II!

This self – learning kit will introduce you the concepts of the Principles and Elements
of Design in making garments. This unit covers the knowledge about the Different Types of
Fabrics and its Characteristics, Uses and Care.

This learning material is not only your learning kit but also your trusted partner to
develop such skill. So enjoy and have fun!

This self – learning kit requires you to go through series of learning activities such as
understanding key concepts, performing and accomplishing activities and assessments in
order to complete each learning outcome.

Remember, you must:

 Finish all activities in this learning kit in TWO (2) WEEKS
 Get instruction from your teacher regarding the use of this learning kit.
 Read and analyze all information and key concepts.
 Every after a lesson, there is an activity for you to answer or perform.
 Perform all activities and assessment designed for you. Use separate sheet of
paper or in a notebook for your answers. Check your activities using the answer
keys located at the last part of the learning kit.
 Submit your outputs to your teacher for evaluation and recording. Additional
instruction will be given to you regarding this matter

If you have any problem regarding the contents and procedures in this self-learning kit
please feel free to ask your teacher. Make sure you practice your new skills during regular
work shifts to improve your speed, memory, skills and your confidence. Good luck and have
fun!

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 MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY
LO 1. Draft and Cut Pattern for Sleeping Garments
1.1 Plan garment Design

Learning Competencies
1. Identify the principles and elements of design.
2. Identify the characteristics, care and the use of fabrics.
3. Differentiate all types of fabrics.

Discussion and Examples

Lesson 1 Principles and Elements of Design

The personality of the wearer shows the kind of image she projects. Personalities differ
depending on the kind of clothing people wear. Introvert persons prefer clothes of simple yet
classical cut with pastel or light colors. Extroverts are creative, artistic, expressive and
energetic that prefer clothing that is comfortable, attractive and fashionable. They can wear all
kinds of clothing of varied style, colors and design with confidence.

Two Basic Ways Which Design Is Applied

1. Design by Printing is the use of dye or ink on the surface of the fabric. They are called
“prints”. Designs that are printed all over the fabric are called “all-over print”.

Figure 1

2. Designs by Weaving are permanent because of the “color-fast dyes” as the fabric is
woven. They maybe in solid or in combination colors woven to form special designs.
Designs such as stripes use more colors of yarn and will always be straight
because they form “grain line” on the fabric. When horizontal lines cross vertical lines
to form rectangles or square, it is called plaid. When the design is formed by mixing
certain colors of nappy yarns to have speckled effects, it is called “tweeds”.

Figure 2 Figure 3
dress with plaid design dress with tweed design

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Principles of Design

1. Proportion refers to the relative size and scale of

the various elements in a design. The issue is the
relationship between objects, or parts, of a whole.

Figure 4
2. Balance is the arrangement of a design on a space resulting to sense of equilibrium.

a. Formal or symmetrical balance is the equal visual

weight of each side of an imaginary central vertical line.

Figure 5

b. Informal or asymmetrical balance is when the

design is balanced, but each side is different in some
way.

Figure 6
c. Radial balance is achieved when all parts of the design
are at equal distance from a central point.

Figure 7
3. Emphasis is achieved by the designer’s ability to create a center
of interest by which the viewer’s eyes are directed to a specific area
of a garment or body part.

Figure 8

4. Rhythm is the repetition of an accent to create an interesting

design. Repeating an accent on different parts of the dress or one
part of the dress will achieve a design that is harmonious and
visually united.

Figure 9

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 5. Harmony is the pleasing and congruent arrangement of
parts. It is the blending of all components of design. When
the structural lines, decorative lines, colors and
accessories all relate to each other comfortably, harmony
results.

Figure 10
Elements of Design

1. Line creates a visual dimension of length and width. When lines meet, space is
enclosed and a shape is defined.
a. Directional line - These affect the height and size of an individual.

Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15

Vertical Horizontal Diagonal Checkered With curve neckline

b. Structural lines are found on necklines, armholes, hemlines, darts, side

seams, sleeves, collars, tucks and pleats of garments.

with bateau neckline with plunging with cape collar

neckline
Figure 16

skirt with pleats Figure 17

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 2. Color is a radiant energy loosely termed light that produces sensation in our eyes. It
is the most powerful element.

3. Space is the area inside an

enclosed shape. The use of space
can lead to an interesting design.

Figure 18

4. Form or shape refers to the form of a person showing the curves of the body. This
includes the shape of the face, neckline and the full body or figure.
 Form – is a volume space enclosed a surface.
 Shape – is simply a flat space enclosed by a line.

bell or hourglass straight or tubular inverted triangle

Figure 19
5. Texture is the surface quality of an object, rough, smooth, silky, etc.

Figure 20 Figure 21
soft gown stiff gown

Color Wheel

Figure 22

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Hue is the other name for color. It is the particular shade of color that differentiates one from
another.

Primary colors are red, blue and yellow. They are the basic colors where different colors
originated.

Secondary Colors: Green, orange and violet. These are the colors formed by mixing the
primary colors.

Intermediate Colors stem from the combination of primary and secondary colors.

Figure 23

Neutral colors are the white, black and gray and are predominantly grayish and
brownish. They are sometimes called “earth tones.”

Value is the lightness or darkness of color.

White added to a color will produce tints. (pink is a tint of red)

Black added to a color will produce shades. (maroon is a shade of red)

A Color Wheel showing the tint, tone and shade of

colors

Figure 24

Intensity or chroma of a color corresponds to its purity and saturation in a color other than
black, white and gray.

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Color Schemes (Color Harmonies)

Figure 25

a) Monochrome or one color harmony includes only one color of different value. and
intensity. Example: any color mixed with white, gray, or black.
b) Adjacent colors (also called analogous colors) uses colors that neighbor each other
on the color wheel. Example: includes various values and intensities of reds and
oranges.
c) Complementary colors are opposite each other on the color wheel. Example: violet
and yellow, red and green, and blue and orange.
d) Single split complementary uses a primary color plus colors on either side of its
complement. Example: includes various values and intensities of greens, violet-reds
and red-oranges.
e) Double split complementary (also called tetradic) uses two pairs of complements,
one apart on the color wheel. Example: red, green, orange, and blue.
f) Triad uses colors at the points of an equilateral triangle (three colors spaced equally
on the color wheel). These are sometimes called balanced colors. Example: red, blue,
and yellow; green, orange, and purple, etc.

Psychological Effects of Colors on People

Looks and feelings are sometimes mirrored by our selection of colors. When we choose
colors, it reveals our personality. They make us feel and look happy or pretty and sometimes
make us look sad or ugly. Which of the colors below signifies the real you? Which one is your
favorite?

 White makes us feel clean and fresh. White connotes innocence and purity.
 Red makes us feel bold and daring. Red connotes passion and bravery.
 Yellow makes us feel joyful. It also connotes cowardice and treachery.
 Blue represents truth, loyalty, calmness and wisdom. Deep blue could also make us
feel depressed.
 Green suggests life and abundance as this is the color of plants, but green could also
suggest jealousy.
 Purple is the color of royalty, but it can also symbolize suffering.
 Orange is a warm color that suggests deliciousness and ripeness. Eateries, especially
fastfood joints use orange with a touch of green to stimulate appetite.
 Black suggests strength and dignity and is usually worn for formal evening affairs.
Black also symbolizes mourning and death.

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 
Activity 1
Instruction: Write your answer in a notebook. On top of it, write the title of the preceding
lesson, then the title of this activity written above “Activity 1”.

Identification: Identify what is being described in the following statements.

1. It refers to the lightness and darkness of a color.
2. A color which makes us feel bold and daring. It connotes passion and bravery.
3. This is a kind of design that creates a center of interest.
4. It is the other name for color.
5. A warm color that suggests deliciousness and ripeness.
6. They are the basic colors.
7. The combination of primary and secondary colors
8. The color which suggests strength and dignity and symbolizes mourning and death.
9. The repetition of accent that creates an interesting design.
10. An element of design which easily attracts the attention of the client and becomes the
basis in choosing her apparel.

Lesson 2 Fabrics

Fabric is cloth made of fibers. Fibers are hair-like strands that are used to make yarn
or thread to make it fabric. Fabric is the cloth or material used in making our clothes, curtains,
tablecloths, sheets and many other items.

Types of Fabrics
1. Woven fabric does not stretch except on the bias. Woven fabric is made up of
fibers which run straight at ninety degree angles to each other.
2. Knit fabric has loops of fiber that allow the fabric to stretch. The amount and the
direction of stretches are all variables. A knit may stretch in one direction or it may
stretch in both directions.

This is an important consideration when choosing fabric for a specific pattern. For
example, a bathing suit pattern will require equal two way stretch. If you choose a fabric that
only stretches in one direction, the suit is not going to fit properly, and you cannot even put it
on.

KINDS OF FABRICS, THEIR USES, CHARACTERISTICS AND CARE

USES (Home and

NATURAL FIBERS Characteristics Care
Apparel)
I. Vegetable Fibers
A. Cotton Good for items that need The world's most  Special for
to be washed often like popular fabric. It is cool durable
sheets and pillows, to wear and easy to press
school clothes, and work wash and sew. It is  Maybe
clothes. versatile, durable and machine
comfortable. laundered
Inexpensive but shrinks  Avoid risk
and wrinkles easily. of mildew
Figure 26

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Kinds of Cotton USES (Home and
Fabrics Characteristics Care
Apparel)
Used for crafts, home Tightly woven heavy-
1. Canvas decorating (curtains duty cotton
cushions and outdoor
gear)

For elegant garments A finely woven

2. Cotton (blouses, baby lightweight cotton
Batiste dresses,and Use straight
underlinings) stitch/jeans presser foot
and 60/8 or 70/10
machine needle

Perfect for shirts. Fantastic, closely

3. Broadcloth woven cotton that has
slight rib

For home decorations 100 percent cotton.

4. Cotton chintz (curtains and cushions) Needs special fabric
treatment that leaves it
shiny and smooth

The most common fabric Medium weight cotton

5. Cotton pique used in the tie and fabric that has raised
waistcoat of white tie nubby surface

Pajamas and boxers Lightweight 100-

6. Cotton . percent cotton that
shirting makes fantastic
menswear shirts

Mostly used in soft Crisp lightweight cotton

7. Cotton voile furnishing such as used for garments
curtains, mosquito nets,
and also in dressmaking.

Great for work clothes, One of the most heavy-

8. Denim jeans and jackets. duty cottons

Used to make clothing for This falls into the

9. Seer sucker spring and summer wear category of cotton
crinkles which have
surface texture.

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 Used for robes, towels, Thick, absorbent cotton
10. Terrycloth beachwear and home
decorating

Used in dressmaking Either a 100-percent

11. Velveteen cotton or cotton blend, it
has a duller and slightly
stiffer look than velvet.
B. Linen Women’s and children’s Very strong, cool to  Iron at high
dresses and blouses wear, and usually more temperatur
expensive than cotton. e.
Summer dress
Easily wrinkled unless a  Avoid
Table linens and other special finish is applied. pressing in
household fabrics sharp
Known as the oldest creases.
fiber and used by the
Egyptians thousand of  Avoid risk
years ago. It comes of mildew
Figure 27 from the stem of a very
pretty plant called flax.

II. Animal Fibers

A. Silk- collected For high-end clothing and Strong and luxurious  Dry
from the cocoon of accessories fabric with natural cleaning is
silk worm. luster; moderately preferred.
Some expensive resilient and resists  Maybe
upholstery and drapery wrinkling hand
fabrics washed in
More expensive than mild suds.
manmade (filament)  Avoid over
silky yarns exposure to
light.
 Can be
Figure 28 attacked by
insects.
Kinds of Silk Fabric
1. China silk Used almost exclusively A very lightweight silk
for lining

Luxurious fabrics made Textured silk with some

2. Brocade into clothing or wall stiffness
hangings

Can be used in all sorts of Lightweight, very

3. Chiffon garments drapery silk .This is the
fabric that goes with the
flow.
Works well as a 1940s A slinky, satiny, supple
4. Charmeuse redux dressing gown, silk
dresses and blouses

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 For making a full range of A light to medium
5. Crepe de garments weight silk and comes
Chine in two-ply, three- ply,
and four- ply (the
heaviest) weights
For making Capri pants or A stiffer and crisper silk
6. Dupioni a fancy room divider that has telltale slubs
and raised yarn on the
fabric; easy-to-sew silk
that adds a lot of fashion
flair

7. Georgette Used for blouses, Lightweight silk and

dresses, evening gowns, barely visible
and trimmings

Woven into textiles Rough-looking silk with

8. Raw silk a dull finish made from
short silk filaments
discarded as waste but
easy to sew and has a
distinctive look

A great travel fabric The washing process

9. Washed silk makes this silk creamy
and soft.
For special occasion Especially crisp and
10. Shantung uses shiny silk

for special occasion A crisp silk that wrinkles

11. Taffeta clothing and swishes upon
movement
B. Wool - made from Perfect for tailoring Outerwear Dry cleaning
the sleets of sheep blankets and upholstery Medium-weight clothing is preferred;
Springs back into shape will shrink
Requires little pressing; and felt in
with great versatility in presence of
fabric and with moisture and
insulating capacity heat and can
be attacked
by insects.
Figure 29

Kinds of Wool Fabric

For blankets and jackets
1. Boiled
Perfect for soft shaping in
2. Boucle coats and jackets
Made in similar fashion
as felt, but much richer
and more supple.
There’s no need to finish
the seam edges.
Has a distinctive
sweater-like nubby
surface created with
little loops

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 Perfect for all types of Medium to lightweight, it
3. Challis garments is hand washable and
doesn’t wrinkle much.
For scarves, Can be composed of
4. Crepe shawls, and bonnet wool, silk, cotton, or
trimmings synthetic. It varies in
quality and it is
Perfect for expensive. It is a
Making shirts beautiful fabric that
drapes well and is
extremely wearable.
Works well on tailored A twill-weave fabric,
5. Gabardine and constructed hand washable and do
garments not wrinkle
Used for coats Thick and bulky wool
6. Melton with a soft napped
surface but too thick to
handle
Widely used in the textile A very fine, expensive,
7. Merino industries closely-woven wool
made from Merino
sheep’s coats.

Used for tailoring jackets, Lustrous wool in a

8. Worsted skirts and pants. variety of weights
SYNTHETIC OR USES (Home and
Characteristics Care
MANMADE FIBERS Apparel)
a. Rayon Light and medium-weight Soft, cheap andHand
clothing comfortable fabricwashing to
absorbent; lacksdry cleaning.
Drapery and upholstery resilience; wrinkles Tends to
fabrics easily. shrink and
stretch
Blankets, throw rugs and Not easy to sew as plain unless
table coverings cottons. proper
chemical
Figure 30 finish is
applied.
b. Rubber Foundation garments Stretch and recovery Frequent
rate is high washing in
Damaged by oils and mild suds;
Swimwear light avoid
With discoloration constant
overstretch
at high
temperature

Figure 31

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 c. Nylon Women's stockings were It was first developed as Remove oily
the first commercial use a substitute for imported stains before
of nylon. silk. With exceptional washing.
strength, excellent
Washes
Also used for clothing, elasticity; retains shape.easily; wash
upholstery and carpet, Woven fabrics feel with care to
rope, tents and fishing uncomfortable in
maintain
line. contact with skin. whiteness.
Press at low
temperatures
Figure 32 and dry clean
only.
d. Polyester Wash and wear clothing- Strong and durable Can be
often in combination with synthetic fabric; dries washable or
other fibers, especially quickly, with sharp pleat dry clean.
cotton and crease retention. Remove oily
stains before
Curtains, carpets, fiberfill, washing.
raincoats and hats. It is Needs little
ideal for constructing ironing or
Figure 33 strong outerwear for pressing.
damp climates. Use steam
iron at warm
setting.
e. Spandex Foundation garments; Stretch and recovery May be
Swimwear rate is high machine
Surgical hose Resists abrasion and laundered
Ski pants and other body oils with warm
sportswear With discoloration water
Dry on lowest
heat,
shortest
Figure 34 cycle.

f. Acrylic Tailored outerwear; Resists wrinkling Remove oily

knitted wear, pile fabrics, High bulking power stains before
blankets and carpets Wool-like texture washing.
Very resistant to effects Washable or
of sunlight dry cleanable
Medium iron
temperature.
Figure 35

Activity 2

Direction: Differentiate the following fabrics. Write your answer in a notebook. On top of it,
write the title of the preceding lesson, then the title of this activity written above “Activity 2”.

Cotton Silk Wool

1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3 3.
14 4.
 Score your work using the rubric shown below

Scoring Rubric
1 point for every correct answer
Deduction of 1 point for every wrong answer in the boxes
10 points – perfect score

Generalization

Dressmaking is defined as the craft of sewing clothes and dresses.

 There are two basic ways which design is applied to the fabric - design by printing and
design by weaving.
The principles and elements of design work together to create something that is
aesthetically pleasing and optimizes the user experience.
There are five principles of design to apply in dressmaking – proportion, balance,
emphasis, rhythm and harmony.
 There are five elements of design to apply in dressmaking – line, color, space, form or
shape and texture.
There are two kinds of lines in garments – Directional line and Structural line.
The examples of directional lines – vertical, horizontal, diagonal, checkered and with
curve neckline.
The examples of structural lines – with bateau neckline, with plunging neckline, with cape
collar and skirt pleats.
The examples of form and shape element of design – bell or hourglass, straight or tubular
and inverted triangle.
There are color harmonies in designing – monochrome, adjacent colors, complementary
colors, single split complementary, double split complementary and triad harmony.
There are different kinds of fabrics to choose depending on the garments or household
articles to be made.
There are two kinds of natural fibers – vegetable fibers and animal fibers
Careful handling and washing of the fabrics is essential if you want to keep your
wardrobe filled with a wide variety of selections to choose from. Taking care of clothes is
almost like valuing a precious treasure. If you put effort and value in taking care of your
fabrics, it can help you dress confidently and successfully.

Assessment

Instruction: Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. On top of your paper,
write the competency stated in the Most Essential Learning Competency.

I. Identification: Identify what is being described in the following statements.

1. These are the combination of full saturation of one primary color plus half saturation of
another primary color and none of a third primary color.

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 2. This color scheme uses colors at the points of an equilateral triangle or balanced colors.
3. It is a cloth made of fibers that are hair-like strands that are used to make yarn or thread.
4. This is the area inside an enclosed shape that lead to an interesting design.
5. This element of design affects the height and size of an individual.

II. True or False: Read each statement carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE if it is incorrect.
1. Woven fabric stretch except on the bias.
2. Broadcloth is perfect for shirts because it is closely woven cotton that has slight rib.
3. Terrycloth are used for robes, towels, beachwear and home decorating.
4. Raw silk are used for blouses, dresses, evening gowns and trimmings.
5. Silk are collected from the cocoon of silk worm, strong and luxurious fabric with natural
luster.
III. Matching Type: Match column A (Descriptions) with column B (Manmade Fibers). Choose
the letter that best describes the statement.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. It is ideal for the construction of strong outerwear for damp climates. a. Acrylic
2. It is tailored outerwear, knitted wear, pile fabrics, blankets and carpets. b. Spandex
3. It is used for clothing, upholstery and carpet, rope, tents and fishing line. c. Nylon
4. This is used as foundation garments and swimwear which is damaged d. Polyester
by oils and light.
e. Rubber
5. This is used as foundation garments and swimwear which resist
abrasion and body oils. f. Rayon

Application

Direction: Make your own design of a teenager’s dress in a short or long bond paper
and answer the following questions. Use any coloring materials available at home. On
top of your short bond paper, write the competency stated in the Most Essential
Learning Competency.

LO 1. Draft and Cut Pattern for Sleeping Garments

1.1 Plan garment Design
Name: ______________________ Grade and Section: ____
D R E S S

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 Score your work using the rubric shown below

Rubric in Designing Dress

Excellent Good Fair Poor
(10) (8) (6) (4)
Principles of Represented use Showed most of Showed few of the Showed one
Design of all principles the principles principles principle

Elements of Represented use Showed most of Showed few of the Showed one
Design of all elements the elements elements element

Demonstrates an Demonstrates a Demonstrates a

Demonstrates a
excellent good poor or
Color fair understanding
understanding of understanding of understanding of
Scheme of color scheme
color scheme color scheme color scheme
chosen.
chosen. chosen. chosen.

Showed Showed Showed fairly

exemplary satisfactory satisfactory
knowledge about knowledge about knowledge about No fabric was
Fabric
the kinds of fabric the kinds of fabric the kinds of fabric indicated
appropriate for a appropriate for a appropriate for a
dress dress dress

40 points – perfect score

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Figure 25 “Color Mixing.” n.d. Www.Enchantedlearning.Com. Accessed July 23, 2020.
https://www.enchantedlearning.com/crafts/Colormixing.shtml.

Figure 26 “Wholesale Super Soft Bamboo Cotton Fabric - Buy Wholesale Super Soft
Bamboo Cotton Fabric,Cotton Fabric,Fabric Product on Alibaba.Com.” n.d.
Www.Alibaba.Com. Accessed July 23, 2020. https://www.alibaba.com/product-
detail/wholesale-super-soft-bamboo-cotton-fabric_60438200985.html.

Figure 27 “Bulk Linen Fabric Washed Linen Fabric Linen Fabric For Dresses - Buy Bulk
Linen Fabric,Linen Fabric For Dresses,Washed Linen Fabric Product on
Alibaba.Com.” n.d. Www.Alibaba.Com. Accessed July 23, 2020.
https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Bulk-linen-fabric-washed-linen-
fabric_60484580057.html.

Figure 28 “[Hot Item] Non-Toxic Snow Silk Custom 100% Pure Mulberry Silk Fabric
16/19/22/25mm Plain Dyed Charmeuse Oeko-Tex100 Fabric.” n.d. Made-in-
China.Com. Accessed July 23, 2020. https://taihusnow.en.made-in-
china.com/product/DZTxAVfbVEkP/China-Non-Toxic-Snow-Silk-Custom-100-Pure-
Mulberry-Silk-Fabric-16-19-22-25mm-Plain-Dyed-Charmeuse-Oeko-Tex100-
Fabric.html.

Figure 29 “What Is Wool {12 Properties of Wool Fabric That Makes It Great}.” n.d. Sew
Guide. https://sewguide.com/what-is-wool-fabric-properties/.

Figure 30 “Keqiao Supplier 100% Printed Viscose Rayon Fabric For Arab Dresses - Buy
100% Rayon Printed Fabric,Custom Printed Fabric,Viscose Fabric For Shirt Product
on Alibaba.Com.” n.d. Www.Alibaba.Com. Accessed July 23, 2020.
https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/KeQiao-supplier-100-printed-viscose-
rayon_60651699915.html.

Figure 31 “Latex Girl’s Catsuit Latex Rubber Cosplay Bodysuit With Zip Back Through
Crotch Black Full Catsuit Attached Gloves Latex Socks| | - AliExpress.” n.d.
Www.Aliexpress.Com. Accessed July 23, 2020.
https://www.aliexpress.com/i/4000017020974.html.

Figure 32 “Selene - Sheer Wet Look Roll Top Nylon Stockings (Black) at Amazon Women’s
Clothing Store.” 2020. Amazon.Com. 2020. https://www.amazon.com/Selene-Sheer-
Nylon-Stockings-Denier/dp/B06VSVVM9D.

Figure 33 Wikipedia Contributors. 2019. “Polyester.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation.

March 7, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester.

Figure 34 “[Hot Item] Men′s Cotton Spandex Body Fit Long Sleeve Gym T Shirt.” n.d. Made-
in-China.Com. Accessed July 23, 2020. https://yusenknitting.en.made-in-
china.com/product/WCcnxwOHEDku/China-Men-s-Cotton-Spandex-Body-Fit-Long-
Sleeve-Gym-T-Shirt.html.

Figure 35 “What Is Acrylic Yarn? (With Pictures).” n.d. WiseGEEK. Accessed July 23, 2020.
https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-acrylic-yarn.htm.

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Activity 1
Identification:
1. Value
2. Red
3. Emphasis
4. Hue
5. Orange
6. Red, blue and yellow
7. Intermediate colors
8. Black
9. Rhythm
10. Color
Assessment
Identification: True or False: Matching Type:
1. Tertiary colors 1. False 1. D
2. Triad 2. True 2. A
3. Fabric 3. True 3. C
4. Space 4. False 4. E
5. Directional line 5. True 5. B
Answer Keys