QUARTER: 1

WEEK: 1
SELF-LEARNING KIT: No. 1

Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Division of Ilocos Sur

9
QUARTER 1
ELECTRONIC PRODUCT ASSEMBLY AND SERVICING NCII

LESSON:
BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRONICS ASSEMBLY

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY:

Demonstrate knowledge of the basic concepts of electronics assembly

MELC NO. : TLE_IAEPAS9-12AQS-Ia-1

Name of Teacher - Writer: KENNETH L. AYSON

School: Tagudin National High School

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About this Self-Learning Kit
Welcome to the world of Electronic Product Assembling and Servicing!

This self – learning kit will introduce you the basic concepts of assembling
electronic product. This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes needed to identify
and explain the applications of electronics, identify and give the function of the elements of
electronic circuits, analyze the characteristics of each element of circuit and differentiate
the types of electronic circuits.

This learning material is not only your learning kit but also your trusted partner to
develop such skill. So enjoy and have fun!

This self – learning kit requires you to go through series of learning activities such
as understanding key concepts, performing and accomplishing activities and assessments
in order to complete each learning outcome.

Remember, you must:

 Finish all activities in this learning kit in ONE (1) WEEK
 Get Direction from your teacher regarding the use of this learning kit.
 Read and analyze all information and key concepts
 Every after a lesson, there is an activity for you to answer or perform.
 Perform all activities and assessment designed for you. Use separate sheet of
paper or a notebook for your answers. Check your activities using the answer
keys located at the last part of the learning kit.
 Submit your outputs to your teacher for evaluation and recording. Additional
Direction will be given to regarding this matter

If you have any problem regarding the contents and procedures in this self-learning
kit please feel free to ask your teacher. Make sure you practice your new skills during
regular work shifts to improve your speed, memory, skills and your confidence. Good luck
and have fun!

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 MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY
Explain basic concepts in assembling electronic products

Learning Competencies:
1. Identify and explain the applications of electronics
2. Identify and give the function of the elements of electronic circuits
3. Present the significance of Electronics in daily living

Discussions and Examples

Lesson 1 Fundamentals Concepts of Electronics Technology

What is Electronics Technology?

Electronics is the science and branch of electrical engineering and concerned

particularly with the antics of electrons. It is the study of electrical effects of the electrons.
The science of studying the movement of electrons and its practical applications in our
daily lives such as development of electronic products and systems. In simple terms,
electronics is the study of electrons. Electron is the negatively charge particle of an atomic
structure. The basic atomic structure is shown in Figure 1.

Technically, the concern of electronics

is the outermost electrons orbiting around the
nucleus. These electrons also called free
electrons can be transferred from one atom to
another which can be carriers of electricity.
From this behavior of electrons,
inventors were able to produce electronic
products and systems that make part in our
daily living.
Figure 1. The basic atomic structure. The electrons is
orbiting around the proton and nucleus

Electronic Products and Systems

These are generally referred as electronic

consumer products such as household appliances,
audio and video equipment, digital receivers and
phones, health care, cameras and video surveillance
equipment.
Consumer electronic products are electronic
products intended for everyday use for entertainment, Figure 2. Consumer electronic products
communications, office productivity, job efficiency, and have become an integral part of our life.
production.
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Applications of Electronics

Electronics is everywhere. In the morning, while you are sipping your hot coffee,
listening to your “transistor” radio - there is electronics. When you watch your favorite TV
show, or use your smartphone to communicate with your dear ones - there is electronics.
Even when you were born, there is 99% probability that electronics is there. In addition to
its use in radio and television, electronics is used in almost all industries, sectors and
aspects of our lives. Technically, the application of electronics can be divided into six
areas.
1. Communication - The utilization of electronics in
developing facilities, infrastructures and devices to let
you send, receive, and process information such as
messages. Examples are AM / FM Radio, Television,
Satellites, Smartphones, Mobile Phones, and Internet.
2. Electric Power - The utilization of electronics in the
generation, distribution, control and monitoring of
electricity from power plant to households. Examples are Figure 3. Communication Electronics
electrical house wiring system, generators, power plants
and motors.
3. Automotive Electronics - The utilization of electronics
in improving and upgrading the capabilities and
performance of cars and other category of vehicles for
transportation. Examples are charging system of the
battery, electrical system, monitoring and controlling of
the engines, and modern safety features.
4. Industrial Electronics - The utilization of electronics in Figure 4. Electric Power
industrial processes in factories, assembly lines, and
production industries. Examples are control of welding
and heating process, elevator control, operations of
copying machines, metal detectors, smoke detectors,
remote-controlled features, close-circuit television and
security and safety devices.
5. Medical Electronics - The combination of electronics
and biology to improve and enhance medical
researches, diagnosis and treatment. Examples are Figure 5. Automotive Electronics
medical research, medical diagnosis, electron
microscope, electrocardiographic machine, Oscilloscope
(monitoring heartbeat) and medical equipment used for
diagnosis, analysis, surgery and operations
6. Digital electronics - It is a field emerged because of
electronics. It is about the automatic operation of
process around us usually through simple on-off switch
or simple pressing of buttons. Examples are
smartphones, mobile phones, LED/LCD televisions, Figure 6. Medical Electronics
computer systems, calculators, modern audio systems,
CD / DVD players.

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 Activity 1
Direction: Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. On top of your paper, write the
title of the preceding lesson, then the title of this activity written above “Self - Check 1”.
Identify what is being described in the following items
1. It is the part of the atom which is the focus of the study of electronics.
2. These are the outmost electrons orbiting the protons and nucleus.
3. These are electronic products intended for everyday.
4. It is the application of electronics in developing facilities, infrastructures and devices
to let you send, receive, and process information such as messages
5. It is the utilization of electronics in the generation, distribution, control and
monitoring of electricity from power plant to households
6. It is the utilization of electronics in improving and upgrading the capabilities and
performance of cars and other category of vehicles for transportation
7. It is the utilization of electronics in industrial processes in factories, assembly lines,
and production industries
8. It is the combination of electronics and biology to improve and enhance medical
researches, diagnosis and treatment.
9. It is about the automatic operation of process around us usually through simple on-
off switch or simple pressing of buttons.
10. These are electrons that can be transferred from one atom to another which can be
carriers of electricity.

Lesson 2 Basic Electronic Circuits

Electronic Circuits

It is a group of electronic
components connected together to
perform one function. It is a loop in which
electricity flows. An example of circuit is
shown on the left (Figure 7). An electronic
circuit is compose of different elements.
These elements are the parts of a basic
Figure 7. The elements of electronic circuit identified.
circuit.
The function of each part are discussed below.
Elements of Electronic Circuits

1. Source - It supplies the electricity or the electrical energy of the circuit. The source
can be batteries or the 220 v from our convenience outlet.
2. Load - It consumes the electricity from the source and transforms it into another form
of energy. For example, the light bulb transforms electricity into light energy.
3. Conductor - It serves as the pathway of the electricity from the source to load. These
are wires that allow the flow of electricity such as the copper wire.
4. Switch - It opens and closes the conductor to interrupt the flow of electricity from. It
works like a gate that allows and blocks the flow of electricity from source to load
5. Circuit Protection - A safety feature of electronic circuit that protects the load from
short circuit and overcurrent. Fuse and circuit breaker are examples of circuit
protection.
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Types of Electronic Circuits

Close Circuit. A circuit with complete

path of electricity. It means the electricity from
the source flows smoothly going to the load. One
indication of a close circuit is when the load is
working.
Open Circuit. A circuit with incomplete
path of electricity. There is an interruption in the Figure 8. A close circuit shows that the load is
flow of electricity. It may be the switch is turned
off, the conductor has a cut or the load is
defective. If the load is not working even if the
switch is “ON”, the circuit is probably open.
Short Circuit. A circuit in which the
electricity takes a “shortcut” and “by passed” the
load. It is the most dangerous type of circuit
because it causes fire. The circuit protection
automatically breaks the circuit to protect the Figure 9. The open circuit shows a cut in the
load conductor.
Series Circuit. A circuit in which the
loads are connected side by side along with the
source. The electricity flows in one line from the
source to load.
Parallel Circuit. A circuit in which the
loads are connected end to end or in branches.
The electricity flows from the source and
separates in different branches.
Figure 10. The extra conductor is the shortcut
Series - Parallel Circuit. A circuit
that will trigger the short circuit.
compose of loads connected in series and
parallel.

Figure 11. Series circuit Figure 12. Parallel circuit

SAFETY FIRST
When an appliance in your house becomes
shorted or had short circuit, never touch the
unit. Turn off your fuse box or the circuit
breaker. Call authorized service technician
to check the shorted unit

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Sources of Electronic Circuits

Electronic circuits need a source of electricity. Without the source, the electronic
circuit will never operate. Generally, there are variety of sources of electricity. From the
simple batteries to the complex electricity power plant, these sources fuel electronic
circuits that shape our modern world today. Technically, there are two types of source:
Alternating Current and Direct Current. See the table below for their comparison.

Comparison Alternating Current Direct Current

How they produce

Magnetism Collection of charges
electricity
Has no fix polarities. It can be Has fix polarities. It can only be
Polarity
positive and negative alternately positive or negative.

Flow Direction It flows in two directions It flows in one direction only

Waveform

electric power plants and batteries, cells, and battery

Examples
generators chargers.

 It is easier to regulate  It is easier to use.

Advantages  It doesn’t melt wire in terms
of long transmission.
 AC is more fatal in terms of
Disadvantages current - voltage ratio
 It is harder to produce.
 It is cheaper.
 It is easier to produce.
Since it flows in one direction only,
it can’t be transmitted for long
distance because it melts the wire
and causes fire.

SAFETY FIRST
Regardless of what type of current is
present in an electronic circuit, NEVER
touch the circuit when it is ON. Electrocution
or electric shock is the most fatal accident
that may happen to you.

These are Nice to Know

1. Did you know that ISECO is NOT an example of AC source? Technically, ISECO is not a
producer of alternating current nor direct current. ISECO is an electricity distribution
cooperative. Its job is to distribute the alternating current from the National Grid Power
Corporation (NGCP) to households here in our province.
2. Did you know that in 1880s there was a “current war” that literally about a war of
electric current? The current war was between Thomas Edison’s Direct Current and Nikola
Tesla’s Alternating Current. They were fighting for the best type of current that would power
USA. Eventually, Tesla’s AC won the war.

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How Electricity Flow in an Electronic Circuit

Electricity flows in a circuit in two ways - the Conventional Flow and Electron Flow.
Conventional flow happens when electricity flows from the positive side of the source, then
passes the load, going back to the negative side of the source. While electron flow
happens when electricity flows from the negative side of the source, then passes the load,
going back to the positive side of the source.

Figure 13. Conventional Flow of Current Figure 14. Electron Flow

Switches

It opens and closes the circuit. From a simple on - off switch, we have now different
switches that makes electronic circuit a lot better than before. There are three ways or
modes of switching - manual, automatic and semi - automatic.
 Manual Switching - a mode wherein the switch needs an operator to work
 Automatic Switching - a self-actuating or self-activating switch. It needs no
operator
 Semi - Automatic Switching - combination of manual and automatic switching.
It means it has part that needs operator and has a part that is self-actuating.

Types of Switching

1. Manual Switch - the most common type of switch

1 2 3 that needs an operator to turn on or off.
2. Variable-dependent Switch - These are
Figure 15. Examples of Manual Switch.
(1) Toggle Switch (2) Rocket Switch (3) automatic switches that turn on and off based on
Surface-Type Switch the changes of a particular variable such as
temperature, light, pressure, and water level.
3. Magnetic Switch - An automatic switch that is
2 made up of a magnetic coil and a switch. It turns
1 on and off when electricity flows through the
Figure 16. Examples of Variable magnetic coil inside the switch.
Dependent Switch. (1) Reed Switch (2) Air 4. Limit Switch - A switch operated by the motion of
Pressure Switch a machine part or presence of an object. It turns on
and off when a machine or any physical object
touches it.
5. Electronic Switch - An electronic circuit designed
to work as an automatic switch.
1 2 6. Timer Switch - A switch that is used to turn on or
Figure 17. Examples of Magnetic Switch. off based on predetermined or set time
(1) Magnetic Contactor (2) Relay

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Conductors

It is any material that allows the flow of electricity easily. It serves as the pathway
which electrons flow. When choosing conductors for electronic circuit, there are two
qualities you need to consider: It should have low resistance and It has a better
characteristic of impedance. The impedance of a conductor is based on material used as
conductor. However, the resistance is based on different factors.

Factors Affecting the Resistance of Conductor

1. Temperature. The higher the temperature of a conductor, the higher is its

resistance.
2. Length of Conductor. The longer the conductor, the higher its resistance.
3. Area of the Conductor. The larger the diameter of the conductor, the lower the
resistance.
4. Material Made-up of Conductor. Conductors are usually made-up of different
material, commonly known as chemical composition. The better material, the better
the performance of the conductor.

The general rule based on these factors is the lower the resistance of the wire, the
better is the flow of the electricity in a circuit. In terms of the material made-up, there are
certain materials used for a certain application. See the list below.

1. Silver – the best and the most expensive This is Nice to Know
2. Aluminum – used in transmission lines Did you know that your SIM card has
3. Copper – used in electrical work gold?
Since gold are one of the best
4. Zinc – used in batteries and fuses conductors of electricity and electric
5. Gold – used in terminals of components pulse, they are used as one of the
materials of SIM card. However, it is
not 100% gold. For one sim card, it
may have more or less 1% gold.
Loads

Our appliances in our household are considered loads because they consume
electricity. Aside from appliances, another loads of electronic circuits are electronic
devices or electronic components.
Electronic components are basic discrete smallest unit of an electronic product or
system. They are the basic building blocks of an electronic circuit, electronic system or
electronic device. They are intended to be connected together, usually by being soldered
to a printed circuit board, to form an electronic circuit

Figure 18. Electronic

components are the
building blocks of an
electronic product.

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 Electronic components are categorized into two groups - active components and
passive components. Active components are electronic components that perform the main
operation of a circuit. Examples are diodes, transistors, integrated circuits and
microprocessors. Passive components are electronic components that assist the active
components. They control the electricity around the active components to allow them to
operate properly. Examples of passive components are resistors, capacitors, inductors
and transformers.
In some cases, some components changed their category based on their used in the
circuit. Sometimes, diode can be passive while transformers can be active.

Activity 2
Direction: Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. On top of your paper, write the
title of the preceding lesson, then the title of this activity.

Write True if the statement is correct. Write False if the statement is incorrect.
1. A switch is a safety feature of electronic circuit that protects the load from short
circuit and overcurrent.
2. If the load is not working even if the switch is “ON”, the circuit is probably close.
3. Parallel Circuit is a circuit in which the loads are connected end to end.
4. Alternating current has fix positive and negative side.
5. Conventional flow happens when electricity flows from the positive side of the
source, then passes the load, going back to the positive side of the source.
6. Limit Switch is operated by the motion of a machine part or presence of an object. It
turns on and off when a machine or any physical object touches it.
7. The larger the diameter of the conductor, the higher the resistance.
8. Electronic circuit are basic discrete smallest unit of an electronic product or system.
9. The higher the temperature of a conductor, the higher is its resistance.
10. Passive components are electronic components that perform the main operation of
a circuit.

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Generalization

 Electronics is the science and branch of electrical engineering and concerned

particularly with the antics of electrons.
 Electronic Products and Systems are generally referred as electronic
consumer products such as household appliances, audio and video
equipment, digital receivers and phones, health care, cameras and video
surveillance equipment.
 There are six general applications of electronics: communication, electric
power, digital electronics, industrial electronics, medical electronics and
automotive electronics
 Electronic Circuit is a group of electronic components connected together to
perform one function.
 Electronic Circuit has five elements. They are the source, load, switch,
conductor and circuit protection. Electronic circuit has six types - close circuit,
open circuit, short circuit, series circuit, parallel circuit and series - parallel
circuit.
 There are two types of electric source - Alternating Current and Direct Current.
 There are three modes of switching - manual switching, automatic switching
and semi-automatic switching. Switch has six types - manual switch, variable-
dependent switch, magnetic switch, electronic switch, limit switch and timer
switch.
 The factors that affect the resistance of a conductor are (a) length of the
conductor, (b) temperature of the conductor, (c) area of the conductor, (d)
material made-up of the conductor.
 The general rule in selecting conductor is that it has low resistance to avoid
power loss and for smooth flow of electricity.
 Electronic components are basic discrete smallest unit of an electronic product
or system.
 The group of components forms an electronic circuit. The group of electronic
circuit operating as one unit is called electronic product.
 Electronic components are classified as active components and passive
components.
 Active components are electronic components that perform the main operation
of a circuit. Examples are diodes, transistors, integrated circuits and
microprocessors.
 Passive components are electronic components that assist the active
components. They control the electricity around the active components to
allow them to operate properly. Examples of passive components are
resistors, capacitors, inductors and transformers.
 Electronic component has two parts the body and the terminals.

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 Assessment
Direction: Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. On top of your paper,
write the competency stated in the Most Essential Learning Competency.

I. Identify what is being described in each statement below.

1. It is the science of studying the movement of electrons and its practical applications
2. It is the pathway of the electricity from the source to load.
3. It is a circuit with complete path of electricity
4. These are the basic building blocks of an electronic circuit
5. It is the application of electronics in developing facilities, infrastructures and devices
to let you send, receive, and process information such as messages
II. Write True if the statement is correct. Write False if the statement is incorrect.
1. The larger the diameter of the conductor, the higher the resistance.
2. The longer the conductor, the higher its resistance.
3. Electronic circuit are basic discrete smallest unit of an electronic product or system.
4. The higher the temperature of a conductor, the higher is its resistance.
5. Passive components are electronic components that perform the main operation.
III. Analogy: Look at the complete pair of words and decide how the two words
relate to each other. Then fill in the blank with word/s so that the second pair
of words has the same relationship.
1. Complete path : Close Circuit | incomplete path : _____________
2. Limit Switch : _____________ | Timer Switch : Predetermined time
3. Series Circuit : flows in one line | Parallel Circuit : ______________
4. D.C : straight line | A.C : _______________________
5. Conductor : wire | ___________ : fuse and circuit breaker

Application
Direction: Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. On top of your paper,
write the competency stated in the Most Essential Learning Competency.

Activity 1: Complete the matrix below.

Application of How Electronics
How it is applied in your house / locality
Electronics was Applied
Write here the Write here your own Show examples from your house or locality on how
six applications explanation on how electronics is applied based on each application. You may
of electronics electronics is select below on how you will do it:
applied in each A. You may capture photos, print them and paste
application them here.
B. Draw or sketch them here. Color your illustrations.
C. In a form of essay, describe it in detail.

12
Activity 2:
Inside your house, look for an example of circuit. Draw the circuit using its actual
appearance. Label the elements and write the function of each element.

13
References

Books:
Faina, Juanito S. Updated Basic Transistorized Amplifiers. Quezon City:
National Bookstore, Inc., 1994
Pagarigan, Marconi S. Practical Electronics: Solid State Servicing. Muntinlupa
City: MP Electrolad Corporation, 1995
Enriquez, Michael Q., Gantalao, Fred T.,and Rommel M. Lasala. Simple
Electronics. Valenzuela City: Andes Mountain Printers, 2014

Graphics / Images Source:

Figure 15 Toggle Switch. Digital Image. ae01.alicdn.com. Nd. https://
ae01.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1.6jSQVXXXXceapXXq6xXFXXXe.jpg
Rocker Switch. Digital Image. www.soyniaelectronics.com. Nd.
https://www.soyniaelectronics.com/image/cache/catalog/
soynia/Images/Product%20Images/switches/rocker%
20switches/se311-rocker-switch-large-6A-spdt-on-on-
500x500.jpg
Surface-Type Switch. Digital Image. cf.shopee.ph. Nd. https://
cf.shopee.ph/file/a9876b3dcbbcd41578e120683f6c4ddd
Figure 16 Reed Switch. Digital Image. gstatic.com. Nd. https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn% 3AANd9GcRe-
opcD5KTOz5JaJ9RTG6WeM3tPsFUyM8ct_A&usqp=CAU
Air Pressure Switch. Digital Image. summitracing.com. Nd. https://
static.summitracing.com/global/images/prod/xlarge/VAR-
90217_xl.jpg
Figure 17 Magnetic Contactor. Digital Image. alicdn.com. Nd. https://
ae01.alicdn.com/kf/ HTB1FuCgSpXXXXXO-
aXXXq6xXFXXXM / 3-Phase-Motor-Magnetic-Contactor-Relay
-12A-3P-3-Pole-1NO-AC-24V-110V-220-Volts.jpg
Relay. Digital Image. www.makerlab-electronics.com. Nd. https://
www.makerlab-electronics.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/5-
Pin-Mini-SPDT-Relay-12V-10A-250V-01.jpg
Figure 18 Anatomy of Electronic Product. Digital Image. hiclipart.com. Nd.
https://p7.hiclipart.com/preview/398/850/470/radio-receiver-
u6536u97f3u673a-old-fashioned-radio.jpg

14
 15
Self - Check 1
Identification:
1. Electrons
2. Free electrons
3. Consumer electronic product
4. Communication
5. Electric Power
6. Automotive Electronics
7. Industrial Electronics
8. Medical Electronics
9. Digital Electronics
10. Free electrons
Self - Check 2
True or False:
1. False
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. False
6. True
7. False
8. False
9. True
10. False
How Much I Have Learned
Identification: True or False: Analogy:
1. electronics 1. False 1. Open Circuit
2. Conductor 2. True 2. Motion / Presence of Object
3. Close circuit 3. False 3. Flows in branches
4. Electronic components 4. True 4. Sine Wave
5. Communication 5. False 5. Circuit protection
Answer Keys