Group Members:

 AGREGADO, King Philip

 CASTILLO, Sean Stephano
 DELA CRUZ, Ravel
 GREGORIO, Lyka
 MAGDAY, Diane Abigail
 RAMOS, Travis

Lab 1: Input and Output

Objectives:

 Build a working prototype that makes use of input and output devices.
 Apply persistence of vision and multiplexing techniques to display characters and images
using the least number of lines.
 Apply debouncing techniques to accurately read digital inputs.

Part list:

Qty Description Specification

7 Resistor ½ watt, 330 Ω
2 Resistor 1kΩ
1 Quad seven-segment display common-cathode
24 Jumper wires
2 Buttons
1 Arduino

Problem:

 Use a quad seven-segment display to display a 4-digit number.

 Use a push-button switch to increment the number being displayed.
 Use a push-button switch to reset the number to 0000.
Circuit Diagram:

Photo of the working prototype:

Link to a 10-second video of your prototype in action:

 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kkJnQL0MnC4NGYiDLvspYyDVp8TfWrY_/view?
usp=sharing
Sketch:

Post-lab questions:
1. Explain persistence-of-vision.
 Persistence of vision (PoV) in circuits is an optical illusion produced by quickly
flickering discrete illumination sources in a predetermined sequence, giving the
impression of constant illumination or motion. The constraint of the human eye is
that changes in light cannot be quickly processed by the brain or eyes. The "flicker
fusion rate" is the rate at which above where individual light pulses merge together
to provide the appearance of a coherent picture.

2. Explain how to take advantage of multiplexing in the design of digital displays.

 Multiplexing in digital displays is like quickly switching between different parts of
a picture, allowing you to show more with fewer wires and save energy.

3. What is debouncing? How was it implemented in your circuit.

 In electronics and software development, debouncing is a technique used to stop
unpredictable or unexpected signals or actions, usually from mechanical switches
or buttons. A button's ability to quickly make and break contact might result in the
generation of several signals when it is pressed. By ensuring that only one clear,
reliable signal is recorded and smoothing out these signals, debouncing helps avoid
accidental acts or malfunctions in software or electronic systems. In our circuit,
 debouncing reduces mechanical bouncing and guarantees steady button inputs.
this keeps the circuit from acting erratically and guarantees steady, reliable
performance.

4. Explain the difference between a common-cathode and a common-anode seven

segment display.

COMMON-CATHODE COMMON-ANODE

 Wiring: Every cathode is grounded and  Wiring: Each anode is energized and
linked to the others. Through the use of linked to the others. By means of
resistors to provide a high voltage (logic resistors, ground (logic 0) is applied to
1), particular sections may be controlled. control each segment separately.

 Control: Consequently, fewer output pins
from the microcontroller are needed
(one for each segment plus the decimal
point, if any). Increased voltage drive is
required for every section.
 Control: Additional output pins are
needed—one for each section plus one
for the common anode. Needed less
voltage drive for each segment.

 Pros:
-Uses fewer driving pins than a
common anode.
-Utilizing active-low outputs makes
working with microcontrollers simpler.
-Suitable for low-power uses.
 Pros:
-Less current-limiting resistors are
needed than with a shared cathode.
-More widely available, making it
easier to source.
-Able to manage greater currents.

 Cons:  Cons:
-Bigger current-limiting resistors are -More driving pins are needed than
needed since every LED utilizes the exact with a shared cathode.
same ground. -Need microcontrollers with active-high
-Because there are several anode pins outputs, which are not as prevalent.
that are connection may be a little more
complicated.

5. How do you safely determine if a seven-segment display is common-cathode or

common-anode?
 To determine if a seven-segment display is common-cathode or common-anode,
first disconnect it from power. Then, using a multimeter in diode test mode, find
the pins: 8 for segments and 2 for common-cathode and common-anode. Test
each segment pin with one multimeter lead touching while touching the other
pins. If you see a voltage drop followed by an open circuit, it's common-cathode.
If it's an open circuit followed by a voltage drop, it's common-anode. Repeat for
each segment pin to confirm and label for future reference. This simple test
provides insight into the display's wiring.